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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="إليشا غراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليشا غراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="الیشا گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیشا گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%94_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="일라이셔 그레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일라이셔 그레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B7%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Իլայշա Գրեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իլայշա Գրեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C5%A1a_Grejs" title="Eliša Grejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eliša Grejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4" title="イライシャ・グレイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イライシャ・グレイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Элиша Грей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элиша Грей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เอลิชา เกรย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลิชา เกรย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elisha Gray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ілайша Грей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ілайша Грей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="以利沙·格雷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以利沙·格雷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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(1835–1901)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Elisha Gray</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_elisha_gray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_elisha_gray.jpg/220px-Portrait_elisha_gray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Portrait_elisha_gray.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-08-02</span>)</span>August 2, 1835<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Barnesville,_Ohio" title="Barnesville, Ohio">Barnesville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 21, 1901<span style="display:none">(1901-01-21)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Newtonville,_Massachusetts" title="Newtonville, Massachusetts">Newtonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer/Inventor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1897)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Elisha_Gray_(1835%E2%80%931901).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Signature_of_Elisha_Gray_%281835%E2%80%931901%29.png/150px-Signature_of_Elisha_Gray_%281835%E2%80%931901%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Signature_of_Elisha_Gray_%281835%E2%80%931901%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="74" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elisha Gray</b> (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a> who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric Manufacturing Company</a>. Gray is best known for his <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">development of a telephone prototype</a> in 1876 in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park, Illinois</a>. Some recent authors have argued that Gray should be considered the true inventor of the telephone because <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> allegedly stole the idea of the liquid transmitter from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Gray had been using <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy#Use_of_liquid_transmitters_for_telephone_experiments.2C_1873-1876" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">liquid transmitters in his telephone experiments for more than two years previously</a>, Bell's <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">telephone patent</a> was upheld in numerous court decisions. </p><p>Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">music synthesizer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Graybar" title="Graybar">Graybar</a>, purchasing a controlling interest in the company shortly after its inception. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography_and_early_inventions">Biography and early inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography and early inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gray was born in <a href="/wiki/Barnesville,_Ohio" title="Barnesville, Ohio">Barnesville, Ohio</a>, the son of Christiana (Edgerton) and David Gray.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family were <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a>. He was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> where he experimented with electrical devices. Although Gray did not graduate, he taught electricity and science there and built laboratory equipment for its science departments. </p><p>In 1862, while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Minerva Shepard. </p><p>In 1865, Gray invented a self-adjusting <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line. In 1867 Gray received a patent for the invention,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first of more than seventy. </p><p>In 1869, Elisha Gray and his partner Enos M. Barton founded Gray & Barton Co. in Cleveland, Ohio to supply telegraph equipment to the giant <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union Telegraph Company">Western Union Telegraph Company</a>. The electrical distribution business was later spun off and organized into a separate company, <a href="/wiki/Graybar_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Graybar Electric Company">Graybar Electric Company</a>, Inc. Barton was employed by <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> to examine and test new products. </p><p>In 1870, financing for Gray & Barton Co. was arranged by <a href="/wiki/Anson_Stager" title="Anson Stager">General Anson Stager</a>, a superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Stager became an active partner in Gray & Barton Co. and remained on the board of directors. The company moved to Chicago near <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park</a>. Gray later gave up his administrative position as chief engineer to focus on inventions that could benefit the telegraph industry. Gray's inventions and patent costs were financed by a dentist, Dr. Samuel S. White of Philadelphia, who had made a fortune producing porcelain teeth. White wanted Gray to focus on the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">acoustic telegraph</a> which promised huge profits instead of what appeared to be unpromising competing inventions such as the telephone. White made the decision in 1876 to redirect Gray's interest in the telephone. </p><p>In 1870, Gray developed a needle annunciator for hotels and another for elevators.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed a microphone printer which had a typewriter keyboard and printed messages on paper tape.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the city and its telegraph infrastructure, Gray & Barton was hired to rebuild it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, then financed by the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilts</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>, bought one-third of Gray and Barton Co. and changed the name to <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago</a>. Gray continued to invent for Western Electric. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graybar._Employees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Graybar._Employees.jpg/300px-Graybar._Employees.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Graybar._Employees.jpg/450px-Graybar._Employees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Graybar._Employees.jpg/600px-Graybar._Employees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>An early photo of employees of Gray and Barton. Elisha Gray is in the front row, holding his automatic telegraph printer</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, Gray retired to do independent research and development. Gray applied for a patent on a harmonic telegraph which consisted of multi-tone transmitters, that controlled each tone with a separate telegraph key. Gray gave several private demonstrations of this invention in New York and Washington, D.C. in May and June 1874. </p><p>Gray was a charter member of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981111190648/http://www.highlandpark.org/">Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois</a>. At the church, on December 29, 1874, Gray gave the first public demonstration of his invention for transmitting musical tones and transmitted "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" according to a newspaper announcement. This was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Electric_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric instrument">electric musical instruments</a> using vibrating electromagnetic circuits that were single-note oscillators operated by a two-octave piano keyboard. The "Musical Telegraph" used steel reeds whose oscillations were created by electromagnets and transmitted over a telegraph wire. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker in later models consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field to make the oscillator tones audible and louder at the receiving end. In 1900 Gray worked on an underwater signaling device. After his death in 1901 officials gave the invention to Oberlin College. A few years later he was recognized as the inventor of the underwater signaling device. </p><p>On July 27, 1875, Gray was granted <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US166095">U.S. patent 166,095</a></span> for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" (<a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">acoustic telegraphy</a>). His experiments with transmitting musical tones went further, and on February 15, 1876 Elisha Gray was granted US Patent for electro-harmonic telegraph with piano keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 31, 1888, Gray patented the <a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">telautograph</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Analog_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog electronics">analog</a> precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> machine. Gray's patent stated that the telautograph would allow "one to transmit his own handwriting to a distant point over a two-wire circuit." It was the first facsimile machine in which the stylus was controlled by horizontal and vertical bars.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telautograph was first publicly exhibited at the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephone">Telephone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></div> <p>Because of Samuel White's<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposition to Gray working on the telephone, Gray did not tell anybody about his invention for transmitting voice sounds until February 11, 1876 (Friday). The only remaining proof is a drawing he made on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200033–35_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200033–35-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray requested that his patent lawyer William D. Baldwin prepare a "caveat" for filing at the US Patent Office. A <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">caveat</a> was like a provisional patent application with drawings and description but without a request for examination. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg/300px-11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg/450px-11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg/600px-11_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Elisha Gray's drawing of liquid transmitter made on February 11, 1876</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png/300px-Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png/450px-Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png/600px-Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Excerpts from Elisha Gray's patent caveat of February 14 and Alexander Graham Bell's lab notebook entry of March 9, demonstrating their similarity</figcaption></figure> <p>On Monday morning February 14, 1876, Gray signed and had notarized the caveat that described a telephone that used a liquid transmitter. Baldwin then submitted the caveat to the US Patent Office. That same morning a lawyer for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> submitted Bell's patent application. Which application arrived first is hotly disputed, although Gray believed that his caveat arrived a few hours <i>before</i> Bell's application.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell's lawyers in Washington, DC, had been waiting with Bell's patent application for months, under instructions not to file it in the USA until it had been filed in Britain first. (At the time, Britain would only issue patents on discoveries not previously patented elsewhere.) </p><p>According to Evenson, during the weekend of February 12–14, 1876, before either caveat or application had been filed in the patent office, Bell's lawyer learned about the liquid transmitter idea in Gray's caveat that would be filed early Monday morning February 14.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell's lawyer then added seven sentences describing the liquid transmitter and a variable resistance claim to Bell's draft application. After the lawyer's clerk recopied the draft as a finished patent application, Bell's lawyer hand-delivered the finished application to the patent office just before noon Monday, a few hours after Gray's caveat was delivered by Gray's lawyer. Bell's lawyer requested that Bell's application be immediately recorded and hand-delivered to the examiner on Monday so that later Bell could claim it had arrived first. Bell was in Boston at this time and was not aware that his application had been filed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman200871_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200871-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five days later, on February 19, Zenas Fisk Wilber, the patent examiner for both Bell's application and Gray's caveat, noticed that Bell's application claimed the same variable resistance feature described in Gray's caveat. Wilber suspended Bell's application for 90 days to give Gray time to submit a competing patent application. The suspension also gave Bell time to amend his claims to avoid an interference with an earlier patent application of Gray's that mentioned changing the intensity of the electric current without breaking the circuit, which seemed to the examiner to be an "undulatory current" that Bell was claiming. Such an interference would delay Bell's application until Bell submitted proof, under the <a href="/wiki/First_to_invent" class="mw-redirect" title="First to invent">first to invent</a> rules, that Bell had invented that feature before Gray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200080–81_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200080–81-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/220px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/330px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The master telephone patent awarded to Bell, No. 174465, March 7, 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>Bell's lawyer telegraphed Bell, who was still in Boston, to come to Washington, DC. When Bell arrived on February 26, Bell visited his lawyers and then visited examiner Wilber who told Bell that Gray's caveat showed a liquid transmitter and asked Bell for proof that the liquid transmitter idea (described in Bell's patent application as using mercury as the liquid) was invented by Bell. Bell pointed to an application of Bell's filed a year earlier where mercury was used in a circuit breaker. The examiner accepted this argument, although mercury would not have worked in a telephone transmitter. On February 29, Bell's lawyer submitted an amendment to Bell's claims that distinguished them from Gray's caveat and Gray's earlier application.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200081–82_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200081–82-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2000A43–A44_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2000A43–A44-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 3, Wilber approved Bell's application and on March 7, 1876, 174,465 was published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell returned to Boston and resumed work on March 9, drawing a diagram in his lab notebook of a water transmitter being used face down, very similar to that shown in Gray's caveat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman200836–37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200836–37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell and Watson built and tested a liquid transmitter design on March 10 and successfully transmitted clear speech saying "Mr. Watson – come here – I want to see you." Bell's notebooks became public when they were donated to the Library of Congress in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Bell has been accused of stealing the telephone from Gray<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman2008211_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2008211-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because his liquid transmitter design resembled Gray's, documents in the Library of Congress indicate that Bell had been using liquid transmitters extensively for three years in his multiple telegraph and other experiments. In April, 1875, ten months before the alleged theft of Gray's design, the U.S. Patent Office granted 161,739 to Bell for a primitive fax machine, which he called the "autograph telegraph." The <a href="/wiki/File:Bell%27s_drawing_for_Patent_161739_granted_by_U.S._PTO_in_April_1875.jpg" title="File:Bell's drawing for Patent 161739 granted by U.S. PTO in April 1875.jpg">patent drawing</a> includes liquid transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After March 1876, Bell and Watson focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson2000100_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson2000100-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Gray had abandoned his caveat, Gray applied for a patent for the same invention in late 1877. This put him in a second interference with Bell's patents. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Patent Office">Patent Office</a> determined, "while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the [variable resistance] invention, as in his caveat of February 14, 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200090–91_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200090–91-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray challenged Bell's patent anyway, and after two years of litigation, Bell was awarded rights to the invention, and as a result, Bell is credited as the inventor. </p><p>In 1886, Wilber stated in an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson2000167–171_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson2000167–171-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was an alcoholic and deeply in debt to Bell's lawyer <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a> with whom Wilber had served in the Civil War. Wilber stated that, contrary to Patent Office rules, he showed Bailey the caveat Gray had filed. He also stated that he showed the caveat to Bell and Bell gave him $100. Bell testified that they only discussed the patent in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Wilber's affidavit contradicted his earlier testimony, and historians have pointed out that his last affidavit was drafted for him by the attorneys for the Pan-Electric Company which was attempting to steal the Bell patents and was later discovered to have bribed the U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Garland">Augustus Garland</a> and several Congressmen. </p><p>Bell's patent was disputed in 1888 by attorney Lysander Hill who accused Wilber of allowing Bell or his lawyer Pollok to add a handwritten margin note of seven sentences to Bell's application that describe an alternate design similar to Gray's liquid microphone design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200092,_180_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200092,_180-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the marginal note was added only to Bell's earlier draft, not to his patent application that shows the seven sentences already present in a paragraph. Bell testified that he added those seven sentences in the margin of an earlier draft of his application "almost at the last moment before sending it off to Washington" to his lawyers. Bell or his lawyer could not have added the seven sentences to the application after it was filed in the Patent Office, because then the application would not have been suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200073–74_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200073–74-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_inventions">Further inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, Gray invented the <a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">telautograph</a>, a device that could remotely transmit handwriting through telegraph systems. Gray was granted several patents for these pioneer fax machines, and the Gray National Telautograph Company was chartered in 1888 and continued in business as The Telautograph Corporation for many years; after a series of mergers it was finally absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> in the 1990s. Gray's telautograph machines were used by banks for signing documents at a distance and by the military for sending written commands during gun tests when the deafening noise from the guns made spoken orders on the telephone impractical. The machines were also used at train stations for schedule changes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gray displayed his telautograph invention in 1893 at the <a href="/wiki/1893_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="1893 Columbian Exposition">1893 Columbian Exposition</a> and sold his share in the telautograph shortly after that. Gray was also chairman of the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress" title="International Electrical Congress">International Congress of Electricians</a> at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. </p><p>Gray conceived of a primitive <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> system that he called the "telephone". Pictures would be focused on an array of selenium cells and signals from the selenium cells would be transmitted to a distant station on separate wires. At the receiving end, each wire would open or close a shutter to recreate the image. </p><p>In 1899, Gray moved to Boston where he continued inventing. One of his projects was to develop an underwater signaling device to transmit messages to ships. One such signaling device was tested on December 31, 1900. Three weeks later, on January 21, 1901, Gray died from a heart attack in <a href="/wiki/Newtonville,_Massachusetts" title="Newtonville, Massachusetts">Newtonville, Massachusetts</a>. </p><p>Some modern authors<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_1961_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath_1961-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cattermole_1969_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattermole_1969-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorrectly<sup id="cite_ref-Knuth_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knuth-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> credit Elisha Gray as the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a>, which is actually named after 20th century physicist and electrical researcher <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gray_(researcher)" title="Frank Gray (researcher)">Frank Gray</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gray wrote several books including: </p> <ul><li><i>Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony, 1867–1876</i> (Appleton, 1878)</li> <li><i>Telegraphy and Telephony</i> (1878)</li> <li><i>Electricity and Magnetism</i> (1900) and</li> <li><i>Nature's Miracles</i> (1900) a nontechnical discussion of science and technology for the general public.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone" title="Timeline of the telephone">Timeline of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_microphone" title="Water microphone">Water microphone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Improvement in electro-harmonic telegraphs. 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White of Philadelphia was a wealthy dentist who paid the legal costs and shared in any profits from Elisha Gray's inventions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200033–35-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200033–35_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2000">Baker 2000</a>, pp. 33–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200068–69_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvenson2000">Evenson 2000</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200871-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman200871_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShulman2008">Shulman 2008</a>, pp. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200080–81-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200080–81_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvenson2000">Evenson 2000</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200081–82-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenson200081–82_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvenson2000">Evenson 2000</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2000A43–A44-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2000A43–A44_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2000">Baker 2000</a>, pp. A43–A44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US174465">US 174465</a>, "Improvement in telegraphy", issued 7/3/1876</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=174465&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Improvement+in+telegraphy&rft.date=7/3/1876"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200836–37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman200836–37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShulman2008">Shulman 2008</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216085836/http://lccn.loc.gov/mm76051268">"Alexander Graham Bell family papers"</a>. <i>LOC.gov</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5324416">the original</a> on 2020-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.atitle=Pioneers+Of+Binary+Coding&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=539-541&rft.date=1961-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fjiee-3.1961.0300&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5324416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cattermole_1969-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cattermole_1969_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattermole1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Cattermole, Kenneth W. (1969). Written at Harlow, Essex, UK. <i>Principles of pulse code modulation</i> (1 ed.). London, UK / New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Iliffe_Books_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Iliffe Books Ltd.">Iliffe Books Ltd.</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Elsevier_Publishing_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.">American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.</a> pp. 245, 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-19747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-19747-4"><bdi>978-0-444-19747-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78-80432">78-80432</a>. <a href="/wiki/SBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SBN (identifier)">SBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-19747-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-19747-8"><bdi>444-19747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+pulse+code+modulation&rft.place=London%2C+UK+%2F+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=245%2C+434&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Iliffe+Books+Ltd.+%2F+American+Elsevier+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78-80432&rft.isbn=978-0-444-19747-4&rft.aulast=Cattermole&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span> (2+448+2 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards_2004-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2004_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_William_Fairbank_Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony William Fairbank Edwards">Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_0Thy4V3JIC&pg=PA65"><i>Cogwheels of the Mind: The Story of Venn Diagrams</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 48, 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7434-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7434-3"><bdi>0-8018-7434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cogwheels+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Story+of+Venn+Diagrams&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland%2C+USA&rft.pages=48%2C+50&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8018-7434-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Anthony+William+Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_0Thy4V3JIC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knuth-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knuth_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ervin_Knuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ervin Knuth">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a> (2004-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209075457/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc2a.ps.gz">"Generating all <i>n</i>-tuples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming"><i>The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4A: Enumeration and Backtracking</i></a>. Vol. pre-fascicle 2a. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc2a.ps.gz">the original</a> on 2006-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generating+all+n-tuples&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Computer+Programming%2C+Volume+4A%3A+Enumeration+and+Backtracking&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Donald+Ervin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cs-faculty.stanford.edu%2F~knuth%2Ffasc2a.ps.gz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulman2008" class="citation book cs1">Shulman, Seth (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Gambit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telephone Gambit"><i>The Telephone Gambit</i></a>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06206-9"><bdi>978-0-393-06206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+Gambit&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06206-9&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvenson2000" class="citation book cs1">Evenson, A. Edward (2000). <i>The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy</i>. North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0883-9"><bdi>0-7864-0883-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+Patent+Conspiracy+of+1876%3A+The+Elisha+Gray+-+Alexander+Bell+Controversy&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7864-0883-9&rft.aulast=Evenson&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2000" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Burton H. (2000). <i>The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone</i>. St. Joseph, Mi.: Telepress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-11329-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-615-11329-X"><bdi>0-615-11329-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gray+Matter%3A+The+Forgotten+Story+of+the+Telephone&rft.place=St.+Joseph%2C+Mi.&rft.pub=Telepress&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-615-11329-X&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Burton+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1995" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Lewis (1995). <i>The Telephone and Its Several Inventors</i>. North Carolina: McFarland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0138-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0138-9"><bdi>0-7864-0138-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+and+Its+Several+Inventors&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7864-0138-9&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1969" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Boyd Crumrine (January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212140122/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.wph/1206132926">"The Story of Elisha Gray"</a>. <i>Western Pennsylvania History</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 29–41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.wph/1206132926">the original</a> on 2012-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Pennsylvania+History&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Elisha+Gray&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-41&rft.date=1969-01&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Boyd+Crumrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpubs.libraries.psu.edu%2FDPubS%3Fservice%3DUI%26version%3D1.0%26verb%3DDisplay%26page%3Drecord%26handle%3Dpsu.wph%2F1206132926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dr. Lloyd W. Taylor, an <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a> physics department head, began writing a Gray biography, but the book was never finished because of Taylor's accidental death in July 1948. Dr Taylor's unfinished manuscript is in the College Archives at Oberlin College.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Elisha_Gray" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Elisha_Gray" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" class="extiw" title="commons:Elisha Gray"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Elisha Gray</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36384">Works by Elisha Gray</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gray%2C%20Elisha%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Elisha%20Gray%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gray%2C%20Elisha%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elisha%20Gray%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Elisha%20Gray%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gray%2C%20Elisha%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Elisha%20Gray%22%29%20OR%20%28%221835-1901%22%20AND%20Gray%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Elisha Gray</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1873">Works by Elisha Gray</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gray, Elisha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gray,_Elisha">"Gray, Elisha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 390–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gray%2C+Elisha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=390-391&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+Gray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306123825/http://repo-nt.tcc.virginia.edu/classes/tcc315/Resources/ALM/Telephone/Exhibits/gray.html">Gray's telephone caveat</a> filed on February 14, 1876 same day as Bell's application</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/GRAY_PATENT.html">Gray's telephone caveat</a> with drawings, filed on February 14, 1876</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502121553/http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/telegraph/">Gray's "Musical Telegraph"</a> of 1876</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990203160003/http://repo-nt.tcc.virginia.edu/book/chap3/chapter3sec4.html">Gray's "Harmonic Multiple Telegraph"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991004032858/http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~meg3c/id/TCC315/back.html">Bell–Gray conflict</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 4, 1999) over the harmonic telegraph</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmcvey.net/cable/elements/telautograph1.htm">"Telautograph"</a> description</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donparrish.com/ElishaGrayGrave.html">Grave of Elisha Gray</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rosehill_Cemetery" title="Rosehill Cemetery">Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://120years.net/wordpress/the-musical-telegraphelisha-greyusa1876/">Elisha Gray's 'Musical Telegraph'</a> on '120 Years of Electronic Music'</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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