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webelements, web-elements, Sheffield, science, element, elements, metal, gas, atoms"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure/pure-min.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure/grids-responsive-min.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/pure-layout-side-menu/css/layouts/side-menu.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_newlands/css/webelements.css?parameter=1"> <meta name="author" content="Prof Mark Winter, University of Sheffield"> <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright 2024 Prof Mark Winter"> <link rel="index" href="./"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png"> </head> <body> <div id="layout">  <a href="#menu" id="menuLink" class="menu-link">  <span></span> </a>  <div id="menu"> <div class="pure-menu"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item logo"><a href="../" class="pure-menu-link"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo" /></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div id="NavigationPanel"> <table style="nav_panel"> <tr> <th class="navpanel-v"> </th> <th class="navpanel-v"> </th> <th class="navpanel-v"> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-d"><a title="scandium" href="../scandium/isotopes.html">Sc</a></th> <th class="navpanel-d">Ti</th> <th class="navpanel-d"><a title="vanadium" href="../vanadium/isotopes.html">V</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-d"><a title="yttrium" href="../yttrium/isotopes.html">Y</a></th> <th class="navpanel-d"><a title="zirconium" href="../zirconium/isotopes.html">Zr</a></th> <th class="navpanel-d"><a title="niobium" href="../niobium/isotopes.html">Nb</a></th> </tr> </table> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div class="element_select_centre"><a class="imagelink" title="Switch to a different element from here" href="../index.html"><img class="" src="../_media/locs/Ti-loc.png" alt="Titanium location" /></a> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" 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href="../curium/isotopes.html">Curium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../darmstadtium/isotopes.html">Darmstadtium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../dubnium/isotopes.html">Dubnium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../dysprosium/isotopes.html">Dysprosium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../einsteinium/isotopes.html">Einsteinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../erbium/isotopes.html">Erbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../europium/isotopes.html">Europium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../fermium/isotopes.html">Fermium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../flerovium/isotopes.html">Flerovium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../fluorine/isotopes.html">Fluorine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../francium/isotopes.html">Francium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../gadolinium/isotopes.html">Gadolinium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../gallium/isotopes.html">Gallium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../germanium/isotopes.html">Germanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../gold/isotopes.html">Gold</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../hafnium/isotopes.html">Hafnium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../hassium/isotopes.html">Hassium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../helium/isotopes.html">Helium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../holmium/isotopes.html">Holmium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../hydrogen/isotopes.html">Hydrogen</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../indium/isotopes.html">Indium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../iodine/isotopes.html">Iodine</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../iridium/isotopes.html">Iridium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../iron/isotopes.html">Iron</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../krypton/isotopes.html">Krypton</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../lanthanum/isotopes.html">Lanthanum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../lawrencium/isotopes.html">Lawrencium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../lead/isotopes.html">Lead</a></li> 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<li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../moscovium/isotopes.html">Moscovium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../neodymium/isotopes.html">Neodymium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../neon/isotopes.html">Neon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../neptunium/isotopes.html">Neptunium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../nickel/isotopes.html">Nickel</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../nihonium/isotopes.html">Nihonium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../niobium/isotopes.html">Niobium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../nitrogen/isotopes.html">Nitrogen</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../nobelium/isotopes.html">Nobelium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a 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class="pure-menu-link f" href="../praseodymium/isotopes.html">Praseodymium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../promethium/isotopes.html">Promethium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../protactinium/isotopes.html">Protactinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../radium/isotopes.html">Radium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../radon/isotopes.html">Radon ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../rhenium/isotopes.html">Rhenium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../rhodium/isotopes.html">Rhodium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../roentgenium/isotopes.html">Roentgenium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item s"><a class="pure-menu-link s" href="../rubidium/isotopes.html">Rubidium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a 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class="pure-menu-link s" href="../strontium/isotopes.html">Strontium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../sulfur/isotopes.html">Sulfur</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../sulfur/isotopes.html">Sulphur</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tantalum/isotopes.html">Tantalum</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../technetium/isotopes.html">Technetium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tellurium/isotopes.html">Tellurium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tennessine/isotopes.html">Tennessine ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../terbium/isotopes.html">Terbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../thallium/isotopes.html">Thallium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thorium/isotopes.html">Thorium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thulium/isotopes.html">Thulium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tin/isotopes.html">Tin</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../titanium/isotopes.html">Titanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tungsten/isotopes.html">Tungsten</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../uranium/isotopes.html">Uranium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../vanadium/isotopes.html">Vanadium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../xenon/isotopes.html">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/isotopes.html">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/isotopes.html">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/isotopes.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/isotopes.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Ti.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Titanium - <sub>22</sub>Ti</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Ti.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button d_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Titanium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Титан</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 鈦</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Titaan</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Titane</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Titan</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 טיטניום</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Titanio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 チタン</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Titânio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Titanio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Titan</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Титан</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="d">Titanium - <sub><small>22</small></sub>Ti: isotope data</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a href="../titanium/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Ti Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../titanium/contents.html">List all Ti properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p class="p_first">The five stable Titanium isotopes are used for a wide range of studies and applications. Ti-48 is used for the production of the radioisotope V-48 which is used in nutritional studies and for calibrating PET instrumentation. Ti-47 is occasionally used as an alternative precursor for the production of V-48. Ti-50 is used in the production of super heavy elements whereby Lead or Bismuth targets are bombarded with Ti-50. Finally, Ti-49 is used in the production of the radioisotope V-49.</p> <h2 class="d">Naturally occurring isotopes</h2> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table"> <caption>This table shows information about <a href="../periodicity/isotopes/">naturally occuring isotopes</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes/">atomic masses</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes/">natural abundances</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_nuclear_spin/">nuclear spins</a>, and their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_nuc_magnetic_moment/">magnetic moments</a>. Further data for radioisotopes (radioactive isotopes) of titanium are listed (including any which occur naturally) below. </caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Isotope</th> <th>Mass / Da</th> <th>Natural abundance (atom %)</th> <th>Nuclear spin (I)</th> <th>Magnetic moment (μ/μ<sub>N</sub>)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><sup>46</sup>Ti</td> <td>45.9526294 (14)</td> <td>8.25 (3)</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>47</sup>Ti</td> <td>46.9517640 (11)</td> <td>7.44 (2)</td> <td><sup>5</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td>-0.78848</td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>48</sup>Ti</td> <td>47.9479473 (11)</td> <td>73.72 (3)</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>49</sup>Ti</td> <td>48.9478711 (11)</td> <td>5.41 (2)</td> <td><sup>7</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td>-1.10417</td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>50</sup>Ti</td> <td>49.9447921 (12)</td> <td>5.18 (2)</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/isotopes/isotope_abundance_Ti.png" alt="Isotope abundances of titanium" /><figcaption><strong>Isotope abundances of titanium.</strong> In the above, the most intense ion is set to 100% since this corresponds best to the output from a mass spectrometer. This is not to be confused with the relative percentage isotope abundances which <strong>totals</strong> 100% for all the naturally occurring isotopes.</figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <h2 class="d">Radiosotope data</h2> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table"> <caption>Further data for naturally occuring isotopes of titanium are listed above. This table gives information about some <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">radiosotopes</a> of titanium, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">masses</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">half-lives</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">modes of decay</a>, their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">nuclear spins</a>, and their <a href="../periodicity/isotopes_radioactive/">nuclear magnetic moments</a>.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Isotope</th> <th>Mass / Da</th> <th>Half-life</th> <th>Mode of decay</th> <th>Nuclear spin</th> <th>Nuclear magnetic moment</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><sup>44</sup>Ti </td> <td>43.959690</td> <td>67 y </td> <td>EC to <sup>44</sup>Sc</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>45</sup>Ti</td> <td>44.958124</td> <td>3.078 h</td> <td>EC to <sup>45</sup>Sc</td> <td><sup>7</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0.095</td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>51</sup>Ti</td> <td>50.946616</td> <td>5.76 m</td> <td>β<sup>-</sup> to <sup>51</sup>V</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><sup>52</sup>Ti</td> <td>51.94690</td> <td>1.7 m</td> <td>β<sup>-</sup> to <sup>52</sup>V</td> <td><sup>3</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <h2 class="d">References</h2> <ol> <li>Naturally occurring isotope abundances: Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances report for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in <em>Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1989</em>, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1998, <strong>70</strong>, 217. [Copyright 1998 IUPAC]</li> <li>For further information about radioisotopes see Jonghwa Chang's (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) <a href="http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/">Table of the Nuclides</a></li> <li>Masses, nuclear spins, and magnetic moments: I. Mills, T. Cvitas, K. Homann, N. Kallay, and K. Kuchitsu in <em>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</em>, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1988. [Copyright 1988 IUPAC]</li> </ol> <h2 class="d"><a id="essentials"></a>NMR Properties of titanium</h2> <p class="p_first"><strong>Common reference compound:</strong> TiCl<sub>4</sub>, neat.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>Table of NMR-active nucleus propeties of titanium</caption> <thead> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Isotope 1</th> <th>Isotope 2</th> <th>Isotope 3</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Isotope</a></td> <td><sup>47</sup>Ti</td> <td><sup>49</sup>Ti</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Natural abundance </a>/%</td> <td>7.44</td> <td>5.41</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Spin</a> (I)</td> <td><sup>5</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td><sup>7</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Frequency</a> relative to <sup>1</sup>H = 100 (MHz)</td> <td>5.637534</td> <td>5.639037</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Receptivity</a>, D<sup>P</sup>, relative to <sup>1</sup>H = 1.00</td> <td>0.000156</td> <td>0.000205</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Receptivity</a>, D<sup>C</sup>, relative to <sup>13</sup>C = 1.00</td> <td>0.918</td> <td>1.20</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Magnetogyric ratio</a>, γ (10<sup>7</sup> rad T<sup>‑1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>)</td> <td>-1.5105</td> <td>-1.51095</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Magnetic moment</a>, μ (μ<sub>N</sub>)</td> <td>-0.93294</td> <td>-1.25201</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Nuclear quadrupole moment</a>, Q/millibarn</td> <td>302(10)</td> <td>247(11)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/nmr/">Line width factor</a>, 10<sup>56</sup> l (m<sup>4</sup>)</td> <td>290</td> <td>83</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="d">References</h2> <ol> <li>R.K. Harris in <em>Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</em>, D.M. Granty and R.K. Harris, (eds.), vol. 5, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1996. I am grateful to <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/profile/?id=184">Professor Robin Harris</a> (University of Durham, UK) who provided much of the NMR data, which are copyright 1996 IUPAC, adapted from his contribution contained within this reference.</li> <li>J. Mason in <em>Multinuclear NMR</em>, Plenum Press, New York, USA, 1987. Where given, data for certain radioactive nuclei are from this reference.</li> <li>P. Pyykkö, <em>Mol. Phys.</em>, 2008, <strong>106</strong>, 1965-1974.</li> <li>P. Pyykkö, <em>Mol. Phys.</em>, 2001, <strong>99</strong>, 1617-1629.</li> <li>P. Pyykkö, <em>Z. Naturforsch.</em>, 1992, <strong>47a</strong>, 189. I am grateful to <a href="http://www.chem.helsinki.fi/~pyykko/">Professor Pekka Pyykkö</a> (University of Helsinki, Finland) who provided the nuclear quadrupole moment data in this and the following two references.</li> <li>D.R. Lide, (ed.), <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849304814/webelements">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 1999-2000 : A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></em>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.</li> <li>P. Pyykkö, <em>personal communication</em>, 1998, 204, 2008, 2010.</li> </ol> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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