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href="#Rawatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rawatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rawatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Epidemiologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sesak nafas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 68 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="ضيق النفس – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضيق النفس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disnea" title="Disnea – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disnea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C3%B3go" title="Ahógo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ahógo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99f%C9%99s_darl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Nəfəs darlığı – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəfəs darlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dispnea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="শ্বাসকষ্ট – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বাসকষ্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дыхавіца – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыхавіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дыхавіца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыхавіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="དབུགས་མི་བདེ་བ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབུགས་མི་བདེ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dispnea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1nost" title="Dušnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dušnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffyg_anadl" title="Diffyg anadl – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diffyg anadl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85nden%C3%B8d" title="Åndenød – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åndenød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnoe" title="Dyspnoe – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dyspnoe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%88%DE%A7_%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ނޭވާ ކުރުވުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޭވާ ކުރުވުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Δύσπνοια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δύσπνοια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shortness of breath" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disnea" title="Disnea – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disnea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispneo" title="Dispneo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dispneo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnasestu" title="Arnasestu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnasestu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="تنگی نفس – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگی نفس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspn%C3%A9e" title="Dyspnée – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dyspnée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dispnea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1%EA%B3%A4%EB%9E%80" title="호흡곤란 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호흡곤란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հևոց – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հևոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)" title="श्वास कष्ट (डिस्पनिया) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वास कष्ट (डिस्पनिया)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iku_ume_ntakiri_ntakiri" title="Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Mæði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dispnea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="קוצר נשימה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוצר נשימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಟ್ಟುಸಿರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಟ್ಟುಸಿರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Ентікпе – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ентікпе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Демигүү – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Демигүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizdusa" title="Aizdusa – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizdusa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gszomj_(betegs%C3%A9g)" title="Légszomj (betegség) – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légszomj (betegség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benauwdheid" title="Benauwdheid – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benauwdheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3" title="呼吸困難 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="呼吸困難" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspn%C3%A9" title="Dyspné – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyspné" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden%C3%B8d" title="Andenød – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andenød" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ଅଣନିଶ୍ୱାସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଣନିଶ୍ୱାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafas_qisishi" title="Nafas qisishi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nafas qisishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A" title="سالنډي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سالنډي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duszno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Duszność – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duszność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispneia" title="Dispneia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dispneia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnee" title="Dispnee – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dispnee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasa_samay" title="Sasa samay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sasa samay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Одышка – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одышка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dispnea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea" title="Dyspnea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dyspnea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%80_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%8A" title="اڀ ساھي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڀ ساھي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnoe" title="Dyspnoe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dyspnoe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispneja" title="Dispneja – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dispneja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھەناسەسواری – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەناسەسواری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Диспнеја – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Диспнеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispneja" title="Dispneja – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dispneja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengenahdistus" title="Hengenahdistus – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hengenahdistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspn%C3%A9" title="Dyspné – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dyspné" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buneggaf" title="Buneggaf – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Buneggaf" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82" title="ఆయాసం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆయాసం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="อาการหายใจลำบาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาการหายใจลำบาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3_th%E1%BB%9F" title="Khó thở – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khó thở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefes_darl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Nefes darlığı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nefes darlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Задишка – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Задишка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanfla" title="Tanfla – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tanfla" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="呼吸困难" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E9%9B%A3%E5%94%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="好難唞氣 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="好難唞氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="呼吸困难" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sesak_nafas" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Sesak_nafas" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sesak_nafas"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sesak_nafas"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Sesak_nafas" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Sesak_nafas" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&oldid=5202423" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Sesak_nafas&id=5202423&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSesak_nafas"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSesak_nafas"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sesak+nafas"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sesak_nafas&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dyspnea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188008" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">Sesak nafas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Pengelasan dan sumber luaran</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R06.0">R06.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/Senarai_kod_ICD-9" title="Senarai kod ICD-9">9</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=786.09">786.09</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pangkalan_Data_Penyakit" title="Pangkalan Data Penyakit">P. Data Penyakit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb15892.htm">15892</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm">003075</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tajuk_Subjek_Perubatan" title="Tajuk Subjek Perubatan">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2024/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D004417">D004417</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lightgrey; font-weight:bold"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia tidak memberikan nasihat perubatan"><img alt="Wikipedia tidak memberikan nasihat perubatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/24px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/36px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/48px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_perubatan" title="Wikipedia:Penafian perubatan">Penafian perubatan</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sesak nafas</b>, juga dikenali sebagai <b>dispnea</b>, adalah perasaan bahawa seseorang tidak boleh <a href="/wiki/Pernafasan" title="Pernafasan">bernafas</a> dengan cukup baik. The American Thoracic Society mendefinisikannya sebagai "pengalaman subjektif untuk menghidap ketidakselesaan yang terdiri daripada sensasi yang sensitif secara kualitatif yang bervariasi dalam kepadatan", dan mengesyorkan menilai dyspnea dengan menilai kepadatan sensasi yang berbeza, tahap kesulitan yang terlibat, dan beban atau kesannya mengenai aktiviti kehidupan seharian. Sensasi tersendiri termasuk usaha/kerja, sesak dada, dan kelaparan udara (perasaan tidak cukup oksigen)..<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyspnea adalah simptom biasa untuk melakukan senaman berat tetapi menjadi patologi jika ia berlaku dalam keadaan yang tidak dijangka atau tenaga ringan. Dalam 85% kes adalah disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Asma" class="mw-redirect" title="Asma">asma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radang_paru-paru" class="mw-redirect" title="Radang paru-paru">radang paru-paru</a>, iskemia jantung, penyakit paru-paru interstisial, <a href="/wiki/Kegagalan_jantung" title="Kegagalan jantung">kegagalan jantung</a> kongestif, <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_paru-paru_obstruktif_kronik" title="Penyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronik">penyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronik</a>, atau punca psikogenik,<sup id="cite_ref-Shiber06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiber06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti <a href="/wiki/Kecelaruan_panik" title="Kecelaruan panik">gangguan panik</a> dan kebimbangan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawatan biasanya bergantung pada penyebab. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Thoracic Society mendefinisikan dyspnea sebagai: "Pengalaman subjektif untuk pernafasan pernafasan yang terdiri dari sensasi kualitatif yang berbeza yang bervariasi."<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanThoracicSociety_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanThoracicSociety-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definisi lain menggambarkannya sebagai "kesukaran bernafas",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "pernafasan bercelaru atau tidak mencukupi",<sup id="cite_ref-Uptodate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uptodate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "kesedaran yang tidak selesa bernafas", dan sebagai pengalaman "sesak nafas" (yang mungkin sama akut atau kronik)<sup id="cite_ref-Z2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rawatan">Rawatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Rawatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rawatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam orang-orang yang tidak mengawal utama rawatan sesak nafas diarahkan pada penyebab. Tambahan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> adalah berkesan pada orang-orang dengan <a href="/wiki/Hipoksia_(perubatan)" title="Hipoksia (perubatan)">hipoksia</a>, bagaimanapun, ini tidak memberi kesan pada orang-orang dengan normal darah oksigen saturations, bahkan pada orang-orang yang mengawal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Epidemiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Epidemiologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sesak nafas adalah sebab utama 3.5% dari orang-orang yang hadir untuk jabatan kecemasan di Amerika Syarikat. Individu-individu ini, kira-kira 51% dimasukkan ke hospital dan 13% mati dalam satu tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa kajian telah mencadangkan bahawa sehingga 27% dari orang-orang yang menderita dari yg sulit,<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara di pesakit mati 75% akan mengalaminya.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisons_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akut sesak nafas adalah yang paling biasa sebab orang yang memerlukan anda untuk mengawal peduli melawat jabatan kecemasan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pal2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pal2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mahler-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahler_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonald_A._MahlerDenis_E._O'Donnell2014" class="citation book cs1">Donald A. Mahler; Denis E. O'Donnell (20 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. m/s. 3. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4822-0869-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4822-0869-6"><bdi>978-1-4822-0869-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dyspnea%3A+Mechanisms%2C+Measurement%2C+and+Management%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-0869-6&rft.au=Donald+A.+Mahler&rft.au=Denis+E.+O%27Donnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4BcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiber06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shiber06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Dyspnea". <i>Med. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Dyspnea%2C+Orthopnea%2C+and+Paroxysmal+Nocturnal+Dyspnea&rft.pub=Butterworth+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mukerji&rft.aufirst=Vaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmericanThoracicSociety-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmericanThoracicSociety_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Heart_Society1999" class="citation journal cs1">American Heart Society (1999). 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcgp-innovait.oxfordjournals.org.cyber.usask.ca/content/2/5/307.full">"Acute breathlessness in adults"</a>. <i>InnovAiT</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 307–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finnovait%2Finp055">10.1093/innovait/inp055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InnovAiT&rft.atitle=Acute+breathlessness+in+adults&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=307-15&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finnovait%2Finp055&rft.au=Zuberi%2C+T.&rft.au=Simon%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcgp-innovait.oxfordjournals.org.cyber.usask.ca%2Fcontent%2F2%2F5%2F307.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada Ogos 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613170052/http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=825557022">"dyspnea – General Practice Notebook"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=825557022">yang asal</a> pada 2011-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dyspnea+%E2%80%93+General+Practice+Notebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpnotebook.co.uk%2Fsimplepage.cfm%3FID%3D825557022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAbernethy_APMcDonald_CFFrith_PAClark2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abernethy AP; McDonald CF; Frith PA; Clark, Katherine; Herndon, James E; Marcello, Jennifer; Young, Iven H; Bull, Janet; Wilcock, Andrew (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962424">"Effect of palliative oxygen versus medical (room) air in relieving breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea: a double-blind randomized controlled trial"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>376</b> (9743): 784–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961115-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962424">2962424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816546">20816546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Effect+of+palliative+oxygen+versus+medical+%28room%29+air+in+relieving+breathlessness+in+patients+with+refractory+dyspnea%3A+a+double-blind+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=9743&rft.pages=784-93&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2962424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20816546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961115-4&rft.au=Abernethy+AP&rft.au=McDonald+CF&rft.au=Frith+PA&rft.au=Clark%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Herndon%2C+James+E&rft.au=Marcello%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Young%2C+Iven+H&rft.au=Bull%2C+Janet&rft.au=Wilcock%2C+Andrew&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2962424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._DubnerSteven_D._Levitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Dubner; Steven D. Levitt (2009). <i>SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes</i>. New York: William Morrow. m/s. 77. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-06-088957-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-06-088957-8"><bdi>0-06-088957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SuperFreakonomics%3A+Tales+of+Altruism%2C+Terrorism%2C+and+Poorly+Paid+Prostitutes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-06-088957-8&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Dubner&rft.au=Steven+D.+Levitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th Ed. Robert J. Mason, John F. Murray, Jay A. Nadel, 2005, Elsevier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrisons-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrisons_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pal2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pal2010_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Emergencies in palliative care". <i>Cancer J</i>. <b>16</b> (5): 514–20. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPPO.0b013e3181f28a8d">10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20890149">20890149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+J&rft.atitle=Emergencies+in+palliative+care&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=514-20&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPPO.0b013e3181f28a8d&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20890149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASesak+nafas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&oldid=5202423">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sesak_nafas&oldid=5202423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penyakit_dan_gangguan" title="Kategori:Penyakit dan gangguan">Penyakit dan gangguan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati">Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_dari_Ogos_2021" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_kekal" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:WPPER" title="Kategori:WPPER">WPPER</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 23:25, 11 Ogos 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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