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Decades after the President’s assassination on November 22, 1963, a botched investigation clouds our conclusions about the crime." data-next-head/><meta name="keywords" content data-next-head/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000" data-next-head/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon" data-next-head/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography" data-next-head/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher" data-next-head/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography" data-next-head/><meta property="og:title" content="Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative" data-next-head/><meta property="og:description" content="President John F. Kennedy’s shocking assassination stopped the world on November 22, 1963. 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Who killed President John F. Kennedy? You wouldn’t believe us if we told you.A recent Gallup poll shows that 65 percent of Americans now believe JFK was killed on November 22, 1963 as the result of an assassination conspiracy, rejecting the official" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="political-figures,Famous Political Figures,assassinations,Assassinations,us-presidents,U.S. Presidents,Biography-US" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2025-01-28 14:58:00" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="Who Really Killed JFK? 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Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative","articleBody":"This story is a collaboration with Popular Mechanics. Who killed President John F. Kennedy? You wouldn’t believe us if we told you.A recent Gallup poll shows that 65 percent of Americans now believe JFK was killed on November 22, 1963 as the result of an assassination conspiracy, rejecting the official “Lone Gunman” theory that the 1964 Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, a.k.a. the Warren Commission Report, proposed. The talk of government conspiracies and mafia-orchestrated hits has so pervaded popular culture, particularly after the release of Oliver Stone’s 1991 hit film JFK, that it would not be unfair to suggest most post-Baby Boomer Americans know about JFK’s death far more than his life. That demand for “answers” from the public is likely what drove President Donald Trump to recently sign an executive order to release, per the Associated Press, “thousands of classified governmental documents about the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy,” along with documents pertaining to the assassinations of Kennedy’s brother Robert F. Kennedy and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. In Trump’s words, “everything will be revealed.” But is there really anything left to reveal? Four U.S. Presidents have been assassinated. Why is the JFK assassination the only one to spawn thousands of conspiracy theories challenging the official story?What Makes JFK’s Assassination Different?First, consider this:On April 14, 1865, the audience at Ford’s Theatre witnessed the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by a shot to the back of the head, after which the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, leapt to the stage and shouted, “Sic semper tyrannis!” (though the exact wording has been debated).On July 2, 1881, those gathered at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, including Secretary of State James G. Blaine and Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln (Honest Abe’s eldest son), witnessed the assassination of President James A. Garfield, when he was shot from behind at point-blank range by political aspirant Charles Guiteau.On September 6, 1901, all the curious well-wishers assembled in the Temple of Music at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo witnessed the assassination of President William McKinley, when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen during a handshake, using an Ivor Johnson revolver concealed in a handkerchief.The assassination of JFK, meanwhile, wasn’t just the first presidential assassination of the 20th century—it was also the first killing of a U.S. President that wasn’t committed at close range. This means that while there were plenty of “earwitnesses” to the assassination, there were very few eyewitnesses. Despite what some conspiracy theorists will tell you, there were indeed a few who attested to seeing Lee Harvey Oswald and his rifle in the window of the Texas Book Depository.And the discrepancy between these “earwitness” testimonies, for which a 2021 article in Frontiers in Psychology explains both the acoustical and psychoacoustical reasons) would kick up dust for a frantic public trying to make sense of the tragedy.Who Was In Charge of Investigating the JFK Assassination?The JFK assassination is also clouded in ambiguity because of how much information seemingly slipped through the cracks of the first official investigation, often referred to as the Warren Commission. How could the United States of the 1960s be less capable of collecting information on the death of a President than the United States of 1901?For that, consider how much of American life had changed since 1901. It was only after the death of President McKinley that year that the Secret Service, an organization first created to combat counterfeit currency, was charged with protecting the life of the President.The death of McKinley also led President Theodore Roosevelt and Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to create the Bureau of Investigations, which by the time Kennedy took office would be known as the Federal Bureau of Investigations, under the controversial leadership of J. Edgar Hoover.And most significantly, the America of 1901 was hardly on the global stage like it was after the first two World Wars. Our vast entanglements in the world at large, as well as the brewing Cold War with the Soviet Union, would lead to the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency via the National Security Act of 1947. This early version of the CIA, under Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, was deemed uncoordinated and lacking in leadership by “three New York lawyers with experience in intelligence,” which included a man named Allen Dulles. By the time John F. Kennedy took office as President in 1961, the CIA was under the leadership of Dulles, now with far more power and far less oversight.The aftermath of previous presidential assassinations weren’t entirely without issue. For example, John Wilkes Booth, meant to be brought in alive, was shot by Thomas P. “Boston” Corbett, who Biography previously noted “intended to shoot Booth in the arm, but his bullet struck Booth’s neck instead,” killing the assassin. But in that situation, there was a clear chain of command that was being defied.In the case of the JFK assassination, three massive intelligence organizations that operated largely independent of one another—and in the case of the FBI and CIA, at times pointedly in conflict with one another—all tried to “take charge” of the situation. This was exacerbated by the heavy involvement of local Texas law enforcement, who technically had jurisdiction over murders committed in the state of Texas. What became apparent, particularly as the Warren Commission tried to gather information from these four organizations, is that all groups had conducted their own independent collections, and in some cases disposals, of evidence. And they had very little interest in sharing the full extent of what they knew, for reasons that are still not entirely clear. Distrust? Vanity? Conspiracy? The trouble is, no matter their intentions behind their omissions, the result was an information vacuum that turned what was meant to be the definitive answer to the JFK assassination query—the Warren Commission, a seven-person panel established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren—into the fodder for conspiratorial thinking and flights of fancy, both of which would be reinforced by other nefarious actions on the part of these intelligence organizations that could, in fact, be confirmed.What did all that obfuscation leave us with? Conspiracy theories that elevated two gunmen to a level of importance they felt they deserved, and a public obsession with solving a mystery that overshadowed the public service of a president, and turned his legacy into the makings of a spy novel.What Happened on the Day of the JFK Assassination?It’s impossible to sum up something as complex as the JFK assassination in anything less than a book’s worth of space. Indeed, Paul Brandus’ Countdown to Dallas, published in 2023, estimates that roughly 40,000 books have been published on JFK and his untimely death.But these two paragraphs in Biography’s full profile of John F. Kennedy get the job done:“On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Fort Worth, Texas for a campaign appearance. The next day, November 22, Kennedy, along with his wife and Texas governor John Connally, rode through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental convertible. From an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-year-old warehouse worker named Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting the president twice. Kennedy died at Parkland Memorial Hospital shortly thereafter at age 46.A Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby assassinated Oswald days later while he was being transferred between jails. The death of President Kennedy was an unspeakable national tragedy, and to this date many people remember with unsettling vividness the exact moment they learned of his death. While conspiracy theories have swirled ever since Kennedy’s assassination, the official version of events remains the most plausible: Oswald acted alone.”For 65 percent of Americans, that’s not a satisfying answer. But knowing that intelligence organizations obfuscated and omitted information from the official investigation doesn’t fully explain just why that is. To really understand, you need to dip into some of the prevalent “alternative theories” as to who killed JFK.Every single conspiracy theory out there has been the subject of exhaustive books, documentaries, feature films, and far too many podcasts. No single article could break down and debunk each theory. Nevertheless, here’s a cursory look at the most prominent conspiracy theories that have consumed the American public consciousness since JFK’s assassination.JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #1: The Mafia Did ItThe Mafia, particularly the Chicago Outfit, tends to factor into many conspiracy theories around the JFK assassination, either as the sole culprit or part of a larger conspiracy. Why would the Mafia have wanted to target John F. Kennedy? Maybe they were distraught about their casinos in Cuba being closed, or maybe JFK’s dad, Joseph Kennedy, had mob connections because he made his fortunes as a bootlegger. He didn’t.The most convincing argument for why the Mafia might want to kill a Kennedy is that then-Attorney General and John’s brother Robert F. Kennedy had prioritized dismantling organized crime, even publicly challenging Teamsters leader Jimmy Hoffa for his ties to multiple mob figures, as organized crime had successfully infiltrated a number of labor unions around this time. Conspiracy theorists also emphasize that Jack Ruby, the man who shot Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963 while Oswald was in police custody, had some interactions with figures in organized crime. But to find logic in killing JFK instead of Bobby (who would be gunned down in 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan, relating to the Middle East conflicts of the time) can prove challenging for those who don’t simply want it to be true. And as Biography has noted, mafia expert Ralph Salerno “...said he reviewed ‘thousands of pages of electronic surveillances of organized crime leaders all over the United States’ at the time the killing took place and heard nothing suspicious.”JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #2: The Soviets Did ItYes, Lee Harvey Oswald lived in the USSR for a while. But the USSR did not have John F. Kennedy killed.This particular line of thinking has died down considerably in recent decades. That’s largely because, by now, if there was any evidence of Soviet involvement in the JFK assassination, we probably would have found it. The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 (the same year Oliver Stone’s JFK was released), and amidst all that we learned from the KGB files that later emerged, from Nikita Khrushchev’s bioweapons facility Biopreparat to the secret D-6 underground network below Moscow, there hasn’t been a shred of evidence suggesting the USSR was behind the JFK assassination.In fact, Kennedy was actively working to find peace and understanding between the two super powers. He kept up correspondence with Premier Khrushchev—much of which can be read on the State Department’s website—even setting up a direct telephone line to Moscow. The two leaders seemed to also like each other personally. Once, Krushchev even gifted the Kennedys a dog, who was appropriately named Pushinka.However, we now know that there was actually a Soviet plot involving the Kennedy assassination. And if you’ve ever shared a JFK assassination conspiracy theory, you’re part of it. In 1992, a KGB archivist named Vasili Mitrokhin defected to the United Kingdom, bringing with him a trove of official documents he’d absconded with across his 30-year career. Those documents revealed that the KGB had actually worked to spread misinformation that the CIA was behind the JFK assassination, going so far as to forge a letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to CIA officer E. Howard Hunt (best known today for his involvement in the Watergate burglary) to implicate him and the CIA in the assassination.JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #3: The Cubans Did ItMany people over the years have posited that the Cubans were behind the JFK assassination. The problem is, they can’t seem to agree which Cubans. Pro-Castro Cubans? Anti-Castro Cubans?In terms of motive, both are there. For the anti-Castro Cubans, there was the matter of the disastrous 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, a CIA-backed coup attempt Kennedy had largely inherited from the Eisenhower administration wherein the U.S. reneged on its commitment to the very insurgents it had helped train after their “covert” activities were made apparent to the world. Plus, newly uncovered documents have shown that the Chicago Mafia was involved in training some of these Cuban exiles.Likewise, Fidel Castro certainly would have had reason to want to kill the head of the U.S. government. Why? Because the U.S. government literally would not stop trying to kill him.The Church Committee, set up in 1975 to investigate the activities of the CIA, FBI, NSA, and IRS, “found concrete evidence of at least eight plots involving the CIA to assassinate Fidel Castro from 1960 to 1965.” In 2006, the former head of Cuban intelligence, Fabian Escalante, claimed that across 40 years, Castro had dodged 638 assassination attempts, 42 of which occurred during the JFK administration.And of course, Lee Harvey Oswald founded a chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans, which put him on the FBI’s radar. But beyond potential motive, we have no evidence to suggest that anyone on either side of the Cuban conflict (other than the Castro-obsessed Oswald) played any part in the JFK assassination. And, in fact, right up until his death, JFK was actively working to rebuild the America’s relationship with Cuba that had been “ruptured” by the previous administration.JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #4: A Secret Society Did ItWas Lee Harvey Oswald part of an Illuminati-style secret society that conspired to kill the President? The conspiracy theory isn’t quite as absurd as you think. In the late 1950s, two counterculture hipsters named Kerry Thornley and Greg Hill decided to create a satirical religion called Discordianism. And as every religion needs its central text, Thornley and Hill wrote the Principia Discordia, and printed their first edition in 1963 on the Xerox machine of Jim Garrison, the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana.In 1962, before writing the Principia Discordia, Thornley completed the manuscript for his novel The Idle Warriors, which was a comedic, fictionalized retelling of his time in the Marines. His main character, Johnny Shellburn, was based on a fellow Marine who swore he was a Communist and later defected to the Soviet Union: Lee Harvey Oswald.Usually, writing a funny novel about an old Communist Marine connection, plus a fake religious text for a satirical cult, won’t get you in trouble. But when that Communist Marine you once knew kills the president of the United States, and you photocopied your cult manifesto on the machine belonging to the conspiracy-obsessed New Orleans District Attorney who is desperate to implicate people in the killing plot, that’s a different story. As Adam Gorightly’s 2014 Caught in the Crossfire conveys, Thornley spent so much time being falsely accused of being part of the JFK assassination conspiracy that he began believing he actually was an unwitting pawn in somebody else’s game.JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #5: The U.S. Government Did ItOver the last 60-plus years, practically every facet of the United States government has been implicated in the JFK assassination by some book, blog, or TV special. This is a particularly grisly allegation to toss around. The suggestion that a federal government, particularly one that so frequently touts freedom as its core ideal, would kill its own leader would have largely been considered beyond the pale before the 1960s. And to be clear, there is not, and has never been, any evidence clearly linking any part of the U.S. government to the specific act of the JFK assassination. To believe that the government was behind the JFK assassination is to rely on both the government’s lack of full transparency during the investigation and the revelations of other illegal and unethical activities that came to light throughout the 1960s. These specific conspiracy theories act as less of a solution to a murder, and more a portrait of the erosion of public trust that can occur in an absence of governmental accountability.Take, for example, the suggestion that the FBI was behind Kennedy’s murder. Proponents of this conspiracy theory point to tenuous connections like the FBI being aware of Oswald and possibly harassing him, per Oswald’s own allegations, as well as a memo from J. Edgar Hoover expressing the need to “convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin.”Later revelations about documented FBI activity in this period, like the targeted harassment of Martin Luther King Jr, the covert and illegal activities of COINTELPRO, the providing of information that led to the assassination of Fred Hampton, and Hoover’s personal involvement in the domestic surveillance of countless American citizens and the crafting of posthumous inaccurate narratives around figures like Viola Liuzzo, all damaged the Bureau’s reputation in a manner that took decades to shake, if it ever fully did.It’s been suggested by some conspiracy theorists that Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was behind JFK’s assassination. This fringe theory was rooted in the idea that Johnson feared Kennedy would drop him from the ticket in 1964 and that Kennedy intended to de-escalate a war in Vietnam (as evidence by NSAM 263 issued on October 11, 1963) from which Johnson was personally profiting. Such a suggestion besmirches the memory and legacy of two Presidents, Kennedy and Johnson; the History Channel once even had to publicly apologize for airing a television episode that laid out this particular conspiracy theory.In a 1968 book, Kennedy’s secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, suggested that the President had conveniently privately disclosed to her, just three days before his death, that he intended to drop Johnson as his running mate in favor of North Carolina’s Terry Sanford. But there’s no public evidence supporting it. In fact, on October 31, 1963, Kennedy dispelled any rumors of switching running mates. And considering he was in Dallas on November 22 as part of a larger Texas tour to drum up support in the Lone Star state, which Kennedy narrowly won in 1960 because he had a Texas Senator on his ticket, replacing him with a North Carolinian seems like an odd calculus.Then there are the Pentagon Papers. The works of historians, favorable to Johnson or not, largely agree that Lyndon B. Johnson shed his blood, sweat, and tears to achieve not just reaching the highest position of power in the country, but to push for progressive policies while there, especially the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968. To read the pages that Daniel Ellsberg leaked to the American public, however, showed just how much of other people’s blood Johnson was willing to shed.We know now, thanks to those leaked documents, that the U.S. withheld some of the truth about the Vietnam War from the American public. We know that the government under LBJ pushed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution under false pretenses, “authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.”We know that during the Johnson administration, the Defense Department revised its reasoning for prolonging combat in Vietnam to “70 percent to avoid a humiliating U.S. defeat.” And we know that in the face of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara’s 1967 suggestion that the U.S. begin withdrawing from Vietnam, Johnson instead “approved increasing the U.S. troop commitment to nearly 550,000.” For the conspiracy-minded, it then became easy to draw parallels between the controversial July 1937 funding approval that then-newly elected Congressman Lyndon B. Johnson pushed through on behalf of the firm Brown Root, which had donated heavily to Johnson’s campaign, and how in August 1965, the consortium RMK-BRJ was formed to construct naval facilities in Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam. Before 1965, the consortium had just been RMK (Raymond International, Inc. and Morrison-Knudsen International, Inc.). The “BR” that got added under President Johnson to make it RMK-BRJ? Brown Root, Inc.Similar to how the Pentagon Papers put fuel in the “LBJ did it” fire, recent years have seen a revival of the “The Secret Service accidentally shot Kennedy” fringe theory first proposed by ballistics expert Howard Donahue in the pages of the Baltimore Sun in 1977, and given a broader audience in Bonar Menninger’s 1992 Mortal Error: The Shot That Killed JFK. This theory proposes that while Lee Harvey Oswald did fire two shots from the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository, the third shot—the one that killed the president—was actually fired by a Secret Service agent armed with an AR-15 in the car behind the President’s limo. As the theory goes, the Secret Service’s interference in the investigations was designed to cover up its own mistake. Fittingly, this fringe theory returns to circulation any time provable Secret Service malfeasance makes its way into the news, like the matter of the 6th Summit of the Americas in 2012, the revelation of deleted texts amidst the January 6, 2021 hearings, or the swirl of confusion around the July 2024 attempted assassination of President Donald Trump.And finally, there’s the Central Intelligence Agency. Conspiracy theorists point to the fact that President Kennedy supposedly said he wanted to “splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds,” even though that quote first emerged from an anonymous source three years after his death. They mention the CIA knew a lot more about Lee Harvey Oswald than they initially let on. And they remind us that Allen Dulles, Director of the CIA until President Kennedy fired him after the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, was later one of the seven men on the Warren Commission created to investigate the assassination.But the most damning indictment of the CIA when it comes to the Kennedy assassination isn’t what we know—it’s what nobody knew. Nobody knew what the CIA was actually up to in the early 1960s. And that includes the White House. According to Philip Shenon’s 2013 A Cruel and Shocking Act: The Secret History of the Kennedy Assassination, Bobby Kennedy asked then–CIA Director John McCone point-blank if the CIA had anything to do with JFK’s murder. “I asked him in a way he couldn’t lie to me,” Bobby recalled, “...and [he said] they hadn’t.”The CIA that the Kennedys inherited from the Eisenhower Administration was one that Eisenhower himself couldn’t—or didn’t want to—control. During Eisenhower’s presidency, the CIA had already covertly staged coups to overthrow the democratically elected leaders of Iran (Operation Ajax) and Guatemala (Operation PBSuccess), as well as supplied the encouragement, and sometimes even weapons, that lead to the death of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and President Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic.Bobby Kennedy knew first hand what the CIA was capable of, having been directly involved in the assassination plots against Fidel Castro. When Bobby reportedly asked the CIA if they killed his brother, the possibility that the agency had done it—no substantial evidence suggests that’s true—wasn’t the frightening part. Rather, the fact that the CIA had become unwieldy and unaccountable enough to even entertain the idea that it could have done it was more alarming. JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #6: Oswald Did It, All AloneOf course, the likely reality is that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in killing JFK. And Oswald wasn’t a patsy, nor a secret agent. He was just a sad man who thought he was destined for importance and lashed out at anyone he felt kept him from that. He clung to communism, to Cuba, to anything that made him feel a sense of purpose.And on the day of November 22, 1963, Oswald decided his purpose was killing the president of the United States. Just as on April 10, 1963, Oswald decided his purpose was killing conservative politician General Edwin Walker, though the bullet Oswald fired from the same Carcano rifle he would later use at the Book Depository would narrowly miss its target. And just as another man looking for a sense of purpose, Jack Ruby, would take Oswald’s life with the pull of a trigger on November 24, 1963.The decisions of two men led to more than 60 years worth of conspiracy theories, often posited by those who are convinced that they can finally solve a mystery whose actual solution simply can’t be accepted.Because to accept that solution would mean to accept that nobody, not even the president of the United States, is as safe as the systems of government promise us that we are. It means accepting that a symbol of hope, and a new frontier, can be snuffed out by a man with an army surplus rifle that he bought for $20. And that his actions were not tied to any complex conspiracy. It was just a moment of chaos, where coincidences lined up to shatter the country. Many people would rather believe in a conspiracy theory, because in some way, that makes it feel like they’re in control. That there are rules to the game, that there is a system in place, and that we can all be safe if we do as we’re told.So, who really killed President John F. Kennedy? You wouldn’t believe us if we told you.Why Do We Still Believe JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theories?Conspiracy theorists continue to venture down the JFK assassination rabbit hole in the hopes of finding something new. This mystery continues to haunt America 61 years later—and that’s something we predicted would happen 61 years ago. Here’s how Harrison E. Salisbury, assistant managing editor for The New York Times, described the situation in his introduction to the 1964 release of the Warren Report:“The legend of President Kennedy’s death began with the crack of the sniper’s rifle that took his life. It was born at about 12:30 P.M. on November 22, 1963, when the lethal bullet whined toward his body. It has steadily grown since that moment. As an editor of The New York Times remarked when he read the bulletin announcing the President’s death at 1:35 P.M. that day: ‘The year 2000 will see men still arguing and writing about the President’s death.Nothing that has happened since seems likely to invalidate that assessment. Not even the Warren Commission can be expected to stifle the Kennedy legend.”But this “legend” gives Lee Harvey Oswald the final word.If anyone should have had the final word on the Kennedy presidency, it was President Kennedy himself. But JFK is the only president since Franklin Delano Roosevelt to not pen a presidential memoir—and the first since McKinley to have his legacy be defined not by his own pen but an assassin’s bullet.To grapple with the way the assassination has come to define, for many, the entirety of the Kennedy legacy, we spoke with JFK Presidential Library and Museum Director Alan Price. Does he find it frustrating that so many people obsess over JFK’s assassination rather than his life?“Perhaps it is not surprising that such a tragic event, which struck down such an inspirational leader, would be in the foreground of public curiosity,” Price says. “Intellectually and emotionally, it’s hard for people to make sense of it.”He continues:“Personally, I recognize that a deeper understanding of history often begins with a question. If the gateway questions to more fully understanding and remembering President Kennedy are questions surrounding the assassination, then we welcome the scholarship of those with a passion for history to examine the available primary resources and add to the factual understanding of this pivotal moment in history.”We asked Price how the Kennedy Library endeavors to strike a balance between celebrating JFK’s life while still grappling with the complicated matter of his assassination. Is it possible to indulge in the curiosity without indulging in the macabre?“When our museum first opened in 1979, there was a larger exhibit on the assassination. It was towards the beginning of the visitor experience. It was a good attempt to respond to public interest in that tragic day. However, the public reaction was not entirely favorable. Many found it upsetting. So we redesigned the exhibit to be a somber, minimalist corridor towards the end of the visitor experience. Shortly after watching the Walter Cronkite broadcast of the assassination, visitors emerge into the large pavilion so they can reflect on President Kennedy’s life and legacy. I believe this strikes a good balance.”And if we’d ever be able to clear away the all-consuming mystique of the JFK assassination, what should the legacy of his presidency be? How should the public remember his life? “President Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy achieved so many things in such a short time,” says Price. “Both of them were truly remarkable. If I had to pick one thing, I hope that the public will remember the inaugural address and consider answering President Kennedy’s call to public service in some way.”And so, as another anniversary of the end of John F. Kennedy’s presidency passes, perhaps for once, we can turn our eyes instead to how it began. And we can ultimately give the “last word” on the matter to the President himself:","wordCount":4811,"articleSection":"Famous Political Figures","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.493xw:0.879xh;0.199xw,0.00867xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.493xw:0.879xh;0.199xw,0.00867xh&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.493xw:0.879xh;0.199xw,0.00867xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.7498666666666667xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.493xw:0.879xh;0.199xw,0.00867xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.9998222222222223xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a63577026/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Biography","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://www.hearst.com/magazines","sameAs":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines","https://www.instagram.com/hearstmagazines/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/hearst-magazines/posts/"],"address":{"postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"}}},"keywords":["content-type: News Explainer","locale: US","displayType: long form article","hasProduct: true"],"url":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a63577026/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories","isBasedOn":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a63545901/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories/","description":"Who killed John F. Kennedy? Decades after the President’s assassination on November 22, 1963, a botched investigation clouds our conclusions about the crime.","author":{"name":"Michael Natale","url":"https://www.biography.com/author/231777/michael-natale","@type":"Person","description":"<p>Michael Natale is a news editor for the Hearst Enthusiast Group. 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90rem){.css-1a073k5{padding:1.25rem 0 0 0.8125rem;}}.css-zxq36b{display:inline;}.css-zxq36b+li:before{padding:0.25rem;content:">";}.css-100k4td{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-100k4td:hover{color:#000000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;}.css-10e6ywj{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s 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48rem){.css-5asbqt{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-5asbqt{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}.css-5asbqt a{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;word-break:break-word;}.css-5asbqt a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-dqgtjs{grid-column:1/4;width:100%;color:#262626;margin-bottom:0.625rem;padding-right:0.3125rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1;font-weight:800;}.css-dqgtjs 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e1nxkiav5">Who Killed JFK?</h2><h2 class="css-1w5dvws e1nxkiav5">You Wouldn’t Believe Us If We Told You.</h2></div><div class="css-8atqhb e1f1sunr3"><picture class="css-egbktm e1i0vlu30"><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.852xw:0.855xh;0.0163xw,0&resize=2048:*" media="(min-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.322xw:1.00xh;0.341xw,0&resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 48rem) and (max-width: 73.75rem) and (orientation: portrait)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.678xw:0.905xh;0.146xw,0.0202xh&resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 48rem) and (max-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/who-killed-jfk-655bc7497f769.jpg?crop=0.322xw:1.00xh;0.341xw,0&resize=768:*" media="(min-width: 20rem) and (max-width: 48rem) and (orientation: 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class="css-1a073k5 e3morl62"><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-zxq36b e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/political-figures" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Famous Political Figures" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures" class="e3morl60 css-10e6ywj e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Famous Political Figures</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"/></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-zxq36b e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/assassinations" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Assassinations" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/assassinations" class="e3morl60 css-10e6ywj e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Assassinations</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"/></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-huh8md e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/political-figures/a63577026/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a63577026/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories" class="e3morl60 css-10e6ywj e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1ntrs91 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-5asbqt e1f1sunr6"><p>President John F. Kennedy’s shocking assassination stopped the world on November 22, 1963. A botched investigation continues to cloud our conclusions about the crime.</p></div><div class="css-dqgtjs e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-rshh1 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1418rk3 e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Michael Natale" alt href="/author/231777/michael-natale" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-qt4ou4 e1c1bym14">Michael Natale</a></span><time class="css-1j2fa03 e1f1sunr4">Published: Jan 28, 2025 9:58 AM EST</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-wkpw2c e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></div></section></header><div class="css-17b4i8l e1pqsdu40"><div data-journey-hide="true" class="longform-container content-container article-container css-km6odw et2g3wt2"><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><div class="css-166lnro e76wunf2"><p class="css-tuokxc e76wunf1"><span class="css-0 e76wunf0">We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.</span></p></div></section><div data-journey-body="longform-article" class="article-body-content article-body longform-body css-138kbxz et2g3wt6"><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="0" class="body-tip css-jda1k3 emevuu60"><em>This story is a collaboration with <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Popular Mechanics" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Popular Mechanics</a>.</em> </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Who killed President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John F. Kennedy</a>? You wouldn’t believe us if we told you.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="2" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">A recent <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Gallup" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Gallup</a> poll shows that 65 percent of Americans now believe JFK was killed on November 22, 1963 as the result of an assassination conspiracy, rejecting the official “Lone Gunman” theory that the 1964 <a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"><u>Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</u></a>, a.k.a. the Warren Commission Report, proposed. </p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-8" data-node-id="3" class="embed"></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="4" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The talk of government <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/g35766929/crazy-conspiracy-theories/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/g35766929/crazy-conspiracy-theories/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="conspiracies" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">conspiracies</a> and mafia-orchestrated hits has so pervaded popular culture, particularly after the release of <a href="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/oliver-stone" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/oliver-stone" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Oliver Stone" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Oliver Stone</a>’s 1991 hit film <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="JFK" data-vars-ga-product-id="407190ec-6c3f-4a48-9316-cbc3be69acbb" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBD3/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-jfk-kevin-costner-dp-b008y7r1lm","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B008Y7R1LM/?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="5a92b46b-8d6a-4896-965b-7e2324c0c7e4" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">JFK</a></em>, that it would not be unfair to suggest most post-Baby Boomer Americans know about JFK’s death far more than his life. </p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="5" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Read His Biography</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures/a72187916/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John F. Kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a72187916/john-f-kennedy" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-97347150.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.503xh;0,0.179xh&resize=300:*" alt title="John F. Kennedy" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">John F. Kennedy</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="6" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">That demand for “answers” from the public is likely what drove President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/donald-trump" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/donald-trump" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Donald Trump" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Donald Trump</a> to recently sign an executive order to release, per the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-jfk-mlk-rfk-assassination-files-e92f89d694eb55c595175f71a72cb5bc" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://apnews.com/article/trump-jfk-mlk-rfk-assassination-files-e92f89d694eb55c595175f71a72cb5bc" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Associated Press" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"><em>Associated Press</em></a>, “thousands of classified governmental documents about the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy,” along with documents pertaining to the assassinations of Kennedy’s brother <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Robert F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Robert F. Kennedy</a> and civil rights leader <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr</a>. In Trump’s words, “everything will be revealed.” But is there really anything left to reveal? </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="7" class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/g62474988/presidential-assassination-atttempts-history-explained" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/g62474988/presidential-assassination-atttempts-history-explained" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Four U.S. Presidents" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Four U.S. Presidents</a> have been assassinated. Why is the JFK assassination the only one to spawn thousands of conspiracy theories challenging the official story?</p><h2 id="what-makes-jfks-assassination-different" data-node-id="8" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">What Makes JFK’s Assassination Different?</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="9" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="in memoriam to three slain presidents" title="In Memoriam. &quot;God's will, not ours be done&quot;" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="683" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/garfield-lincoln-mckinley-assassinated-presidents-news-photo-1700159803.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/garfield-lincoln-mckinley-assassinated-presidents-news-photo-1700159803.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/garfield-lincoln-mckinley-assassinated-presidents-news-photo-1700159803.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/garfield-lincoln-mckinley-assassinated-presidents-news-photo-1700159803.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Buyenlarge</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">In the 36-year span from 1865 to 1901, three U.S. Presidents died by an assassin’s bullet: Abraham Lincoln (1865), James Garfield (1881) and William McKinley (1901). Sixty-three years later, John F. Kennedy would become the fourth president to be killed while in office.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="10" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">First, consider this:</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="11" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">On <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/abraham-lincoln-final-days" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/abraham-lincoln-final-days" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="April 14, 1865" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">April 14, 1865</a>, the audience at Ford’s Theatre witnessed the assassination of President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/abraham-lincoln" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/abraham-lincoln" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Abraham Lincoln" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Abraham Lincoln</a> by a shot to the back of the head, after which the assassin, <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/john-wilkes-booth" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/john-wilkes-booth" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Wilkes Booth" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John Wilkes Booth</a>, leapt to the stage and shouted, “Sic semper tyrannis!” (though the exact wording has been debated).</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="12" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">On July 2, 1881, those gathered at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, including Secretary of State James G. Blaine and Secretary of War <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/robert-todd-lincoln" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/robert-todd-lincoln" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Robert Todd Lincoln" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (Honest Abe’s eldest son), witnessed the assassination of President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/james-garfield" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/james-garfield" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="James A. Garfield" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">James A. Garfield</a>, when he was shot from behind at point-blank range by political aspirant Charles Guiteau.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">On September 6, 1901, all the curious well-wishers assembled in the Temple of Music at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo witnessed the assassination of President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/william-mckinley" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/william-mckinley" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="William McKinley" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">William McKinley</a>, when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen during a handshake, using an Ivor Johnson revolver concealed in a handkerchief.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-11" data-node-id="14" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Dive Deeper</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures/g62474988/presidential-assassination-atttempts-history-explained" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="A History of Presidential Assassination Attempts" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/g62474988/presidential-assassination-atttempts-history-explained" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/united-states-of-america-20th-century-assassination-of-news-photo-1721072909.jpg?crop=0.947xw:0.374xh;0.0192xw,0.113xh&resize=300:*" alt title="Cover illustration of assassination of President McKinley by anarchist at Exposition; Buffalo, USA " width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">A History of Presidential Assassination Attempts</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="15" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The assassination of JFK, meanwhile, wasn’t just the first presidential assassination of the 20<sup>th</sup> century—it was also the first killing of a U.S. President that wasn’t committed at close range. This means that while there were plenty of “earwitnesses” to the assassination, there were very few eyewitnesses. Despite what some conspiracy theorists will tell you, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/archives/3-witnesses-saw-assassin-fire-one-gave-description-of-oswald.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/archives/3-witnesses-saw-assassin-fire-one-gave-description-of-oswald.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="there were indeed" data-vars-ga-product-id="5d991cbf-d578-49c7-8fd9-14b82e4da61d" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/archives/3-witnesses-saw-assassin-fire-one-gave-description-of-oswald.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/archives/3-witnesses-saw-assassin-fire-one-gave-description-of-oswald.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="1583a892-e4a5-418d-a53d-73a4c4ca7aec" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">there were indeed</a> a few who attested to seeing <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/lee-harvey-oswald" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/lee-harvey-oswald" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lee Harvey Oswald" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> and his rifle in the window of the Texas Book Depository.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-12" data-node-id="16" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="reporters questioning lee harvey oswald" title="Reporters Questioning Lee Harvey Oswald" loading="lazy" width="4527" height="2884" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lee-harvey-oswald-a-former-marine-and-self-styled-communist-news-photo-1700177325.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lee-harvey-oswald-a-former-marine-and-self-styled-communist-news-photo-1700177325.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lee-harvey-oswald-a-former-marine-and-self-styled-communist-news-photo-1700177325.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lee-harvey-oswald-a-former-marine-and-self-styled-communist-news-photo-1700177325.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Lee Harvey Oswald is presented to reporters at Dallas Police station.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="17" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And the discrepancy between these “earwitness” testimonies, for which a 2021 article in <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763432/full" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763432/full" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Frontiers in Psychology" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Frontiers in Psychology</a></em> explains both the acoustical and psychoacoustical reasons) would kick up dust for a frantic public trying to make sense of the tragedy.</p><h2 id="who-was-in-charge-of-investigating-the-jfk-assassination" data-node-id="18" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">Who Was In Charge of Investigating the JFK Assassination?</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="19" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The JFK assassination is also clouded in ambiguity because of how much information seemingly slipped through the cracks of the first official investigation, often referred to as the Warren Commission. How could the United States of the 1960s be less capable of collecting information on the death of a President than the United States of 1901?</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="20" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">For that, consider how much of American life had changed since 1901. It was only after the death of President McKinley that year that the Secret Service, an organization <a href="https://www.secretservice.gov/about/history/150-years#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,Department%20to%20suppress%20widespread%20counterfeiting." target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.secretservice.gov/about/history/150-years#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,Department%20to%20suppress%20widespread%20counterfeiting." data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="first created to combat counterfeit currency" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">first created to combat counterfeit currency</a>, was charged with protecting the life of the President.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The death of McKinley also led President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/theodore-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/theodore-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Theodore Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to create the Bureau of Investigations, which by the time Kennedy took office would be known as the Federal Bureau of Investigations, under the controversial leadership of <a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/j-edgar-hoover" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/j-edgar-hoover" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="J. Edgar Hoover" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">J. Edgar Hoover</a>.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="22" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And most significantly, the America of 1901 was hardly on the global stage like it was after the first two World Wars. Our vast entanglements in the world at large, as well as the brewing Cold War with the Soviet Union, would lead to the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency via the National Security Act of 1947. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="23" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">This early version of the CIA, under Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, was deemed uncoordinated and lacking in leadership by <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/html/int022.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/html/int022.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="“three New York lawyers with experience in intelligence,”" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">“three New York lawyers with experience in intelligence,”</a> which included a man named Allen Dulles. By the time John F. Kennedy took office as President in 1961, the CIA was under the leadership of Dulles, now with far more power and far less oversight.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-13" data-node-id="24" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="john f kennedy with allen dules and john mccone" title="John F Kennedy with Allen Dules and John McCone" loading="lazy" width="4257" height="2851" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-h-mccone-replacing-allen-w-dulles-as-director-of-c-i-a-news-photo-1700172907.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-h-mccone-replacing-allen-w-dulles-as-director-of-c-i-a-news-photo-1700172907.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-h-mccone-replacing-allen-w-dulles-as-director-of-c-i-a-news-photo-1700172907.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-h-mccone-replacing-allen-w-dulles-as-director-of-c-i-a-news-photo-1700172907.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">In an open-top vehicle, President John F. Kennedy sits alongside Allen Dulles and John McCone. They are seen here leaving the Naval War College after Kennedy announced that Dulles would be relieved of his duties as director of the Central Intelligence Agency, to be replaced by McCone.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="25" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The aftermath of previous presidential assassinations weren’t entirely without issue. For example, John Wilkes Booth, meant to be brought in alive, was shot by Thomas P. “Boston” Corbett, who <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/john-wilkes-booth" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/john-wilkes-booth" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Biography" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"><em>Biography</em></a> previously noted “intended to shoot Booth in the arm, but his bullet struck Booth’s neck instead,” killing the assassin. But in that situation, there was a clear chain of command that was being defied.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="26" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In the case of the JFK assassination, three massive intelligence organizations that operated largely independent of one another—and in the case of the FBI and CIA, at times pointedly in conflict with one another—all tried to “take charge” of the situation. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="27" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">This was exacerbated by the heavy involvement of local Texas law enforcement, who technically had jurisdiction over murders committed in the state of Texas. What became apparent, particularly as the Warren Commission tried to gather information from these four organizations, is that all groups had conducted their own independent collections, and in some cases disposals, of evidence. And they had very little interest in sharing the full extent of what they knew, for reasons that are still not entirely clear. Distrust? Vanity? Conspiracy? </p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-14" data-node-id="28" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Stories</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures/a84449326/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Why Jacqueline Kennedy Wore Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Killed" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a84449326/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515287546.jpg?crop=1xw:0.8889599317988065xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt title="(Original Caption) Texas Governor John Connally adjusts his tie (foreground) as President and Mrs. Kennedy, in a pink outfit, settled in rear seats, prepared for motorcade into city from airport, Nov. 22. After a few speaking stops, the President was assassinated in the same car." width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Why Jacqueline Kennedy Wore Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Killed</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/history-culture/a42445884/sally-quinn-on-jacqueline-kennedy-after-the-assassination" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jacqueline Kennedy After the Assassination" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/a42445884/sally-quinn-on-jacqueline-kennedy-after-the-assassination" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/a62c2eb5-9e85-4d67-85ad-a9986afc896f/a62c2eb5-9e85-4d67-85ad-a9986afc896f_image.jpg?crop=1xw:0.888888888889xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt title="Jacqueline Kennedy After the Assassination" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Jacqueline Kennedy After the Assassination</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="29" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The trouble is, no matter their intentions behind their omissions, the result was an information vacuum that turned what was meant to be the definitive answer to the JFK assassination query—the Warren Commission, a seven-person panel established by President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon B. Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> to investigate the assassination, headed by Chief Justice <a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/earl-warren" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/earl-warren" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Earl Warren" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Earl Warren</a>—into the fodder for conspiratorial thinking and flights of fancy, both of which would be reinforced by other nefarious actions on the part of these intelligence organizations that could, in fact, be confirmed.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="30" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">What did all that obfuscation leave us with? Conspiracy theories that elevated two gunmen to a level of importance they felt they deserved, and a public obsession with solving a mystery that overshadowed the public service of a president, and turned his legacy into the makings of a spy novel.</p><h2 id="what-happened-on-the-day-of-the-jfk-assassination" data-node-id="31" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">What Happened on the Day of the JFK Assassination?</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-15" data-node-id="32" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="spectators gathering around hospital" title="Spectators Gathering Around Hospital" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="702" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/large-crowd-of-newsmen-and-spectators-gather-around-news-photo-1700173909.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/large-crowd-of-newsmen-and-spectators-gather-around-news-photo-1700173909.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/large-crowd-of-newsmen-and-spectators-gather-around-news-photo-1700173909.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/large-crowd-of-newsmen-and-spectators-gather-around-news-photo-1700173909.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">A large gathering of reporters and spectators gather outside of Parkland Hospital in the immediate aftermath of the Kennedy assassination</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="33" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">It’s impossible to sum up something as complex as the JFK assassination in anything less than a book’s worth of space. Indeed, Paul Brandus’ <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Countdown to Dallas" data-vars-ga-product-id="be1e8905-c5f8-4956-9158-b386e5ca44cc" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBD0/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-countdown-dallas-incredible-coincidences-routines-dp-1637581947","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Dallas-Incredible-Coincidences-Routines/dp/1637581947?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="9ad10365-7f42-4b4e-8e19-5ee6f85b5f15" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Countdown to Dallas</a></em>, published in 2023, estimates that roughly 40,000 books have been published on JFK and his untimely death.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="34" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But these two paragraphs in <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Biography’s full profile of John F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"><em>Biography’</em>s full profile of John F. Kennedy</a> get the job done:</p><blockquote data-node-id="35" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">“On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Fort Worth, Texas for a campaign appearance. The next day, November 22, Kennedy, along with <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="his wife" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">his wife</a> and Texas governor John Connally, rode through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental convertible. From an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-year-old warehouse worker named Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting the president twice. Kennedy died at Parkland Memorial Hospital shortly thereafter at age 46.</blockquote><blockquote data-node-id="36" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">A Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby assassinated Oswald days later while he was being transferred between jails. The death of President Kennedy was an unspeakable national tragedy, and to this date many people remember with unsettling vividness the exact moment they learned of his death. While conspiracy theories have swirled ever since Kennedy’s assassination, the official version of events remains the most plausible: Oswald acted alone.”</blockquote><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="37" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">For 65 percent of Americans, that’s not a satisfying answer. But knowing that intelligence organizations obfuscated and omitted information from the official investigation doesn’t fully explain just why that is. To really understand, you need to dip into some of the prevalent “alternative theories” as to who killed JFK.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="38" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Every single conspiracy theory out there has been the subject of exhaustive books, documentaries, feature films, and far too many podcasts. No single article could break down and debunk each theory. Nevertheless, here’s a cursory look at the most prominent conspiracy theories that have consumed the American public consciousness since JFK’s assassination.</p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-1-the-mafia-did-it" data-node-id="39" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #1: The Mafia Did It</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-16" data-node-id="40" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="ralph salerno speaking at microphone on kennedy assassinations" title="Ralph Salerno Speaking at Microphone on Kennedy Assassinations" loading="lazy" width="4287" height="2883" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ralph-salerno-a-retired-new-york-police-department-an-news-photo-1700179547.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ralph-salerno-a-retired-new-york-police-department-an-news-photo-1700179547.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ralph-salerno-a-retired-new-york-police-department-an-news-photo-1700179547.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ralph-salerno-a-retired-new-york-police-department-an-news-photo-1700179547.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Ralph Salerno, a retired New York Police Department and expert on the Mafia, testifies before the House Assassination Committee in 1978</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="41" class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Mafia" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">The Mafia</a>, particularly the Chicago Outfit, tends to factor into many conspiracy theories around the JFK assassination, either as the sole culprit or part of a larger conspiracy. Why would the Mafia have wanted to target John F. Kennedy? Maybe they were distraught about their casinos in Cuba being closed, or maybe JFK’s dad, <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/joseph-p-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/joseph-p-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Joseph Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Joseph Kennedy</a>, had mob connections because he made his fortunes as a bootlegger. <a href="https://www.history.com/news/joseph-kennedy-wealth-alcohol-prohibition" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/news/joseph-kennedy-wealth-alcohol-prohibition" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="He didn’t" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">He didn’t</a>.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-17" data-node-id="42" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Story</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/crime/a15658060/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Did the Mob Kill John F. Kennedy?" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/a15658060/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/senator-john-f-kennedy-d-mass-left-wears-tight-lipped-intent-expression-matched-by-the-serious-one-of-senator-irving-ives-r-ny--getty.jpg?crop=1xw:0.8888888888888888xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt title="John F. Kennedy" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Did the Mob Kill John F. Kennedy?</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="43" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The most convincing argument for why the Mafia might want to kill a Kennedy is that then-Attorney General and John’s brother <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Robert F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Robert F. Kennedy</a> had prioritized dismantling organized crime, even publicly challenging Teamsters leader <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/jimmy-hoffa" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/jimmy-hoffa" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jimmy Hoffa" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Jimmy Hoffa</a> for his ties to multiple mob figures, as organized crime had successfully infiltrated a number of labor unions around this time. Conspiracy theorists also emphasize that Jack Ruby, the man who shot Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963 while Oswald was in police custody, had some interactions with figures in organized crime. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="44" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But to find logic in killing JFK instead of Bobby (who would be gunned down in 1968 by <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/sirhan-sirhan" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/sirhan-sirhan" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Sirhan Sirhan" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Sirhan Sirhan</a>, relating to the Middle East conflicts of the time) can prove challenging for those who don’t simply want it to be true. And as <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/did-the-mob-kill-john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Biography" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"><em>Biography</em></a> has noted, mafia expert Ralph Salerno “...said he reviewed ‘thousands of pages of electronic surveillances of organized crime leaders all over the United States’ at the time the killing took place and heard nothing suspicious.”</p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-2-the-soviets-did-it" data-node-id="45" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #2: The Soviets Did It</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-18" data-node-id="46" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="president kennedy and premier khrushchev promising peace" title="President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev Promising Peace" loading="lazy" width="3321" height="2734" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-kennedy-and-nikita-khrushchev-chat-amiably-outside-the-news-photo-1700180410.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-kennedy-and-nikita-khrushchev-chat-amiably-outside-the-news-photo-1700180410.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-kennedy-and-nikita-khrushchev-chat-amiably-outside-the-news-photo-1700180410.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-kennedy-and-nikita-khrushchev-chat-amiably-outside-the-news-photo-1700180410.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and President John F. Kennedy chat in Vienna in 1961</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="47" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Yes, Lee Harvey Oswald lived in the USSR for a while. But the USSR did not have John F. Kennedy killed.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="48" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">This particular line of thinking has died down considerably in recent decades. That’s largely because, by now, if there was any evidence of Soviet involvement in the JFK assassination, we probably would have found it. The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 (the same year Oliver Stone’s <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="JFK" data-vars-ga-product-id="426df271-fb06-4a14-963a-f43092435d78" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCs/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-jfk-kevin-costner-dp-b002mfulqo","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/JFK-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002MFULQO/?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="f9806725-fbac-46ab-b377-8dd72b3869c8" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">JFK</a></em> was released), and amidst all that we learned from the KGB files that later emerged, from <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/nikita-khrushchev" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/nikita-khrushchev" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Nikita Khrushchev" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Nikita Khrushchev</a>’s bioweapons facility Biopreparat to the secret D-6 underground network below Moscow, there hasn’t been a shred of evidence suggesting the USSR was behind the JFK assassination.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="49" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In fact, Kennedy was actively working to find peace and understanding between the two super powers. He kept up correspondence with Premier Khrushchev—much of which can be read <a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/comp1" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/comp1" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="on the State Department’s website" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">on the State Department’s website</a>—even setting up a direct telephone line to Moscow. The two leaders seemed to also like each other personally. Once, Krushchev even gifted the Kennedys a dog, who was appropriately named <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1961/Month%2006/Day%2020/JFKWHP-1961-06-20-C#:~:text=Pushinka%2C%20a%20dog%20gifted%20by,to%20President%20Kennedy%20%7C%20JFK%20Library" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1961/Month%2006/Day%2020/JFKWHP-1961-06-20-C#:~:text=Pushinka%2C%20a%20dog%20gifted%20by,to%20President%20Kennedy%20%7C%20JFK%20Library" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Pushinka" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Pushinka</a>.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="50" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">However, we now know that there <em>was</em> actually a Soviet plot involving the Kennedy assassination. And if you’ve ever shared a JFK assassination conspiracy theory, you’re part of it. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="51" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In 1992, a KGB archivist named Vasili Mitrokhin defected to the United Kingdom, bringing with him a trove of official documents he’d absconded with across his 30-year career. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/kgb-told-tall-tales-about-dallas-book-says.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/kgb-told-tall-tales-about-dallas-book-says.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Those documents revealed" data-vars-ga-product-id="37ec53f8-ba64-4b84-8938-5429b8b7a020" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/kgb-told-tall-tales-about-dallas-book-says.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/kgb-told-tall-tales-about-dallas-book-says.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="84166220-2084-4a0b-91c8-d76a94352c80" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Those documents revealed</a> that the KGB had actually worked to spread misinformation that the CIA was behind the JFK assassination, going so far as to forge a letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to CIA officer E. Howard Hunt (best known today for his involvement in the Watergate burglary) to implicate him and the CIA in the assassination.</p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-3-the-cubans-did-it" data-node-id="52" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #3: The Cubans Did It</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-19" data-node-id="53" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="cuba 1959 revolution fidel castro 13081926 politician, cuba head of government 1959 , head of state 1976 the revolutionists, led by fidel castro center and cheered on by the population, are invading havana on 0801 left from casto with gun" title="Cuba 1959 Revolution Fidel Castro *13.08.1926- Politician, Cuba Head of Government 1959-, Head of State 1976- The revolutionists, led by Fidel Castro (center) and cheered on by the population, are invading Havana on 08.01. Left from Casto (with gun):" loading="lazy" width="3644" height="2611" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/cuba-1959-revolution-fidel-castro-politician-cuba-head-of-news-photo-1700182963.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/cuba-1959-revolution-fidel-castro-politician-cuba-head-of-news-photo-1700182963.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/cuba-1959-revolution-fidel-castro-politician-cuba-head-of-news-photo-1700182963.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/cuba-1959-revolution-fidel-castro-politician-cuba-head-of-news-photo-1700182963.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">ullstein bild Dtl.</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Fidel Castro surrounded by a band of revolutionaries</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="54" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Many people over the years have posited that the Cubans were behind the JFK assassination. The problem is, they can’t seem to agree which Cubans. Pro-Castro Cubans? Anti-Castro Cubans?</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="55" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In terms of motive, both are there. For the anti-Castro Cubans, there was the matter of the disastrous 1961 <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Bay of Pigs invasion" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Bay of Pigs invasion</a>, a CIA-backed coup attempt Kennedy had largely inherited from the <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Eisenhower" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Eisenhower</a> administration wherein the U.S. reneged on its commitment to the very insurgents it had helped train after their “covert” activities were made apparent to the world. Plus, <a href="https://abc7chicago.com/jfk-files-documents-national-archives-chicago-mob/12576586/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://abc7chicago.com/jfk-files-documents-national-archives-chicago-mob/12576586/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="newly uncovered documents" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">newly uncovered documents</a> have shown that the Chicago Mafia was involved in training some of these Cuban exiles.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="56" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Likewise, <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/fidel-castro" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/fidel-castro" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Fidel Castro" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Fidel Castro</a> certainly would have had reason to want to kill the head of the U.S. government. Why? Because the U.S. government literally would not stop trying to kill him.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="57" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The <a href="https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/pdf/ChurchIR_3B_Cuba.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/pdf/ChurchIR_3B_Cuba.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Church Committee" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Church Committee</a>, set up in 1975 to investigate the activities of the CIA, FBI, NSA, and IRS, “found concrete evidence of at least eight plots involving the CIA to assassinate Fidel Castro from 1960 to 1965.” In 2006, the former head of Cuban intelligence, Fabian Escalante, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-castro-survived-638-assassination-attempts/8064788" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-castro-survived-638-assassination-attempts/8064788" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="claimed that" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">claimed that</a> across 40 years, Castro had dodged 638 assassination attempts, 42 of which occurred during the JFK administration.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="58" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And of course, Lee Harvey Oswald founded a chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans, which put him <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2018/docid-32201885.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2018/docid-32201885.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="on the FBI’s radar" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">on the FBI’s radar</a>. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="59" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But beyond potential motive, we have no evidence to suggest that anyone on either side of the Cuban conflict (other than the Castro-obsessed Oswald) played any part in the JFK assassination. And, in fact, right up until his death, JFK was actively working to rebuild the America’s relationship with Cuba <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/upshot/when-jfk-secretly-reached-out-to-castro.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/upshot/when-jfk-secretly-reached-out-to-castro.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="that had been “ruptured” by the previous administration" data-vars-ga-product-id="c69e7362-a3de-4a40-ab50-ce3723c5a9cd" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/upshot/when-jfk-secretly-reached-out-to-castro.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/upshot/when-jfk-secretly-reached-out-to-castro.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="9448b136-70dd-4868-95f9-78dcb69eb1dc" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">that had been “ruptured” by the previous administration</a>.</p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-4-a-secret-society-did-it" data-node-id="60" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #4: A Secret Society Did It</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-20" data-node-id="61" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="one dollar banknote eye of providence close up" title="One Dollar Banknote: Eye of Providence Close-Up" loading="lazy" width="3581" height="2387" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/eye-of-providence-close-up-royalty-free-image-1700238692.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/eye-of-providence-close-up-royalty-free-image-1700238692.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/eye-of-providence-close-up-royalty-free-image-1700238692.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/eye-of-providence-close-up-royalty-free-image-1700238692.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Manuel Augusto Moreno</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="62" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Was Lee Harvey Oswald part of an Illuminati-style secret society that conspired to kill the President? The conspiracy theory isn’t quite as absurd as you think. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="63" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In the late 1950s, two counterculture hipsters named Kerry Thornley and Greg Hill decided to create a satirical religion called Discordianism. And as every religion needs its central text, Thornley and Hill wrote the <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Principia Discordia" data-vars-ga-product-id="ae5eff99-6df2-4001-b4c4-32087c95251c" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCw/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-principia-discordia-malaclypse-younger-dp-1773237063","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Principia-Discordia-Malaclypse-Younger/dp/1773237063?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="58c55738-be43-4fcf-80c2-49656a3b76cb" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Principia Discordia</a></em>, and printed their first edition in 1963 on the Xerox machine of Jim Garrison, the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="64" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In 1962, before writing the <em>Principia Discordia,</em> Thornley completed the manuscript for his novel <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Idle Warriors" data-vars-ga-product-id="200dc3d2-9bee-4e38-b312-968d8d5667a8" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBD2/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-idle-warriors-kerry-w-thornley-dp-0962653403","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Idle-Warriors-Kerry-W-Thornley/dp/0962653403?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="2ec3b662-1ca9-474c-a882-16ee98847e68" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">The Idle Warriors</a></em>, which was a comedic, fictionalized retelling of his time in the Marines. His main character, Johnny Shellburn, was based on a fellow Marine who swore he was a Communist and later defected to the Soviet Union: Lee Harvey Oswald.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-21" data-node-id="65" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Read His Biography</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/crime/a34415372/lee-harvey-oswald" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lee Harvey Oswald" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/a34415372/lee-harvey-oswald" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/leeharveyoswald.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.280xh&resize=300:*" alt title="Lee Harvey Oswald" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Lee Harvey Oswald</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="66" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Usually, writing a funny novel about an old Communist Marine connection, plus a fake religious text for a satirical cult, won’t get you in trouble. But when that Communist Marine you once knew kills the president of the United States, and you photocopied your cult manifesto on the machine belonging to the conspiracy-obsessed New Orleans District Attorney who is desperate to implicate people in the killing plot, that’s a different story. As Adam Gorightly’s 2014 <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Caught in the Crossfire" data-vars-ga-product-id="82b33ba9-11dd-47ec-b824-9334aff6fcbb" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCu/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-caught-crossfire-thornley-garrison-investigation-dp-193623999x","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Caught-Crossfire-Thornley-Garrison-Investigation/dp/193623999X?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="9276f84d-6444-4296-976d-92b5c8b46cff" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Caught in the Crossfire</a></em> conveys, Thornley spent so much time being falsely accused of being part of the JFK assassination conspiracy that he began believing he actually <em>was</em> an unwitting pawn in somebody else’s game.</p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-5-the-us-government-did-it" data-node-id="67" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #5: The U.S. Government Did It</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-22" data-node-id="68" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img alt="lyndon b johnson taking presidential oath" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Taking Presidential Oath" loading="lazy" width="4708" height="3202" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/vice-president-lyndon-b-johnson-is-sworn-in-to-the-office-news-photo-1700245059.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/vice-president-lyndon-b-johnson-is-sworn-in-to-the-office-news-photo-1700245059.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/vice-president-lyndon-b-johnson-is-sworn-in-to-the-office-news-photo-1700245059.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/vice-president-lyndon-b-johnson-is-sworn-in-to-the-office-news-photo-1700245059.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><span data-theme-key="button-primary" class="clickable-image-button e1fodxfw0 css-3bmlyx e12nq69g1">Read Jackie's Story</span></a><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Check out <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="the full story" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">the full story</a> of why Jackie Kennedy stayed in her famous pink dress for Lyndon B. Johnson’s inauguration photo.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="69" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Over the last 60-plus years, practically every facet of the United States government has been implicated in the JFK assassination by some book, blog, or TV special. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="70" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">This is a particularly grisly allegation to toss around. The suggestion that a federal government, particularly one that so frequently touts freedom as its core ideal, would kill its own leader would have largely been considered beyond the pale before the 1960s. And to be clear, there is not, and has <em>never</em> been, any evidence clearly linking any part of the U.S. government to the specific act of the JFK assassination. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="71" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">To believe that the government was behind the JFK assassination is to rely on both the government’s lack of full transparency during the investigation and the revelations of other illegal and unethical activities that came to light throughout the 1960s. These specific conspiracy theories act as less of a solution to a murder, and more a portrait of the erosion of public trust that can occur in an absence of governmental accountability.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-23" data-node-id="72" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="j edgar hoover and lyndon baines johnson" title="J. Edgar Hoover and Lyndon Baines Johnson" loading="lazy" width="4135" height="2770" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/director-j-edgar-hoover-has-a-laugh-with-president-lyndon-news-photo-1700253947.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/director-j-edgar-hoover-has-a-laugh-with-president-lyndon-news-photo-1700253947.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/director-j-edgar-hoover-has-a-laugh-with-president-lyndon-news-photo-1700253947.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/director-j-edgar-hoover-has-a-laugh-with-president-lyndon-news-photo-1700253947.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Wally McNamee</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover laughing with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="73" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Take, for example, the suggestion that the FBI was behind Kennedy’s murder. Proponents of this conspiracy theory point to tenuous connections like the FBI being aware of Oswald and possibly harassing him, per <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/31/archives/fbi-says-oswald-threatened-agent.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/31/archives/fbi-says-oswald-threatened-agent.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Oswald’s own allegations" data-vars-ga-product-id="18d51ed8-8f41-4b8a-a449-b1b0cb1bd856" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/31/archives/fbi-says-oswald-threatened-agent.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/31/archives/fbi-says-oswald-threatened-agent.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="61408e5b-8ef7-44b2-9138-8c72494ca7ca" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Oswald’s own allegations</a>, as well as a memo from J. Edgar Hoover <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/jfk-assassination-files/jfk-files-j-edgar-hoover-said-public-must-believe-lee-n814881" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/jfk-assassination-files/jfk-files-j-edgar-hoover-said-public-must-believe-lee-n814881" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="expressing the need to" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">expressing the need to</a> “convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="74" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Later revelations about documented FBI activity in this period, like the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/13/an-old-letter-sheds-light-on-fbis-malice-toward-martin-luther-king-jr/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/13/an-old-letter-sheds-light-on-fbis-malice-toward-martin-luther-king-jr/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="targeted harassment of Martin Luther King Jr" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">targeted harassment of Martin Luther King Jr</a>, the covert and illegal activities of <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5161811" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5161811" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="COINTELPRO" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">COINTELPRO</a>, the <a href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/Fred%20Hampton%20Part%2001" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/Fred%20Hampton%20Part%2001" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="providing of information" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">providing of information</a> that <a href="https://digitalchicagohistory.org/exhibits/show/fred-hampton-50th/the-assassination" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://digitalchicagohistory.org/exhibits/show/fred-hampton-50th/the-assassination" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="led to the assassination" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">led to the assassination</a> of <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/a45988576/fred-hampton" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a45988576/fred-hampton" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Fred Hampton" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Fred Hampton</a>, and Hoover’s personal involvement in the domestic surveillance of countless American citizens and the crafting of posthumous inaccurate narratives around figures like <a href="https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/witnesses/violaliuzzo.htm" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/witnesses/violaliuzzo.htm" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Viola Liuzzo" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Viola Liuzzo</a>, all damaged the Bureau’s reputation in a manner that took decades to shake, if it ever fully did.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-24" data-node-id="75" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Story</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/activists/a58654011/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr." data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a58654011/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-53366586.jpg?crop=1xw:0.7535949305386302xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt title="Andrew Young and others standing on balcony of Lorraine Motel pointing in direction of assailant after assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who is lying at their feet." width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="76" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">It’s been suggested by some conspiracy theorists that Vice President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon B. Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was behind JFK’s assassination. This fringe theory was rooted in the idea that Johnson feared Kennedy would drop him from the ticket in 1964 and that Kennedy intended to de-escalate a war in Vietnam (as evidence by <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKNSF/342/JFKNSF-342-007" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKNSF/342/JFKNSF-342-007" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="NSAM 263" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">NSAM 263</a> issued on October 11, 1963) from which Johnson was personally profiting. Such a suggestion besmirches the memory and legacy of two Presidents, Kennedy and Johnson; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825180654/http://hnn.us/articles/why-history-channel-had-apologize-documentary-blamed-lbj-jfks-murder" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825180654/http://hnn.us/articles/why-history-channel-had-apologize-documentary-blamed-lbj-jfks-murder" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="the History Channel once even had to publicly apologize" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">the History Channel once even had to publicly apologize</a> for airing a television episode that laid out this particular conspiracy theory.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="77" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In a 1968 book, Kennedy’s secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, suggested that the President had <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/it-will-not-be-lyndon-why-jfk-wanted-to-drop-lbj-for-reelection" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.thedailybeast.com/it-will-not-be-lyndon-why-jfk-wanted-to-drop-lbj-for-reelection" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="conveniently privately disclosed to her" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">conveniently privately disclosed to her</a>, just three days before his death, that he intended to drop Johnson as his running mate in favor of North Carolina’s Terry Sanford. But there’s no public evidence supporting it. In fact, on <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-press-conferences/news-conference-63" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-press-conferences/news-conference-63" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="October 31, 1963" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">October 31, 1963</a>, Kennedy dispelled any rumors of switching running mates. And considering he was in Dallas on November 22 as part of a larger Texas tour to drum up support in the Lone Star state, which Kennedy narrowly won in 1960 because he had a Texas Senator on his ticket, replacing him with a North Carolinian seems like an odd calculus.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-25" data-node-id="78" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="usa politics lyndon baines johnson library displays pentagon papers" title="USA - Politics - Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Displays Pentagon Papers" loading="lazy" width="4096" height="2731" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-lyndon-baines-johnson-library-in-austin-displays-one-of-news-photo-1700259287.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-lyndon-baines-johnson-library-in-austin-displays-one-of-news-photo-1700259287.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-lyndon-baines-johnson-library-in-austin-displays-one-of-news-photo-1700259287.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-lyndon-baines-johnson-library-in-austin-displays-one-of-news-photo-1700259287.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Robert Daemmrich Photography Inc</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">An original set of the Pentagon Papers, on display at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="79" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Then there are the <a href="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/true-story-behind-the-post-movie-washington-post-pentagon-papers" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/true-story-behind-the-post-movie-washington-post-pentagon-papers" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Pentagon Papers" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Pentagon Papers</a>. The works of historians, favorable to Johnson or not, largely agree that Lyndon B. Johnson shed his blood, sweat, and tears to achieve not just reaching the highest position of power in the country, but to push for progressive policies while there, especially the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968. To read the pages that <a href="https://www.biography.com/activist/daniel-ellsberg" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activist/daniel-ellsberg" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Daniel Ellsberg" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Daniel Ellsberg</a> leaked to the American public, however, showed just how much of other people’s blood Johnson was willing to shed.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="80" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">We know now, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="thanks to those leaked documents" data-vars-ga-product-id="4c527d5c-4f4a-4a2b-ae64-9cfd91755a8a" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="393a12d2-58cf-4976-9a17-cda248f60c1e" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">thanks to those leaked documents</a>, that the U.S. withheld some of the truth about the Vietnam War from the American public. We know that the government under LBJ pushed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="under false pretenses" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">under false pretenses</a>, “authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="81" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">We know that during the Johnson administration, the Defense Department revised its reasoning for prolonging combat in Vietnam to “70 percent to avoid a humiliating U.S. defeat.” And we know that in the face of Secretary of Defense <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-s-mcnamara" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/robert-s-mcnamara" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Robert McNamara" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Robert McNamara</a>’s 1967 suggestion that the U.S. begin withdrawing from Vietnam, Johnson instead “approved increasing the U.S. troop commitment to nearly 550,000.” </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="82" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">For the conspiracy-minded, it then became easy to draw parallels between the <a href="https://www.texasobserver.org/731-the-candidate-from-brown-and-root/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.texasobserver.org/731-the-candidate-from-brown-and-root/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="controversial July 1937 funding approval" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">controversial July 1937 funding approval</a> that then-newly elected Congressman Lyndon B. Johnson pushed through on behalf of the firm Brown & Root, which had donated heavily to Johnson’s campaign, and how in <a href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/b-159451.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.gao.gov/assets/b-159451.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="August 1965, the consortium RMK-BRJ" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">August 1965, the consortium RMK-BRJ</a> was formed to construct naval facilities in Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="83" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Before 1965, the consortium had just been RMK (Raymond International, Inc. and Morrison-Knudsen International, Inc.). The “BR” that got added under President Johnson to make it RMK-BRJ? Brown & Root, Inc.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="84" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Similar to how the Pentagon Papers put fuel in the “LBJ did it” fire, recent years have seen a revival of the “The Secret Service accidentally shot Kennedy” fringe theory first proposed by ballistics expert Howard Donahue in the pages of the <em>Baltimore Sun</em> in 1977, and given a broader audience in Bonar Menninger’s 1992 <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Mortal Error: The Shot That Killed JFK" data-vars-ga-product-id="65f0d81e-e4ec-4505-8341-37bf97978378" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCt/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-mortal-error-shot-that-killed-dp-149095242x","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Mortal-Error-Shot-That-Killed/dp/149095242X?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="5394c249-b8eb-4255-9ce1-8b5421d2d669" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Mortal Error: The Shot That Killed JFK</a>.</em> </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="85" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">This theory proposes that while Lee Harvey Oswald did fire two shots from the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository, the third shot—the one that killed the president—was actually fired by a Secret Service agent armed with an AR-15 in the car behind the President’s limo. As the theory goes, the Secret Service’s interference in the investigations was designed to cover up its own mistake. Fittingly, this fringe theory returns to circulation any time provable Secret Service malfeasance makes its way into the news, like the matter of <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-scandal-and-alleged-prostitution-inquiry-began-with-night-of-partying/2012/04/14/gIQAytztHT_story.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-scandal-and-alleged-prostitution-inquiry-began-with-night-of-partying/2012/04/14/gIQAytztHT_story.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="the 6th Summit of the Americas in 2012" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">the 6<sup>th</sup> Summit of the Americas in 2012</a>, the revelation of <a href="https://theintercept.com/2022/07/14/jan-6-texts-deleted-secret-service/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://theintercept.com/2022/07/14/jan-6-texts-deleted-secret-service/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="deleted texts amidst the January 6, 2021 hearings" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">deleted texts amidst the January 6, 2021 hearings</a>, or the swirl of confusion around the <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-theories/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-theories/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="July 2024 attempted assassination" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">July 2024 attempted assassination</a> of President Donald Trump.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-26" data-node-id="86" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="the warren commission" title="The Warren Commission" loading="lazy" width="3721" height="2424" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-justice-earl-warren-and-other-washington-luminaries-news-photo-1700261539.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-justice-earl-warren-and-other-washington-luminaries-news-photo-1700261539.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-justice-earl-warren-and-other-washington-luminaries-news-photo-1700261539.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-justice-earl-warren-and-other-washington-luminaries-news-photo-1700261539.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">The seven men of the Warren Commission</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="87" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And finally, there’s the Central Intelligence Agency. Conspiracy theorists point to the fact that President Kennedy supposedly said he wanted to “splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds,” even though that quote <a href="https://gizmodo.com/the-story-behind-that-jfk-quote-about-destroying-the-ci-1793151211" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://gizmodo.com/the-story-behind-that-jfk-quote-about-destroying-the-ci-1793151211" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="first emerged from an anonymous source three years after his death" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">first emerged from an anonymous source three years after his death</a>. They mention the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/new-documents-shed-light-cias-connection-lee-harvey-oswald-1765105" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.newsweek.com/new-documents-shed-light-cias-connection-lee-harvey-oswald-1765105" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="CIA knew a lot more about Lee Harvey Oswald" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">CIA knew a lot more about Lee Harvey Oswald</a> than they initially let on. And they remind us that Allen Dulles, Director of the CIA until President Kennedy fired him after the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, was later one of the seven men on the Warren Commission created to investigate the assassination.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="88" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But the most damning indictment of the CIA when it comes to the Kennedy assassination isn’t what we know—it’s what <em>nobody </em>knew. Nobody knew what the CIA was actually up to in the early 1960s. And that includes the White House. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="89" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">According to Philip Shenon’s 2013 <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="A Cruel and Shocking Act: The Secret History of the Kennedy Assassination" data-vars-ga-product-id="06006cdb-87c6-4d73-aa4a-ffadc81ddc33" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCy/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-cruel-shocking-act-history-assassination-dp-b00fa7moha","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Cruel-Shocking-Act-History-Assassination/dp/B00FA7MOHA?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="6661bd3d-fb9b-4b2d-91b4-a4b511389280" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">A Cruel and Shocking Act: The Secret History of the Kennedy Assassination</a></em>, Bobby Kennedy asked then–CIA Director John McCone point-blank if the CIA had anything to do with JFK’s murder. “I asked him in a way he couldn’t lie to me,” Bobby recalled, “...and [he said] they hadn’t.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="90" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The CIA that the Kennedys inherited from the Eisenhower Administration was one that Eisenhower himself couldn’t—or didn’t want to—control. During Eisenhower’s presidency, the CIA had already covertly staged coups to overthrow the democratically elected leaders of Iran (<a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/06/20/64-years-later-cia-finally-releases-details-of-iranian-coup-iran-tehran-oil/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/06/20/64-years-later-cia-finally-releases-details-of-iranian-coup-iran-tehran-oil/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Operation Ajax" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Operation Ajax</a>) and Guatemala (<a href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000134974.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000134974.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Operation PBSuccess" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Operation PBSuccess</a>), as well as supplied the encouragement, and sometimes even weapons, that lead to the death of Prime Minister <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483553" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483553" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/RAFAEL%20TRUJILLO%2C%20THE%20DOMI%5B15603377%5D.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/RAFAEL%20TRUJILLO%2C%20THE%20DOMI%5B15603377%5D.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="President Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">President Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic</a>.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-27" data-node-id="91" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1iqiinu e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Read Their Biographies</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures/a74310671/rafael-trujillo" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Rafael Trujillo" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a74310671/rafael-trujillo" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515136890.jpg?crop=1xw:0.5xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt title="Dominican Republic President Rafael Trujillo" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Rafael Trujillo</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-1aqg57k e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures/a67348491/fidel-castro" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Fidel Castro" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a67348491/fidel-castro" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-156676722.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.179xh&resize=300:*" alt title="Fidel Castro" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Fidel Castro</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="92" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Bobby Kennedy knew first hand what the CIA was capable of, having been directly involved in the assassination plots against <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/fidel-castro" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/fidel-castro" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Fidel Castro" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Fidel Castro</a>. When Bobby reportedly asked the CIA if they killed his brother, the possibility that the agency had done it—no substantial evidence suggests that’s true—wasn’t the frightening part. Rather, the fact that the CIA had become unwieldy and unaccountable enough to even entertain the idea that it <em>could</em> have done it was more alarming. </p><h2 id="jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theory-6-oswald-did-it-all-alone" data-node-id="93" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory #6: Oswald Did It, All Alone</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-28" data-node-id="94" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="policeman holding rifle used in kennedy assassination" title="Policeman Holding Rifle Used in Kennedy Assassination" loading="lazy" width="3629" height="2429" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dallas-policeman-holds-up-the-rifle-used-to-kill-president-news-photo-1700264133.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dallas-policeman-holds-up-the-rifle-used-to-kill-president-news-photo-1700264133.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dallas-policeman-holds-up-the-rifle-used-to-kill-president-news-photo-1700264133.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dallas-policeman-holds-up-the-rifle-used-to-kill-president-news-photo-1700264133.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">A Dallas policeman holds up the rifle used to kill President John F. Kennedy</div></div></div></div></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="96" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Of course, the likely reality is that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in killing JFK. And Oswald wasn’t a patsy, nor a secret agent. He was just a sad man who thought he was destined for importance and lashed out at anyone he felt kept him from that. He clung to communism, to Cuba, to anything that made him feel a sense of purpose.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="97" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And on the day of November 22, 1963, Oswald decided his purpose was killing the president of the United States. Just as on April 10, 1963, Oswald decided his purpose was <a href="https://www.history.com/news/lee-harvey-oswald-other-target" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/news/lee-harvey-oswald-other-target" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="killing conservative politician General Edwin Walker" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">killing conservative politician General Edwin Walker</a>, though the bullet Oswald fired from the same Carcano rifle he would later use at the Book Depository would narrowly miss its target. And just as another man looking for a sense of purpose, Jack Ruby, would take Oswald’s life with the pull of a trigger on November 24, 1963.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-29" data-node-id="98" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="jack ruby maneuvering law enforcement to shoot lee harvey oswald" title="Jack Ruby Maneuvering Law Enforcement to Shoot Lee Harvey Oswald" loading="lazy" width="3847" height="2905" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/oswald-turns-toward-the-waiting-vehicle-as-burly-form-news-photo-1700265059.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/oswald-turns-toward-the-waiting-vehicle-as-burly-form-news-photo-1700265059.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/oswald-turns-toward-the-waiting-vehicle-as-burly-form-news-photo-1700265059.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/oswald-turns-toward-the-waiting-vehicle-as-burly-form-news-photo-1700265059.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">Bettmann</span><span class="css-tw7y4h e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-gn08q4 e1fodxfw1">Jack Ruby charges toward Lee Harvey Oswald during Oswald’s transfer. In a moment, Ruby will pull a trigger and place into the history books two men who, just a week prior, were to the world of little to no consequence.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="99" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">The decisions of two men led to more than 60 years worth of conspiracy theories, often posited by those who are convinced that they can finally solve a mystery whose actual solution simply can’t be accepted.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="100" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Because to accept that solution would mean to accept that nobody, not even the president of the United States, is as safe as the systems of government promise us that we are. It means accepting that a symbol of hope, and a new frontier, can be snuffed out by a man with an army surplus rifle that he bought for $20. And that his actions were not tied to any complex conspiracy. It was just a moment of chaos, where coincidences lined up to shatter the country. Many people would rather believe in a conspiracy theory, because in some way, that makes it feel like they’re in control. That there are rules to the game, that there is a system in place, and that we can all be safe if we do as we’re told.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="101" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">So, who really killed President John F. Kennedy? You wouldn’t believe us if we told you.</p><h2 id="why-do-we-still-believe-jfk-assassination-conspiracy-theories" data-node-id="102" class="body-h2 css-1k4xijy emevuu60">Why Do We Still Believe JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theories?</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="103" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Conspiracy theorists continue to venture down the JFK assassination rabbit hole in the hopes of finding something new. This mystery continues to haunt America 61 years later—and that’s something we predicted would happen 61 years ago. Here’s how Harrison E. Salisbury, assistant managing editor for <em>The New York Times</em>, described the situation in his introduction to the 1964 release of the Warren Report:</p><blockquote data-node-id="104" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">“The legend of President Kennedy’s death began with the crack of the sniper’s rifle that took his life. It was born at about 12:30 P.M. on November 22, 1963, when the lethal bullet whined toward his body. It has steadily grown since that moment. </blockquote><blockquote data-node-id="105" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">As an editor of The New York Times remarked when he read the bulletin announcing the President’s death at 1:35 P.M. that day: ‘The year 2000 will see men still arguing and writing about the President’s death.</blockquote><blockquote data-node-id="106" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">Nothing that has happened since seems likely to invalidate that assessment. Not even the Warren Commission can be expected to stifle the Kennedy legend.”</blockquote><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="107" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But this “legend” gives Lee Harvey Oswald the final word.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="108" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">If anyone should have had the final word on the Kennedy presidency, it was President Kennedy himself. But JFK is the only president since <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> to not pen a presidential memoir—and the first since McKinley to have his legacy be defined not by his own pen but an assassin’s bullet.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="109" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">To grapple with the way the assassination has come to define, for many, the entirety of the Kennedy legacy, we spoke with <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.jfklibrary.org/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="JFK Presidential Library and Museum" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">JFK Presidential Library and Museum</a> Director Alan Price. Does he find it frustrating that so many people obsess over JFK’s assassination rather than his life?</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="110" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">“Perhaps it is not surprising that such a tragic event, which struck down such an inspirational leader, would be in the foreground of public curiosity,” Price says. “Intellectually and emotionally, it’s hard for people to make sense of it.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="111" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">He continues:</p><blockquote data-node-id="112" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">“Personally, I recognize that a deeper understanding of history often begins with a question. If the gateway questions to more fully understanding and remembering President Kennedy are questions surrounding the assassination, then we welcome the scholarship of those with a passion for history to examine the available primary resources and add to the factual understanding of this pivotal moment in history.”</blockquote><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="113" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">We asked Price how the Kennedy Library endeavors to strike a balance between celebrating JFK’s life while still grappling with the complicated matter of his assassination. Is it possible to indulge in the curiosity without indulging in the macabre?</p><blockquote data-node-id="114" class="body-blockquote css-1uvqler emevuu60">“When our museum first opened in 1979, there was a larger exhibit on the assassination. It was towards the beginning of the visitor experience. It was a good attempt to respond to public interest in that tragic day. However, the public reaction was not entirely favorable. Many found it upsetting. So we redesigned the exhibit to be a somber, minimalist corridor towards the end of the visitor experience. Shortly after watching the <a href="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/walter-cronkite" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/walter-cronkite" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Walter Cronkite" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Walter Cronkite</a> broadcast of the assassination, visitors emerge into the large pavilion so they can reflect on President Kennedy’s life and legacy. I believe this strikes a good balance.”</blockquote><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="115" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And if we’d ever be able to clear away the all-consuming mystique of the JFK assassination, what should the legacy of his presidency be? How should the public remember his life? </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="116" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">“President Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy achieved so many things in such a short time,” says Price. “Both of them were truly remarkable. If I had to pick one thing, I hope that the public will remember the inaugural address and consider answering President Kennedy’s call to public service in some way.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="117" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">And so, as another anniversary of the end of John F. Kennedy’s presidency passes, perhaps for once, we can turn our eyes instead to how it began. And we can ultimately give the “last word” on the matter to the President himself:</p><section data-embed="youtube" data-lazy-id="P0-30" data-node-id="118" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-30" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-nnemls ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/youtube.ce3e1ae.svg?primary=currentColor&id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="youtube" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6sGMV60Xc4" aria-label="View full post on Youtube" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Youtube</a></div></div></section></div></section><section data-lazy-id="P0-31"><div class="css-13o7eu2 e1evukkl2"><span class="css-auya5i e1evukkl1">From: </span><a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a63545901/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories/" aria-label="View on Popular Mechanics" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a63545901/john-f-kennedy-assassination-conspiracy-theories/" class="css-1vxqroq e1evukkl0">Popular Mechanics</a></div></section><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/a0a518c7-4b7c-4fec-af85-d82b1326dcac_1638207313.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Michael Natale" title="Headshot of Michael Natale" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/231777/michael-natale" class="e1c1bym13 css-1ebsv7l e1c1bym14"><span>Michael Natale</span></a></span><div class="css-1lxw2p5 ev8dhu57">News Editor</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1nfqmvt ev8dhu54"><p>Michael Natale is a news editor for the Hearst Enthusiast Group. 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Kennedy’s shocking assassination stopped the world on November 22, 1963. A botched investigation continues to cloud our conclusions about the crime.\u003c/p\u003e","display_instagram_embeds":1,"social_dek":"\u003cp\u003ePresident John F. Kennedy’s shocking assassination stopped the world on November 22, 1963. A botched investigation continues to cloud our conclusions about the crime.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Who Killed JFK? You Won’t Believe Us Anyway","index_title":"Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative","social_title":"Who Really Killed JFK? Trump’s Declassification Move May Change the Narrative","seo_meta_description":"Who killed John F. Kennedy? 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Kennedy","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Biography’s full profile of John F. Kennedy","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"children":[{"data":" ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"get the job done:","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"“On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Fort Worth, Texas for a campaign appearance. The next day, November 22, Kennedy, along with ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"his wife","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"his wife","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" and Texas governor John Connally, rode through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental convertible. From an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-year-old warehouse worker named Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting the president twice. 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To really understand, you need to dip into some of the prevalent “alternative theories” as to who killed JFK.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Every single conspiracy theory out there has been the subject of exhaustive books, documentaries, feature films, and far too many podcasts. No single article could break down and debunk each theory. 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","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"But to find logic in killing JFK instead of Bobby (who would be gunned down in 1968 by ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Sirhan Sirhan","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/crime/sirhan-sirhan","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/crime/sirhan-sirhan","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Sirhan Sirhan","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", relating to the Middle East conflicts of the time) can prove challenging for those who don’t simply want it to be true. 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Because the U.S. government literally would not stop trying to kill him.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"The ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Church Committee","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/pdf/ChurchIR_3B_Cuba.pdf","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/pdf/ChurchIR_3B_Cuba.pdf","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Church Committee","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", set up in 1975 to investigate the activities of the CIA, FBI, NSA, and IRS, “found concrete evidence of at least eight plots involving the CIA to assassinate Fidel Castro from 1960 to 1965.” In 2006, the former head of Cuban intelligence, Fabian Escalante, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"claimed that","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-castro-survived-638-assassination-attempts/8064788","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-castro-survived-638-assassination-attempts/8064788","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"claimed that","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" across 40 years, Castro had dodged 638 assassination attempts, 42 of which occurred during the JFK administration.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"And of course, Lee Harvey Oswald founded a chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans, which put him ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"on the FBI’s radar","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2018/docid-32201885.pdf","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2018/docid-32201885.pdf","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"on the FBI’s radar","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". 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Young and others standing on balcony of Lorraine Motel pointing in direction of assailant after assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who is lying at their feet.","seo_meta_description":"Andrew Young and others standing on balcony of Lorraine Motel pointing in direction of assailant after assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who is lying at their feet."}}],"metadata":{}}}]}}},{"children":[{"data":"It’s been suggested by some conspiracy theorists that Vice President ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Lyndon B. Johnson","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Lyndon B. Johnson","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" was behind JFK’s assassination. This fringe theory was rooted in the idea that Johnson feared Kennedy would drop him from the ticket in 1964 and that Kennedy intended to de-escalate a war in Vietnam (as evidence by ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"NSAM 263","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKNSF/342/JFKNSF-342-007","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKNSF/342/JFKNSF-342-007","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"NSAM 263","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" issued on October 11, 1963) from which Johnson was personally profiting. Such a suggestion besmirches the memory and legacy of two Presidents, Kennedy and Johnson; ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"the History Channel once even had to publicly apologize","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825180654/http://hnn.us/articles/why-history-channel-had-apologize-documentary-blamed-lbj-jfks-murder","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825180654/http://hnn.us/articles/why-history-channel-had-apologize-documentary-blamed-lbj-jfks-murder","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"the History Channel once even had to publicly apologize","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" for airing a television episode that laid out this particular conspiracy theory.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"In a 1968 book, Kennedy’s secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, suggested that the President had ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"conveniently privately disclosed to her","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/it-will-not-be-lyndon-why-jfk-wanted-to-drop-lbj-for-reelection","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/it-will-not-be-lyndon-why-jfk-wanted-to-drop-lbj-for-reelection","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"conveniently privately disclosed to her","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", just three days before his death, that he intended to drop Johnson as his running mate in favor of North Carolina’s Terry Sanford. But there’s no public evidence supporting it. In fact, on ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"October 31, 1963","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-press-conferences/news-conference-63","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-press-conferences/news-conference-63","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"October 31, 1963","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", Kennedy dispelled any rumors of switching running mates. And considering he was in Dallas on November 22 as part of a larger Texas tour to drum up support in the Lone Star state, which Kennedy narrowly won in 1960 because he had a Texas Senator on his ticket, replacing him with a North Carolinian seems like an odd calculus.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"eda1490f-3822-4059-a334-9e6e62e52c95","mediaid":"1f4ec2a4-ac65-4968-b52c-4de2108cb183","align":"center","size":"medium","share":"false","caption":"An original set of the Pentagon Papers, on display at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library","expand":"","crop":"original"},"type":"tag","response":{"captionDom":{"children":[{"data":"An original set of the Pentagon Papers, on display at the Lyndon B. 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To read the pages that ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Daniel Ellsberg","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activist/daniel-ellsberg","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activist/daniel-ellsberg","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Daniel Ellsberg","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" leaked to the American public, however, showed just how much of other people’s blood Johnson was willing to shed.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"We know now, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"thanks to those leaked documents","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"thanks to those leaked documents","class":"body-link","data-vars-ga-product-id":"4c527d5c-4f4a-4a2b-ae64-9cfd91755a8a","rel":"nofollow"},"type":"tag","response":{"className":"body-link product-links","mediaType":null,"product":{"id":"4c527d5c-4f4a-4a2b-ae64-9cfd91755a8a","__typename":"ContentProductLink","product":{"id":"29cddba4-c6b0-4c78-8da5-441491f6c3de","__typename":"ProductDetail","brand":null,"category":null,"description":null,"features":null,"images":null,"name":"\u003c!--PLACEHOLDER --\u003e"},"retailer":{"affiliate":{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/rBCx/nytimes-placeholder","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":""}},"affiliate_url":null,"availability":null,"display_name":null,"full_url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","id":"393a12d2-58cf-4976-9a17-cda248f60c1e","is_active":true,"listprice":"0.00","listprice_currency":"USD","price":"0.00","price_currency":"USD","retailer_name":"nytimes.com","reviews_number":null,"sem3_id":null,"siterating":null,"sku":null,"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","parent_sku":null,"metadata":{"mill":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce"},"is_custom":false},"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html","contentProps":{"type":"content-product-link","index":7}}}},{"data":", that the U.S. withheld some of the truth about the Vietnam War from the American public. 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As the theory goes, the Secret Service’s interference in the investigations was designed to cover up its own mistake. Fittingly, this fringe theory returns to circulation any time provable Secret Service malfeasance makes its way into the news, like the matter of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"the 6","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" Summit of the Americas in 2012","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-scandal-and-alleged-prostitution-inquiry-began-with-night-of-partying/2012/04/14/gIQAytztHT_story.html","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-scandal-and-alleged-prostitution-inquiry-began-with-night-of-partying/2012/04/14/gIQAytztHT_story.html","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"the 6th Summit of the Americas in 2012","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", the revelation of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"deleted texts amidst the January 6, 2021 hearings","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://theintercept.com/2022/07/14/jan-6-texts-deleted-secret-service/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://theintercept.com/2022/07/14/jan-6-texts-deleted-secret-service/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"deleted texts amidst the January 6, 2021 hearings","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", or the swirl of confusion around the ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"July 2024 attempted assassination","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-theories/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-theories/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"July 2024 attempted assassination","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" of President Donald Trump.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"343e1e27-c080-4606-908c-cc8a65304b14","mediaid":"5369bd4a-bbcd-4644-9d5f-8823f86204b0","align":"center","size":"medium","share":"false","caption":"The seven men of the Warren Commission","expand":"","crop":"original"},"type":"tag","response":{"captionDom":{"children":[{"data":"The seven men of the Warren Commission","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}}},{"children":[{"data":"And finally, there’s the Central Intelligence Agency. 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