CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92255e3e2c5ff930',cH: '9DmjUbofS_dCQGR1f_nWvBzomSjqvlBgWtO5Kn7tpQs-1742307599-1.2.1.1-YSQbISfT5KETvv3GcTMkKM0zbd3LR7hc1MkXTsAh2z0ezyckhMs40FMUAkMyrA53',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.2307\/1224436?__cf_chl_tk=x.3lQsaE.OIP_bH0dYSTlT0Q_.Z5sBJ7HMZflu25P2M-1742307599-1.0.1.1-uCfxGCHq.WCVigJ4NqF.WvF2OcnmAqR2OLr.PoS9n74",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1742307599',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.2307\/1224436?__cf_chl_f_tk=x.3lQsaE.OIP_bH0dYSTlT0Q_.Z5sBJ7HMZflu25P2M-1742307599-1.0.1.1-uCfxGCHq.WCVigJ4NqF.WvF2OcnmAqR2OLr.PoS9n74",md: "LSKLxtWwQgf64YsoZN0B3SfEE6v85ylMXiGz5Y5Fg8A-1742307599-1.2.1.1-0toUhwl6kHYrpNAVnahJYZL0R9cPCH6zmZvDLcE4KivlMdAVsgW4ZnlrQKKZhYXeKLArvq5AS7RuaWRoomLWL7aNskLMTAZlFJ3T2T2pxFksHzp.6K4U8jDBMh2GcPtrunGs0iGNtjkLdC7u0FhUM9JJwwROleIMxnesMu6aheoVL7.kj.s.9kne13tPJNeDs3gt3HfOIM9mWZy9axVZ.ZlVSgLlMxuhTXq1on9NXYBDHFZQj3Vr.C5b8FnpvFg4lY8rH_.QU8tpd7BZVVhB83LlXBAT9XaBZs5qgASl.gaATh2taOWgc0mJNoL3BP9ltLF_pqfL_pMOcZNKOaPGt1zP24HcquP7Pqt_jdl1md4YKENO1P6mDlYBYI4xKP0lnHs6luZSXePKvQzGhEWuOYGP5Qn5CIr2X5CuiJYmyjduFRuHgELSkrL7AdC3LMSzgioidHNJREAc1h091sj4fDyoj4FF2q6KTuRN0sVaK0FhTDl3fO.jj.4nVf8ufZOQpP8rzR79YI6b1cttAHUhpar3J_IOQtIXohA4av4oo6QKdO8is0wish9ZR9IJCCSIhhBbbKT4hERIzcz3iMGL2hilJKlvKpeLgtiERZPbCEE9qAN0P3NMvnJ1duYbp7C_GrM.GFz.kP04ABdGwIm09IVlOw_MD0l2uyY4uLqdw0OHP3k4NNuLRYqvF4Yh8qPJEQIp1F1AhcSD659KOWwHyQr9rksg3oHpJkbkGPcbOOsrFKE3ef10pny9VkjmD52doj2tdRTkILLXjV8hQROzfV5GdfF1aKIjRuYG26WXaP4iMa5DXMi67fI8bkED2Knvu2zMOlOrnRUYyZRs.upDunFHLt9bNqGx.HyP_dSkZbKVnn9iB6.rUo7Rmj3yBqJU4my6SQJiTlRzry.VzLP5KhKyCc.os7Zn6cD2HSy2fgDmZWltPpCKeO0LYdA64yP4FVwfZE7BW8IOwBK_.M3bzXf1QaREfYkhQsYg9p4EyREWBDm172hDBmauQNUAm6ZYjsgxa.KIqEtsntHSE3Lt98m4hdAtw3HOWmMDKSxooPSM2AgIFICWJg.IUPL2UI.5JgbzjUq3aikVJkrXDCMhe.AGm2n5H07uAbyKJ4DrHVHoAUv8AQrKb1NjCHDYrl2wTk8uV82GW3p1822SZT05Ircrzkc4S1S5Z1tu2rO0afztZkZuoxKGrn3ri8IApNE5HMhBe9EfL25Yl1Ex08IOqGn7SCccRZU.d5wmSX8.BDWksg7bOHBcjurgygHZzc1R",mdrd: "y1x6KwWTT9Vpm2JyYrpSb2DIMrZ9zJHRdWgtQnxgUEQ-1742307599-1.2.1.1-MFPJ9kpVmonvLJvS_uzHm85RK_MFCvnDQW8quNXzrQ5Gd7tKyKpSnvoS5sewS4jG1iKRrRb8lBX.9PGtbR4xqSCL.Wu.jt_TIG2FHgNKnRBAsih51F7ENXFvSXB0cglzVJVEv7diQZQVMhfHiD9OXarKs_QfcaDHwY9yUXlbFi9nbyZJKrZ1OxDhYfyQswGtToiWz1IlTRagd.Vyd4sdlGCWwENYSqNQlcFHgYV3YVIBAQu2jpSMGqgZvqTodD9n2vJO9Zw7cmosHSjO.8dyN1yvJTqQfd2oqpsubiN6hsdNwDIJGcMgAA7YrDvDJksPl0eTzH_CmB_4wwIzPqRSF_zLawZR5v6HoyjLUs3.w.lP.gFn9VGBfXiZlpnm8nMJdJfVhtTqBXQCoRQSSnS218BAN0F52AQ6Qxo8BBxX8AZ6u4StHGXe4agFLpgA1NqR5ZHPC07ieSH3xRcGEoEJUcNGz00kPuTCIeoQV3S.Vlh6tlSnAU2wlhVDT.IzrepjH4PrIkf6.YL86k2zwRD9GB88jWAcvuqGO7lP2xiUhj5wJUjQRv.VqfpTlFaqR.MJ9dnzyuQJnWN86D4g11uwSfLuj98eY7SlRFleraykixMja94wr5Yfw_ytUATd4YlAdKan3We0zavZE8FufQAtDGhEmK9tDRwvbu2gLt6uhUTKlyVarvO0d4KccXZsGOnNAqNtyk9G5rkEWeGJlGR7Kf_z9KT1LEsJKk1VZB.K03ziyuaWC3UxK41OrV5iQrbE76Pu_V91dz3C1GDuMBXjwtUdcOtyU7CGVq9nH7MFEZoA4sqc8pwud_YSGHdBjjrJ.tX_LEGjDRhdNHsRQSB8b7hkJzMHTlCfm2YrPhQm29DtL7LSxdpd3tsguT__HGlMWMsr_TG3lTeAduWH_Y91CDDyVQyE8Mh1T6tMlRSn2mZZuTeNDK3XBni0JoEXGtDAK4FJbaVGY0w8IYaoHFA9TcThTCWCWr_KmoqUJ9niYlMcAq.guONOFbKH8r7sF_wnipnu83nnjnF4hHa.5cIem57U94ZZrP2.maUjw3UEd_N8iXIq9_5MEYJX46GJoeCzPyRByV2sCX3MSio7ZSQGatZfIG6P8V4Colo2VE2Wo9QMie9t1FGSaQzd48iG0JC_AuiP1AiUeyYrd1EiR7_P3E4qO3Wz2OBzU2S5hn8wCTFd.1ozEl_kteHOFneyK4rk1NXIX1__btVt1t_vcOB3KG05aUyBnEmyfmx5e0WLnOo_hgzKqbu0YB3HCOIZhf2YaYQ9OrJYAqLPPYyQLNq5xeJKvR5XW4gbAzUtdVWrPrqncyYkClfXxCpvx5pgnJBmCq9egRd_vwwAnXv9GSIHl6zYHlIcsKkIOKarU90_56JrWdyLNIcD6OcLub7eBCVqCRJkTHmTW_ZqPpkeadEysWt25KBUCrUnnLfrM6NaSoQcJOGMWAy_UlPymtQFNTlEN0gU46kueP1j4OWuqTTCiFhh21JWVsg5ex6TvegjYRV4kgcmLs5S6PioSGzUR9lOjSXbSE_AokAGZ9hPuh0blmLTSusp.XXj8rnMNwkGU_qLXlkh1vFAZ45eNvyP5keXWUMibiDEZDebAMN0s2SMvtKeY_MyOhFipUYsArqJHErfowgyoSj5NatINnBJWuEmOZPWnoOUYuApaxPiuPcApFTXynyxBBfIXAQjkLRcI72QzNlOyx0FatNQC4k1MRnYmqzFVhxkHPeSffwKlgymicUIk3zmX26S1SFzpq3ZbaSZ30t31qEFPRtZ299JP1oRE1J_zDtxXPWQs4VmloJcCLF7akLW4_qYwi18P_bghEmhBERj_NBNlMk104s5uQyZDpnLokLpqJbM25jeyp9zEUGpYaiODYRREx.FPpd3bY8pcfrp0Zr21TZDA3L_j87bMJIu0Pwdg.GiRDtVlHTS23VRyMKp2dZZYZh8cTXAUchEIHMAsuYZS11q0U5.TFcmqc_SzllZe83d4fBVuF7QofcdyrvevsPcAVYS56m8cD1BciH98mv9FAeJjR65MFSUoxqlxK7VyW2zvz90kEMPP8pa0DX.cLWgB3wPreEbDPo"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92255e3e2c5ff930';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.2307\/1224436?__cf_chl_rt_tk=x.3lQsaE.OIP_bH0dYSTlT0Q_.Z5sBJ7HMZflu25P2M-1742307599-1.0.1.1-uCfxGCHq.WCVigJ4NqF.WvF2OcnmAqR2OLr.PoS9n74" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>