Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWvmlluBEduwOzHSR3ESkcgC9O05Czgydo0Zolp0ZqZZbqEOdSWarzwTUyZz5qGP"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWvmlluBEduwOzHSR3ESkcgC9O05Czgydo0Zolp0ZqZZbqEOdSWarzwTUyZz5qGP"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWvmlluBEduwOzHSR3ESkcgC9O05Czgydo0Zolp0ZqZZbqEOdSWarzwTUyZz5qGP"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWvmlluBEduwOzHSR3ESkcgC9O05Czgydo0Zolp0ZqZZbqEOdSWarzwTUyZz5qGP"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="19710635"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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class="article-details" id="article-details">   <header class="heading" id="heading"> <div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology" data-pinger-ignore> Neuropsychopharmacology </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div 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data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Neuropsychopharmacology"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2009 Dec;34(13):2655-66.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.103. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2009 Aug 26. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Strathearn+L&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lane Strathearn">Lane Strathearn</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, The Meyer Center for Developmental Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. lanes@bcm.edu" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fonagy+P&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Amico+J&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Janet Amico">Janet Amico</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montague+PR&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="P Read Montague">P Read Montague</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div 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class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Lane Strathearn</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Neuropsychopharmacology<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2009 Dec</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/19710635/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" 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class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Strathearn+L&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lane Strathearn">Lane Strathearn</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, The Meyer Center for Developmental Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. lanes@bcm.edu" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fonagy+P&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Amico+J&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Janet Amico">Janet Amico</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montague+PR&cauthor_id=19710635" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="P Read Montague">P Read Montague</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Pediatrics, The Meyer Center for Developmental Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. lanes@bcm.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">19710635</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3041266&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3041266/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3041266 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/npp.2009.103&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.103" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/npp.2009.103 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/19710635/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/19710635/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Infant cues, such as smiling or crying facial expressions, are powerful motivators of human maternal behavior, activating dopamine-associated brain reward circuits. Oxytocin, a neurohormone of attachment, promotes maternal care in animals, although its role in human maternal behavior is unclear. We examined 30 first-time new mothers to test whether differences in attachment, based on the Adult Attachment Interview, were related to brain reward and peripheral oxytocin response to infant cues. On viewing their own infant's smiling and crying faces during functional MRI scanning, mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions, including the ventral striatum, and the oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region. Peripheral oxytocin response to infant contact at 7 months was also significantly higher in secure mothers, and was positively correlated with brain activation in both regions. Insecure/dismissing mothers showed greater insular activation in response to their own infant's sad faces. These results suggest that individual differences in maternal attachment may be linked with development of the dopaminergic and oxytocinergic neuroendocrine systems. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>DISCLOSURE / CONFLICT OF INTEREST</bold> The authors have no disclosures or conflicts of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/7f9feb446bd6/nihms133053f1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="335" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC3041266" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/30b6dcedc098/nihms133053f1.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="335"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Study timeline and data collected… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Study timeline and data collected at each of 4 study visits. Abbreviations: AAI,… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Study timeline and data collected at each of 4 study visits. Abbreviations: AAI, Adult Attachment Interview; PDQ, Personality Disorder Questionnaire 4+; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; ATQ, Adult Temperament Questionnaire—Short form; IBQ, Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised; PSI, Parenting Stress Index; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/630226cc4965/nihms133053f2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="700" data-image-height="509" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC3041266" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/402ec1c2741f/nihms133053f2.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="700"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="509"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Baby face presentation paradigm in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Baby face presentation paradigm in functional MRI experiment. Infant face images were presented… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Baby face presentation paradigm in functional MRI experiment. Infant face images were presented for 2 seconds, followed by a variable 2-6 second period of a plain black screen. Six stimulus types were presented in random order: own-happy (OH), own-neutral , own-sad, unknown-happy, unknown-neutral, unknown-sad. Reproduced with permission from <i>Pediatrics</i>, Vol. 122, Pages 40-51, Copyright © 2008 by the AAP.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/7fdc184684f0/nihms133053f3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="603" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC3041266" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/41dde5d37d60/nihms133053f3.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="603"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Peripheral oxytocin and related brain… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Peripheral oxytocin and related brain activation in response to infant cues. <b> (a) </b> Mothers… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Peripheral oxytocin and related brain activation in response to infant cues. <b>(a)</b> Mothers with Type B (secure) attachment patterns show a greater peripheral oxytocin response during an episode of physical interaction with their infant (mean ± sem; Bonferroni corrected comparison at free play time point, <i>P</i> = 0.01). The first baseline sample was collected 20 minutes after mother-infant separation; the second immediately after a 5-minute “free-play” involving direct physical contact between the mother and infant. The third sample was after a modified still-face procedure, in which the mother was in direct visual and auditory contact with her infant (via a mirror) but was physically separated by a screen divider. The final sample was collected after a further 20-minute period of complete mother-infant separation. <b>(b)</b> Compared to Type A mothers, Type B mothers show greater activation of the hypothalamus/pituitary region in response to own vs. unknown infant face images (all affect groups combined) (mean beta ± sem, t = 4.2, <i>P</i> = 0.0003). The whole brain analysis threshold was q(FDR) < 0.05; <i>P</i> < 0.002. Structural brain image created from average of all subjects. Inset of magnified hypothalamic/pituitary region (single subject image to improve anatomical clarity). <b>(c)</b> Peripheral oxytocin response correlates with activation of hypothalamus/pituitary region in response to neutral own infant face cues (r<sub>S</sub> = 0.60, <i>P</i> = 0.001). A single outlying value was omitted from the graph, but not the statistical calculations.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/bada9afc9244/nihms133053f4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="571" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC3041266" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/98bd5a14a4cb/nihms133053f4.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="571"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Brain responses to happy and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Brain responses to happy and sad own-infant faces, contrasting mothers with Type A… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Brain responses to happy and sad own-infant faces, contrasting mothers with Type A (insecure/dismissing) and B (secure) attachment classifications (mean beta values ± sem) <b>(a)</b> Type B mothers show greater activation of the ventral striatum (VS; t = 3.1, <i>P</i> < 0.005) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; t = 3.0, <i>P</i> < 0.01) in response to happy own-infant faces. <b>(b)</b> Type B mothers show greater activation of the right ventral striatum (t = 3.0, <i>P</i> < 0.01) in response to sad own-infant faces. Type A mothers show greater activation of the right anterior insula (t = -3.9, <i>P</i> < 0.0005).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/e72914c22acb/nihms133053f5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="613" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC3041266" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2bd/3041266/85b0e7b12821/nihms133053f5.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="613"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Peripheral oxytocin response after episodes… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Peripheral oxytocin response after episodes of mother-infant interaction correlates with activation in the… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Peripheral oxytocin response after episodes of mother-infant interaction correlates with activation in the right ventral striatum (area shown in Figure 4b) in response to neutral own infant face cues (r<sub>S</sub> = 0.57, <i>P</i> = 0.002). Percent oxytocin change calculated from the first baseline measurement and a mean of the second and third samples, which were taken during episodes of mother-infant interaction.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-commentary"> <h2 class="title"> Comment in </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/19727066/" ref="article_id=19727066&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> A potential role for oxytocin in the intergenerational transmission of secure attachment. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Rilling JK.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Rilling JK.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Dec;34(13):2621-2. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.136. 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class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> MeSH terms </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Adult" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Adult </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adult"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Adult"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Adult"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Adult"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Adult"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Adult"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Brain / physiology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Brain / physiology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Brain / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Brain%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Brain%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Brain/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Brain / physiology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Brain" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Brain / physiology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Brain/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Brain/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Brain Mapping" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Brain Mapping </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Brain Mapping"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Brain+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Brain+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Brain Mapping"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Brain+Mapping" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Brain Mapping"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cues" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cues </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cues"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cues%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cues%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cues"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cues"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cues" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cues"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cues"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cues"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Epinephrine / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Epinephrine / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Epinephrine / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Epinephrine%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Epinephrine%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Epinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Epinephrine / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Epinephrine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Epinephrine / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Epinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Epinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Facial Expression" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Facial Expression </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Facial Expression"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Facial+Expression%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Facial+Expression%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Facial Expression"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Facial Expression"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Facial+Expression" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Facial Expression"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Facial Expression"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Facial Expression"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Female </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hydrocortisone / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hydrocortisone / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hydrocortisone / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hydrocortisone%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hydrocortisone%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hydrocortisone/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hydrocortisone / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hydrocortisone" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hydrocortisone / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hydrocortisone/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hydrocortisone/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Infant" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Infant </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Infant"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Infant%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Infant%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Infant"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Infant"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Infant" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Infant"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Infant"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Infant"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mother-Child Relations" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mother-Child Relations </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mother-Child Relations"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mother-Child+Relations%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mother-Child+Relations%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mother-Child Relations"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mother-Child Relations"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mother-Child+Relations" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mother-Child Relations"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mother-Child Relations"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mother-Child Relations"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mothers / psychology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mothers / psychology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mothers / psychology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mothers%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mothers%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mothers/psychology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mothers / psychology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mothers" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mothers / psychology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mothers/psychology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mothers/psychology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Norepinephrine / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Norepinephrine / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Norepinephrine / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Norepinephrine%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Norepinephrine%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Norepinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Norepinephrine / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Norepinephrine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Norepinephrine / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Norepinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Norepinephrine/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Object Attachment*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Object Attachment* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Object Attachment*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Object+Attachment%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Object+Attachment%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Object Attachment"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" 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Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues - PubMed