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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sanding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sanding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sanding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removing_larger_defects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removing_larger_defects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Removing larger defects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removing_larger_defects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleaching_and_removal_of_stains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleaching_and_removal_of_stains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bleaching and removal of stains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleaching_and_removal_of_stains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colouring_wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colouring_wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colouring wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colouring_wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_wood_finishing_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_wood_finishing_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Basic wood finishing procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_wood_finishing_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_different_clear_finishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_different_clear_finishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison of different clear finishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_different_clear_finishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_wood_finishing_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_wood_finishing_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Automated wood finishing methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automated_wood_finishing_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automated wood finishing methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automated_wood_finishing_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hangline_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hangline_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hangline approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hangline_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towline_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towline_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Towline approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towline_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wood_finishing" title="Special:EditPage/Wood finishing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wood+finishing%22">"Wood finishing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wood+finishing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wood+finishing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wood+finishing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wood+finishing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wood+finishing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg/220px-Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg/330px-Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg/440px-Worker_Applying_a_Wood_Finish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>A worker sprays a urethane finish onto a <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wood finishing</b> refers to the process of refining or protecting a <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wooden</a> surface, especially in the production of <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> where typically it represents between 5 and 30% of manufacturing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finishing is the final step of the manufacturing process that gives wood surfaces desirable characteristics, including enhanced appearance and increased resistance to moisture and other environmental agents. Finishing can also make wood easier to clean<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and keep it sanitized, sealing pores that can be breeding grounds for bacteria. Finishing can also influence other wood properties, for example tonal qualities of musical instruments and hardness of flooring.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, finishing provides a way of giving low-value woods the appearance of ones that are expensive and difficult to obtain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_the_finish">Planning the finish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Planning the finish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finishing of wood requires careful planning to ensure that the finished piece looks attractive, performs well in service and meets safety and environmental requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for finishing begins with the design of furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care should be taken to ensure that edges of furniture are rounded so they can be adequately coated and are able to resist wear and cracking. Careful attention should also be given to the design and strength of wooden joints to ensure they do not open-up in service and crack the overlying finish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care should also be taken to eliminate recesses in furniture, which are difficult to finish with some systems, especially UV-cured finishes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planning for wood finishing also involves thinking about the properties of the wood being finished, as these can greatly affect the appearance and performance of finishes, and also the type of finishing system that will give the wood the desired characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, woods that show great variation in colour between <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">sapwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">heartwood</a> or within heartwood may require a preliminary staining step to reduce colour variation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the wood can be bleached to remove the natural colour of the wood and then stained to the desired colour.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woods that are coarse textured such as oaks and other ring-porous hardwoods may need to be filled before they are finished to ensure the coating can bridge the pores and resist cracking. The pores in ring-porous woods more readily absorb pigmented stain, and advantage can be taken of this to highlight the wood's grain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tropical woods, such as <a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">rosewood</a> (<i>Dalbergia nigra</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">cocobolo</a> (<i>Dalbergia retusa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_soyauxii" title="Pterocarpus soyauxii">African padauk</a> (<i>Pterocarpus soyauxii</i>), contain extractives such as quinones, which retard the curing of unsaturated polyester and UV-cured acrylate coatings, and so other finishing systems should be used with these species.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planning for wood finishing also involves being aware of how the finishing process influences the result. Careful handling of the wood is needed to avoid dents, scratches and soiling with dirt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood should be marked for cutting using pencil rather than ink; however, avoid hard or soft pencil. HB is recommend for face work and 2H for joint work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care should be taken to avoid squeeze-out of glue from joints because the glue will reduce absorption of stain and finish. Any excess glue should be carefully removed to avoid further damage to the wood. </p><p>Wood’s moisture content affects the staining of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in wood moisture content can result in swelling and shrinkage of wood which can stress and crack coatings. Both problems can be avoided by storing wood indoors in an environment where it can equilibriate to a recommended moisture content (6 to 8%) that is similar to that of the intended end use of the furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, consideration needs to be given to whether the finished wood will come into contact with food, in which case a food-safe finish should be used,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local environmental regulations governing the use of finishes,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recycling of finished wood at the end of its life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanding">Sanding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sanding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanding is carried out before finishing to remove defects from the wood surface that will affect the appearance and performance of finishes that are subsequently applied to the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defects include cutter marks and burns, scratches and indentations, small glue spots and raised grain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanding should not be used to eliminate larger defects such as gouges, and various forms of discolouration.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other techniques are used to remove these defects (see below). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg/220px-Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg/330px-Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg/440px-Large_open_%E2%80%98pores%E2%80%99_in_a_Eucalyptus_sieberi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Large open ‘pores’ in <i>Eucalyptus sieberi</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg/220px-Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg/330px-Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg/440px-Pore_distribution_in_beech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Pore distribution in southern beech</figcaption></figure><p> The key to preparing a defect free surface is to develop a sanding schedule that will quickly eliminate defects and leave the surface smooth enough so that tiny scratches produced by sanding cannot be seen when the wood is finished.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sanding schedule usually begins with sandpaper that is coarse enough to remove larger defects (typically 80 or 100 grit, but sometimes higher if the surface is already quite smooth), and progresses through a series of sandpaper grades that gradually remove the sanding scratches created by the previous sanding steps.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical sanding schedule prior to wood finishing might involve sanding wood along the grain with the following grades of sandpaper, 80, 100, 120, 150 and finishing with 180 and sometimes 220 grit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise sanding schedule is a matter of trial and error because the appearance of a sanded surface depends on the wood you are sanding and the finish that will subsequently be applied to the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nagyszalanczy,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coarse grained woods with large pores such as oak hide sanding scratches better than fine grained wood and hence with such species it may be possible to use 180 or even 150 grit sandpaper as the final step in the sanding schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, sanding scratches are more easily seen in finer grained, harder woods and also end-grain, and hence, they require finer sandpaper (220 grit) during the final sanding stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandpaper selected for the final sanding stage affects the colour of stained wood, and therefore when staining is part of finishing avoid sanding the wood to a very smooth finish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, according to Nagyszalanczy if you are using an oil-based finish, it is desirable to sand the wood using higher grit sandpaper (400 grit) because oil tends to highlight sanding scratches.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/220px-SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/330px-SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/440px-SEM_of_120_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Scanning Electron Microscopy of 120 grit aluminum oxide paper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/220px-SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/330px-SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg/440px-SEM_of_180_grit_aluminum_oxide_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Scanning Electron Microscopy of 180 grit aluminum oxide paper</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg/220px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg/330px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg/440px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding</figcaption></figure><p> Sanding is very good at removing defects at wood surfaces, but it creates a surface that contains minute scratches in the form of microscopic valleys and ridges, and also slivers of wood cell wall material that are attached to the underlying wood.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sanding ridges and slivers of wood swell and spring-up, respectively, when sanded wood is finished with water-based finishes, creating a rough fuzzy surface. This defect is known as grain raising. It can be eliminated by wetting the surface with water, leaving the wood to dry and then lightly sanding the wood to remove the ‘raised grain’.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg/220px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg/330px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg/440px-Yellow_birch_after_sanding_and_wetting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding and wetting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removing_larger_defects">Removing larger defects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Removing larger defects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larger defects that interfere with wood finishing include dent, gouges, splits and glue spots and smears.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defects should also be removed before finishing, otherwise they will affect the quality of the finished furniture or object. However, it is difficult to eliminate large defects from wood surfaces. </p><p>Removing dents from wood surfaces is quite straightforward as pointed out by Flexner.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Add a few droplets of demineralized water to the dent and let it soak in. Then put a clean cloth over the dent and place the tip of a hot iron on the cloth that lies immediately above the dent, taking great care not to burn the wood. The transfer of heat from the iron to the wood will cause compressed fibres in the dent to recover their original dimensions. As a result the dent will diminish in size or even disappear completely, although removal of large dents may require a number of wetting and heating cycles. The wood in the recovered dent should then be dried and sanded smooth to match the surrounding wood. </p><p>Gouges and holes in wood are more difficult to repair than dents because wood fibres have been cut, torn and removed from the wood. Larger gouges and splits are best repaired by patching the void with a piece of wood that matches the colour and grain orientation of the wood under repair.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patching wood requires skill, but when done properly it is possible to create a repair that is very difficult to see. An alternative to patching is filling (sometimes known as stopping).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous coloured fillers (<a href="/wiki/Wood_putty" title="Wood putty">putties</a> and waxes) are produced commercially and are coloured to match different wood species. Successful filling of voids in wood requires the filler to precisely match the colour and grain pattern of the wood around the void, which is difficult to achieve in practice. Furthermore, filled voids do not behave like wood during subsequent finishing steps, and they age differently to wood. Hence, repairs to wood using fillers may noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore filling is best used with opaque finishes rather than semitransparent finishes, which allow the grain of the wood to be seen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120_grid_(scale).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg/220px-120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg/330px-120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg/440px-120_grid_%28scale%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4671" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Macro photo of 120 grit sandpaper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:220_grit_(scale).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/220px-220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/330px-220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/440px-220_grit_%28scale%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4671" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Macro photo of 220 grit sandpaper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:320_grit_(scale).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/220px-320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/330px-320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg/440px-320_grit_%28scale%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4671" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Macro photo of 320 grit sandpaper</figcaption></figure> <p>Glue smears and droplets are sometimes present around the joints of furniture. They can be removed using a combination of scraping, scrubbing and sanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These approaches remove surface glue, but not the glue beneath the wood surface. Sub-surface glue will reduce the absorption of stain by wood, and may alter the scratch pattern created by sanding. Both these effects will influence the way in which the wood colours when stains are used to finish the wood. To overcome this problem it may be necessary to locally stain and touch-up areas previously covered by glue to ensure that the finish on such areas matches that of the surrounding wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bleaching_and_removal_of_stains">Bleaching and removal of stains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bleaching and removal of stains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood surfaces are occasionally affected by various organic and inorganic stains.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes such stains enhance the colour and appearance of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, oak wood affected by the beef-steak fungus has a deep rich, attractive, brown colour<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no reason to remove the stain from the wood prior to finishing. The same applies to spalted wood whose attractive appearance is again caused by <a href="/wiki/Spalting" title="Spalting">fungi</a>. On the other hand some fungal stains and those caused by the reaction of iron with wood can disfigure wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stains can be removed from wood using <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bleaches are also occasionally used to reduce the difference in colour between lighter sapwood and heartwood and also colour variation within heartwood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such bleaching make it easier to achieve a uniformly coloured wood when the wood is subsequently coloured with pigmented stains and dyes<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see below). Furthermore, the natural colours of wood fade when wood is exposed to sunlight, and more permanent colours can be created by bleaching wood to remove its natural colour and then re-colouring the wood using artificial, light-fast, stains.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bleaches used to remove unwanted fungal stains from wood include two-part <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxide_bleach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxide bleach (page does not exist)">peroxide bleach</a> and solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is particularly effective at removing the natural colour of wood before it is recoloured with pigmented stains or dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">Oxalic acid</a> is particularly effective at removing iron stains from wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colouring_wood">Colouring wood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colouring wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood can be stained to change its colour or left unstained before application of lacquer, or other types of top-coats. Staining should enhance the appearance of wood by reducing colour variation between and within sapwood and heartwood. It also provides a way of giving bland looking woods such as poplar, the appearance of prized furniture woods such as ebony, mahogany or walnut. Wood can be stained using <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> or pigmented finishes. These finishes are available in a wide variety of colours, many of which are not part of the natural colour palette of wood, for example, blues and greens. Pigmented stains tend to highlight the grain (and also sanding scratches), whereas dyes do not have this effect and are more transparent. Wood can also be coloured by exposing it to chemicals that react with the wood to form coloured compounds. Chemical staining of wood is rarely carried out because it is easier to colour wood using dye or pigmented stain, however, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_fuming" title="Ammonia fuming">ammonia fuming</a> is a chemical staining method that is still occasionally used to darken woods such as oak that contain a lot of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>. Staining of wood is difficult to control because some parts of the wood absorb more stain than others, which leads to problems such as blotchiness and streaking. For this reason, as pointed out by Flexner, many people prefer to omit the staining step when finishing wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_wood_finishing_procedure">Basic wood finishing procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic wood finishing procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood finishing starts with <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sanding</a> either by hand, typically using a <a href="/wiki/Sanding_block" title="Sanding block">sanding block</a> or power <a href="/wiki/Sander" title="Sander">sander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Card_scraper" title="Card scraper">scraping</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">planing</a>. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using <a href="/wiki/Wood_putty" title="Wood putty">wood putty</a> or pores may be filled using <a href="/wiki/Wood_filler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood filler">wood filler</a>. Often, the wood's color is changed by <a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">staining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleaching</a>, or any of a number of other techniques. </p><p>Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, the finish is applied. It usually consists of several coats of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, and each coat is typically followed by sanding. </p><p>Finally, the surface may be <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polished</a> or buffed using <a href="/wiki/Steel_wool" title="Steel wool">steel wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotten_stone" title="Rotten stone">rotten stone</a> or other materials, depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax is applied over the finish to add a degree of protection. </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polishing</a> is a finishing method of applying many thin coats of shellac using a rubbing pad, yielding a very fine glossy finish. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_fuming" title="Ammonia fuming">Ammonia fuming</a> is a traditional process for darkening and enriching the color of <a href="/wiki/White_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="White oak">white oak</a>. Ammonia fumes react with the natural <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a> in the wood and cause it to change colours.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting product is known as "fumed oak".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_different_clear_finishes">Comparison of different clear finishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison of different clear finishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clear finishes are intended to make wood look good and meet the demands to be placed on the finish. Choosing a clear finish for wood involves trade-offs between appearance, protection, durability, safety, requirements for cleaning, and ease of application. The following table compares the characteristics of different clear finishes. 'Rubbing qualities' indicates the ease with which a finish can be manipulated to deliver the finish desired. Shellac should be considered in two different ways. It is used thinned with <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a> as a finish and as a way to manipulate the wood's ability to absorb other finishes. The alcohol evaporates almost immediately to yield a finish that will attach to virtually any surface, even glass, and virtually any other finish can be used over it. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece04-NoFinish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="No finish"><img alt="No finish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piece04-NoFinish.jpg/387px-Piece04-NoFinish.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piece04-NoFinish.jpg/580px-Piece04-NoFinish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piece04-NoFinish.jpg/774px-Piece04-NoFinish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">No finish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linseed oil"><img alt="Linseed oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg/387px-Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg/580px-Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg/774px-Piece01-LinseedOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Linseed oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece10-TungOil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tung oil"><img alt="Tung oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Piece10-TungOil.jpg/387px-Piece10-TungOil.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Piece10-TungOil.jpg/580px-Piece10-TungOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Piece10-TungOil.jpg/774px-Piece10-TungOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tung oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tung oil and linseed oil"><img alt="Tung oil and linseed oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg/387px-Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg/580px-Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg/774px-Piece11-TungOil-LinseedOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tung oil and linseed oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Molten bee wax"><img alt="Molten bee wax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg/387px-Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg/580px-Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg/774px-Piece05-BeeWax-Molten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Molten bee wax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2:1 ratio of beeswax and carnauba wax"><img alt="2:1 ratio of beeswax and carnauba wax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg/387px-Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg/580px-Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg/774px-Piece03-CarnaubaBeeWax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2:1 ratio of beeswax and carnauba wax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shellac"><img alt="Shellac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg/387px-Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg/580px-Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg/774px-Piece02-ShellacOrange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shellac</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shellac and linseed oil"><img alt="Shellac and linseed oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg/387px-Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg/580px-Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg/774px-Piece06-Shellac-LinseedOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shellac and linseed oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkyd varnish"><img alt="Alkyd varnish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg/387px-Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg/580px-Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg/774px-Piece08-PUR-Alkyd-Varnish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alkyd varnish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spar or yacht varnish"><img alt="Spar or yacht varnish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg/387px-Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg/580px-Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg/774px-Piece09-Spar-Varnish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spar or yacht varnish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acrylic varnish"><img alt="Acrylic varnish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg/387px-Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg/580px-Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg/774px-Piece12-PU-Acrylic-Varnish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Acrylic varnish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acrylic paint"><img alt="Acrylic paint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg/387px-Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg/580px-Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg/774px-Piece07-Acrylic-Paint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Acrylic paint</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 9pt; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Appearance</th> <th>Protection</th> <th>Durability</th> <th>Safety</th> <th>Ease of application</th> <th>Reversibility</th> <th>Rubbing qualities </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></b> </td> <td>Dull, even sheen unless buffed or polished </td> <td>Low, short term </td> <td>Requires frequent reapplication </td> <td>Safe when solvents in paste wax evaporate </td> <td>Easy. Applied with cloth or brush and worked into wood, excess left to cure before buffing with a cloth for desired level of sheen. </td> <td>Difficult. Solvents thin wax causing it to penetrate deeper. Sanding creates heat. Scraping recommended </td> <td>Matte to satin finish, can to be buffed to a sheen. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardwax_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardwax oil (page does not exist)">Hardwax oil</a></b> </td> <td>Matte to Satin sheen. </td> <td>Moderate protection and water resistance. </td> <td>Moderate durability once cured. May require periodic reapplication. </td> <td>Safe when low VOC solvents evaporate. </td> <td>Easy. Applied in very thin coats with cloth, pad, roller or brush. </td> <td>Difficult. Solvents thin wax causing it to penetrate deeper. Sanding creates heat. Scraping recommended </td> <td>matte to satin finish, can be buffed to a sheen. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></b> </td> <td>From virtually clear (super blond) to a rich orange (garnet) </td> <td>Fair against water, poor solvent protection </td> <td>Moderate. </td> <td>Safe when solvent evaporates, used as food and pill coating </td> <td>Clogs spray equipment. Quick solvent flash time makes brushing difficult. Ox or badger/skunk hair brush recommended. Easy to pad, however French Polish is difficult </td> <td>Completely reversible using alcohol </td> <td>Excellent </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose_lacquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrocellulose lacquer">Nitrocellulose lacquer</a></b> </td> <td>Transparent, satin and gloss </td> <td>Reasonable protection </td> <td>Soft and somewhat durable </td> <td>Uses toxic solvents. Good protection is needed, especially if painted </td> <td>Moderate. Available in cans, large scale requires spray equipment. No sanding required between coats. </td> <td>Reversible with proper solvents </td> <td>Excellent soft finish </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Cat_lacquer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Cat lacquer (page does not exist)">Pre-Cat lacquer</a></b> </td> <td>Transparent, all sheens from 5% to 90% </td> <td>Good general protection against wet and dry heat. </td> <td>Meets UK and European standards for "general use". </td> <td>Uses toxic solvents. Spray booth is needed. </td> <td>Moderate. Requires spray equipment. No sanding required between coats. </td> <td>Non-Reversible after 5 days </td> <td>Excellent general furniture finish, harder than standard lacquer. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Conversion varnish or Acid-Cat Lacquer</b> </td> <td>Transparent, all sheens from 5% to Gloss </td> <td>Excellent protection against many substances </td> <td>Meets UK and European standards for "severe use". </td> <td>Uses toxic solvents, including toluene. </td> <td>Moderate. Requires spray equipment. Used in professional shops only. No sanding required between coats. </td> <td>Difficult to reverse </td> <td>Excellent hard finish </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Boiled_linseed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiled linseed oil">Boiled linseed oil</a></b> </td> <td>Yellow warm glow, pops grain<sup>1</sup>, darkens with age </td> <td>Low </td> <td>Low </td> <td>Relatively safe once cured, metallic driers are poisonous. </td> <td>Easy. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess wiped off. Cure time can be long. </td> <td>Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping) </td> <td>Cures matte </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Tung_oil" title="Tung oil">Tung oil</a></b> </td> <td>Warm glow, pops grain<sup>1</sup>, lighter than linseed </td> <td>Low, but has water resistance </td> <td>Low </td> <td>Relatively safe when fully cured. Pure tung oil contains no metallic dryers. Many products labeled tung oil are oil/varnish blends </td> <td>Moderate. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess is wiped off. First coat is typically thinned down. Partial cure is necessary as very long finishing schedule for sufficient amount of coats. </td> <td>Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping) </td> <td>Cures hard and matte, can be buffed to a satin sheen. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkyd_varnish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkyd varnish (page does not exist)">Alkyd varnish</a></b> </td> <td>Not as transparent as lacquer, yellowish/orange tint, pops grain. </td> <td>Good protection, also available with UV resistance </td> <td>Durable </td> <td>Relatively safe once VOCs evaporate, uses petroleum based solvents </td> <td>Moderate. Brush, roll or spray. Brushing needs good technique to avoid bubbles and streaks. </td> <td>Can be stripped using paint removers </td> <td>Cures hard yet flexible, gloss or satin finish. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Polyurethane oil based varnish</a></b> </td> <td>Slight ambering, comes in a variety of sheen </td> <td>Excellent protection against many substances, tough finish </td> <td>Durable after approx. 7 day curing period </td> <td>Relatively safe once VOCs evaporate, uses petroleum based solvents </td> <td>Moderate. Applied in coats with brush, roller or sprayer. Medium curing times, sanding required between coats. Easy when thinned and wiped on. </td> <td>Can be stripped using paint removers </td> <td>Cures hard. Easy to rub out with steel wool or synthetic pads to reduce sheen, or buffed to a high gloss. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Polyurethane water-based varnish</a></b> </td> <td>Transparent or paints, <p>all sheens from 1% to 80% </p> </td> <td>Excellent protection. Newer products (2009) also UV stable when noted </td> <td>Durable after a two-day curing period </td> <td>Safer than oil-based polyurethane, fewer <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> </td> <td>Easy. Applied with brush, roller or sprayer. Fast drying demands care in application technique to avoid bubbles and streaks. Sanding required between coats. </td> <td>Can be stripped using paint removers </td> <td>Excellent. It finishes hard and can be buffed to a gloss. Use a release agent. A thick finish can leave a plastic feel. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>2-Part polyurethane</b> </td> <td>Transparent </td> <td>Stronger protection than regular polyurethane varnish </td> <td>Durable once cured, generally less than an hour </td> <td>low or free of VOCs, nonreactive when cured </td> <td>generally sprayed, equipment must be cleaned of any mixed product immediately </td> <td>Irreversible </td> <td>Sands easily. Sanding not needed between coats </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil-varnish blends</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Danish_oil" title="Danish oil">Danish oil</a>, Teak oil,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Tung oil finish")</b> </td> <td>Enhances natural figure like a drying oil, but more protective and faster drying. </td> <td>Low, but more than pure oil finishes. </td> <td>Fairly durable, but may require periodic reapplication for heavy use areas such as tables and worktops. </td> <td>Relatively safe once VOCs have evaporated, uses petroleum based solvents </td> <td>Easy. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess wiped off. Too many applications can result in sticky build up </td> <td>Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping) </td> <td>Dries hard. can be buffed to a matte finish or to a gloss. Often top coated with paste wax for extra protection </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">Epoxy resin</a></b> </td> <td>Thick, high-gloss, and transparent. Some formulations can cloud or yellow with UV exposure </td> <td>High level of protection </td> <td>Flexible and durable </td> <td>Safe when cured </td> <td>Easy pour-on application for flat surfaces, difficult to apply evenly on more complicated shapes </td> <td>Cleanable with acetone when liquid. Irreversible once cured </td> <td>flexibility makes sanding difficult but possible </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><sup>1</sup> accentuates visual properties due to differences in wood grain.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automated_wood_finishing_methods">Automated wood finishing methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Automated wood finishing methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers who <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produce</a> products implement automated flatline finish systems. These systems consist of a series of processing stations that may include sanding, dust removal, staining, sealer and topcoat applications. As the name suggests, the primary part shapes are flat. Liquid wood finishes are applied via automated spray guns in an enclosed environment or spray cabin. The material then can enter an oven or be sanded again depending on the manufacturer’s setup. The material can also be recycled through the line to apply another coat of finish or continue in a system that adds successive coats depending on the layout of the production line. The systems typically used one of two approaches to production. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg/220px-Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg/330px-Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg/440px-Hangline_Wood_Finish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>In this hangline approach, wood items being finished are moved through various finishing stages on a conveyor system</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hangline_approach">Hangline approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hangline approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the hangline approach, wood items being finished are hung by carriers or hangers that are attached to a <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">conveyor system</a> that moves the items overhead or above the floor space. The conveyor itself can be ceiling mounted, wall mounted or supported by floor mounts. A simple overhead conveyor system can be designed to move wood products through several wood finishing processes in a continuous loop. The hangline approach to automated wood finishing also allows the option of moving items up to warmer air at the ceiling level to speed up drying process. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG/220px-Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG/330px-Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG/440px-Tow-line_Wood_Finish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>In this towline method, mobile carts move large furniture through various finishing stages on a conveyor system.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towline_approach">Towline approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Towline approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The towline approach to automating wood finishing uses mobile carts that are propelled by conveyors mounted in or on the floor. This approach is useful for moving large, awkward shaped wood products that are difficult or impossible to lift or hang overhead, such as four-legged wood furniture. The mobile carts used in the towline approach can be designed with top platens that rotate either manually or automatically. The rotating top platens allow the operator to have easy access to all sides of the wood item throughout the various wood finishing processes such as sanding, painting and sealing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinishing" title="Refinishing">Refinishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distressing" title="Distressing">Distressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_oil" title="Danish oil">Danish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylotechnigraphy" title="Xylotechnigraphy">Xylotechnigraphy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhaler1972" class="citation book cs1">Whaler, J.H. (1972). <i>Furniture finishing textbook</i>. Nashville: Production Publishing Company. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furniture+finishing+textbook&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Production+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Whaler&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2003" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Robert M. (2003). <i>Building an industrial wood finish</i>. Madison: Forest Products Society. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892529-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892529-30-5"><bdi>978-1-892529-30-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+an+industrial+wood+finish&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Forest+Products+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-892529-30-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbia1981" class="citation book cs1">Gibbia, S.W. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodfinishingref0000gibb/page/9"><i>Wood finishing and refinishing</i></a>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodfinishingref0000gibb/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-24708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-24708-9"><bdi>978-0-442-24708-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+finishing+and+refinishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-442-24708-9&rft.aulast=Gibbia&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwoodfinishingref0000gibb%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaić, Milan, and Tanja Palija. "The impact of the top coating on the mechanical properties of lacquered wood surfaces." <i>Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongovaUrgela1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bongova, M.; Urgela, Stanislav (1999-01-01). "Surface coating influence on elastic properties of spruce wood by means of holographic vibration mode visualization". 11th Slovak-Czech-Polish Optical Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of Contemporary Optics. <b>3820</b>: 103–110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3820..103B">1999SPIE.3820..103B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.353047">10.1117/12.353047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136371456">136371456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Surface+coating+influence+on+elastic+properties+of+spruce+wood+by+means+of+holographic+vibration+mode+visualization&rft.volume=3820&rft.pages=103-110&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A136371456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.353047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SPIE.3820..103B&rft.aulast=Bongova&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Urgela%2C+Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchard1992" class="citation book cs1">Hatchard, Den (1992). <i>Wood Finishing: Step-by-step techniques</i>. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852235826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852235826"><bdi>978-1852235826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Finishing%3A+Step-by-step+techniques&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Marlborough&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1852235826&rft.aulast=Hatchard&rft.aufirst=Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1999" class="citation book cs1">Flexner, Bob (1999-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r44o8Nb0mGoC"><i>Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish</i></a>. Reader's Digest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762101917" title="Special:BookSources/9780762101917"><bdi>9780762101917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Wood+Finishing%3A+How+to+Select+and+Apply+the+Right+Finish&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=9780762101917&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr44o8Nb0mGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIseghem2006" class="citation web cs1">Iseghem, Lawrence C. Van (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radtech.org/images/pdf_upload/woodfinishmayjun06.pdf">"Wood Finishing with UV-Curable Coatings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. RADTECH REPORT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910115703/http://www.radtech.org/images/pdf_upload/woodfinishmayjun06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wood+Finishing+with+UV-Curable+Coatings&rft.pub=RADTECH+REPORT&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Iseghem&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radtech.org%2Fimages%2Fpdf_upload%2Fwoodfinishmayjun06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell1940" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Adnah Clifton (1940-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xYkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Coloring, Finishing and Painting Wood</i></a>. Manual arts Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022163523/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xYkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloring%2C+Finishing+and+Painting+Wood&rft.pub=Manual+arts+Press&rft.date=1940-01-01&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Adnah+Clifton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xYkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderwalker1940" class="citation book cs1">Vanderwalker, Fred Norman (1940-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWXZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Wood Finishing, Plain and Decorative: Methods, Materials, and Tools for Natural, Stained, Varnished, Waxed, Oiled, Enameled, and Painted Finishes. Antiqued, Stippled, Streaked and Rough Glazed Finishes. Stain Making Formulas</i></a>. F. J. Drake & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022163523/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWXZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Finishing%2C+Plain+and+Decorative%3A+Methods%2C+Materials%2C+and+Tools+for+Natural%2C+Stained%2C+Varnished%2C+Waxed%2C+Oiled%2C+Enameled%2C+and+Painted+Finishes.+Antiqued%2C+Stippled%2C+Streaked+and+Rough+Glazed+Finishes.+Stain+Making+Formulas&rft.pub=F.+J.+Drake+%26+Company&rft.date=1940-01-01&rft.aulast=Vanderwalker&rft.aufirst=Fred+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWXZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump1992" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Derrick (1992-01-01). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetow00crum"><i>The Complete Guide to Wood Finishes</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671796693" title="Special:BookSources/9780671796693"><bdi>9780671796693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Wood+Finishes&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9780671796693&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetow00crum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandermannDietrichsPuth1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sandermann, Wilhelm; Dietrichs, Hans-Hermann; Puth, Martin (1960-02-01). "Über die Trocknungsinhibierung von Lackanstrichen auf Handelshölzern". <i>Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff</i> (in German). <b>18</b> (2): 63–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02615619">10.1007/BF02615619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-3768">0018-3768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39882526">39882526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holz+Als+Roh-+und+Werkstoff&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Trocknungsinhibierung+von+Lackanstrichen+auf+Handelsh%C3%B6lzern&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-75&rft.date=1960-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39882526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-3768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02615619&rft.aulast=Sandermann&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Dietrichs%2C+Hans-Hermann&rft.au=Puth%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1967" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Robert Harvey (1967-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y3xAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chemistry in the utilization of wood</i></a>. Pergamon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+in+the+utilization+of+wood&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1967-06-01&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Robert+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y3xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarAl-MahdiScherzerSonntag2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, R. N.; Al-Mahdi, Haider Osma; Scherzer, T.; Sonntag, J. von (2002-06-26). "Influence of Wood Extracts on the Uv Curing of Acrylate Coatings". <i>Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A</i>. <b>39</b> (7): 657–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FMA-120004510">10.1081/MA-120004510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1060-1325">1060-1325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94434204">94434204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromolecular+Science%2C+Part+A&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Wood+Extracts+on+the+Uv+Curing+of+Acrylate+Coatings&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=657-666&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94434204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1060-1325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FMA-120004510&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft.au=Al-Mahdi%2C+Haider+Osma&rft.au=Scherzer%2C+T.&rft.au=Sonntag%2C+J.+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansCullis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Philip D.; Cullis, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273095733">"A Note on the Effect of Wood Moisture Content and Clear Coating on the Color of Veneer Panels Stained with Solvent-Borne Stain"</a>. <i>Forest Products Journal</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 273–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13073%2F0015-7473-60.3.273">10.13073/0015-7473-60.3.273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023050743/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273095733_A_Note_on_the_Effect_of_Wood_Moisture_Content_and_Clear_Coating_on_the_Color_of_Veneer_Panels_Stained_with_Solvent-Borne_Stain">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Products+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Effect+of+Wood+Moisture+Content+and+Clear+Coating+on+the+Color+of+Veneer+Panels+Stained+with+Solvent-Borne+Stain&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13073%2F0015-7473-60.3.273&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Cullis%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273095733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressWoodworking1999" class="citation book cs1">Press, Taunton; Woodworking, Fine (1999-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmsstohTzMC"><i>Finishes & Finishing Techniques: Professional Secrets for Simple and Beautiful Finishes from Fine Woodworking</i></a>. Taunton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561582983" title="Special:BookSources/9781561582983"><bdi>9781561582983</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022163523/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmsstohTzMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finishes+%26+Finishing+Techniques%3A+Professional+Secrets+for+Simple+and+Beautiful+Finishes+from+Fine+Woodworking&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=9781561582983&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Taunton&rft.au=Woodworking%2C+Fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FmsstohTzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mntap.umn.edu/paint/resources/ArtisticFinishes.pdf">"Case study project: The use of low-VOC/HAP coatings at wood furniture manufacturing facilities. Report for March 1995 March 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Service+Center+for+Environmental+Publications+%28NSCEP%29&rft.atitle=Case+study+project%3A+The+use+of+low-VOC%2FHAP+coatings+at+wood+furniture+manufacturing+facilities.+Report+for+March+1995+March+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mntap.umn.edu%2Fpaint%2Fresources%2FArtisticFinishes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikka-Alhola2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parikka-Alhola, Katriina (2008-12-01). "Promoting environmentally sound furniture by green public procurement". <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>68</b> (1–2): 472–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2008.05.004">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Promoting+environmentally+sound+furniture+by+green+public+procurement&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=472-485&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2008.05.004&rft.aulast=Parikka-Alhola&rft.aufirst=Katriina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagyszalanczy1997" class="citation book cs1">Nagyszalanczy, Sandor (1997-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIl2HAAACAAJ"><i>The Wood Sanding Book: A Guide to Abrasives, Machines, and Methods</i></a>. Taunton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561581757" title="Special:BookSources/9781561581757"><bdi>9781561581757</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022163523/https://books.google.com/books?id=dIl2HAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wood+Sanding+Book%3A+A+Guide+to+Abrasives%2C+Machines%2C+and+Methods&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=9781561581757&rft.aulast=Nagyszalanczy&rft.aufirst=Sandor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIl2HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura, G-I, Takachio, H. 1961. An experiment on the roughness and stability of sanded surface. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 7:41–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marra, G.G. 1943. An analysis of the factors responsible for raised grain on the wood of oak following sanding and staining. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 65:177–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koehler, A. 1932. Some observations on raised grain. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 54:27–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1974" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Charles H. (1974-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF-7PQAACAAJ"><i>Staining and Polishing</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877490074" title="Special:BookSources/9780877490074"><bdi>9780877490074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staining+and+Polishing&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1974-09-01&rft.isbn=9780877490074&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF-7PQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uzunovic, A., Byrne, T., Gignac, M, Yang, D-Q. (2008). Wood discolourations & their prevention with an emphasis on bluestain. FPInnovations (Forintek)<i>.</i> Special Publication SP-50, 51 pp. <b>I</b>SSN #1916–4238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, B. (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-StRBAAAQBAJ&q=Jane%252C%2520F.W.%2520%281970%29.%2520The%2520structure%2520of%2520wood.%2520A%2520%2526%2520C%2520Black%252C%2520London%252C%2520478%2520pp.&pg=PA96"><i>Three-dimensional structure of wood: An Ultrastructural Approach</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401181464" title="Special:BookSources/9789401181464"><bdi>9789401181464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three-dimensional+structure+of+wood%3A+An+Ultrastructural+Approach&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9789401181464&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-StRBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DJane%25252C%252520F.W.%252520%25281970%2529.%252520The%252520structure%252520of%252520wood.%252520A%252520%252526%252520C%252520Black%25252C%252520London%25252C%252520478%252520pp.%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPalmerChowdhury2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Evans, Philip D.; Palmer, Gareth; Chowdhury, Mohammed (2007-03-22). "Bleaching treatments for blue-stained lodgepole pine affected by the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae". <i>Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff</i> (in German). <b>65</b> (6): 485–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00107-007-0177-5">10.1007/s00107-007-0177-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-3768">0018-3768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40952556">40952556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holz+Als+Roh-+und+Werkstoff&rft.atitle=Bleaching+treatments+for+blue-stained+lodgepole+pine+affected+by+the+mountain+pine+beetle+Dendroctonus+ponderosae&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=485-486&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40952556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-3768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00107-007-0177-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon (1948). Bleaching wood. US Forest Products Laboratory Report FPL-0165, 9pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Fuming_white_oak.html">"Fuming white oak"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210162130/http://www.woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Fuming_white_oak.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fuming+white+oak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodweb.com%2Fknowledge_base%2FFuming_white_oak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukworkshop.co.uk/forums/difference-between-lacquer-and-varnish-t39510.html">"Difference between lacquer and varnish? : Finishing Advice"</a>. UKworkshop.co.uk. 19 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810114547/http://www.ukworkshop.co.uk/forums/difference-between-lacquer-and-varnish-t39510.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Difference+between+lacquer+and+varnish%3F+%3A+Finishing+Advice&rft.pub=UKworkshop.co.uk&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukworkshop.co.uk%2Fforums%2Fdifference-between-lacquer-and-varnish-t39510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodhappen.com/best-teak-oil/">"A Guide on Choosing the Best Teak Oil Finish for Wood"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+on+Choosing+the+Best+Teak+Oil+Finish+for+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodhappen.com%2Fbest-teak-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+finishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Michael Dresdner (1992). <i>The Woodfinishing Book</i>. Taunton Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56158-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56158-037-6">1-56158-037-6</a></li> <li>Bob Flexner (1994). <i>Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish</i>. Rodale Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87596-566-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87596-566-0">0-87596-566-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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