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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Plastic production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plastic_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Plastic production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Plastic_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decomposition_of_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decomposition_of_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Decomposition of plastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decomposition_of_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_organic_pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Persistent organic pollutants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_organic_pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Commercial pollutants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_plastic_waste_generator_and_polluter_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_plastic_waste_generator_and_polluter_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Major plastic waste generator and polluter countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_plastic_waste_generator_and_polluter_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major plastic waste generator and polluter countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_plastic_waste_generator_and_polluter_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plastic_waste_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_waste_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Plastic waste generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_waste_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Plastic pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mismanaged_plastic_waste_polluters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mismanaged_plastic_waste_polluters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Mismanaged plastic waste polluters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mismanaged_plastic_waste_polluters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_plastic_waste_polluters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_plastic_waste_polluters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Total plastic waste polluters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_plastic_waste_polluters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Effects on the environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plastic_pollution_as_a_cause_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_pollution_as_a_cause_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Plastic pollution as a cause of climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_pollution_as_a_cause_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_plastic_on_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_plastic_on_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Effects of plastic on land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_plastic_on_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Effect on flooding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_tap_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_tap_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 In tap water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_tap_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_terrestrial_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_terrestrial_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 In terrestrial ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_terrestrial_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Effects of plastic on oceans and seabirds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_freshwater_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_freshwater_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Effects on freshwater ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_freshwater_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_freshwater_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_freshwater_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Impacts on freshwater biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_freshwater_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1.1 Invertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1.2 Vertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Effects on humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Clinical significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thyroid_hormone_axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thyroid_hormone_axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.1 Thyroid hormone axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thyroid_hormone_axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_hormones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_hormones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.2 Sex hormones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_hormones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carotid_arteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carotid_arteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.3 Carotid arteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carotid_arteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.4 Breast milk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reduction efforts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reduction_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reduction efforts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reduction_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodegradable_and_degradable_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradable_and_degradable_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Biodegradable and degradable plastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradable_and_degradable_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incineration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incineration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Incineration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incineration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voluntary_reduction_efforts_failing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_reduction_efforts_failing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Voluntary reduction efforts failing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_reduction_efforts_failing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legally_binding_plastics_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legally_binding_plastics_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.1 Legally binding plastics treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legally_binding_plastics_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_import_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_import_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Waste import bans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_import_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_economy_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_economy_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Circular economy policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_economy_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection,_recycling_and_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection,_recycling_and_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Collection, recycling and reduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection,_recycling_and_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocean_cleanup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_cleanup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Ocean cleanup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_cleanup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Bubble_Barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Bubble_Barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Great Bubble Barrier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Bubble_Barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_and_tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_and_tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Mapping and tracking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_and_tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country/region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country/region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 By country/region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country/region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.5 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.6 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.8 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.9 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.10 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.11 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.12 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.13 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.14 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.15 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.16 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanuatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanuatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.17 Vanuatu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanuatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstruction_by_major_plastic_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstruction_by_major_plastic_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Obstruction by major plastic producers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obstruction_by_major_plastic_producers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Obstruction by major plastic producers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Obstruction_by_major_plastic_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deception_of_the_public_about_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception_of_the_public_about_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Deception of the public about recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception_of_the_public_about_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_for_creating_awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_for_creating_awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Action for creating awareness </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Action_for_creating_awareness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Action for creating awareness subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Action_for_creating_awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Earth Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Environment_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Environment_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 World Environment Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Environment_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Other actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Plastic pollution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تلوث لدائني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث لدائني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_%C3%A7irkl%C9%99nm%C9%99" title="Plastik çirklənmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plastik çirklənmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="প্লাস্টিক দূষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাস্টিক দূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_plastik" title="Polusyon sa plastik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa plastik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_per_pl%C3%A0stics" title="Contaminació per plàstics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació per plàstics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_plasty" title="Znečištění plasty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění plasty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_plastig" title="Llygredd plastig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd plastig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastforurening" title="Plastforurening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plastforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltverschmutzung_durch_Plastik" title="Umweltverschmutzung durch Plastik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltverschmutzung durch Plastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_por_pl%C3%A1stico" title="Contaminación por plástico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación por plástico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasta_poluo" title="Plasta poluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plasta poluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiko_poluzio" title="Plastiko poluzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plastiko poluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آلودگی پلاستیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی پلاستیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_par_le_plastique" title="Pollution par le plastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution par le plastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B1_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="플라스틱 오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라스틱 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar_Robobi" title="Gurbacewar Robobi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbacewar Robobi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պլաստիկ աղտոտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլաստիկ աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%8D_plastik" title="Mmetọ plastik – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ plastik" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi_plastik" title="Polusi plastik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polusi plastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastmengun" title="Plastmengun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plastmengun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica" title="Inquinamento causato dalla plastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquinamento causato dalla plastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi_plastik" title="Polusi plastik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polusi plastik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutio_plastica" title="Pollutio plastica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pollutio plastica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamina_par_plastica" title="Contamina par plastica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Contamina par plastica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് മലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് മലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_plastik" title="Pencemaran plastik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran plastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84" title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticvervuiling" title="Plasticvervuiling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plasticvervuiling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="プラスチック汚染 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラスチック汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_ifloslanish" title="Plastik ifloslanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plastik ifloslanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%90" title="پلاستیک ککړتیا اواغیزې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلاستیک ککړتیا اواغیزې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_pl%C3%A1stico" title="Poluição por plástico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição por plástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пластиковое загрязнение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пластиковое загрязнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_plastike" title="Ndotja plastike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja plastike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastov%C3%A9_zne%C4%8Distenie" title="Plastové znečistenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plastové znečistenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesna%C5%BEevanje_s_plastiko" title="Onesnaževanje s plastiko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onesnaževanje s plastiko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Загађење пластиком – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загађење пластиком" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_kirlili%C4%9Fi" title="Plastik kirliliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plastik kirliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Забруднення пластиком – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забруднення пластиком" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Accumulation of plastic in natural ecosystems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Plastic pollution</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG/214px-Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG/321px-Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG/428px-Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="2374" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg/120px-Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg/180px-Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg/240px-Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution_plastique_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pollution_plastique_2.jpg/157px-Pollution_plastique_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pollution_plastique_2.jpg/236px-Pollution_plastique_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pollution_plastique_2.jpg/314px-Pollution_plastique_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi,_2012_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/177px-Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/266px-Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/354px-Piles_of_plastic_waste_in_Thilafushi%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:253px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg/338px-Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg/507px-Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg/676px-Plastic_bottle_adjacent_to_hiking_trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Plastic pollution affects seas, beaches, rivers and land (clockwise from top left): <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">Olive ridley sea turtle</a> entangled in a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">ghost net</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li>Plastic pollution of <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Naga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Naga">Sharm el-Naga</a> beach, near <a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li>Piles of plastic waste on the government-authorized "garbage island" of <a href="/wiki/Thilafushi" title="Thilafushi">Thilafushi</a>, Maldives</li><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Dry" title="Canada Dry">Canada Dry</a> plastic bottle on hiking trail in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> adjacent to an urban hiking trail.</li><li>A tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Wouri_River" title="Wouri River">Wouri River</a> in Douala, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, completely clogged with plastic.</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Plastic pollution is the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and <a href="/wiki/Microbead" title="Microbead">microbeads</a>) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-2">[2]</a> Plastics that act as <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> Plastics are inexpensive and durable, making them very adaptable for different uses; as a result, manufacturers choose to use plastic over other materials.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them resistant to many natural processes of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a> and as a result they are slow to degrade.<a href="#cite_note-Plastic_Pollution-5">[5]</a> Together, these two factors allow large volumes of plastic to enter the environment as mismanaged <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> which persists in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> and travels throughout <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Worm-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ong-7">[7]</a> Plastic pollution can afflict <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 million tonnes of plastic waste enters the ocean from coastal communities each year.<a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8">[8]</a> It is estimated that there is a stock of 86 million tons of plastic <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, with an assumption that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there.<a href="#cite_note-kci.go.kr-9">[9]</a> Global plastic production has surged from 1.5 million tons in the 1950s to 335 million tons in 2016, resulting in environmental concerns. A significant issue arises from the inefficient treatment of 79% of plastic products, leading to their release into landfills or natural environments.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some researchers suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight.<a href="#cite_note-Sutter-11">[11]</a> Living organisms, particularly <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine animals</a>, can be harmed either by mechanical effects such as entanglement in plastic objects, problems related to ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that interfere with their <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. Degraded plastic waste can directly affect humans through direct consumption (i.e. in tap water), indirect consumption (by eating plants and animals), and disruption of various <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Ziani-12">[12]</a> As of 2019, 368 million tonnes of plastic is produced each year; 51% in Asia, where China is the world's largest producer.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been <a href="/wiki/Incinerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerated">incinerated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14">[14]</a> This large amount of plastic waste enters the environment and causes problems throughout the ecosystem; for example, studies suggest that the bodies of 90% of seabirds contain plastic debris.<a href="#cite_note-:16-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-plasticizer-16">[16]</a> In some areas there have been significant efforts to reduce the prominence of free range plastic pollution, through reducing plastic consumption, litter cleanup, and promoting <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-18">[18]</a> As of 2020, the global mass of produced plastic exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of all land and marine animals combined.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A May 2019 amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> regulates the exportation/importation of plastic waste, largely intended to prevent the shipping of plastic waste from <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Nearly all countries have joined this agreement.<a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> On 2 March 2022, in Nairobi, 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement by the end of the year 2024 with a goal to end plastic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-unep.org-24">[24]</a> The amount of plastic waste produced increased during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> due to increased demand for <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">protective equipment</a> and packaging materials.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Higher amounts of plastic ended up in the ocean, especially plastic from medical waste and masks.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euronews_Bubble_Barrier-27">[27]</a> Several news reports point to a plastic industry trying to take advantage of the health concerns and desire for <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">disposable</a> masks and packaging to increase production of single use plastic.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plastic_development" title="Timeline of plastic development">Timeline of plastic development</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png/400px-Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png/600px-Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png/800px-Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>The pathway by which plastics enters the world's oceans</figcaption></figure>There are differing estimates of how much plastic waste has been produced in the last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste have been discarded since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3 billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-35">[35]</a> It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_resin" title="Synthetic resin">polymer resin</a>, 13% <a href="/wiki/Polymer_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer fibre">polymer fibres</a> and 32% <a href="/wiki/Polymer_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer additive">polymer additives</a>. In 2018 more than 343 million tonnes of plastic waste were generated, 90% of which was composed of post-consumer plastic waste (industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal plastic waste). The rest was pre-consumer waste from resin production and manufacturing of plastic products (e.g. materials rejected due to unsuitable colour, hardness, or processing characteristics).<a href="#cite_note-:11-35">[35]</a> A large proportion of post-consumer plastic waste consists of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic packaging">plastic packaging</a>. In the United States plastic packaging has been estimated to make up 5% of MSW. This packaging includes plastic bottles, pots, tubs and trays, plastic films shopping bags, rubbish bags, bubble wrap, and plastic or stretch wrap and plastic foams e.g. expanded polystyrene (EPS). Plastic waste is generated in sectors including agriculture (e.g. irrigation pipes, greenhouse covers, fencing, pellets, mulch; construction (e.g. pipes, paints, flooring and roofing, insulants and sealants); transport (e.g. abraded tyres, road surfaces and road markings); electronic and electric equipment (e-waste); and pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The total amounts of plastic waste generated by these sectors is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-:11-35">[35]</a> Several studies have attempted to quantify plastic leakage into the environment at both national and global levels which have highlight the difficulty of determining the sources and amounts of all plastic leakage. One global study has estimated that between 60 and 99 million tonnes of mismanaged plastic waste were produced in 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 has estimated that 19–23 million tonnes of plastic waste entered aquatic ecosystems in 2016. while the Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) have estimated that 9–14 million tonnes of plastic waste ended up in the oceans the same year. Despite global efforts to reduce the generation of plastic waste, losses to the environment are predicted to increase. Modelling indicates that, without major interventions, between 23 and 37 million tonnes per year of plastic waste could enter the oceans by 2040 and between 155 and 265 million tonnes per year could be discharged into the environment by 2060. Under a business as usual scenario, such increases would likely be attributable to a continuing rise in production of plastic products, driven by consumer demand, accompanied by insufficient improvements in waste management. As the plastic waste released into the environment already has a significant impact on ecosystems, an increase of this magnitude could have dramatic consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:11-35">[35]</a> The trade in plastic waste has been identified as "a main culprit" of marine litter.<a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> Countries importing the waste plastics often lack the capacity to process all the material. As a result, the United Nations has imposed a ban on waste plastic trade unless it meets certain criteria.<a href="#cite_note-38">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_plastic_debris">Types of plastic debris</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_cleanup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_cleanup.jpg/220px-Beach_cleanup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_cleanup.jpg/330px-Beach_cleanup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_cleanup.jpg/440px-Beach_cleanup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beach cleanup in Ghana</figcaption></figure> There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution: <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">micro</a>-, macro-, and mega-plastics. Mega- and micro plastics have accumulated in highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, concentrated around urban centers and water fronts. Plastic can be found off the coast of some islands because of currents carrying the debris. Both mega- and macro-plastics are found in packaging, footwear, and other domestic items that have been washed off of ships or discarded in <a href="/wiki/Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a>. Fishing-related items are more likely to be found around remote islands.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-40">[38]</a> These may also be referred to as micro-, meso-, and macro debris. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg/220px-Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg/330px-Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg/440px-Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="3830" /></a><figcaption>Plastic bottle stuck on edge of river</figcaption></figure> Plastic debris is categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary plastics are in their original form when collected. Examples of these would be bottle caps, cigarette butts, and microbeads.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Secondary plastics, on the other hand, account for smaller plastics that have resulted from the degradation of primary plastics.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microdebris">Microdebris</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Microplastics in the surface ocean 1950–2000 and projections beyond, in million metric tonnes</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></div> Microdebris are plastic pieces between 2 mm and 5 mm in size.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-40">[38]</a> Plastic debris that starts off as meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it down into smaller pieces.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> Microdebris is more commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">nurdles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> Nurdles are recycled to make new plastic items, but they easily end up released into the environment during production because of their small size. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and streams.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as scrubbers. Because microdebris and scrubbers are so small in size, <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter-feeding organisms</a> often consume them.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_resin_pellet_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic resin pellet pollution">Nurdles</a> enter the ocean by means of spills during transportation or from land based sources. The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a> reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic in the sea than all other countries combined.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-43">[41]</a> It is estimated that 10% of the plastics in the ocean are nurdles, making them one of the most common types of plastic pollution, along with plastic bags and food containers.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knight4-45">[43]</a> These micro-plastics can accumulate in the oceans and allow for the accumulation of Persistent Bio-accumulating Toxins such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, DDT, and PCB's which are hydrophobic in nature and can cause adverse health affects.<a href="#cite_note-Knight3-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amounts,_locations,_tracking,_and_correlations_of_the_microdebris">Amounts, locations, tracking, and correlations of the microdebris</h4></div> A 2004 study by Richard Thompson from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, UK, found a great amount of microdebris on beaches and in waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-Plastic_Pollution-5">[5]</a> Thompson and his associates found that plastic pellets from both domestic and industrial sources were being broken down into much smaller plastic pieces, some having a diameter smaller than human hair.<a href="#cite_note-Plastic_Pollution-5">[5]</a> If not ingested, this microdebris floats instead of being absorbed into the marine environment. Thompson predicts there may be 300,000 plastic items per square kilometre of sea surface and 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Plastic_particle_water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic particle water pollution">plastic particles</a> per square kilometre of <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plastic_Pollution-5">[5]</a> International Pellet Watch collected samples of polythene pellets from 30 beaches in 17 countries which were analysed for organic micro-pollutants. It was found that pellets found on beaches in the US, Vietnam and southern Africa contained compounds from pesticides suggesting a high use of pesticides in the areas.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In 2020 scientists created what may be the first scientific estimate of how much microplastic currently resides in Earth's seafloor, after investigating six areas of around 3 km (1.9 mi) depth about 300 km (190 mi) off the Australian coast. They found the highly variable microplastic counts to be proportionate to plastic on the surface and the angle of the seafloor slope. By averaging the microplastic mass per cm3, they estimated that Earth's seafloor contains about 14 million tons of microplastic – about double the amount they estimated based on data from earlier studies – despite calling both estimates "conservative" as coastal areas are known to contain much more microplastic. These estimates are about one to two times the amount of plastic thought – per Jambeck et al., 2015 – to currently enter the oceans annually.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macrodebris">Macrodebris</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_(150229847).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg/147px-Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg/221px-Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg/294px-Plastikm%C3%BCll_Im_Meer_%28150229847%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Plastic bags are an example of macrodebris.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/157px-Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/236px-Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/314px-Macroplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Macroplastics at the surface ocean 1950–2000 and projections beyond, in million metric tonnes</div></div></div></div></div> Plastic debris is categorized as macrodebris when it is larger than 20 mm. These include items such as plastic grocery bags.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> Macrodebris are often found in ocean waters, and can have a serious impact on the native organisms. Fishing nets have been prime pollutants. Even after they have been abandoned, they continue to trap marine organisms and other plastic debris. Eventually, these abandoned nets become too difficult to remove from the water because they become too heavy, having grown in weight up to 6 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_in_marine_environment-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plastic_production">Plastic production</h2></div> 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017. More than half this plastic has been produced since 2004. Of all the plastic discarded so far, 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled.<a href="#cite_note-:11-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decomposition_of_plastics">Decomposition of plastics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Average estimated decomposition times of typical marine debris items. Plastic items are shown in blue.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">Polymer degradation</a></div> Plastics themselves contribute to approximately 10% of discarded waste. Many kinds of plastics exist depending on their precursors and the method for their <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a>. Depending on their chemical composition, plastics and resins have varying properties related to contaminant <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">Polymer degradation</a> takes much longer as a result of <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> environments and the cooling effect of the sea. These factors contribute to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-40">[38]</a> Recent studies have shown that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than was once thought, due to exposure to sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a> has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a foam <a href="/wiki/Plastic_cup" title="Plastic cup">plastic cup</a> will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a <a href="/wiki/Disposable_nappy" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable nappy">disposable nappy</a> will take 450 years, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">fishing line</a> will take 600 years to degrade.<a href="#cite_note-Plastic_Pollution-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistent_organic_pollutants">Persistent organic pollutants</h3></div> It was estimated that global production of plastics is approximately 250 Mt per year. Their abundance has been found to transport <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, also known as POPs. These pollutants have been linked to an increased distribution of algae associated with <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_pollutants">Commercial pollutants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_companies_by_country" title="Category:Plastics companies by country">Category:Plastics companies by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg/220px-Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg/330px-Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg/440px-Single-use_sachet_of_laundry_detergent_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Single-serve sachets are a major contributor to plastic pollution, especially in developing countries</figcaption></figure> In 2019, the group Break Free From Plastic organized over 70,000 volunteers in 51 countries to collect and identify plastic waste. These volunteers collected over "59,000 plastic bags, 53,000 sachets and 29,000 plastic bottles," as reported by The Guardian. Nearly half of the items were identifiable by consumer brands. The most common brands were <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">Pepsico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> According to the global campaign coordinator for the project Emma Priestland in 2020, the only way to solve the problem is stopping production of single use plastic and using reusable products instead.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Coca-Cola answered that "more than 20% of our portfolio comes in refillable or fountain packaging", they are decreasing the amount of plastic in secondary packaging.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Nestlé responded that 87% of their packaging and 66% of their plastic packaging can be reused or recycled and by 2025 they want to make it 100%. By that year they want to reduce the consumption of virgin plastic by one third.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-:5-58">[56]</a> Pepsico responded that they want to decrease "virgin plastic in our beverage business by 35% by 2025" and also expanding reuse and refill practices what should prevent 67 billion single use bottles by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-:5-58">[56]</a> A study from 2024, using the Break Free From Plastic dataset, found that of the aforementioned 50% of the waste that was identifiable by brand, 11% was attributable to Coca-Cola, 5% to Pepsico, 3% to Nestle, 3% to <a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone</a>, and 2% to <a href="/wiki/Altria" title="Altria">Altria</a>, totaling 24% of the total branded count. 56 companies accounted for over 50% of the branded items.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> According to The Plastic Waste Makers index, 55% of plastic waste worldwide is created by 20 companies.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_plastic_waste_generator_and_polluter_countries">Major plastic waste generator and polluter countries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of plastic waste that is inadequately managed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Per capita mismanaged plastic waste (in kilograms per person per day)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_waste_generation">Plastic waste generation</h3></div> The United States is the world leader in generating plastic waste, producing an annual 42 million metric tons of plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Per capita generation of plastic waste in the United States is higher than in any other country, with the average American producing 130.09 kilograms of plastic waste per year. Other high-income countries, such as those of the EU-28 (annual per capita generation 58.56 kg), also have a high per capita plastic waste generation rate. Some high-income countries, such as Japan (annual per capital generation 38.44 kg), produce far less plastic waste per capita.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_pollution">Plastic pollution</h3></div> The United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> estimated in 2022 that the worldwide entry of plastic into the ocean was 8 million metric tons of plastic per year.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> A 2021 study by <a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup" title="The Ocean Cleanup">The Ocean Cleanup</a> estimated that rivers convey between 0.8 and 2.7 million metric tons of plastic into the ocean, and ranked these river's countries. The top ten were, from the most to the least: Philippines, India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Brazil, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mismanaged_plastic_waste_polluters">Mismanaged plastic waste polluters</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:white; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.957611860265px 14.401078255225px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.538163883327px 26.08415062899px 0 0; border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.507720683446px 37.97790955218px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:85.427743169929px 51.981734262071px 0 0; border-top-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:75.42513807361px 65.658575575296px 0 0; border-top-color:lightblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:62.278778048811px 78.239081057659px 0 0; border-top-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:46.515107807746px 88.523131133246px 0 0; border-top-color:burlywood"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:burlywood"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:27.899110603923px 96.029368567694px 0 0; border-top-color:peru"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:peru"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 3182.0515953774px 100px 0; border-right-color:wheat"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:wheat"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 239.2922834842px 100px 0; border-right-color:cornsilk"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:cornsilk"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 103.84280141848px 100px 0; border-right-color:saddlebrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:saddlebrown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 17.12924167024px 100px 0; border-right-color:khaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:khaki"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Top 12 mismanaged plastic waste polluters <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  China (27.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Indonesia (10.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Philippines (5.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Vietnam (5.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sri Lanka (5.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Thailand (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Egypt (3.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Malaysia (2.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nigeria (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bangladesh (2.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South Africa (2.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  India (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rest of the world (27.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> In 2018 approximately 513 million tonnes of plastics wind up in the oceans every year out of which the 83,1% is from the following 20 countries: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is the most mismanaged plastic waste polluter leaving in the sea the 27.7% of the world total, second <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> with the 10.1%, third <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> with 5.9%, fourth <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> with 5.8%, fifth <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> 5.0%, sixth <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> with 3.2%, seventh <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with 3.0%, eighth <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> with 2.9%, ninth <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> with 2.7%, tenth <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> with 2.5%, eleventh <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with 2.0%, twelfth <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with 1.9%, thirteenth <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> with 1.6%, fourteenth <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> with 1.5%, fifteenth <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> with 1.5%, sixteenth <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> with 1.5%, seventeenth <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> with 1.4%, eighteenth <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> with 1.0%, nineteenth <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> with 1.0%, twentieth <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with 0.9%. The rest of world's countries combined wind up the 16.9% of the mismanaged plastic waste in the oceans, according to a study published by <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthday.org-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> All the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list.<a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthday.org-67">[65]</a> In 2020, a study revised the potential 2016 U.S. contribution to mismanaged plastic;<a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-20">[20]</a> It estimated that U.S.-generated plastic might place the U.S. behind Indonesia and India in oceanic pollution, or it might place the U.S. behind Indonesia, India, Thailand, China, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, Japan, Russia, and Vietnam. In 2022, it was estimated all OECD countries (North America, Chile, Colombia, Europe, Israel, Japan, S. Korea) may contribute 5% of oceanic plastic pollution, with the rest of the world polluting 95%.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Since 2016 China ceased importing plastics for recycling and since 2019 international treaties signed by 187 countries restricted the export of plastics for recycling.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> A 2019 study calculated the mismanaged plastic waste, in millions of metric tonnes (Mt) per year: <ul><li>52 Mt – Asia</li> <li>17 Mt – Africa</li> <li>7.9 Mt – Latin America & Caribbean</li> <li>3.3 Mt – Europe</li> <li>0.3 Mt – US & Canada</li> <li>0.1 Mt – Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, etc.)<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_plastic_waste_polluters">Total plastic waste polluters</h3></div> Around 275 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated each year around the world; between 4.8 million and 12.7 million tonnes is dumped into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Worm-6">[6]</a> About 60% of the plastic waste in the ocean comes from the top five countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The table below list the top 20 plastic waste polluting countries in 2010 according to a study published by <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, Jambeck et al (2015).<a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthday.org-67">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Top plastic polluters as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic_pollution&action=edit">[update]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Plastic pollution (in 1000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> per year) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>8820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>3220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>1830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>1590 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>1030 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>850 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td>520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>280 </td></tr> </tbody></table> All the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list.<a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthday.org-67">[65]</a> In a study published by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a>, Schmidt et al (2017) calculated that ten rivers: two in Africa (the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a>) and eight in Asia (the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hai_He" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai He">Hai He</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a>) "transport 88–95% of the global plastics load into the sea.".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The Caribbean Islands are the biggest plastic polluters <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in the world. <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> produces 1.5 kilograms of waste per capita per day, is the biggest plastic polluter per capita in the world. At least 0.19 kg per person per day of Trinidad and Tobago's plastic debris end up in the ocean, or for example <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> which generates more than four times the amount of plastic waste per capita as China and is responsible for 1.2 times more improperly disposed plastic waste per capita than China. Of the top thirty global polluters per capita, ten are from the Caribbean region. These are Trinidad and Tobago, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, according to a set of studies summarized by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_the_environment">Effects on the environment</h3></div> The distribution of plastic debris is highly variable as a result of certain factors such as wind and ocean currents, coastline geography, urban areas, and trade routes. Human population in certain areas also plays a large role in this. Plastics are more likely to be found in enclosed regions such as the Caribbean. It serves as a means of distribution of organisms to remote coasts that are not their native environments. This could potentially increase the variability and dispersal of organisms in specific areas that are less biologically diverse. Plastics can also be used as vectors for chemical <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent organic pollutants">persistent organic pollutants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-40">[38]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg/200px-Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg/300px-Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg/400px-Beach_plastic_waste_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg/200px-Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg/300px-Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg/400px-Beach_plastic_waste_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A man and woman dragging a bag of plastic waste collected from the beach in Ghana</div></div></div></div> Plastic pollution has also greatly negatively affected our environment. "The pollution is significant and widespread, with plastic debris found on even the most remote coastal areas and in every marine habitat".<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> This information tells us about how much of a consequential change plastic pollution has made on the ocean and even the coasts. In January 2022 a group of scientists defined a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary boundary">planetary boundary</a> for "novel entities" (pollution, including plastic pollution) and found it has already been exceeded. According to co-author Patricia Villarubia-Gómez from the Stockholm Resilience Centre, "There has been a 50-fold increase in the production of chemicals since 1950. This is projected to triple again by 2050". There are at least 350,000 artificial chemicals in the world. They have mostly "negative effects on <a href="/wiki/Planetary_health" title="Planetary health">planetary health</a>". Plastic alone contain more than 10,000 chemicals and create large problems. The researchers are calling for limit on chemical production and shift to <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, meaning to products that can be reused and recycled.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The problem of ocean plastic debris is ubiquitous. It is estimated that 1.5–4% of global plastics production ends up in the oceans every year, mainly as a result of poor waste management infrastructure and practices combined with irresponsible attitudes to the use and disposal of plastics. The weathering of plastic debris causes its fragmentation into particles that even small marine invertebrates may ingest hence contaminating the food chain. Their small size renders them untraceable to their source and extremely difficult to remove from open ocean environments.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In the marine environment, plastic pollution causes "Entanglement, toxicological effects via ingestion of plastics, suffocation, starvation, dispersal, and rafting of organisms, provision of new habitats, and introduction of invasive species are significant ecological effects with growing threats to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and trophic relationships. Degradation (changes in the ecosystem state) and modifications of marine systems are associated with loss of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> and values. Consequently, this emerging contaminant affects the socio-economic aspects through negative impacts on tourism, fishery, shipping, and human health".<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastic_pollution_as_a_cause_of_climate_change">Plastic pollution as a cause of climate change</h4></div> In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, in 2019, production and incineration of plastic will contribute <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) to the atmosphere. In current trend, annual emissions from these sources will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050 plastic could emit 56 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> gas emissions, as much as 14 percent of the earth's remaining <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">carbon budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> By 2100 it will emit 260 billion tonnes, more than half of the carbon budget. Those are emission from production, transportation, incineration, but there are also releases of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and effects on <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The emissions of methane from plastic decomposition and impact on phytoplankton, were still not known well when the report was released. According to one estimate, plastic floating in the ocean can emit annually 76 Mt methane equal to 2,129 Mt CO2e, based on the 100 years <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> of methane. But these numbers are very preliminary. From one side, it can be an overestimate as it is based on the emissions of LDPE in powder form, the most emission intensive type of plastic in this case and in tropical water where intense radiation increases decomposition. But from the other side it can be an underestimate, as it is not including the decomposition of plastic on land which is probably more emission intensive, the effects on phytoplankton which can be significant, the emissions from submerged plastic. Therefore, the authors prefer to not include them in the official estimate, but to write them in the full report, as a base for further discussion noting the high importance of the problem.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> used 2 different studies to estimate the impact of plastic on climate: according to the first, by the year 2040 the annual emissions from plastic will reach 2.1 <a href="/wiki/GtCO2" class="mw-redirect" title="GtCO2">GtCO2</a> and will consume 19% of the 1.5 degrees <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">carbon budget</a>, while the second estimated the emissions in the year 2015 as 1.7 GtCO2 and predicted that by the year 2050 they will reach 6.5 GtCO2, consuming 15% of the carbon budget.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> estimated the emissions from plastic as 1.8 GtCO2 (3.7% of total emissions) in 2019 which will rise to 4.3 GtCO2 (4.5% of total emissions) in 2060, without measures to reduce them.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In a 2024 Bloomberg article, the ever-increasing consumption of plastics was highlighted as a critical environmental issue. Global use is projected to reach 1.1 billion metric tons by 2050, up from just 2 million in the 1950s. The plastic industry's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are substantial, having emitted 1.8 billion metric tons in 2019, with the potential to exceed 2.5 billion metric tons by 2050 if no changes are made. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is on track to see its plastic emissions increase from 317 million metric tons in 2021 to 401 million by 2025, primarily due to production and disposal methods. With global <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">recycling</a> rates for plastic packaging at a mere 20%, most discarded plastics end up incinerated or in landfills, where they emit <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> as they <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decompose</a>. The international community is divided on how to address the plastic issue. Proposals range from national pledges to mandatory production controls, with the latter being supported by entities like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. However, the recycling solution is under scrutiny due to low success rates. As a result, there's a growing movement towards reducing plastic production and implementing bans on single-use plastics. States like <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> are taking legislative action with extended producer responsibility laws to ensure that manufacturers are accountable for the lifecycle environmental impact of their products.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_plastic_on_land">Effects of plastic on land</h3></div> Plastic pollution on land poses a threat to the plants and animals – including humans who are based on the land.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Estimates of the amount of plastic concentration on land are between four and twenty three times that of the ocean. The amount of plastic poised on the land is greater and more concentrated than that in the water.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Mismanaged plastic waste ranges from 60 percent in East Asia and Pacific to one percent in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Kibria-91">[89]</a> It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.7 million tonnes of mismanaged plastic is transported to the ocean each year.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> In 2021 a report conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> stated that plastic is often used in agriculture. There is more plastic in the soil than in the oceans. The presence of plastic in the environment hurt ecosystems and human health and pose a threat to food safety.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated">Chlorinated</a> plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep into <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> or other surrounding water sources and also the ecosystem of the world.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-94">[92]</a> This can cause serious harm to the species that drink the water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_flooding">Effect on flooding</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg/220px-Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg/330px-Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg/440px-Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers clearing gutters in <a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a>, Nigeria during a volunteer sanitation day. Even when there is adequate <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">infrastructure for sanitation</a>, plastic pollution can prevent drainage and impede sewage flow.</figcaption></figure> Plastic waste can clog <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a>, and such clogging can increase flood damage, particularly in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[93]</a> A buildup of plastic garbage at trash cans raises the water level upstream and may enhance the risk of urban flooding.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> flood risk increases substantially because of plastic waste clogging the already overburdened sewer system.<a href="#cite_note-:6-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_tap_water">In tap water</h4></div> A 2017 study found that 83% of tap water samples taken around the world contained plastic pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> This was the first study to focus on global <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">drinking water pollution</a> with plastics,<a href="#cite_note-:2-100">[98]</a> and showed that with a contamination rate of 94%, tap water in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was the most polluted, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. European countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> had the lowest contamination rate, though still as high as 72%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[96]</a> This means that people may be ingesting between 3,000 and 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Microparticle" title="Microparticle">microparticles</a> of plastic from tap water per year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-100">[98]</a> The analysis found particles of more than 2.5 microns in size, which is 2500 times bigger than a <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a>. It is currently unclear if this contamination is affecting human health, but if the water is also found to contain nano-particle pollutants, there could be adverse impacts on human well-being, according to scientists associated with the study.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> However, plastic tap water pollution remains under-studied, as are the links of how pollution transfers between humans, air, water, and soil.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_terrestrial_ecosystems">In terrestrial ecosystems</h4></div> Mismanaged plastic waste leads to plastic directly or indirectly entering terrestrial ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:7-103">[101]</a> There has been a significant increase of microplastic pollution due to the poor handling and disposal of plastic materials.<a href="#cite_note-:8-104">[102]</a> In particular, plastic pollution in the form of microplastics now can be found extensively in soil. It enters the soil by settling on the surface and eventually making its way into subsoils.<a href="#cite_note-:9-105">[103]</a> These microplastics find their way into plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-:10-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a> and sludge of wastewater contain large amounts of plastics. Wastewater treatment plants do not have a treatment process to remove microplastics which results in plastics being transferred into water and soil when effluent and sludge are applied to land for agricultural purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-106">[104]</a> Several researchers have found plastic microfibers that are released when fleece and other polyester textiles are cleaned in washing machines.<a href="#cite_note-:12-107">[105]</a> These fibers can be transferred through effluent to land which pollutes soil environments.<a href="#cite_note-:9-105">[103]</a> The increase in plastic and microplastic pollution in soils can cause adverse impacts on plants and microorganisms in the soil, which can in turn affect soil fertility. Microplastics affect soil ecosystems that are important for plant growth. Plants are important for the environment and ecosystems so the plastics are damaging to plants and organisms living in these ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:8-104">[102]</a> Microplastics alter soil biophysical properties which affect the quality of the soil. This affects soil biological activity, biodiversity and plant health. Microplastics in the soil alter a plant's growth. It decreases seedling germination, affects the number of leaves, stem diameter and chlorophyll content in these plants.<a href="#cite_note-:8-104">[102]</a> Microplastics in the soil are a risk not only to soil biodiversity but also food safety and human health. Soil biodiversity is important for plant growth in agricultural industries. Agricultural activities such as plastic mulching and application of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal wastes</a> contribute to the microplastic pollution in the soil. Human-modified soils are commonly used to improve crop productivity but the effects are more damaging than helpful.<a href="#cite_note-:8-104">[102]</a> Plastics also release toxic chemicals into the environment and cause physical, chemical harm and biological damage to organisms. Ingestion of plastic does not only lead to death in animals through intestinal blockage but it can also travel up the food chain which affects humans.<a href="#cite_note-:7-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds">Effects of plastic on oceans and seabirds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_(8080507529).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg/220px-Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg/330px-Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg/440px-Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The unaltered stomach contents of a dead albatross chick photographed on Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Pacific in September 2009 include plastic marine debris fed to the chick by its parents</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic soup">Plastic soup</a></div><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a> is one of the most important when one is affected by plastic pollution. Plastic pollution puts animals' lives in danger and is in constant fear of extinction. Marine wildlife such as seabirds, whales, fish and turtles mistake plastic waste for prey; most then die of starvation as their stomachs become filled with plastic. They also suffer from lacerations, infections, reduced ability to swim, and internal injuries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> This evidence tells us how damaged marine wildlife is being affected by plastic pollution, they bring up how many animals mistake plastic for prey and eat it without knowing. "Globally, 100,000 marine mammals die every year as a result of plastic pollution. This includes whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals and sea lions".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> This evidence tells us the statistics of how many marine mammals really are negatively affected enough to die from plastic pollution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_freshwater_ecosystems">Effects on freshwater ecosystems</h3></div> Research into freshwater plastic pollution has been largely ignored over marine ecosystems, comprising only 13% of published papers on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Plastics make their way into bodies of freshwater, underground aquifers, and moving freshwaters through runoff and erosion of mismanaged plastic waste (MMPW). In some areas, the direct waste disposal into rivers is a remaining factor of historical practices, and has only been somewhat limited by modern legislation.<a href="#cite_note-:04-111">[109]</a> Rivers are the primary transport of plastics into marine ecosystems, sourcing potentially 80% of the plastic pollution in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-113">[111]</a> Research on the top ten river catchments ranked by annual amount of MMPW showed that some rivers contribute as high as 88–95% of ocean-bound plastics, the highest being the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> River into the East China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-10.1021/acs.est.7b02368-114">[112]</a> Asian rivers contribute nearly 67% of plastic waste found in the ocean annually, largely influenced by the high density coastal populations all throughout the continent as well as relatively intense bouts of seasonal rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_on_freshwater_biodiversity">Impacts on freshwater biodiversity</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h5></div> A study analyzing ingestion of plastics across a variety of previously published experiments showed that out of the 206 species covered, the majority of papers documented ingestion in fish.<a href="#cite_note-:04-111">[109]</a> This does not quite mean that fish ingest plastic more than other organisms, but instead highlights the underrepresentation of plastic effects in equally important organisms, like aquatic plants, amphibians and invertebrates. Despite this disparity, controlled experiments analyzing microplastic impact on aquatic plants like the algae Chlorella spp and common duckweed Lemna minor have yielded significant results. Between microplastics of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVC demonstrated greater toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa, overall negatively impacting their photosynthetic ability. This effect on photosynthesis is likely due to the 60% reduction of algal <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll a</a> associated with high PVC concentrations found in the same study.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> When analyzing the effect of polyethylene microbeads (origin: cosmetic exfoliants) on the aquatic macrophyte L. minor, no effect on photosynthetic pigments and productivity was found, but root growth and root cell viability decreased.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> These results are concerning as plants and algae are integral to nutrient and gas cycling within an aquatic system, and have the capacity to create significant changes in water composition due to their sheer density. Crustaceans have also been analyzed for their response to plastic presence. There is proof that freshwater crustaceans, specifically European crabs and crayfish, suffer entanglement in polyamide ghost nets used in lake fishing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> When exposed to plastic <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> of polystyrene, <a href="/wiki/Daphnia_galeata" title="Daphnia galeata">Daphnia galeata</a> (common water flea) experienced reduced survival within 48 hours as well as reproductive issues. Over a span of 5 days, the amount of pregnant Daphnia decreased by nearly 50%, and less than 20% of exposed embryos survived without any immediate repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Other arthropods, like juvenile stages of insects are susceptible to similar plastic exposure as some spend part of their adolescence fully submerged in a freshwater resource. This similarity in lifestyle to other aquatic invertebrates indicates that insects may experience similar side effects of plastic exposure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_(60663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg/220px-Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg/330px-Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg/440px-Robin_killed_by_trash_in_Prospect_Park_%2860663%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/American_robin" title="American robin">American robin</a> dead after becoming tangled in discarded <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">fishing line</a></figcaption></figure> Plastic exposure in amphibians has mostly been studied in adolescent life stages, when the test subjects are still dependent on an aquatic environment where it can be easier to manipulate variables experimentally. Studies on a common South American freshwater frog, <a href="/wiki/Physalaemus_cuvieri" title="Physalaemus cuvieri">Physalaemus cuvieri</a> indicated that plastics may have the potential to induce mutagenic and cytotoxic morphological changes.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Much more research needs to be done on amphibian response to plastic pollution, especially since amphibians can serve as initial <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">indicator species</a> of environmental decline.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Freshwater mammals and birds have long been known to have negative interactions with plastic pollution, often resulting in entanglement or suffocation/choking after ingesting. While inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract in both groups has been noted, unfortunately there is little to no data on the toxicological effects of plastic pollutants in these organisms.<a href="#cite_note-:04-111">[109]</a> Fish have been studied the most regarding plastic pollution in freshwater organisms, with the majority of studies indicating evidence of plastic ingestion in wild-caught samples and lab specimens.<a href="#cite_note-:04-111">[109]</a> There have been some attempts to look at lethality of plastics in a common freshwater model species, <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Danio rerio</a>, aka zebrafish. Increased mucus production and inflammation response in the D. rerio GI tract was noted, but additionally, researchers noted a distinct shift in the <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbial communities</a> within the zebrafish intestinal microbiome.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> This finding is significant, as research within the last few decades has increasingly revealed how much power intestinal microbiomes have regarding their host's nutrient absorption and endocrine systems.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Because of this, plastics may have a far more drastic effect on individual organism health than is currently known so far, thus warranting the need for further research as soon as possible. Many of these findings also have been found in a laboratory setting, so more effort needs to be channeled into measuring plastic abundance and toxicology in wild populations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_humans">Effects on humans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg/220px-Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg/330px-Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg/440px-Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The site where the refuse is being recycled in Ghana</figcaption></figure> Compounds that are used in manufacturing pollute the environment by releasing chemicals into the air and water. Some compounds that are used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), are under close statute and might be very harmful. Even though these compounds are unsafe, they have been used in the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, medical devices, flooring materials, bottles, perfumes, cosmetics and much more. Inhalation of microplastics (MPs) have been shown to be one of the major contributors to MP uptake in humans. MPs in the form of dust particles are circulated constantly through ventilation and air conditioning systems indoors.<a href="#cite_note-:05-124">[122]</a> The large dosage of these compounds are hazardous to humans, destroying the endocrine system. BPA imitates the female's hormone called estrogen. PBD destroys and causes damage to thyroid hormones, which are vital hormone glands that play a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. MPs can also have a detrimental effect on male reproductive success. MPs such as BPA can interfere with <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid biosynthesis</a> in the male endocrine system and with early stages of <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-125">[123]</a> MPs in men can also create <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> and DNA damage in spermatozoa, causing reduced sperm viability.<a href="#cite_note-:13-125">[123]</a> Although the level of exposure to these chemicals varies depending on age and geography, most humans experience simultaneous exposure to many of these chemicals. Average levels of daily exposure are below the levels deemed to be unsafe, but more research needs to be done on the effects of low dose exposure on humans. A lot is unknown on how severely humans are physically affected by these chemicals. Some of the chemicals used in plastic production can cause <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> upon contact with human skin. In many plastics, these toxic chemicals are only used in trace amounts, but significant testing is often required to ensure that the toxic elements are contained within the plastic by inert material or polymer. Children and women during their reproduction age are at most at risk and more prone to damaging their immune as well as their reproductive system from these hormone-disrupting chemicals. Pregnancy and nursing products such as baby bottles, pacifiers, and plastic feeding utensils place infants and children at a very high risk of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-:05-124">[122]</a> Human health has also been negatively impacted by plastic pollution. "Almost a third of groundwater sites in the US contain BPA. BPA is harmful at very low concentrations as it interferes with our hormone and reproductive systems.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> This quote tells us how much of a percentage of our water is contaminated and should not be drunk on a daily basis. "At every stage of its lifecycle, plastic poses distinct risks to human health, arising from both exposure to plastic particles themselves and associated chemicals".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> This quote is an intro to numerous points of why plastic is damaging to us, such as the carbon that is released when it is being made and transported which is also related to how plastic pollution harms our environment. A 2022 study published in <a href="/wiki/Environment_International" title="Environment International">Environment International</a> found microplastic in the blood of 80% of people tested in the study, and such microplastic has the potential to become embedded in human organs.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h4></div> Due to the pervasiveness of plastic products, most of the human population is constantly exposed to the chemical components of plastics. In the United States, 95% of adults have had detectable levels of BPA in their urine. Exposure to chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A#Health_effects" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a> have been correlated with disruptions in fertility, reproduction, sexual maturation, and other health effects.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environ_health-129">[127]</a> Specific <a href="/wiki/Phthalates#Health_effects" title="Phthalates">phthalates</a> have also resulted in similar biological effects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thyroid_hormone_axis">Thyroid hormone axis</h5></div> Bisphenol A affects <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormone</a> axis, which affects biological functions such as metabolism and development. BPA can decrease <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">thyroid hormone receptor</a> (TR) activity by increasing TR transcriptional corepressor activity. This then decreases the level of thyroid hormone binding proteins that bind to triiodothyronine. By affecting the thyroid hormone axis, BPA exposure can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plasticizer-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sex_hormones">Sex hormones</h5></div> BPA can disrupt normal, physiological levels of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a>. It does this by binding to <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a> that normally bind to sex hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, leading to the disruption of the balance between the two. BPA can also affect the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of sex hormones. It often acts as an <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogen</a> or as an estrogen, which can cause disruptions in gonadal development and sperm production.<a href="#cite_note-plasticizer-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Carotid_arteries">Carotid arteries</h5></div> A recent research found that approximately 58% of patients who underwent <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">vascular surgery</a> for clogged blood vessels were patients with invisible plastic nano particles in their <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">carotid arteries</a>, blocking the blood supply to the brain and neck. The researchers also found that the blood vessels of those with plastic were inflamed, thus putting them at risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attacks">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strokes">strokes</a>, and death. Another research found that amounts of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> were found in the plaque tissues of 150 people who underwent <a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">carotid endarterectomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Breast_milk">Breast milk</h5></div> A study in 2022 showed that plastic particles were identified in the breast milk of 77% of the sample of healthy mothers. The researchers were concerned with plastic particles jeopardizing the infants’ health during lactation. The Mothers’ consumption of food and drink in plastic packaging and the use of plastic-containing personal hygiene products was recorded. The results showed absence of microplastics, thus scientists considered the omnipresence of microplastics in the environment and the inevitability of them entering the body.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3></div> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Plasticosis" title="Plasticosis">plasticosis</a>, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, they found, it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reduction_efforts">Reduction efforts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/220px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/330px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/440px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Household items made of various types of plastic.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita,_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/220px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/330px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/440px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day</figcaption></figure> Efforts to reduce the use of plastics, to promote <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a> and to reduce mismanaged plastic waste or plastic pollution have occurred or are ongoing. The first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">scientific review</a> in the professional academic literature about global plastic pollution in general found that the rational response to the "global threat" would be "reductions in consumption of virgin plastic materials, along with internationally coordinated strategies for <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>" – such as banning export of plastic waste unless it leads to better recycling – and describes the state of knowledge about "poorly reversible" impacts which are one of the rationales for its reduction.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Some supermarkets charge their customers for plastic bags, and in some places more efficient reusable or <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> materials are being used in place of plastics. Some communities and businesses have put a ban on some commonly used plastic items, such as bottled water and plastic bags.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Some non-governmental organizations have launched voluntary plastic reduction schemes like certificates that can be adapted by restaurants to be recognized as eco-friendly among customers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> In January 2019 a "Global <a href="/wiki/Alliance_to_End_Plastic_Waste" title="Alliance to End Plastic Waste">Alliance to End Plastic Waste</a>" was created by companies in the plastics industry. The alliance aims to clean the environment from existing waste and increase recycling, but it does not mention reduction in plastic production as one of its targets.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Moreover, subsequent reporting has suggested the group is a <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> initiative.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-cite2-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ciitc1-142">[140]</a> On 2 March 2022 in Nairobi, representatives of 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution. The agreement should address the full lifecycle of plastic and propose alternatives including <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a>. An Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) that should conceive the agreement by the end of the year 2024 was created. The agreement should facilitate the transition to a circular economy, which will reduce GHG emissions by 25%. Inger Andersen, executive director of UNEP called the decision "a triumph by planet earth over single-use plastics".<a href="#cite_note-unep.org-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Around 100 countries implemented single use plastic bags bans or taxes, which successfully reduced pollution and had public support. Many implemented measures to reduce the use of "single use cutlery, straws, balloon sticks, and coffee buds".<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In the lead up to the Assembly, global public opinion on a plastic treaty was surveyed, analysed and reported by The Plastic Free Foundation in partnership with Ipsos and WWF-International. The report identified that nearly 90% of survey participants – over 20,000 adults across 28 countries – believed that having a global plastics treaty will help to effectively address the plastic pollution crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:15-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodegradable_and_degradable_plastics">Biodegradable and degradable plastics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging#Alternatives_to_plastics" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging § Alternatives to plastics</a></div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">biodegradable plastics</a> has many <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic#Advantages_and_disadvantages" title="Biodegradable plastic">advantages and disadvantages</a>. Biodegradables are <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a> that degrade in industrial <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composters</a>. Biodegradables do not degrade as efficiently in domestic composters, and during this slower process, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> gas may be emitted.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a> There are also other types of degradable materials that are not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a>, because they are oil-based, similar to other conventional plastics. These plastics are made to be more degradable through the use of different additives, which help them degrade when exposed to UV rays or other physical stressors.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a> yet, biodegradation-promoting additives for polymers have been shown not to significantly increase biodegradation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Although biodegradable and degradable plastics have helped reduce plastic pollution, there are some drawbacks. One issue concerning both types of plastics is that they do not break down very efficiently in natural environments. There, degradable plastics that are oil-based may break down into smaller fractions, at which point they do not degrade further.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a> A parliamentary committee in the United Kingdom also found that compostable and biodegradable plastics could add to <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> because there is a lack of infrastructure to deal with these new types of plastic, as well as a lack of understanding about them on the part of consumers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[145]</a> For example, these plastics need to be sent to industrial composting facilities to degrade properly, but no adequate system exists to make sure waste reaches these facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[145]</a> The committee thus recommended to reduce the amount of plastic used rather than introducing new types of it to the market.<a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[145]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisms_breaking_down_plastic" title="Category:Organisms breaking down plastic">Category:Organisms breaking down plastic</a></div> Also worth noting is the evolution of new enzymes allowing microorganisms living in polluted locations to digest normal, hard-to-degrade plastic.<a href="#cite_note-Ong-7">[7]</a> A 2021 study looking for <a href="/wiki/Homologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologs">homologs</a> of 95 known plastic-degrading enzymes spanning 17 plastic types found a further 30,000 possible enzymes. Despite their apparent ubiquity, there is no current evidence that these novel enzymes are breaking down any meaningful amount of plastic to reduce pollution.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incineration">Incineration</h3></div> Up to 60% of used plastic medical equipment is incinerated rather than deposited in a landfill as a precautionary measure to lessen the transmission of disease. This has allowed for a large decrease in the amount of plastic waste that stems from medical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environ_health-129">[127]</a> At a large scale, plastics, paper, and other materials provides <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">waste-to-energy</a> plants with useful fuel. About 12% of total produced plastic has been incinerated.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Many studies have been done concerning the <a href="/wiki/Incineration#Gaseous_emissions" title="Incineration">gaseous emissions</a> that result from the incineration process.<a href="#cite_note-:4-150">[148]</a> Incinerated plastics release a number of toxins in the burning process, including <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-150">[148]</a> When burned outside of facilities designed to collect or process the toxins, this can have significant health effects and create significant air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-:4-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Collection,_recycling_and_reduction">§ Collection, recycling and reduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg/220px-Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg/330px-Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg/440px-Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Share of inadequately managed plastic waste (2010)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_(2025).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg/220px-Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg/330px-Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg/440px-Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_%282025%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Projected share of inadequately managed plastic waste (2025)</figcaption></figure> Agencies such as the US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> and US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> often do not assess the safety of new chemicals until after a negative side effect is shown. Once they suspect a chemical may be toxic, it is studied to determine the human reference dose, which is determined to be the lowest observable adverse effect level. During these studies, a high dose is tested to see if it causes any adverse health effects, and if it does not, lower doses are considered to be safe as well. This does not take into account the fact that with some chemicals found in plastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>, lower doses can have a discernible effect.<a href="#cite_note-bpa_invisible_pollution-151">[149]</a> Even with this often complex evaluation process, policies have been put into place in order to help alleviate plastic pollution and its effects. Government regulations have been implemented that ban some chemicals from being used in specific plastic products. In Canada, the United States, and the European Union, BPA has been banned from being incorporated in the production of baby bottles and children's cups, due to health concerns and the higher vulnerability of younger children to the effects of BPA.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environ_health-129">[127]</a> Taxes have been established in order to discourage specific ways of managing plastic waste. The <a href="/wiki/Landfill_tax" title="Landfill tax">landfill tax</a>, for example, creates an incentive to choose to recycle plastics rather than contain them in landfills, by making the latter more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a> There has also been a standardization of the types of plastics that can be considered compostable.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a> The European Norm EN 13432, which was set by the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a> (CEN), lists the standards that plastics must meet, in terms of compostability and <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a>, in order to officially be labeled as compostable.<a href="#cite_note-plastics_environment_human_health-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Given the significant threat that oceans face, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> Group aims to increase its funding and advisory assistance for ocean cleanup. For example, the Clean Oceans Initiative (COI) was established in 2018. The European Investment Bank, the German Development Bank, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">French Development Agency</a> (AFD) agreed to invest a total of €2 billion under the COI from October 2018 to October 2023 in initiatives aimed at reducing pollution discharge into the oceans, with a special focus on plastics.<a href="#cite_note-:02-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The Clean Ocean Initiative plans to give €4 billion in funding towards decreasing plastic waste at sea by the end of 2025. Improved wastewater treatment in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> are some examples, as is solid waste management in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voluntary_reduction_efforts_failing">Voluntary reduction efforts failing</h4></div> Major plastic producers continue to lobby governments to refrain from imposing restrictions on plastic production and to advocate for voluntary corporate targets to reduce new plastic output. However, the world's top 10 plastic producers, including The Coca-Cola Company, Nestle SA and PepsiCo have been failing to meet even their own minimum targets for virgin plastic use.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The export of plastic waste from rich countries to poorer countries has been well documented. Differences between countries in environmental policy and costs relating to taxes, disposal, and transport, are important determinants on legal and illegal international traffic in hazardous and non<a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> and scrap products, including plastics.<a href="#cite_note-Benson-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kellenberg-162">[160]</a> There have been several international covenants which address marine plastic pollution, such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973</a> and the Honolulu Strategy, there is nothing around plastics which infiltrate the ocean from the land.<a href="#cite_note-Farrelly-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In 2019, the Basel Convention was amended to include plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> 187 countries agreed to limit the export of plastic waste following rules from the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a>. The Convention prohibits Parties from trading with non-Parties (e.g. United States) unless the countries have a pre-determined agreement that meets Basel criteria.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> During January 2021, the first month that the agreement was in effect, trade data showed that overall scrap exports from the U.S. actually increased.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legally_binding_plastics_treaty">Legally binding plastics treaty</h5></div> Some academics and NGOs believe that a legally binding international treaty to deal with plastic pollution is necessary. They think this because plastic pollution is an international problem, moving between maritime borders, and also because they believe there needs to be a cap on plastic production.<a href="#cite_note-Trisia-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Lobbyists were hoping that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/environmentassembly/unea5">UNEA-5</a> would lead to a plastics treaty, but the session ended without a legally binding agreement.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In 2022, countries agreed to devise a <a href="/wiki/Global_plastic_pollution_treaty" title="Global plastic pollution treaty">global plastic pollution treaty</a> by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waste_import_bans">Waste import bans</h4></div> Since around 2017, China,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Cambodia,<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> and Thailand<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> have banned certain waste imports. It has been suggested that such bans may increase automation<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> and recycling, decreasing negative impacts on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> According to an analysis of global trade data by the nonprofit Basel Action Network, violations of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a>, active since 1 January 2021, have been rampant during 2021. The U.S., Canada, and the European Union have <a href="/wiki/Waste_management#International_waste_trade" title="Waste management">sent hundreds of millions of tons of plastic</a> to countries with insufficient waste management infrastructure, where much of it is landfilled, burned, or littered into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circular_economy_policies">Circular economy policies</h4></div> Laws related to recyclability, waste management, domestic materials recovery facilities, product composition, biodegradability and prevention of import/export of specific wastes may support prevention of plastic pollution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A study considers producer/manufacturer responsibility "a practical approach toward addressing the issue of plastic pollution", suggesting that "Existing and adopted policies, legislations, regulations, and initiatives at global, regional, and national level play a vital role".<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709-82">[80]</a> Standardization of products, especially of packaging<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] which are, as of 2022, often composed of different materials (each and across products) that are hard or currently impossible to either separate or recycle together in general or in an automated way<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> could support recyclability and recycling. For instance, there are systems that can theoretically <a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">distinguish between and sort</a> 12 types of plastics such as PET using <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">hyperspectral imaging</a> and algorithms developed via <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> while only an estimated 9% of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic waste from the 1950s up to 2018 has been recycled (12% has been incinerated and the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment").<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection,_recycling_and_reduction">Collection, recycling and reduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></div> The two common forms of waste collection include curbside collection and the use of drop-off recycling centers. About 87 percent of the population in the United States (273 million people) have access to curbside and drop-off recycling centers. In curbside collection, which is available to about 63 percent of the United States population (193 million people), people place designated plastics in a special bin to be picked up by a public or private hauling company.<a href="#cite_note-name-189">[187]</a> Most curbside programs collect more than one type of plastic resin, usually both <a href="/wiki/PETE" class="mw-redirect" title="PETE">PETE</a> and <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-name1-190">[188]</a> At drop-off recycling centers, which are available to 68 percent of the United States population (213 million people), people take their recyclables to a centrally located facility.<a href="#cite_note-name-189">[187]</a> Once collected, the plastics are delivered to a <a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">materials recovery facility</a> (MRF) or handler for sorting into single-resin streams to increase product value. The sorted plastics are then <a href="/wiki/Baler#Industrial_balers" title="Baler">baled</a> to reduce shipping costs to reclaimers.<a href="#cite_note-name1-190">[188]</a> There are varying rates of recycling per type of plastic, and in 2017, the overall plastic recycling rate was approximately 8.4% in the United States. Approximately 2.7 million tonnes (3.0 million short tons) of plastics were recycled in the U.S. in 2017, while 24.3 million tonnes (26.8 million short tons) plastic were dumped in landfills the same year. Some plastics are recycled more than others; in 2017 about 31.2 percent of HDPE bottles and 29.1 percent of PET bottles and jars were recycled.<a href="#cite_note-epa_plastic_2017-191">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a> refers to packaging that is manufactured of durable materials and is specifically designed for multiple trips and extended life. There are <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste#Zero-waste_stores" title="Zero waste">zero-waste stores</a> and refill shops<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> for selected products as well as conventional supermarkets that enable refilling of selected plastics-packaged products or voluntarily sell products with no or more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">sustainable packaging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> On 21 May 2019, a new service model called "Loop" to collect packaging from consumers and reuse it, began to function in the New York region, US, supported by multiple larger companies. Consumers drop packages in special shipping totes and then a pick up collect, clean, refill and return them.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> It has begun with several thousand households and aims to not only stop single use plastic, but to stop single use generally by recycling consumer product containers of various materials.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Another effective strategy, that could be supported by policies, is eliminating the need for <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottles</a> such as by using refillable e.g. steel bottles,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_carbonator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water carbonator">water carbonators</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] which may also prevent potential negative impacts on human health due to microplastics release.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Reducing plastic waste could support recycling and is often taken together with recycling: the "3R" refer to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_cleanup">Ocean cleanup</h4></div> The organization "<a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup" title="The Ocean Cleanup">The Ocean Cleanup</a>" is trying to collect plastic waste from the oceans by nets. There are concerns from harm to some forms of sea organisms, especially <a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">neuston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Bubble_Barrier">Great Bubble Barrier</h4></div> In the Netherlands, plastic litter from some rivers is collected by a bubble barrier, to prevent plastics from floating into the sea. This so-called 'Great Bubble Barrier' catches plastics bigger than 1 mm.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Bubble_Barrier-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euronews_Bubble_Barrier-27">[27]</a> The bubble barrier is implemented in the River <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> (2017) and in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-Waternet_Bubble_Barrier-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bubble_Barrier_Amsterdamn-208">[206]</a> and will be implemented in <a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">river Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Katwijk_Bubble_Barrier-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-West_Bubble_Barrier-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_and_tracking">Mapping and tracking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Major_plastic_polluter_countries">§ Major plastic polluter countries</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Our_World_In_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Our World In Data">Our World In Data</a> provides graphics about some analyses, including maps, to show sources of plastic pollution<a href="#cite_note-ourworldindata-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> – including that <a href="/wiki/Ocean_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean pollution">of oceans</a> in specific.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Identifying largest sources of ocean plastics in high fidelity may help to discern causes, to measure progress and to develop effective countermeasures. A large fraction of ocean plastics may come from – also non-imported <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="#Waste_import_bans">above</a>) – plastic waste of coastal cities<a href="#cite_note-ourworldindata-211">[209]</a> as well as from rivers (with top 1000 rivers estimated by one 2021 study to account for 80% of global annual emissions).<a href="#cite_note-10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803-214">[212]</a> These two sources may be interlinked.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> river into the East China Sea is identified by some studies that use sampling evidence as the highest plastic-emitting (sampled) river,<a href="#cite_note-10.1021/acs.est.7b02368-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> in contrast to the beforementioned 2021 study that ranks it at place 64.<a href="#cite_note-10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803-214">[212]</a> Management interventions at the local level at coastal areas were found to be crucial to the global success of reducing plastic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> There is one global, interactive machine learning- and <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite#Environmental_monitoring" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite monitoring</a>-based, map of plastic waste sites which could help identify who and where mismanages plastic waste, dumping it into oceans.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country/region">By country/region</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags">Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4></div> In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> became the first country in Europe to ban lightweight plastic bags.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Albania's environment minister <a href="/wiki/Blendi_Klosi" title="Blendi Klosi">Blendi Klosi</a> said that businesses importing, producing or trading plastic bags less than 35 microns in thickness risk facing fines between 1 million to 1.5 million lek (€7,900 to €11,800).<a href="#cite_note-:32-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia">Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia</a></div> It has been estimated that each year, Australia produces around 2.5m tonnes of plastic waste annually, of which about 84% ends up as <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>, and around 130,000 tonnes of plastic waste leaks into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Six of the eight <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">states and territories</a> had by December 2021 committed to banning a range of plastics. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">federal government</a>'s National Packaging Targets created the goal of phasing out the worst of <a href="/wiki/Single-use_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-use plastic">single-use plastics</a> by 2025,<a href="#cite_note-ausmarine-224">[222]</a> and under the National Plastics Plan 2021,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> it has committed "to phase out loose fill and moulded polystyrene packaging by July 2022, and various other products by December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ausmarine-224">[222]</a> An Australian single-use plastic reduction initiative, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastic_Free_July&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastic Free July (page does not exist)">Plastic Free July</a>, that began in 2011 in Perth, Western Australia has gained a significant global outreach. As of 2022, it had a record 140 million participants making conscious changes and reducing their waste by 2.6 million tonnes in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:16-15">[15]</a> In 2022, in recognition of its contributions to promoting single-use plastic pollution solutions, Plastic Free July was one of two finalists in the annual UN Sustainable Development Action Awards.<a href="#cite_note-:17-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> In the year 2022 Canada announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025. The prime minister of Canada <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> China is the biggest consumer of single-use plastics.<a href="#cite_note-ORVI-227">[225]</a> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> published a plan to cut 30% of plastic waste in five years. As part of this plan, single use plastic bags and straws will be banned.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4></div> In 2015 the European Union adopted a <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directive</a> requiring a reduction in the consumption of single use plastic bags per person to 90 by 2019 and to 40 by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In April 2019, the EU adopted a further directive banning almost all types of single use plastic, except bottles, from the beginning of the year 2021.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> On 3 July 2021, the EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (SUPD, EU 2019/904) went into effect within <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a>. The directive aims to reduce plastic pollution from single-use disposable plastics. It focuses on the 10 most commonly found disposable plastics at beaches, which make up 43% of marine litter (fishing gear another 27%). According to the directive, there is a ban on plastic <a href="/wiki/Cotton_bud" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton bud">cotton buds</a> and balloon sticks, plastic plates, cutlery, stirrers and straws, <a href="/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">Styrofoam</a> drinks and food packaging (e.g. disposable cups and one-person meals), products made of <a href="/wiki/Oxo-degradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxo-degradable">oxo-degradable</a> plastic, which degrade into <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, while cigarette filters, drinking cups, wet wipes, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_towel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary towel">sanitary towels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a> receive a label indicating the product contains plastic, that it belongs in the trash, and that litter has negative effects on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-EU_SUP_Directive-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaponLitter-234">[232]</a> Article 8 of the directive also supports the use of <a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">extended producer responsibility</a> schemes relating to plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> In December 2022 the EU took the first steps for banning the export of plastic waste to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Agreement between the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on a revision to the Waste Shipment Regulation, which will cover this matter, was reached on 17 November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> In 2021 France banned "free plastic bottles, plastic confetti, and single-use plastic bags", in 2022 restrictions were made on plastic packaging and toys and in the first of January 2023 many types of single use plastic were banned from restaurants that have more than 20 places. Some were concerned the measures will not be implemented well due to the current energy crisis.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako,_H.P._India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg/220px-Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg/330px-Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg/440px-Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako%2C_H.P._India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Say no to polythene. Sign. <a href="/wiki/Nako,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Nako, Himachal Pradesh">Nako, Himachal Pradesh</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> The government of India decided to ban single use plastics and take a number of measures to recycle and reuse plastic from 2 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Drinking_Water_and_Sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation">Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</a>, Government of India, has requested various governmental departments to avoid the use of plastic bottles to provide drinking water during governmental meetings, etc., and to instead make arrangements for providing drinking water that do not generate plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> has restricted the usage of plastic water bottles (in government functions and meetings) and styrofoam products.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> has banned the usage of plastic <a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">water bottles</a> in governmental meetings.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2015_National_Games_of_India" title="2015 National Games of India">2015 National Games of India</a>, organised in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, was associated with green protocols.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> This was initiated by Suchitwa Mission that aimed for "<a href="/wiki/Zero-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-waste">zero-waste</a>" venues. To make the event "disposable-free", there was ban on the usage of disposable water bottles.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The event witnessed the usage of reusable tableware and stainless steel tumblers.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Athletes were provided with refillable steel flasks.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> It is estimated that these green practices stopped the generation of 120 tonnes of disposable waste.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The City of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> in 2016 banned the plastic for all purpose other than for few special cases like milk delivery etc.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India effected the Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> In the year 2022 India has begun to implement a country wide ban on different sorts of plastic. This is necessary also for achieving the climate targets of the country as in plastic production are used more than 8,000 additives, part of them are thousands times more powerful greenhouse gases than CO2.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, one of the many islands of Indonesia, two sisters, Melati and Isabel Wijsen, made efforts to ban plastic bags in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> As of January 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic_pollution&action=edit">[update]</a> their organization Bye Bye Plastic Bags had spread to over 50 locations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> In Israel, two cities: <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a>, decided to ban the usage of single use plastic bags and cutlery on the beaches.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> joined them, banning also the sale of single use plastic on the beaches.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4></div> In August 2017, Kenya has one of the world's harshest plastic bag bans. Fines of $38,000 or up to four years in jail to anyone that was caught producing, selling, or using a plastic bag.<a href="#cite_note-:14-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> New Zealand announced a ban on many types of hard-to-recycle single use plastic by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4></div> In 2019, The House of Representatives of Nigeria banned the production, import and usage of plastic bags in the country.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4></div> Spain banned several types of single use plastic at the beginning of the year 2023.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> In February 2018, Taiwan restricted the use of single-use plastic cups, straws, utensils and bags; the ban will also include an extra charge for plastic bags and updates their recycling regulations and aiming by 2030 it would be completely enforced.<a href="#cite_note-:14-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> In January 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)" title="Iceland (supermarket)">Iceland supermarket chain</a>, which specializes in frozen foods, pledged to "eliminate or drastically reduce all plastic packaging for its store-brand products by 2023."<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> As of 2020, 104 communities achieved the title of "Plastic free community" in United Kingdom; 500 want to achieve it.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> After two schoolgirls Ella and Caitlin launched a petition about it, <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> in the United Kingdom and Ireland pledged to stop sending plastic toys with their meals. McDonald's pledged to do it from the year 2021. McDonald's also pledged to use a paper wrap for it meals and books that will be sent with the meals. The transmission will begin already in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> From October 2023 many types of single use plastic will be banned in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> including cutlery and plates. <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> have already implemented such bans.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The new rules entered into force on the first of October, but many are unaware and not prepared for it.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> In the beginning of 2024, 12 states and at least 500 municipalities had some kind of plastic bag ban. Three state bans and two city bans alone reduced the amount of plastic bags used in one year approximately by 6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> became the first university in the United States to ban the sale of plastic, single-use water bottles.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> required all businesses that sell food or alcohol to charge an additional 5 cents for each carryout plastic or paper bag.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> In 2011 and 2013, <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> prohibit non-biodegradable plastic bags at checkout as well as paper bags containing less than 40 percent recycled material. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> was the last major county approving the ban.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> In 2015, California prohibited large stores from providing plastic bags, and if so a charge of $0.10 per bag and has to meet certain criteria.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> In 2016, Illinois adopted the legislation and established "Recycle Thin Film Friday" in effort toe reclaim used thin-film plastic bags and encourage reusable bags.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">state New York</a> banned single use plastic bags and introduced a 5-cent fee for using single use paper bags. The ban will enter into force in 2020. This will not only reduce plastic bag usage in New York state (23 billion every year until now), but also eliminate 12 million barrels of oil used to make plastic bags used by the state each year.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> ban Styrofoam (polystyrene) containers in May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Eagle" title="Giant Eagle">Giant Eagle</a> retailer became the first big US retailer that committed to completely phase out plastic by 2025. The first step – stop using single use plastic bags – will begun to be implemented already on January 15, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> enacted on legislation. Vermont also restricted single-use straws and <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> containers.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> imposed a $0.10 charge on single-use plastic bags at point of sale, and is going to ban them on 1 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:03-268">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h4></div> On 30 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>'s Independence Day, made an announcement of stepping towards the beginning of not using plastic bags and bottles. This made it one of the first Pacific nations to do so and will start banning the importation of single-use plastic bottles and bags.<a href="#cite_note-:14-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstruction_by_major_plastic_producers">Obstruction by major plastic producers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg/220px-Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg/330px-Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg/440px-Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Br%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsv%C3%A4gen_in_Brastad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4975" data-file-height="3317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Surgical mask</a> among dry grass in <a href="/wiki/Brastad" title="Brastad">Brastad</a> during the COVID-19 pandemic</figcaption></figure> The ten corporations that produce the most plastic on the planet, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive" title="Colgate-Palmolive">Colgate-Palmolive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars, Incorporated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mondel%C4%93z_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondelēz International">Mondelēz International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfetti_Van_Melle" title="Perfetti Van Melle">Perfetti Van Melle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>, formed a well-financed network that has sabotaged for decades government and community efforts to address the plastic pollution crisis, according to a detailed investigative report by the Changing Markets Foundation. The investigation documents how these companies delay and derail legislation so that they can continue to inundate consumers with disposable plastic packaging. These large plastic producers have exploited public fears of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> to work toward delaying and reversing existing regulation of plastic disposal. Big ten plastic producers have advanced voluntary commitments for plastic waste disposal as a stratagem to deter governments from imposing additional regulations.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> PepsiCo faced legal action on 15 November 2023, as the New York attorney general filed a lawsuit. The allegations asserted that the food and beverage giant jeopardized the environment and disseminated deceptive information about its dedication to reducing single-use plastic in packaging. Moreover, a substantial portion of the plastic pollution along the Buffalo River was linked to products manufactured by the company.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deception_of_the_public_about_recycling">Deception of the public about recycling</h3></div> As early as the early 1970s, petrochemical industry leaders understood that the vast majority of plastic they produced would never be recycled. For example, an April 1973 report written by industry scientists for industry executive states that sorting the hundreds of different kinds plastic is "infeasible" and cost-prohibitive. By the late 1980s, industry leaders also knew that the public must be kept feeling good about purchasing plastic products if their industry was to continue to prosper, and needed to quell proposed legislation to regulate the plastic being sold. So the industry launched a $50 million/year <a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">corporate propaganda</a> campaign targeting the American public with the message that plastic can be, and is being, recycled, and lobbied American municipalities to launch expensive plastic waste collection programs, and lobbied U.S. states to require the labeling of plastic products and containers with recycling symbols. They were confident, however, that the recycling initiatives would not end up recovering and reusing plastic in amounts anywhere near sufficient to hurt their profits in selling new "virgin" plastic products because they understood that the recycling efforts that they were promoting were likely to fail. Industry leaders more recently have planned 100% recycling of the plastic they produce by 2040, calling for more efficient collection, sorting and processing.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action_for_creating_awareness">Action for creating awareness</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_Day">Earth Day</h3></div> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> Network partnered with <a href="/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cleanup Day">National Cleanup Day</a> for the inaugural nationwide Earth Day CleanUp. Cleanups were held in all 50 states, five US territories, 5,300 sites and had more than 500,000 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Earth Day 2020 is the 50th Anniversary of Earth Day. Celebrations will include activities such as the Great Global CleanUp, Citizen Science, Advocacy, Education, and art. This Earth Day aims to educate and mobilize more than one billion people to grow and support the next generation of environmental activists, with a major focus on plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Environment_Day">World Environment Day</h3></div> Every year, 5 June is observed as <a href="/wiki/World_Environment_Day" title="World Environment Day">World Environment Day</a> to raise awareness and increase government action on the pressing issue. In 2018, India was host to the 43rd World Environment Day and the theme was "Beat Plastic Pollution", with a focus on single-use or disposable plastic. The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change of India invited people to take care of their social responsibility and urged them to take up green good deeds in everyday life. Several states presented plans to ban plastic or drastically reduce their use.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_actions">Other actions</h3></div> On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Finucci" title="Maria Cristina Finucci">Maria Cristina Finucci</a> founded The <a href="/wiki/Garbage_Patch_State" title="Garbage Patch State">Garbage Patch State</a> at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, in front of Director General <a href="/wiki/Irina_Bokova" title="Irina Bokova">Irina Bokova</a>. This was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Mexico City implemented a ban on single-use plastics, starting with plastic bags in 2020 and expanding to items like utensils, straws, and to-go trays in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:18-284">[282]</a> In 2020, China disclosed a three-part proposal to reduce plastic pollution. The plan includes a nationwide prohibition on single-use plastics, introduced as the country's plastic waste had risen to an anticipated 45 million tons in 2025, partly as a result of a surge in e-commerce packaging.<a href="#cite_note-:18-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_pumping" title="Eddy pumping">Eddy pumping</a> – The role of mesoscale eddies in trapping and transporting plastic in the ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> – an area with concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-eating_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-eating organisms">Plastic-eating organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(scheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refill (scheme)">Refill (scheme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">Nuclear waste</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "Campaigners have identified the global trade in plastic waste as a main culprit in marine litter, because the industrialised world has for years been shipping much of its plastic "recyclables" to developing countries, which often lack the capacity to process all the material."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClive_Cookson2019-36">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "The new UN rules will effectively prevent the US and EU from exporting any mixed plastic waste, as well plastics that are contaminated or unrecyclable – a move that will slash the global plastic waste trade when it comes into effect in January 2021."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClive_Cookson2019-36">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics">Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics</a>, United Nations Environment Programme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/220px--Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="892" data-mwtitle="Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm/Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhere_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Lecture of Erik van Sebille (<a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>) on plastic pollution</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Colette, Wabnitz & Wallace J. Nichols. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaturtle.org/plasticpollution/MTN129p1-4.pdf">Editorial: Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency</a>. 3 March 2010. 28 January 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205220921/http://unep.org/gpa/documents/publications/BiodegradablePlastics.pdf">Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter. Misconceptions, concerns and impacts on marine environments</a>, 2015, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP), Nairobi.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change">A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change'</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 28 June 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/19/551261222/guess-whats-showing-up-in-our-shellfish-one-word-plastics">Guess What's Showing Up In Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 19 September 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/07/microplastic-pollution-revealed-absolutely-everywhere-by-new-research">Microplastic pollution revealed ‘absolutely everywhere’ by new research</a>. The Guardian. 6 March 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/04/plastic-pollution-fossil-record">After bronze and iron, welcome to the plastic age, say scientists</a>. The Guardian. 4 September 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/">Planet Plastic: How Big Oil and Big Soda kept a global environmental calamity a secret for decades</a>. Rolling Stone. 3 March 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55006333">Plastics an 'unfolding disaster' for US marine life</a>. BBC, 19 November 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a>, "A Trillion Little Pieces: How <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> are <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a> us", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 3 July 2023, pp. 24–27. "If much of contemporary life is wrapped up in plastic, and the result of this is that we are poisoning our kids, ourselves, and our <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, then contemporary life may need to be rethought." (p. 27.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastic_pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecowatch.com/2014/04/07/22-facts-plastic-pollution-10-things-can-do-about-it/">"22 Facts About Plastic Pollution (And 10 Things We Can Do About It)"</a>. ecowatch.com. 7 April 2014. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"CITEREFCarrington2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalabi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemical_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheryl_Santa_Maria2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_SchmidtTobias_KrauthStephan_Wagner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClive_Cookson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowgerWillisBullockConlon2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuiKimAn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AngeloMeccariello2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaphne_Ewing-Chow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_MatteisTurkmen_CeylanDaoudKahuthu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerraik2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDottle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriedgerDürrMitchellVan_Cappellen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan_HooperRafael_Cereceda2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnckDell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnvironment2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrelly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrellyGreen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeddieBrock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyerJambeckLaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHIRSH2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerKraakParsons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannah_Leung2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannah_Ritchie2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarald_Franzen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardesty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenriksenKarlsenKlarskovHinge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHildahl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoninghvan_EmmerikUijttewaalKardhana2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopewellDvorakKosior2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJambeckGeyerWilcoxSiegler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinXiaPanYang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalčíkováŽgajnar_GotvajnKladnikJemec2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannanVimalkumar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellenberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKibriaMasukSafayetNguyen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushboo_Sheth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Parker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaville2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaville2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawStarrSieglerJambeck2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Guern2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebreton,_LaurentAndrady,_Anthony2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebretonvan_der_ZwetDamsteegSlat2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiShiYangXiao2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWangSuZou2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorraine_Chow_J2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLui\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeodArpTekmanJahnke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin,_Bonnie2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinko2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieu-DenoncourtWallacede_SollaLanglois2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcVeigh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijerVan_EmmerikVan_Der_EntSchmidt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijervan_Emmerikvan_der_EntSchmidt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammedShafiqElmansouryAl-Mekhlafi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNace2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarula2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNerkar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewburger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemiMcDonald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomadic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthHalden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpara2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtaga2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaddock2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeleg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettipasBernierWalker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQureshiOasmaaPihkolaDeviatkin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRall2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastelliCaniKnauf2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosane2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRosane2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtKrauthWagner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeddon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelkeAurasNguyenCastro_Aguirre2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamsAlamMahbub2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrestha2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpirkovskiIlik-BoevaRitterbuschPeveling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabuchiCorkery2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonMoorevom_SaalSwan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThushariSenevirathna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinity_College_Dublin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrich2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermaVinodaPapireddyGowda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahlquist2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerReidArnouldCroxall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerXanthos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestervelt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWichai-utchaChavalparit2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillisHardestyVinceWilcox2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintonAndersonRocliffeLoiselle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfsbergen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormLotzeJubinvilleWilcox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuGuoZhangZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamroniPraharaKartikoPurnawati2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZangmeisterRadneyBenksteinKalanyan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZianiIoniță-MîndricanMititeluNeacșu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorpas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuccarelloFerranteCristaldiCopat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFhermesauto2016\"] = 1,\n [\"SPUD\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Additional citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 108,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plastics\"] = 1,\n [\"Pollution sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See above\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","15.1"],["?","160","11.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.7"],["[others]","500","34.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f58cd8b6-kwgwr","timestamp":"20241203210606","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Plastic pollution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastic_pollution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7202090","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7202090","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-10-03T07:17:01Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T09:36:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/Lepidochelys_olivacea_Landaa.JPG","headline":"contamination of the natural environment with plastic products"}</script> </body> </html>