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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Kurd" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurd_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Kurd (disambiguation)">Kurd (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Kurds (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کورد, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Kurd) or Kurdish people are an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the mountainous region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, which spans southeastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, northwestern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bengio2014-39">[37]</a> There are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exclaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclaves">exclaves</a> of Kurds in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khorasan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, as well as significant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Kurdish diaspora</a> communities in the cities of western Turkey (in particular Istanbul) and Western Europe (primarily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a>). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a> is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> Kurds </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"> <div> کورد, Kurd </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/220px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/440px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag of Kurdistan</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">30–40 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, 2015 estimate) 36.4–45.6 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Institute_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Institute of Paris">Kurdish Institute of Paris</a>, 2017 estimate)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Turkey</th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 14.3–20 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iran</th> <td class="infobox-data">est. 8.2–12 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th> <td class="infobox-data">est. 5.6–8.5 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th> <td class="infobox-data">est. 2–3.6 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KIOP2017-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th> <td class="infobox-data">1.2–1.5 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijan</th> <td class="infobox-data">150,000–180,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-coucileub-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vanly-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th> <td class="infobox-data">150,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sweden</th> <td class="infobox-data">100,000+<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th> <td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Russia</th> <td class="infobox-data">63,818<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Belgium</th> <td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IKP-14">[14]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th> <td class="infobox-data">49,841<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uk1-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uk2-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uk3-17">[17]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kazakhstan</th> <td class="infobox-data">47,938<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Armenia</th> <td class="infobox-data">37,470<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th> <td class="infobox-data">35,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th> <td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th> <td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Austria</th> <td class="infobox-data">23,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Greece</th> <td class="infobox-data">22,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th> <td class="infobox-data">20,591–40,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USCensus-25">[25]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th> <td class="infobox-data">16,315<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Finland</th> <td class="infobox-data">15,850<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Georgia (country)</th> <td class="infobox-data">13,861<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyzstan</th> <td class="infobox-data">13,200<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th> <td class="infobox-data">10,171<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>Majority:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranatlas-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Kurdish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laki_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laki language">Laki</a>)</li> </ul> </div></li> <li>Minority:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-leezenberg-32">[32]</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaza_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a></li> <li>others</li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>Predominantly:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[a]</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a>)</li> </ul> </div></li> <li>Significant minority:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yazidism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yarsanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[b]</a></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> Kurds speak the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaza%E2%80%93Gorani_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaza–Gorani languages">Zaza–Gorani languages</a>, which belong to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian</a> branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Kurds do not comprise a majority in any country, making them a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stateless_nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stateless nation">stateless people</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[41]</a> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the defeat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the victorious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War I">Western allies</a> made provision for a Kurdish state in the 1920 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Sevres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Sevres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>. However, that treaty was not ratified. When the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> set the boundaries of modern Turkey three years later, no such provision was made, leaving Kurds with minority status in all of the new countries of Turkey, Iraq, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Recent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Kurds">history of the Kurds</a> includes numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anfal_genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">genocides</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dersim_rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">rebellions</a>, along with ongoing armed conflicts in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. Kurds in Iraq and Syria have autonomous regions, while Kurdish movements continue to pursue greater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural rights">cultural rights</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-governance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-governance">autonomy</a>, and independence throughout <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Greater Kurdistan</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">when defined as?</a>]. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population">3 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islam">4.1 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yazidism">4.2 Yazidism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yarsanism">4.3 Yarsanism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zoroastrianism">4.4 Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity">4.5 Christianity</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antiquity">5.1 Antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Medieval_period">5.2 Medieval period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Safavid_period">5.3 Safavid period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zand_period">5.4 Zand period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ottoman_period">5.5 Ottoman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kurdish_nationalism_of_the_20th_century">5.6 Kurdish nationalism of the 20th century</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kurdish_communities">6 Kurdish communities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Turkey">6.1 Turkey</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iran">6.2 Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iraq">6.3 Iraq</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syria">6.4 Syria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transcaucasus">6.5 Transcaucasus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Diaspora">6.6 Diaspora</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">7.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Women">7.2 Women</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Folklore">7.3 Folklore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Weaving">7.4 Weaving</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Handicrafts">7.5 Handicrafts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tattoos">7.6 Tattoos</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music_and_dance">7.7 Music and dance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cinema">7.8 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports">7.9 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture">7.10 Architecture</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics">8 Genetics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_Kurdish-majority_entities_and_governments">9 Modern Kurdish-majority entities and governments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery">10 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Explanatory_notes">12.1 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">12.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_and_cited_references">12.3 General and cited references</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historiography">14.1 Historiography</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">15 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Kurdish_issue_in_Turkey">15.1 The Kurdish issue in Turkey</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Name_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Kurds">Name of the Kurds</a> </div> The exact origins of the name Kurd are unclear.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Asatrian-45">[43]</a> The underlying <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toponym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> is recorded in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian</a> as Qardu and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumerian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> as Kar-da.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Reynolds-46">[44]</a> Assyrian Qardu refers to an area in the upper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tigris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> basin, and it is presumably reflected in corrupted form in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Judi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Judi">Ǧūdī</a> (جودي), re-adopted in Kurdish as Cûdî.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The name would be continued as the first element in the toponym <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corduene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a>, mentioned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xenophon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> as the tribe who opposed the retreat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">Ten Thousand</a> through the mountains north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4th_century_BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4th century BC">4th century BC</a>. There are, however, dissenting views, which do not derive the name of the Kurds from Qardu and Corduene but opt for derivation from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrtians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtii</a> (Cyrtaei) instead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Regardless of its possible roots in ancient toponymy, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Kurd might be derived from a term kwrt- used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Persian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> as a common noun to refer to '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomad">nomads</a>' or 'tent-dwellers', which could be applied as an attribute to any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> group with such a lifestyle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The term gained the characteristic of an ethnonym following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, as it was adopted into Arabic and gradually became associated with an amalgamation of Iranian and Iranianized tribes and groups in the region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McDowall_2000-50">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharafkhan_Bidlisi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharafkhan Bidlisi">Sharafkhan Bidlisi</a> in the 16th century states that there are four division of Kurds: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanji_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanji dialect">Kurmanj</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lurs">Lur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalhor_(tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalhor (tribe)">Kalhor</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Guran</a>, each of which speak a different dialect or language variation. Paul (2008) notes that the 16th-century usage of the term Kurd as recorded by Bidlisi, regardless of linguistic grouping, might still reflect an incipient Northwestern Iranian "Kurdish" ethnic identity uniting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanj">Kurmanj</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalhor_(Kurdish_tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhor (Kurdish tribe)">Kalhur</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guran_(tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guran (tribe)">Guran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranica-KurdLang-52">[50]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Language">Language</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_(1992).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="802"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish-inhabited areas in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (1992) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Maunsell%27s_map,_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/220px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10714" data-file-height="9183"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/220px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/330px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/440px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Maunsell's map of 1910, a pre-World War I British ethnographical map of the Middle East, showing the Kurdish regions in yellow (both light and dark) </figcaption> </figure> Kurdish (Kurdish: Kurdî or کوردی) is a collection of related dialects spoken by the Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranica-KurdLang-52">[50]</a> It is mainly spoken in those parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> which comprise <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Kurdish holds official status in Iraq as a national language alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, is recognized in Iran as a regional language, and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> as a minority language. The Kurds are recognized as a people with a distinct language by Arab geographers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Masudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> since the 10th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Many Kurds are either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilingual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multilingual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a>, speaking the language of their respective nation of origin, such as Arabic, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second language">second language</a> alongside their native Kurdish, while those in diaspora communities often speak three or more languages. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkification">Turkified</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation">Arabised</a> Kurds often speak little or no Kurdish. According to Mackenzie, there are few linguistic features that all Kurdish dialects have in common and that are not at the same time found in other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The Kurdish dialects according to Mackenzie are classified as:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AsatrianLinguisticClassification-56">[54]</a> <ul> <li>Northern group (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> dialect group)</li> <li>Central group (part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> dialect group)</li> <li>Southern group (part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Kurdish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a> dialect group) including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laki_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> </ul> The Zaza and Gorani are ethnic Kurds,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[55]</a> but the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaza%E2%80%93Gorani_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaza–Gorani languages">Zaza–Gorani languages</a> are not classified as Kurdish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[56]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Population">Population</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a> </div> The number of Kurds living in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southwest_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> is estimated at between 30 and 45 million, with another one or two million living in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Kurdish diaspora</a>. Kurds comprise anywhere from 18 to 25% of the population in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mackey-59">[57]</a> 15 to 20% in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a> 10% in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a> and 9% in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAonline-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USDOS2012-60">[58]</a> Kurds form regional majorities in all four of these countries, viz. in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>. The Kurds are the fourth-largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_West_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in West Asia">ethnic group in West Asia</a> after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>. The total number of Kurds in 1991 was placed at 22.5 million, with 48% of this number living in Turkey, 24% in Iran, 18% in Iraq, and 4% in Syria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Recent emigration accounts for a population of close to 1.5 million in Western countries, about half of them <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a>. A special case are the Kurdish populations in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcaucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, displaced there mostly in the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[60]</a> This group's population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[61]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion in Kurdistan</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3> </div> Most Kurds are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> who adhere to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiʽi school</a>, while a significant minority adhere to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanafi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[62]</a> and also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Alevism">Alevism</a>. Moreover, many Shafi'i Kurds adhere to either one of the two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sufism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naqshbandi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qadiriyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Beside Sunni Islam, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alevism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> also have millions of Kurdish followers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yazidis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yazidism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg/220px-Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg/220px-Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg/330px-Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg/440px-Pilgrims_and_festival_at_Lalish_on_the_day_of_the_Ezidi_New_Year_in_2017_22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Yazidi new year celebrations in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lalish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lalish">Lalish</a>, 18 April 2017 </figcaption> </figure> Yazidism is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monotheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a> with roots in a western branch of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranic pre-Zoroastrian religion.</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-67">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-68">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-69">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-70">[68]</a> It is based on the belief of one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Allison_2017-71">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> The leader of this heptad is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taw%C3%BBs%C3%AA_Melek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawûsê Melek">Tawûsê Melek</a>, who is symbolized with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peafowl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peafowl">peacock</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Allison_2017-71">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maisel-73">[71]</a> Its adherents number from 700,000 to 1 million worldwide<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and are indigenous to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdish regions</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, with some significant, more recent communities in Russia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> established by refugees fleeing persecution by Muslims in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yazidism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a> shares with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yarsanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a> many similar qualities that date back to the pre-Islamic era.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yarsanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a> </div> Yarsanism (also known as Ahl-I-Haqq, Ahl-e-Hagh or Kakai) is also one of the religions associated with Kurdistan. Although most of the sacred Yarsan texts are in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a> and all of the Yarsan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_places?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">holy places</a> are located in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, followers of this religion are also found in other regions. For example, while there are more than 300,000 Yarsani in Iraqi Kurdistan, there are more than 2 million Yarsani in Iran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[76]</a> However, the Yarsani lack political rights in both countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Faravahar-Gold.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/220px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/220px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/330px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/440px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faravahar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a> (or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a Fravashi (guardian spirit) </figcaption> </figure> The Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism has had a major influence on the Iranian culture, which Kurds are a part of, and has maintained some effect since the demise of the religion in the Middle Ages. The Iranian philosopher Sohrevardi drew heavily from Zoroastrian teachings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Ascribed to the teachings of the prophet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, the faith's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God">Supreme Being</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahura_Mazda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. Leading characteristics, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messianism">messianism</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hell">hell</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_will?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free will">free will</a> influenced other religious systems, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In 2016, the first official Zoroastrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fire_temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> opened in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulaymaniyah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frame_drum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a> or 'daf'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-zoroastrian-temple-81">[79]</a> Awat Tayib, the chief of followers of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan region, claimed that many were returning to Zoroastrianism but some kept it secret out of fear of reprisals from Islamists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-zoroastrian-temple-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Christians">Kurdish Christians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Bible translations into Kurdish</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </div> Although historically there have been various accounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Christians">Kurdish Christians</a>, most often these were in the form of individuals, and not as communities. However, in the 19th and 20th century various travel logs tell of Kurdish Christian tribes, as well as Kurdish Muslim tribes who had substantial Christian populations living amongst them. A significant number of these were allegedly originally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyrian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[80]</a> and it has been recorded that a small number of Christian traditions have been preserved. Several Christian prayers in Kurdish have been found from earlier centuries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In recent years some Kurds from Muslim backgrounds have converted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Segments of the Bible were first made available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. The Gospels were translated by Stepan, an Armenian employee of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Bible_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a> and were published in 1857. Prominent historical Kurdish Christians include the brothers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakaria_II_Mkhargrdzeli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli">Zakare</a> and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kurdish people">History of the Kurdish people</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origin_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origin of the Kurds">Origin of the Kurds</a> </div> "The land of Karda" is mentioned on a Sumerian clay tablet dated to the 3rd millennium BC. This land was inhabited by "the people of Su" who dwelt in the southern regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Van?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>; the philological connection between "Kurd" and "Karda" is uncertain, but the relationship is considered possible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Other Sumerian clay tablets referred to the people, who lived in the land of Karda, as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corduene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Qarduchi</a> (Karduchi, Karduchoi) and the Qurti.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Karda/Qardu is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etymology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> related to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian</a> term <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urartu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> term Ararat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[90]</a> However, some modern scholars do not believe that the Qarduchi are connected to Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Qarti or Qartas, who were originally settled on the mountains north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, are considered as a probable ancestor of the Kurds. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a> were attacked by nomads coming through Qartas territory at the end of 3rd millennium BC and distinguished them as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gutian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gutian people">Guti</a>, speakers of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian languages">pre-Iranic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_isolate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. They conquered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in 2150 BC and ruled with 21 kings until defeated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utu-hengal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medes">Medes</a>, an ancient Iranian people,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and even use a calendar dating from 612 BC, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> capital of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nineveh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> was conquered by the Medes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The claimed Median descent is reflected in the words of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ey Reqîb">Kurdish national anthem</a>: "We are the children of the Medes and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kai_Khosrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Khosrow">Kai Khosrow</a>."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[96]</a> However, MacKenzie and Asatrian challenge the relation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Median_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Median language">Median language</a> to Kurdish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a>, on the other hand, form a subgroup of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwestern_Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Iranian languages">Northwestern Iranian languages</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Median_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Median language">Median</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranica-KurdLang-52">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Some researchers consider the independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corduene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Kardouchoi</a> as the ancestors of the Kurds,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[100]</a> while others prefer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrtian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrtian">Cyrtians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The term Kurd, however, is first encountered in Arabic sources of the seventh century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MartinIdentity-104">[102]</a> Books from the early Islamic era, including those containing legends such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shahnameh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Persian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kar-Namag_i_Ardashir_i_Pabagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan">Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan</a>, and other early Islamic sources provide early attestation of the name Kurd.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The Kurds have ethnically diverse origins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shoup-106">[104]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McDowall_2004-107">[105]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassanid_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid era">Sassanid era</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kar-Namag_i_Ardashir_i_Pabagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan">Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan</a>, a short prose work written in Middle Persian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardashir_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> is depicted as having battled the Kurds and their leader, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Madig">Madig</a>. After initially sustaining a heavy defeat, Ardashir I was successful in subjugating the Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In a letter Ardashir I received from his foe, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artabanus_V_of_Parthia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabanus V of Parthia">Ardavan V</a>, which is also featured in the same work, he is referred to as being a Kurd himself.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> You've bitten off more than you can chew and you have brought death to yourself. O son of a Kurd, raised in the tents of the Kurds, who gave you permission to put a crown on your head?<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[107]</a> </div> </blockquote> The usage of the term Kurd during this time period most likely was a social term, designating Northwestern Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Similarly, in AD 360, the Sassanid king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shapur_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> marched into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> province <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zabdicene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a>, to conquer its chief city, Bezabde, present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cizre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>. He found it heavily fortified, and guarded by three legions and a large body of Kurdish archers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gutenberg.org-111">[109]</a> After a long and hard-fought siege, Shapur II breached the walls, conquered the city and massacred all its defenders. Thereafter he had the strategically located city repaired, provisioned and garrisoned with his best troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gutenberg.org-111">[109]</a> Qadishaye, settled by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kavad_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kavad I">Kavad</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singara">Singara</a>, were probably Kurds<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[110]</a> and worshiped the martyr <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abd-al-Masih_(martyr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Masih (martyr)">Abd al-Masih.</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[111]</a> They revolted against the Sassanids and were raiding the whole Persian territory. Later they, along with Arabs and Armenians, joined the Sassanids in their war against the Byzantines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[112]</a> There is also a 7th-century text by an unidentified author, written about the legendary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_martyr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyr</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar_Qardagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mar Qardagh">Mar Qardagh</a>. He lived in the 4th century, during the reign of Shapur II, and during his travels is said to have encountered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdisho_(died_345)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdisho (died 345)">Mar Abdisho</a>, a deacon and martyr, who, after having been questioned of his origins by Mar Qardagh and his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marzoban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzoban">Marzobans</a>, stated that his parents were originally from an Assyrian village called Hazza, but were driven out and subsequently settled in Tamanon, a village in the land of the Kurds, identified as being in the region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Judi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/220px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2827"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/220px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/330px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/440px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saladin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> in the Middle East </figcaption> </figure> Early Syriac sources use the terms Hurdanaye, Kurdanaye, Kurdaye to refer to the Kurds. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>, Hurdanaye separated from Tayaye Arabs and sought refuge with the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilus</a>. He also mentions the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> troops who fought against Musa chief of Hurdanaye in the region of Qardu in 841. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar Hebraeus">Barhebreaus</a>, a king appeared to the Kurdanaye and they rebelled against the Arabs in 829. Michael the Syrian considered them as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganism">pagan</a>, followers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a> and adepts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magi">Magianism</a>. Their mahdi called himself <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Ghost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In the early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Kurds sporadically appear in Arabic sources, though the term was still not being used for a specific people; instead it referred to an amalgam of nomadic western Iranian tribes, who were distinct from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>. However, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the Kurdish ethnic identity gradually materialized, as one can find clear evidence of the Kurdish ethnic identity and solidarity in texts of the 12th and 13th centuries,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[115]</a> though, the term was also still being used in the social sense.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Since 10th century, Arabic texts including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Masudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a>'s works, have referred to Kurds as a distinct linguistic group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[117]</a> From 11th century onward, the term Kurd is explicitly defined as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> and this does not suggest synonymity with the ethnographic category nomad.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Tabari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> wrote that in 639, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hormuzan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hormuzan">Hormuzan</a>, a Sasanian general originating from a noble family, battled against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic invaders</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khuzestan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, and called upon the Kurds to aid him in battle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[119]</a> However, they were defeated and brought under Islamic rule. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg/250px-Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1025"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg/250px-Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg/375px-Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg/500px-Kurdsih_Wariors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish warriors by Frank Feller </figcaption> </figure> In 838, a Kurdish leader based in Mosul, named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mir Jafar Dasni">Mir Jafar</a>, revolted against the Caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Al-Mu'tasim</a> who sent the commander Itakh to combat him. Itakh won this war and executed many of the Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Eventually, Arabs conquered the Kurdish regions and gradually converted the majority of Kurds to Islam, often incorporating them into the military, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamdanids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanids">Hamdanids</a> whose dynastic family members also frequently intermarried with Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In 934, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylamite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daylamite">Daylamite</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> dynasty was founded, and subsequently conquered most of present-day Iran and Iraq. During the time of rule of this dynasty, Kurdish chief and ruler, Badr ibn Hasanwaih, established himself as one of the most important emirs of the time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In the 10th–12th centuries, a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_principalities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish principalities">Kurdish principalities</a> and dynasties were founded, ruling Kurdistan and neighbouring areas: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AyyubidGreatest.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AyyubidGreatest.png/220px-AyyubidGreatest.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="692"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AyyubidGreatest.png/220px-AyyubidGreatest.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AyyubidGreatest.png/330px-AyyubidGreatest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AyyubidGreatest.png/440px-AyyubidGreatest.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Ayyubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaddadids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a> (951–1174)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996151-127">[125]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacock2000-128">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215-129">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVacca20177-130">[128]</a> ruled parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid</a> (955–1221) They were Arab origin, later Kurdicized<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVacca20177-130">[128]</a> and ruled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hasanwayhids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a> (959–1015)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215-129">[127]</a> ruled western Iran and upper Mesopotamia.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> (990–1096)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199689-131">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215-129">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVacca20177-130">[128]</a> ruled eastern Anatolia.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annazids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annazids">Annazids</a> (990–1117)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA%E1%B8%A5mad198597%E2%80%9398-132">[130]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215-129">[127]</a> ruled western Iran and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> (succeeded the Hasanwayhids).</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazaraspids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a> (1148–1424)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth200393-133">[131]</a> ruled southwestern Iran.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> (1171–1341)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazaheriGholami2008-134">[132]</a> ruled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Upper Mesopotamia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hejaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and parts of southeastern Anatolia.</li> </ul> Due to the Turkic invasion of Anatolia and Armenia, the 11th-century Kurdish dynasties crumbled and became incorporated into the Seljuk dynasty. Kurds would hereafter be used in great numbers in the armies of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zengid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengids</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> was founded by Kurdish ruler <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saladin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200864-136">[134]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys197729-137">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2015133-138">[136]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002166-139">[137]</a> as succeeding the Zengids, the Ayyubids established themselves in 1171. Saladin led the Muslims to recapture the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crusaders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>; also frequently clashing with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hashashin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashashin">Assassins</a>. The Ayyubid dynasty lasted until 1341 when the Ayyubid sultanate fell to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a> invasions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Safavid_period">Safavid period</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg/140px-Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg/140px-Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg/209px-Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg/279px-Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 5th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Safavid_Shahs_of_Iran" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid shah</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbas_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a>, married a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mukriyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mukriyan">Mukri</a> noblewoman in 1610 AD.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[139]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> dynasty, established in 1501, also established its rule over Kurdish-inhabited territories. The paternal line of this family actually had Kurdish roots,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[140]</a> tracing back to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firuz-Shah_Zarrin-Kolah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah">Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah</a>, a dignitary who moved from Kurdistan to Ardabil in the 11th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daftary-143">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514 that culminated in what is nowadays Iran's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan Province">West Azerbaijan Province</a>, marked the start of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">Ottoman-Persian Wars</a> between the Iranian Safavids (and successive Iranian dynasties) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Turks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>. For the next 300 years, many of the Kurds found themselves living in territories that frequently changed hands between Ottoman Turkey and Iran during the protracted series of Ottoman-Persian Wars. The Safavid king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ismail_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (r. 1501–1524) put down a Yezidi rebellion which went on from 1506 to 1510. A century later, the year-long <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Dimdim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dimdim">Battle of Dimdim</a> took place, wherein the Safavid king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a> (r. 1588–1629) succeeded in putting down the rebellion led by the Kurdish ruler Amir Khan Lepzerin. Thereafter, many Kurds were deported to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khorasan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, not only to weaken the Kurds, but also to protect the eastern border from invading <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkmen_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> tribes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-145">[143]</a> Other forced movements and deportations of other groups were also implemented by Abbas I and his successors, most notably of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Georgians</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circassians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, who were moved en masse to and from other districts within the Persian empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow200966-146">[144]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslanian20111-147">[145]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian2002208-148">[146]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536-149">[147]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloorHerzig2012479-150">[148]</a> The Kurds of Khorasan, numbering around 700,000, still use the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> Kurdish dialect.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-coucileu-151">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Several Kurdish noblemen served the Safavids and rose to prominence, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaykh_Ali_Khan_Zanganeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaykh Ali Khan Zanganeh">Shaykh Ali Khan Zanganeh</a>, who served as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Safavid_Grand_Viziers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Safavid Grand Viziers">grand vizier</a> of the Safavid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shah">shah</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Persia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suleiman I of Persia">Suleiman I</a> (r. 1666–1694) from 1669 to 1689. Due to his efforts in reforming the declining Iranian economy, he has been called the "Safavid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amir_Kabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a>" in modern historiography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee-153">[151]</a> His son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shahqoli_Khan_Zanganeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shahqoli Khan Zanganeh">Shahqoli Khan Zanganeh</a>, also served as a grand vizier from 1707 to 1716. Another Kurdish statesman, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganj_Ali_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganj Ali Khan">Ganj Ali Khan</a>, was close friends with Abbas I, and served as governor in various provinces and was known for his loyal service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zand_period">Zand period</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zand_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG/220px-%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG/220px-%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG/330px-%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karim_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a>, the Laki ruler of the Zand Dynasty </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165,714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-Antonion_Zeno_Shindler_-_Kurd_Man_-_1985.66.165%2C714_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Impression of a Kurdish man by American artist Antonio Zeno Shindle circa 1893 </figcaption> </figure> After the fall of the Safavids, Iran fell under the control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afsharid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharid Empire">Afsharid Empire</a> ruled by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nader_Shah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> at its peak. After Nader's death, Iran fell into civil war, with multiple leaders trying to gain control over the country. Ultimately, it was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karim_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a>, a Laki general of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zand_tribe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zand tribe">Zand tribe</a> who would come to power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The country would flourish during Karim Khan's reign; a strong resurgence of the arts would take place, and international ties were strengthened.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranica_Zand-155">[153]</a> Karim Khan was portrayed as being a ruler who truly cared about his subjects, thereby gaining the title Vakil e-Ra'aayaa (meaning Representative of the People in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian language">Persian</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iranica_Zand-155">[153]</a> Though not as powerful in its geo-political and military reach as the preceding Safavids and Afsharids or even the early Qajars, he managed to reassert Iranian hegemony over its integral territories in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and presided over an era of relative peace, prosperity, and tranquility. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a>, following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1775%E2%80%9376)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1775–76)">Ottoman–Persian War (1775–76)</a>, Karim Khan managed to seize <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basra">Basra</a> for several years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[155]</a> After Karim Khan's death, the dynasty would decline in favour of the rival <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qajars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajars">Qajars</a> due to infighting between the Khan's incompetent offspring. It was not until <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotf_Ali_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotf Ali Khan">Lotf Ali Khan</a>, 10 years later, that the dynasty would once again be led by an adept ruler. By this time however, the Qajars had already progressed greatly, having taken a number of Zand territories. Lotf Ali Khan made multiple successes before ultimately succumbing to the rivaling faction. Iran and all its Kurdish territories would hereby be incorporated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qajar_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>. The Kurdish tribes present in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baluchistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a> and some of those in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fars_province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fars province">Fars</a> are believed to be remnants of those that assisted and accompanied Lotf Ali Khan and Karim Khan, respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Kurds">Ottoman Kurds</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubeydullah</a> </div> When Sultan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selim_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, after defeating Shah <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ismail_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chaldiran">1514</a>, annexed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and Kurdistan, he entrusted the organisation of the conquered territories to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris</a>, the historian, who was a Kurd of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitlis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a>. He divided the territory into sanjaks or districts, and, making no attempt to interfere with the principle of heredity, installed the local chiefs as governors. He also resettled the rich pastoral country between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erzerum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzerum">Erzerum</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erivan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Erivan">Erivan</a>, which had lain in waste since the passage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timur">Timur</a>, with Kurds from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> and Bohtan districts. For the next centuries, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> until the first half of the 19th century, several regions of the wide Kurdish homelands would be contested as well between the Ottomans and the neighbouring rival successive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iranian dynasties</a> (Safavids, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qajar_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>) in the frequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">Ottoman-Persian Wars</a>. The Ottoman centralist policies in the beginning of the 19th century aimed to remove power from the principalities and localities, which directly affected the Kurdish emirs. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bedirhan_Bey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedirhan Bey">Bedirhan Bey</a> was the last emir of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cizre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cizre">Cizre Bohtan</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirate">Emirate</a> after initiating an uprising in 1847 against the Ottomans to protect the current structures of the Kurdish principalities. Although his uprising is not classified as a nationalist one, his children played significant roles in the emergence and the development of Kurdish nationalism through the next century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The first modern Kurdish nationalist movement emerged in 1880 with an uprising led by a Kurdish landowner and head of the powerful Shemdinan family, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheik_Ubeydullah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheik Ubeydullah">Sheik Ubeydullah</a>, who demanded political autonomy or outright independence for Kurds as well as the recognition of a Kurdistan state without interference from Turkish or Persian authorities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The uprising against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qajar_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Persia</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans and Ubeydullah, along with other notables, were exiled to Istanbul. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kurdish_nationalism_of_the_20th_century">Kurdish nationalism of the 20th century</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdistan1920.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/220px-Kurdistan1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="658"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/220px-Kurdistan1920.png" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/330px-Kurdistan1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/440px-Kurdistan1920.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Provisions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> for an independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> (in 1920) </figcaption> </figure> Kurdish nationalism emerged after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> with the dissolution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had historically successfully integrated (but not assimilated) the Kurds, through use of forced repression of Kurdish independence movements. Revolts did occur sporadically but only in 1880 with the uprising led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheik_Ubeydullah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheik Ubeydullah">Sheik Ubeydullah</a> did the Kurds as an ethnic group or nation make demands. Ottoman sultan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1876–1909) responded with a campaign of integration by co-opting prominent Kurdish opponents to strengthen Ottoman power with offers of prestigious positions in his government. This strategy appears to have been successful, given the loyalty displayed by the Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Hamidiye</a> regiments during World War I.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-laciner-161">[159]</a> The Kurdish ethno-nationalist movement that emerged following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 largely represented a reaction to the changes taking place in mainstream Turkey, primarily to the radical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, the centralization of authority, and to the rampant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a> in the new Turkish Republic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natali-162">[160]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakob_K%C3%BCnzler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakob Künzler">Jakob Künzler</a>, head of a missionary hospital in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urfa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, documented the large-scale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> and Kurds by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_Turks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[161]</a> He has given a detailed account of the deportation of Kurds from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erzurum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitlis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> in the winter of 1916. The Kurds were perceived to be subversive elements who would take the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> side in the war. In order to eliminate this threat, Young Turks embarked on a large-scale deportation of Kurds from the regions of Djabachdjur, Palu, Musch, Erzurum and Bitlis. Around 300,000 Kurds were forced to move southwards to Urfa and then westwards to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaziantep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaziantep">Aintab</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kahramanmaraş">Marasch</a>. In the summer of 1917 Kurds were moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konya">Konya</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">central Anatolia</a>. Through these measures, the Young Turk <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a> aimed at weakening the political influence of the Kurds by deporting them from their ancestral lands and by dispersing them in small pockets of exiled communities. By the end of World War I, up to 700,000 Kurds had been forcibly deported and almost half of the displaced perished.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Some of the Kurdish groups sought self-determination and the confirmation of Kurdish autonomy in the 1920 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, but in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> prevented such a result. Kurds backed by the United Kingdom declared independence in 1927 and established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> suppressed Kurdist revolts in 1925, 1930, and 1937–1938, while Iran in the 1920s suppressed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simko_Shikak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Urmia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> and Jaafar Sultan of the Hewraman region, who controlled the region between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marivan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marivan">Marivan</a> and north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halabja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>. A short-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>-sponsored Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> (January to December 1946) existed in an area of present-day Iran. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg/220px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="954"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg/220px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg/330px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg/440px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_of_the_Middle_East_and_the_Soviet_Union_in_1986.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish-inhabited areas of the Middle East and the Soviet Union in 1986, according to the U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) </figcaption> </figure> From 1922 to 1924 in Iraq a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> existed. When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ba%27ath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath">Ba'athist</a> administrators thwarted Kurdish nationalist ambitions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, war broke out in the 1960s. In 1970 the Kurds rejected limited territorial self-rule within Iraq, demanding larger areas, including the oil-rich <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> region. During the 1920s and 1930s, several large-scale Kurdish revolts took place in Kurdistan. Following these rebellions, the area of Turkish Kurdistan was put under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martial_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and many of the Kurds were displaced. The Turkish government also encouraged resettlement of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanians from Kosovo</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyrian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in the region to change the make-up of the population. These events and measures led to long-lasting mutual distrust between Ankara and the Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Kurdish officers from the Iraqi army [...] were said to have approached Soviet army authorities soon after their arrival in Iran in 1941 and offered to form a Kurdish volunteer force to fight alongside the Red Army. This offer was declined.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[164]</a> During the relatively open government of the 1950s in Turkey, Kurds gained political office and started working within the framework of the Turkish Republic to further their interests, but this move towards integration was halted with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-laciner-161">[159]</a> The 1970s saw an evolution in Kurdish nationalism as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> political thought influenced some in the new generation of Kurdish nationalists opposed to the local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> authorities who had been a traditional source of opposition to authority; in 1978 Kurdish students would form the militant separatist organization <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partiya_Karkeren_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan">PKK</a>, also known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> in English. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> later abandoned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism-Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Abdullah_%C3%96calan_2007,_pp._243-277-167">[165]</a> Kurds are often regarded as "the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stateless_nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stateless nation">ethnic group without a state</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Some researchers, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin van Bruinessen">Martin van Bruinessen</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[172]</a> who seem to agree with the official Turkish position, argue that while some level of Kurdish cultural, social, political and ideological heterogeneity may exist, the Kurdish community has long thrived over the centuries as a generally peaceful and well-integrated part of Turkish society, with hostilities erupting only in recent years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-radu-175">[173]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-elling-176">[174]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Radu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Radu">Michael Radu</a>, who worked for the United States' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> Foreign Policy Research Institute, notes that demands for a Kurdish state comes primarily from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalists</a>, Western human-rights activists, and European leftists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-radu-175">[173]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Kurdish_communities">Kurdish communities</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_refugees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_of_Central_Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds of Central Anatolia">Kurds of Central Anatolia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg/220px-Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 345px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg/220px-Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="345" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg/330px-Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Two Kurds From <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> 1899 </figcaption> </figure> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a>, Kurds formed approximately 18% of the population in Turkey (approximately 14 million) in 2008. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18–19 million people).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mackey-59">[57]</a> Kurdish sources claim there are as many as 20 or 25 million Kurds in Turkey.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In 1980, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> estimated the number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>-speakers in Turkey at around five million,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[177]</a> when the country's population stood at 44 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Kurds form the largest minority group in Turkey, and they have posed the most serious and persistent challenge to the official image of a homogeneous society. To <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">deny an existence of Kurds</a>, the Turkish Government used several terms. "Mountain Turks" was a term was initially used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Alpdo%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Abdullah Alpdoğan (page does not exist)">Abdullah Alpdoğan</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Alpdo%25C4%259Fan" class="extiw" title="tr:Abdullah Alpdoğan">tr</a>]. In 1961, in a foreword to the book Doğu İlleri ve Varto Tarihi of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eerif_F%C4%B1rat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mehmet Şerif Fırat">Mehmet Şerif Fırat</a>, the Turkish president <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a> declared it of utmost importance to prove the Turkishness of the Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-181">[179]</a> Eastern Turk was another <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euphemism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for Kurds from 1980 onwards.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Nowadays the Kurds, in Turkey, are still known under the name Easterner (Doğulu). Several large scale Kurdish revolts in 1925, 1930 and 1938 were suppressed by the Turkish government and more than one million Kurds were forcibly relocated between 1925 and 1938. The use of Kurdish language, dress, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folklore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, and names were banned and the Kurdish-inhabited areas remained under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martial_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martial law">martial law</a> until 1946.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ararat_revolt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat revolt">Ararat revolt</a>, which reached its apex in 1930, was only suppressed after a massive military campaign including destruction of many villages and their populations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Re%C5%9Fat_Kasaba_2008-184">[182]</a> By the 1970s, Kurdish leftist organizations such as Kurdistan Socialist Party-Turkey (KSP-T) emerged in Turkey which were against violence and supported civil activities and participation in elections. In 1977, Mehdi Zana a supporter of KSP-T won the mayoralty of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbakir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> in the local elections. At about the same time, generational fissures gave birth to two new organizations: the National Liberation of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Workers Party.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg/220px-Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg/220px-Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg/330px-Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg/440px-Kurdish_Boys_Diyarbakir.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish boys in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbakir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> </figcaption> </figure> The words "Kurds", "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bahar-186">[184]</a> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">military coup of 1980</a>, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYTK-187">[185]</a> Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The Kurds are still not allowed to get a primary education in their mother tongue and they do not have a right to self-determination, even though Turkey has signed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">ICCPR</a>. There is ongoing discrimination against and "otherization" of Kurds in society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) is Kurdish militant organization which has waged an armed struggle against the Turkish state for cultural and political rights and self-determination for the Kurds. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s military allies the US, the EU, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">NATO</a> label the PKK as a terrorist organization while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">UN</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UN-190">[188]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[189]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[190]</a> have refused to add the PKK to their terrorist list.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Some of them have even supported the PKK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Between 1984 and 1999, the PKK and the Turkish military engaged in open war, and much of the countryside in the southeast was depopulated, as Kurdish civilians moved from villages to bigger cities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Van,_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Şırnak">Şırnak</a>, as well as to the cities of western Turkey and even to western Europe. The causes of the depopulation included mainly the Turkish state's military operations, state's political actions, Turkish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deep state in Turkey">deep state</a> actions, the poverty of the southeast and PKK atrocities against Kurdish clans which were against them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Turkish state actions have included torture, rape,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[195]</a> forced inscription, forced evacuation, destruction of villages, illegal arrests and executions of Kurdish civilians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bianet1959-199">[197]</a> Since the 1970s, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bianet1959-199">[197]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[198]</a> The judgments are related to executions of Kurdish civilians,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hum1-201">[199]</a> torturing,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[200]</a> forced displacements<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[201]</a> systematic destruction of villages,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[202]</a> arbitrary arrests<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[203]</a> murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Zana.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Zana.jpg/220px-Zana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1020"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Zana.jpg/220px-Zana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Zana.jpg/330px-Zana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Zana.jpg/440px-Zana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyla_Zana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyla_Zana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a>, the first Kurdish female MP from Diyarbakir, caused an uproar in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> after adding the following sentence in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> to her parliamentary oath during the swearing-in ceremony in 1994: "I take this oath for the brotherhood of the Turkish and Kurdish peoples."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In March 1994, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Parliament">Turkish Parliament</a> voted to lift the immunity of Zana and five other Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a> members: Hatip Dicle, Ahmet Turk, Sirri Sakik, Orhan Dogan and Selim Sadak. Zana, Dicle, Sadak and Dogan were sentenced to 15 years in jail by the Supreme Court in October 1995. Zana was awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakharov_Prize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize</a> for human rights by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in 1995. She was released in 2004 amid warnings from European institutions that the continued imprisonment of the four Kurdish MPs would affect Turkey's bid to join the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The 2009 local elections resulted in 5.7% for Kurdish political party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Officially protected death squads are accused of the disappearance of 3,200 Kurds and Assyrians in 1993 and 1994 in the so-called "mystery killings". Kurdish politicians, human-rights activists, journalists, teachers and other members of intelligentsia were among the victims. Virtually none of the perpetrators were investigated nor punished. Turkish government also encouraged Islamic extremist group <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Hezbollah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Hezbollah">Kurdish Hezbollah</a> to assassinate suspected PKK members and often ordinary Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Azimet Köylüoğlu, the state minister of human rights, revealed the extent of security forces' excesses in the autumn of 1994: "While acts of terrorism in other regions are done by the PKK; in Tunceli it is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_terrorism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>. In Tunceli, it is the state that is evacuating and burning villages. In the southeast there are two million people left homeless."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds in Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_of_Khorasan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds of Khorasan">Kurds of Khorasan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Kurds">History of the Kurds</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdish region</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> has been a part of the country since ancient times. Nearly all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> was part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Persian Empire</a> until its Western part was lost during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">wars</a> against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Versailles">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919 Tehran had demanded all lost territories including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, and even <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, but demands were quickly rejected by Western powers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-schofield-214">[212]</a> This area has been divided by modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroekKWL-215">[213]</a> Today, the Kurds inhabit mostly northwestern territories known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a> but also the northeastern region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khorasan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, and constitute approximately 7–10%<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> of Iran's overall population (6.5–7.9 million), compared to 10.6% (2 million) in 1956 and 8% (800,000) in 1850.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Unlike in other Kurdish-populated countries, there are strong ethnolinguistical and cultural ties between Kurds, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> and others as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> Some modern Iranian dynasties like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zands">Zands</a> are considered to be partly of Kurdish origin. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish literature</a> in all of its forms (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurmanji_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanji language">Kurmanji</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorani_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani language">Sorani</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a>) has been developed within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Iran">historical</a> Iranian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Iran">boundaries</a> under strong influence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroekKWL-215">[213]</a> The Kurds sharing much of their history with the rest of Iran is seen as reason for why Kurdish leaders in Iran do not want a separate Kurdish state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-banuaziziweiner-219">[217]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Iran">government of Iran</a> has never employed the same level of brutality against its own Kurds like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, but it has always been implacably opposed to any suggestion of Kurdish separatism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> During and shortly after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> the government of Iran was ineffective and had very little control over events in the country and several Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish tribes">tribal</a> chiefs gained local political power, even established large confederations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> At the same time waves of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> from the disintegrating Ottoman Empire partly influenced some Kurdish chiefs in border regions to pose as Kurdish nationalist leaders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> Prior to this, identity in both countries largely relied upon religion i.e. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> in the particular case of Iran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-banuaziziweiner-219">[217]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ashraf-220">[218]</a> In 19th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qajar_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qajar dynasty">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni animosity</a> and the describing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Kurds as an Ottoman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_column?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> was quite frequent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[219]</a> During the late 1910s and early 1920s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">tribal revolt</a> led by Kurdish chieftain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simko_Shikak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a> struck north western Iran. Although elements of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> were present in this movement, historians agree these were hardly articulate enough to justify a claim that recognition of Kurdish identity was a major issue in Simko's movement, and he had to rely heavily on conventional tribal motives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> Government forces and non-Kurds were not the only ones to suffer in the attacks, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a> was also robbed and assaulted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-entessar-222">[220]</a> Rebels do not appear to have felt any sense of unity or solidarity with fellow Kurds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> Kurdish insurgency and seasonal migrations in the late 1920s, along with long-running tensions between Tehran and Ankara, resulted in border clashes and even military penetrations in both Iranian and Turkish territory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-schofield-214">[212]</a> Two regional powers have used Kurdish tribes as tool for own political benefits: Turkey has provided military help and refuge for anti-Iranian Turcophone <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Shikak rebels</a> in 1918–1922,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[221]</a> while Iran did the same during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ararat_rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a> against Turkey in 1930. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reza_Shah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>'s military victory over Kurdish and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribal leaders initiated a repressive era toward non-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> minorities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-entessar-222">[220]</a> Government's forced detribalization and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sedentarization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedentarization">sedentarization</a> in 1920s and 1930s resulted with many other tribal revolts in Iranian regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luristan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In particular case of the Kurds, this repressive policies partly contributed to developing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish nationalism">nationalism</a> among some tribes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018,_Tangi_Sar_village_(13970105000310636575781098296062_60685).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="636"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781098296062_60685%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Iranian Kurds celebrating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz</a>, 20 March 2018 </figcaption> </figure> As a response to growing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Turkism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Arabism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> in region which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Iranist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Iranist">Pan-Iranist</a> ideology has been developed in the early 1920s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ashraf-220">[218]</a> Some of such groups and journals openly advocated Iranian support to the Kurdish rebellion against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Secular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> has endorsed Iranian ethnic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian nationalism">nationalism</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ashraf-220">[218]</a> which saw the Kurds as integral part of the Iranian nation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-banuaziziweiner-219">[217]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> has personally praised the Kurds as "pure Iranians" or "one of the most noble <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>". Another significant ideology during this period was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> which arose among Kurds under influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USSR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. It culminated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a> which included a separatist attempt of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KDP-I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KDP-I">KDP-I</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> groups<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[224]</a> to establish the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USSR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puppet_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[227]</a> called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>. It arose along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a>, another Soviet puppet state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[228]</a> The state itself encompassed a very small territory, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> and the adjacent cities, unable to incorporate the southern Iranian Kurdistan which fell inside the Anglo-American zone, and unable to attract the tribes outside Mahabad itself to the nationalist cause.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> As a result, when the Soviets withdrew from Iran in December 1946, government forces were able to enter Mahabad unopposed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Qazi_Muhammad.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Qazi_Muhammad.jpg/180px-Qazi_Muhammad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="367"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 248px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Qazi_Muhammad.jpg/180px-Qazi_Muhammad.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Qazi_Muhammad.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a>, the president of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kurdistan">Republic of Kurdistan</a> </figcaption> </figure> Several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> insurgencies continued for decades (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1967_Kurdish_revolt_in_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran">1967</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">1979</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">1989–96</a>) led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KDP-I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KDP-I">KDP-I</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komalah</a>, but those two organization have never advocated a separate Kurdish state or greater Kurdistan as did the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-romano240-231">[229]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Still, many of dissident leaders, among others <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ghassemlou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou">Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou</a>, were executed or assassinated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Party">KDP</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a>, along with asylum for 1.4 million Iraqi refugees, mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_refugees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurds</a>. Kurdish Marxist groups have been marginalized in Iran since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. In 2004 new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">insurrection</a> started by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PJAK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PJAK">PJAK</a>, separatist organization affiliated with the Turkey-based <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-katzman-234">[232]</a> and designated as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist</a> by Iran, Turkey and the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-katzman-234">[232]</a> Some analysts claim PJAK do not pose any serious threat to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Iran">government of Iran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Cease-fire has been established in September 2011 following the Iranian offensive on PJAK bases, but several clashes between PJAK and IRGC took place after it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-elling-176">[174]</a> Since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, accusations of "discrimination" by Western organizations and of "foreign involvement" by Iranian side have become very frequent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-elling-176">[174]</a> Kurds have been well integrated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Iran">Iranian political life</a> during reign of various governments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> Kurdish liberal political <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a> has served as minister of education under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</a> in 1952. During the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> some members of parliament and high army officers were Kurds, and there was even a Kurdish Cabinet Minister.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pahlavi dynasty">reign of the Pahlavis</a> Kurds received many favours from the authorities, for instance to keep their land after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Revolution">land reforms</a> of 1962.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">[216]</a> In the early 2000s, presence of thirty Kurdish deputies in the 290-strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Iran">parliament</a> has also helped to undermine claims of discrimination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-howard-236">[234]</a> Some of the more influential Kurdish politicians during recent years include former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">first vice president</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Rahimi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Reza Rahimi">Mohammad Reza Rahimi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayor_of_Tehran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Tehran">Mayor of Tehran</a> and second-placed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013_Iranian_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013 Iranian presidential election">presidential candidate</a> in 2013. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> is today used more than at any other time since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Revolution</a>, including in several newspapers and among schoolchildren.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-howard-236">[234]</a> Many Iranian Kurds show no interest in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a> particularly Kurds of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> faith who sometimes even vigorously reject idea of autonomy, preferring direct rule from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tehran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kreyenbroek1719-216">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-romano240-231">[229]</a> The issue of Kurdish nationalism and Iranian national identity is generally only questioned in the peripheral Kurdish dominated regions where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> faith is prevalent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds in Iraq</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Anfal_genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal genocide">Al-Anfal genocide</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja poison gas attack">Halabja poison gas attack</a>; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum,_2017?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017">Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg/220px-Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg/220px-Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg/330px-Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg/440px-Jalal_Talabani_Rumsfeld_Rice_Khalilzad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The president of Iraq, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jalal_Talabani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, meeting with U.S. officials in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq, on 26 April 2006 </figcaption> </figure> Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq. Kurds also have a presence in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanaqin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 50,000 in the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kurds led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[236]</a> However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanaqin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algiers_Agreement_(1975)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers Agreement (1975)">Algiers Accord</a>, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk,_Iraq,_March_21_in_2010.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg/220px-263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg/220px-263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg/330px-263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg/440px-263827_A_pair_of_girls_giggle_with_one_another_during_a_Kurdish_New_Year_celebration_in_the_Qarah_Anir_region_of_Kirkuk%2C_Iraq%2C_March_21_in_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish girls in traditional Kurdish costume, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newroz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a> picnic in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> </figcaption> </figure> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures such as the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of civilians, the wholesale destruction of thousands of villages and the deportation of thousands of Kurds to southern and central Iraq. The genocidal campaign, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988, carried out by the Iraqi government against the Kurdish population was called Anfal ("Spoils of War"). The Anfal campaign led to destruction of over two thousand villages and killing of 182,000 Kurdish civilians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The campaign included the use of ground offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportation, firing squads, and chemical attacks, including the most infamous attack on the Kurdish town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja poison gas attack">Halabja in 1988</a> that killed 5000 civilians instantly. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium,_Erbil,_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg/220px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg/220px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg/330px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg/440px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadium%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pro-independence rally in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> in September 2017 </figcaption> </figure> After the collapse of the Kurdish uprising in March 1991, Iraqi troops recaptured most of the Kurdish areas and 1.5 million Kurds abandoned their homes and fled to the Turkish and Iranian borders. It is estimated that close to 20,000 Kurds succumbed to death due to exhaustion, lack of food, exposure to cold and disease. On 5 April 1991, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UN_Security_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed resolution <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">688</a> which condemned the repression of Iraqi Kurdish civilians and demanded that Iraq end its repressive measures and allow immediate access to international humanitarian organizations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[241]</a> This was the first international document (since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> arbitration of Mosul in 1926) to mention Kurds by name. In mid-April, the Coalition established safe havens inside Iraqi borders and prohibited Iraqi planes from flying north of 36th parallel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McDowall_2004-107">[105]</a>: 373, 375 In October 1991, Kurdish guerrillas captured <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulaimaniyah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaimaniyah">Sulaimaniyah</a> after a series of clashes with Iraqi troops. In late October, Iraqi government retaliated by imposing a food and fuel embargo on the Kurds and stopping to pay civil servants in the Kurdish region. The embargo, however, backfired and Kurds held parliamentary elections in May 1992 and established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (KRG).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The Kurdish population welcomed the American troops in 2003 by holding celebrations and dancing in the streets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[246]</a> The authority of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">KRG</a> and legality of its laws and regulations were recognized in the articles 113 and 137 of the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a> ratified in 2005.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[247]</a> By the beginning of 2006, the two Kurdish administrations of Erbil and Sulaimaniya were unified.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>][<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 14 August 2007, Yazidis were targeted in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007_Yazidi_communities_bombings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Yazidi communities bombings">series of bombings</a> that became the deadliest suicide attack since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> began, killing 796 civilians, wounding 1,562.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds in Syria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_(15318975992).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1370"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2815318975992%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> fighters in Syria </figcaption> </figure> Kurds account for 9% of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>'s population, a total of around 1.6 million people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[249]</a> This makes them the largest ethnic minority in the country. They are mostly concentrated in the northeast and the north, but there are also significant Kurdish populations in Aleppo and Damascus. Kurds often speak Kurdish in public, unless all those present do not. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, Kurdish human rights activists are mistreated and persecuted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[250]</a> No political parties are allowed for any group, Kurdish or otherwise. Techniques used to suppress the ethnic identity of Kurds in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a> include various bans on the use of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a>, refusal to register children with Kurdish names, the replacement of Kurdish place names with new names in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, the prohibition of businesses that do not have Arabic names, the prohibition of Kurdish private schools, and the prohibition of books and other materials written in Kurdish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Syria_Silenced_Kurds-253">[251]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Having been denied the right to Syrian nationality, around 300,000 Kurds have been deprived of any social rights, in violation of international law.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-themedialine_12568-256">[254]</a> As a consequence, these Kurds are in effect trapped within Syria. In March 2011, in part to avoid further demonstrations and unrest from spreading across Syria, the Syrian government promised to tackle the issue and grant Syrian citizenship to approximately 300,000 Kurds who had been previously denied the right.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[255]</a> On 12 March 2004, beginning at a stadium in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qamishli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> (a largely Kurdish city in northeastern Syria), clashes between Kurds and Syrians broke out and continued over a number of days. At least thirty people were killed and more than 160 injured. The unrest spread to other Kurdish towns along the northern border with Turkey, and then to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleppo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[257]</a> As a result of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_civil_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, since July 2012, Kurds were able to take control of large parts of Syrian Kurdistan from Andiwar in extreme northeast to Jindires in extreme northwest Syria. The Syrian Kurds started the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rojava_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a> in 2013. Kurdish-inhabited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrin_Canton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrin Canton">Afrin Canton</a> has been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">occupied</a> by Turkish Armed Forces and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army</a> since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a> in early 2018. Between 150,000 and 200,000 people were displaced due to the Turkish intervention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In October 2019, Turkey and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> began an offensive into Kurdish-populated areas in Syria, prompting about 100,000 civilians to flee from the area fearing that Turkey would commit an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish-Armenian_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish-Armenian relations">Kurdish-Armenian relations</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Kurds in Azerbaijan</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg/250px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1292"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg/250px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg/375px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg/500px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_attended_opening_of_Kharibulbul_Festival_in_Shusha_15.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tunar Rahmanoghly singing Kurdish song "Rinda Min". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khari_Bulbul_Music_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khari Bulbul Music Festival">Khari Bulbul Music Festival</a> </figcaption> </figure> Between the 1930s and 1980s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> was a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, within which Kurds, like other ethnic groups, had the status of a protected minority. Armenian Kurds were permitted their own state-sponsored newspaper, radio broadcasts and cultural events. During the conflict in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, many non-Yazidi Kurds were forced to leave their homes since both the Azeri and non-Yazidi Kurds were Muslim. In 1920, two Kurdish-inhabited areas of Jewanshir (capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalbajar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalbajar">Kalbajar</a>) and eastern Zangazur (capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lachin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lachin">Lachin</a>) were combined to form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Okrug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Okrug">Kurdistan Okrug</a> (or "Red Kurdistan"). The period of existence of the Kurdish administrative unit was brief and did not last beyond 1929. Kurds subsequently faced many repressive measures, including deportations, imposed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USSR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> government. As a result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a>, many Kurdish areas have been destroyed and more than 150,000 Kurds have been deported since 1988 by separatist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-meho-263">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Germany">Kurds in Germany</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in France">Kurds in France</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Kurds in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Belgium">Kurds in Belgium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Finland">Kurds in Finland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Sweden">Kurds in Sweden</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Greece">Kurds in Greece</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds in Russia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">Kurds in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds in Canada">Kurds in Canada</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds in the United States">Kurds in the United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kurds_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kurds in Australia (page does not exist)">Kurds in Australia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Kurdish Jews in Israel</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Japan">Kurds in Japan</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/330px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/440px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Protest in Berlin, Germany against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkey's military offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> on 10 October 2019 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Hamdi_Ulukaya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamdi_Ulukaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamdi Ulukaya">Hamdi Ulukaya</a>, Kurdish-American billionaire, founder and CEO of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chobani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chobani">Chobani</a> </figcaption> </figure> According to a report by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, approximately 1.3 million Kurds live in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. The earliest immigrants were Kurds from Turkey, who settled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benelux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> countries, the United Kingdom, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> during the 1960s. Successive periods of political and social turmoil in the region during the 1980s and 1990s brought new waves of Kurdish refugees, mostly from Iran and Iraq under Saddam Hussein, came to Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-coucileu-151">[149]</a> In recent years, many Kurdish asylum seekers from both Iran and Iraq have settled in the United Kingdom (especially in the town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dewsbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a> and in some northern areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>), which has sometimes caused media controversy over their right to remain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-264">[262]</a> There have been tensions between Kurds and the established Muslim community in Dewsbury,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-266">[264]</a> which is home to very traditional mosques such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Markazi_mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi mosque">Markazi</a>. Since the beginning of the turmoil in Syria many of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrian_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Syrian Kurds</a> and as a result many of the current Syrian asylum seekers in Germany are of Kurdish descent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-268">[266]</a> There was substantial immigration of ethnic Kurds in Canada and the United States, who are mainly political refugees and immigrants seeking economic opportunity. According to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Canadian Census">2011 Statistics Canada</a> household survey, there were 11,685 people of Kurdish ethnic background living in Canada,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-StatCan-household-269">[267]</a> and according to the 2011 Census, 10,325 Canadians spoke Kurdish languages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-StatCan-lang-270">[268]</a> In the United States, Kurdish immigrants started to settle in large numbers in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds_in_Nashville,_Tennessee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kurds in Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> in 1976,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-271">[269]</a> which is now home to the largest Kurdish community in the United States and is nicknamed Little Kurdistan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Kurdish population in Nashville is estimated to be around 11,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-273">[271]</a> The total number of ethnic Kurds residing in the United States is estimated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Census_Bureau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> to be 20,591.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USCensus-25">[25]</a> Other sources claim that there are 20,000 ethnic Kurds in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-274">[272]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish literature</a> </div> Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society. As most other Middle Eastern populations, a high degree of mutual influences between the Kurds and their neighbouring peoples are apparent. Therefore, in Kurdish culture elements of various other cultures are to be seen. However, on the whole, Kurdish culture is closest to that of other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, in particular those who historically had the closest geographical proximity to the Kurds, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lur_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lur people">Lurs</a>. Kurds, for instance, also celebrate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newroz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a> (21 March) as New Year's Day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-krelig-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Education">Education</h3> </div> A madrasa system was used before the modern era.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Mele are Islamic clerics and instructors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Women">Women</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_women?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish women">Kurdish women</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg/220px-YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1190"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg/220px-YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg/330px-YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg/440px-YPJ_fighters_shake_hands_with_one_another.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a>'s female fighters in Syria </figcaption> </figure> In general, Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved in the 20th and 21st centuries due to progressive movements within Kurdish society. However, despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_equality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forced_marriages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced marriages">forced marriages</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honor_killings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a>, and in Iraq's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4,_israel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="1676"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi4%2C_israel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fox">fox</a>, a widely recurring character in Kurdish tales </figcaption> </figure> The Kurds possess a rich tradition of folklore, which, until recent times, was largely transmitted by speech or song, from one generation to the next. Although some of the Kurdish writers' stories were well known throughout Kurdistan; most of the stories told and sung were only written down in the 20th and 21st centuries. Many of these are, allegedly, centuries old. Widely varying in purpose and style, among the Kurdish folklore one will find stories about nature, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropomorphism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> animals, love, heroes and villains, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mythological?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological">mythological</a> creatures and everyday life. A number of these mythological figures can be found in other cultures, like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simurgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaveh_the_Blacksmith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaveh the Blacksmith">Kaveh the Blacksmith</a> in the broader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian mythology">Iranian Mythology</a>, and stories of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shahmaran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shahmaran">Shahmaran</a> throughout Anatolia. Additionally, stories can be purely entertaining, or have an educational or religious aspect.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Edgecomb-280">[278]</a> Perhaps the most widely reoccurring element is the fox, which, through cunning and shrewdness triumphs over less intelligent species, yet often also meets his demise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Edgecomb-280">[278]</a> Another common theme in Kurdish folklore is the origin of a tribe. Storytellers would perform in front of an audience, sometimes consisting of an entire village. People from outside the region would travel to attend their narratives, and the storytellers themselves would visit other villages to spread their tales. These would thrive especially during winter, where entertainment was hard to find as evenings had to be spent inside.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Edgecomb-280">[278]</a> Coinciding with the heterogeneous Kurdish groupings, although certain stories and elements were commonly found throughout Kurdistan, others were unique to a specific area; depending on the region, religion or dialect. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Kurdish Jews</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zakho">Zakho</a> are perhaps the best example of this; their gifted storytellers are known to have been greatly respected throughout the region, thanks to a unique oral tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Other examples are the mythology of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yezidis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282">[280]</a> and the stories of the Dersim Kurds, which had a substantial Armenian influence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[281]</a> During the criminalization of the Kurdish language after the coup d'état of 1980, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dengb%C3%AAj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dengbêj">dengbêj</a> (singers) and çîrokbêj (tellers) were silenced, and many of the stories had become endangered. In 1991, the language was decriminalized, yet the now highly available radios and TV's had as an effect a diminished interest in traditional storytelling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-284">[282]</a> However, a number of writers have made great strides in the preservation of these tales. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Weaving">Weaving</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg/220px-Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="1208"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg/220px-Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg/330px-Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg/440px-Modern_Bidjar_rug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Modern rug from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bijar_(city)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bijar (city)">Bijar</a> </figcaption> </figure> Kurdish weaving is renowned throughout the world, with fine specimens of both rugs and bags. The most famous Kurdish rugs are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bijar_rug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijar rug">those from the Bijar region</a>, in the Kurdistan Province. Because of the unique way in which the Bijar rugs are woven, they are very stout and durable, hence their appellation as the 'Iron Rugs of Persia'. Exhibiting a wide variety, the Bijar rugs have patterns ranging from floral designs, medallions and animals to other ornaments. They generally have two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">wefts</a>, and are very colorful in design.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claremont_Rug_Company-285">[283]</a> With an increased interest in these rugs in the last century, and a lesser need for them to be as sturdy as they were, new Bijar rugs are more refined and delicate in design. Another well-known Kurdish rug is the Senneh rug, which is regarded as the most sophisticated of the Kurdish rugs. They are especially known for their great knot density and high-quality mountain wool.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claremont_Rug_Company-285">[283]</a> They lend their name from the region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanandaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>. Throughout other Kurdish regions like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kermanshah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siirt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siirt">Siirt</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malatya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitlis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> rugs were also woven to great extent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Kurdish bags are mainly known from the works of one large tribe: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaff_(Kurdish_tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaff (Kurdish tribe)">Jaffs</a>, living in the border area between Iran and Iraq. These Jaff bags share the same characteristics of Kurdish rugs; very colorful, stout in design, often with medallion patterns. They were especially popular in the West during the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Handicrafts">Handicrafts</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:KurdishNoble.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KurdishNoble.jpg/220px-KurdishNoble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="831"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 336px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KurdishNoble.jpg/220px-KurdishNoble.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="336" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KurdishNoble.jpg/330px-KurdishNoble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KurdishNoble.jpg/440px-KurdishNoble.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Kurdish nobleman bearing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jambiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jambiya">jambiya</a> dagger </figcaption> </figure> Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other Kurdish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handicrafts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, which were traditionally often crafted by nomadic Kurdish tribes. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kermanshah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanandaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a> regions. Among these crafts are chess boards, talismans, jewelry, ornaments, weaponry, and instruments.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kurdish blades include a distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jambiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jambiya">jambiya</a>, with its characteristic I-shaped hilt, and oblong blade. Generally, these possess double-edged blades, reinforced with a central ridge, a wooden, leather or silver decorated scabbard, and a horn hilt, furthermore they are often still worn decoratively by older men. Swords were made as well. Most of these blades in circulation stem from the 19th century. Another distinct form of art from Sanandaj is 'Oroosi', a type of window where stylized wooden pieces are locked into each other, rather than being glued together. These are further decorated with coloured glass, this stems from an old belief that if light passes through a combination of seven colours it helps keep the atmosphere clean. Among Kurdish Jews a common practice was the making of talismans, which were believed to combat illnesses and protect the wearer from malevolent spirits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tattoos">Tattoos</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deq_(tattoo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deq (tattoo)">Deq (tattoo)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish-Deq.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A woman's tattooed right hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish-Deq.jpg/220px-Kurdish-Deq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 206px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish-Deq.jpg/220px-Kurdish-Deq.jpg" data-alt="A woman's tattooed right hand" data-width="220" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish-Deq.jpg/330px-Kurdish-Deq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish-Deq.jpg/440px-Kurdish-Deq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish woman with deq tattoo </figcaption> </figure> Adorning the body with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tattoo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a> (deq in Kurdish) is widespread among the Kurds, even though permanent tattoos are not permissible in Sunni Islam. Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Immigration_Museum-288">[286]</a> Tattoo ink is made by mixing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soot">soot</a> with (breast) milk and the poisonous liquid from the gall bladder of an animal. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is injected under the skin using a needle. These have a wide variety of meanings and purposes, among which are protection against evil or illnesses; beauty enhancement; and the showing of tribal affiliations. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_symbolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">Religious symbolism</a> is also common among both traditional and modern Kurdish tattoos. Tattoos are more prevalent among women than among men, and were generally worn on feet, the chin, foreheads and other places of the body.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Immigration_Museum-288">[286]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-289">[287]</a> The popularity of permanent, traditional tattoos has greatly diminished among newer generation of Kurds. However, modern tattoos are becoming more prevalent; and temporary tattoos are still being worn on special occasions (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henna">henna</a>, the night before a wedding) and as tribute to the cultural heritage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Immigration_Museum-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish music</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg/220px-Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="589"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg/220px-Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg/330px-Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg/440px-Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kurdish musicians, 1890 </figcaption> </figure> Traditionally, there are three types of Kurdish classical performers: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storytelling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Storytelling">storytellers</a> (çîrokbêj), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minstrel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a> (stranbêj), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bard">bards</a> (dengbêj). No specific music was associated with the Kurdish princely courts. Instead, music performed in night gatherings (şevbihêrk) is considered classical. Several musical forms are found in this genre. Many songs are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epic_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> in nature, such as the popular Lawiks, heroic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballad">ballads</a> recounting the tales of Kurdish heroes such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saladin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. Heyrans are love ballads usually expressing the melancholy of separation and unfulfilled love. One of the first Kurdish female singers to sing heyrans is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chopy_Fatah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chopy Fatah">Chopy Fatah</a>, while Lawje is a form of religious music and Payizoks are songs performed during the autumn. Love songs, dance music, wedding and other celebratory songs (dîlok/narînk), erotic poetry, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Work_song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Work song">work songs</a> are also popular.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Throughout the Middle East, there are many prominent Kurdish artists. Most famous are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibrahim_Tatlises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Tatlises">Ibrahim Tatlises</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizamettin_Ar%C4%B1%C3%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamettin Arıç">Nizamettin Arıç</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmet_Kaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmet Kaya">Ahmet Kaya</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamkars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamkars">Kamkars</a>. In Europe, well-known artists are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darin_Zanyar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Darin Zanyar">Darin Zanyar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sivan_Perwer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivan Perwer">Sivan Perwer</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azad_(rapper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azad (rapper)">Azad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_cinema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG/220px-BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG/220px-BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG/330px-BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG/440px-BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a> at the presentation of his film Nobody Knows About Persian Cats in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, 2009 </figcaption> </figure> The main themes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_cinema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a> are the poverty and hardship which ordinary Kurds have to endure. The first films featuring Kurdish culture were actually shot in Armenia. Zare, released in 1927, produced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamo_Beknazarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamo Beknazarian">Hamo Beknazarian</a>, details the story of Zare and her love for the shepherd Seydo, and the difficulties the two experience by the hand of the village elder.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-290">[288]</a> In 1948 and 1959, two documentaries were made concerning the Yezidi Kurds in Armenia. These were joint Armenian-Kurdish productions; with H. Koçaryan and Heciye Cindi teaming up for The Kurds of Soviet Armenia,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kurdish_Cinema-291">[289]</a> and Ereb Samilov and C. Jamharyan for Kurds of Armenia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kurdish_Cinema-291">[289]</a> The first critically acclaimed and famous Kurdish films were produced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yılmaz Güney">Yılmaz Güney</a>. Initially a popular, award-winning actor in Turkey with the nickname Çirkin Kral (the Ugly King, after his rough looks), he spent the later part of his career producing socio-critical and politically loaded films. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sürü">Sürü</a> (1979), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yol_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yol (film)">Yol</a> (1982) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duvar_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duvar (film)">Duvar</a> (1983) are his best-known works, of which the second won Palme d'Or at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> of 1982,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-292">[290]</a> the most prestigious award in the world of cinema. Another prominent Kurdish film director is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahman_Qubadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahman Qubadi">Bahman Qubadi</a>. His first feature film was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Time_for_Drunken_Horses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Time for Drunken Horses">A Time for Drunken Horses</a>, released in 2000. It was critically acclaimed, and went on to win multiple awards. Other movies of his would follow this example,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-293">[291]</a> making him one of the best known film producers of Iran of today. Recently, he released <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhinos_Season?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinos Season">Rhinos Season</a>, starring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Behrouz_Vossoughi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Behrouz Vossoughi">Behrouz Vossoughi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monica_Bellucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monica Bellucci">Monica Bellucci</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yilmaz_Erdogan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yilmaz Erdogan">Yilmaz Erdogan</a>, detailing the tumultuous life of a Kurdish poet. Other prominent Kurdish film directors that are critically acclaimed include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahsun_K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1g%C3%BCl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahsun Kırmızıgül">Mahsun Kırmızıgül</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiner_Saleem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiner Saleem">Hiner Saleem</a> and the aforementioned Yilmaz Erdogan. There's also been a number of films set or filmed in Kurdistan made by non-Kurdish film directors, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Wind_Will_Carry_Us?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Wind Will Carry Us">The Wind Will Carry Us</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triage_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triage (film)">Triage</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Market:_A_Tale_of_Trade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Market: A Tale of Trade">The Market: A Tale of Trade</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:080603_Derdiyok.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/080603_Derdiyok.jpg/220px-080603_Derdiyok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/080603_Derdiyok.jpg/220px-080603_Derdiyok.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/080603_Derdiyok.jpg/330px-080603_Derdiyok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/080603_Derdiyok.jpg/440px-080603_Derdiyok.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eren_Derdiyok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eren Derdiyok">Eren Derdiyok</a>, a Kurdish footballer, striker for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss national football team">Swiss national football team</a> </figcaption> </figure> The most popular sport among the Kurds is football. Because the Kurds have no independent state, they have no representative team in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asian Football Confederation">AFC</a>; however a team representing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdistan national football team">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> has been active in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viva_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viva World Cup">Viva World Cup</a> since 2008. They became runners-up in 2009 and 2010, before ultimately becoming champion in 2012. On a national level, the Kurdish clubs of Iraq have achieved success in recent years as well, winning the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Premier_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Premier League">Iraqi Premier League</a> four times in the last five years. Prominent clubs are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbil_SC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbil SC">Erbil SC</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duhok_SC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duhok SC">Duhok SC</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_FC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymaniyah FC">Sulaymaniyah FC</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakho_FC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho FC">Zakho FC</a>. In Turkey, a Kurd named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celal_Ibrahim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celal Ibrahim">Celal Ibrahim</a> was one of the founders of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatasaray S.K.">Galatasaray S.K.</a> in 1905, as well as one of the original players. The most prominent Kurdish-Turkish club is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbakirspor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakirspor">Diyarbakirspor</a>. In the diaspora, the most successful Kurdish club is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalkurd_FF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalkurd FF">Dalkurd FF</a> and the most famous player is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eren_Derdiyok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eren Derdiyok">Eren Derdiyok</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-294">[292]</a> Another prominent sport is wrestling. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Wrestling">Iranian Wrestling</a>, there are three styles originating from Kurdish regions: <ul> <li>Zhir-o-Bal (a style similar to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a>), practised in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kermanshah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilam_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pahlevani_Research_Institute-295">[293]</a></li> <li>Zouran-Patouleh, practised in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pahlevani_Research_Institute-295">[293]</a></li> <li>Zouran-Machkeh, practised in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pahlevani_Research_Institute-295">[293]</a></li> </ul> Furthermore, the most accredited of the traditional Iranian wrestling styles, the Bachoukheh, derives its name from a local Khorasani Kurdish costume in which it is practised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pahlevani_Research_Institute-295">[293]</a> Kurdish medalists in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nur_Tatar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nur Tatar">Nur Tatar</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-296">[294]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kianoush_Rostami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kianoush Rostami">Kianoush Rostami</a> and Yezidi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misha_Aloyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Misha Aloyan">Misha Aloyan</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-297">[295]</a> who won medals in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taekwondo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:OnGozluBridge.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OnGozluBridge.jpg/220px-OnGozluBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1260"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OnGozluBridge.jpg/220px-OnGozluBridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OnGozluBridge.jpg/330px-OnGozluBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/OnGozluBridge.jpg/440px-OnGozluBridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanid</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicle_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicle Bridge">Dicle Bridge</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diyarbakir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arbil_Citadel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arbil_Citadel.jpg/220px-Arbil_Citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arbil_Citadel.jpg/220px-Arbil_Citadel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arbil_Citadel.jpg/330px-Arbil_Citadel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arbil_Citadel.jpg/440px-Arbil_Citadel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a> </figcaption> </figure> The traditional Kurdish village has simple houses, made of mud. In most cases with flat, wooden roofs, and, if the village is built on the slope of a mountain, the roof on one house makes for the garden of the house one level higher. However, houses with a beehive-like roof, not unlike those in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harran">Harran</a>, are also present. Over the centuries many Kurdish architectural marvels have been erected, with varying styles. Kurdistan boasts many examples from ancient Iranian, Roman, Greek and Semitic origin, most famous of these include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bisotun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bisotun">Bisotun</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a> in Kermanshah, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Takht-e_Soleyman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht-e Soleyman">Takht-e Soleyman</a> near Takab, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Nemrud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Nemrud">Mount Nemrud</a> near Adiyaman and the citadels of Erbil and Diyarbakir. The first genuinely Kurdish examples extant were built in the 11th century. Those earliest examples consist of the Marwanid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicle_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicle Bridge">Dicle Bridge</a> in Diyarbakir, the Shadaddid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ani">Minuchir Mosque</a> in Ani,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-298">[296]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Hisn al Akrad</a> near Homs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-299">[297]</a> In the 12th and 13th centuries the Ayyubid dynasty constructed many buildings throughout the Middle East, being influenced by their predecessors, the Fatimids, and their rivals, the Crusaders, whilst also developing their own techniques.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-300">[298]</a> Furthermore, women of the Ayyubid family took a prominent role in the patronage of new constructions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-301">[299]</a> The Ayyubids' most famous works are the Halil-ur-Rahman Mosque that surrounds the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Pool of Sacred Fish</a> in Urfa, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-302">[300]</a> and most parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Another important piece of Kurdish architectural heritage from the late 12th/early 13th centuries is the Yezidi pilgrimage site <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lalish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lalish">Lalish</a>, with its trademark conical roofs. In later periods too, Kurdish rulers and their corresponding dynasties and emirates would leave their mark upon the land in the form mosques, castles and bridges, some of which have decayed, or have been (partly) destroyed in an attempt to erase the Kurdish cultural heritage, such as the White Castle of the Bohtan Emirate. Well-known examples are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosap_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosap Castle">Hosap Castle</a> of the 17th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-304">[302]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sherwana_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sherwana Castle">Sherwana Castle</a> of the early 18th century, and the Ellwen Bridge of Khanaqin of the 19th century. Most famous is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a> of Dogubeyazit, a structure with heavy influences from both Anatolian and Iranian architectural traditions. Construction of the Palace began in 1685, led by Colak Abdi Pasha, a Kurdish bey of the Ottoman Empire, but the building would not be completed until 1784, by his grandson, Ishak Pasha.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-305">[303]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-306">[304]</a> Containing almost 100 rooms, including a mosque, dining rooms, dungeons and being heavily decorated by hewn-out ornaments, this Palace has the reputation as being one of the finest pieces of architecture of the Ottoman Period, and of Anatolia. In recent years, the KRG has been responsible for the renovation of several historical structures, such as Erbil Citadel and the Mudhafaria Minaret.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-307">[305]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg/220px-Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg/220px-Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg/330px-Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg/440px-Father_and_Daughter_-_Halabja_-_Kurdistan_-_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Kurdish father and daughter in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halabja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>, Iraq </figcaption> </figure> A 2005 study genetically examined three different groups of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazas">Zaza</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurmanji speakers in Turkey</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Georgia">Kurmanji speakers in Georgia</a>. In the study, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MtDNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> HV1 sequences, eleven <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y_chromosome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> bi-allelic markers and 9 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-STR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y-STR">Y-STR</a> loci were analyzed to investigate lineage relationship among Kurdish groups. When both mtDNA and Y chromosome data are compared with those of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Europe">European</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of the Middle East">West Asian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Central Asian groups</a>, it has been determined that the Kurdish groups are most closely related to West Asians and the furthest to Central Asians. Among the European and Caucasian groups, Kurds were found to be closer to Europeans than Caucasians when considering mtDNA, and the opposite was true for Y chromosome. This indicates a difference in maternal and paternal origins of Kurdish groups. According to the study, Kurdish groups in Georgia went through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a> while migrating to the Caucasus. It has also been revealed that these groups were not influenced by other Caucasian groups in terms of ancestry. Another phenomenon found in the research was that Zazas are closer to Kurdish groups rather than peoples of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Iran">Northern Iran</a>, where ancestral <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaza_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaza language">Zaza language</a> hypothesized to be spoken before its spread to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-doi.wiley.com-308">[306]</a> 11 different Y-DNA haplogroups have been identified in Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in Turkey. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup I-M170">Haplogroup I-M170</a> was the most prevalent with 16.1% of the samples belonging to it, followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup J-M172">haplogroups J-M172</a> (13.8%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R1a1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a1">R1a1</a> (12.7%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup K-M9">K</a> (12.7%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup E-M96">E</a> (11.5%) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup F-M89">F</a> (11.5%). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_P1_(Y-DNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)">P1</a> (8%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)">P</a> (5.7%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_R1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup R1">R1</a> (4.6%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> (2.3%) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M130?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup C-M130">C</a> (1.1%) haplogroups were also present in lower proportions. Y-DNA haplogroup diversity were determined to be much lower among Georgian Kurds, as five haplogroups were discovered in total, where the dominant haplogroups were P1 (44%) and J-M172 (32%). The lowest Y-DNA haplogroup diversity was observed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan Kurds</a> with only 4 haplogroups in total; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup F-M89">F</a> (41%) and R1 (29%) were dominant in this population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-doi.wiley.com-308">[306]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Modern_Kurdish-majority_entities_and_governments">Modern Kurdish-majority entities and governments</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> (1992 to date) – federal region in Iraq</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">Democratic Federation of Northern Syria</a> (2013 to date) – autonomy of Syria</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mercier._Kurde_(Asie)._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs,_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercier. Kurde (Asie) by Auguste Wahlen, 1843"> <noscript> <img alt="Mercier. Kurde (Asie) by Auguste Wahlen, 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/71px-Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4772" data-file-height="8036"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 71px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/71px-Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg" data-alt="Mercier. Kurde (Asie) by Auguste Wahlen, 1843" data-width="71" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/107px-Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/142px-Mercier._Kurde_%28Asie%29._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mercier. Kurde (Asie) by Auguste Wahlen, 1843 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurdish warriors by Amadeo Preziosi"> <noscript> <img alt="Kurdish warriors by Amadeo Preziosi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg/83px-AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg/83px-AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg" data-alt="Kurdish warriors by Amadeo Preziosi" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg/125px-AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg/167px-AmadeoPreziosi1816_1882.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kurdish warriors by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amadeo_Preziosi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo Preziosi">Amadeo Preziosi</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian, Turkish and Kurdish females in their traditional clothes, 1873"> <noscript> <img alt="Armenian, Turkish and Kurdish females in their traditional clothes, 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png/84px-3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="6518"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png/84px-3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png" data-alt="Armenian, Turkish and Kurdish females in their traditional clothes, 1873" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png/126px-3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png/168px-3._Turquie_d%27Asia_-_3._Vilayet_de_Koniah_-_10._Planche.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Armenian, Turkish and Kurdish females in their traditional clothes, 1873 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zakho Kurds by Albert Kahn, 1910s"> <noscript> <img alt="Zakho Kurds by Albert Kahn, 1910s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/92px-Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="2068"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/92px-Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg" data-alt="Zakho Kurds by Albert Kahn, 1910s" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/138px-Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/185px-Zakho_Kurds_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zakho">Zakho</a> Kurds by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(banker)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Kahn (banker)">Albert Kahn</a>, 1910s </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times,_January_24,_1915.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurdish cavalry in the passes of the Caucasus mountains (The New York Times, 24 January 1915)"> <noscript> <img alt="Kurdish cavalry in the passes of the Caucasus mountains (The New York Times, 24 January 1915)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg/120px-Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="602"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg/120px-Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg" data-alt="Kurdish cavalry in the passes of the Caucasus mountains (The New York Times, 24 January 1915)" data-width="120" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg/180px-Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg/240px-Kurdish_Cavalry_in_the_Caucasus_Mountains._The_New_York_Times%2C_January_24%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kurdish cavalry in the passes of the Caucasus mountains (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 24 January 1915) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_Jaf_chief,_S._Kurdistan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A Kurdish chief"> <noscript> <img alt="A Kurdish chief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg/83px-A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="455"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg/83px-A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg" data-alt="A Kurdish chief" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg/125px-A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg/167px-A_Jaf_chief%2C_S._Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Kurdish chief </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A Kurdish woman from Piranshahr, Iran, Antoin Sevruguin"> <noscript> <img alt="A Kurdish woman from Piranshahr, Iran, Antoin Sevruguin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg/88px-Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="672"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg/88px-Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg" data-alt="A Kurdish woman from Piranshahr, Iran, Antoin Sevruguin" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg/133px-Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg/177px-Antoin_Sevruguin_1_kurdish_woman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Kurdish woman from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piranshahr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piranshahr">Piranshahr</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoin_Sevruguin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoin Sevruguin">Antoin Sevruguin</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran,_Kurdistan_province.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A Kurdish woman and a child from Bisaran, Eastern Kurdistan, 2017"> <noscript> <img alt="A Kurdish woman and a child from Bisaran, Eastern Kurdistan, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg/120px-Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2067"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg/120px-Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg" data-alt="A Kurdish woman and a child from Bisaran, Eastern Kurdistan, 2017" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg/180px-Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg/240px-Nowruz_2017_in_Bisaran%2C_Kurdistan_province.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Kurdish woman and a child from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bisaran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bisaran">Bisaran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Kurdistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>, 2017 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing, Hawraman"> <noscript> <img alt="A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing, Hawraman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg/120px-A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="756"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg/120px-A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg" data-alt="A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing, Hawraman" data-width="120" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg/180px-A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg/240px-A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman%2C_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawraman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawraman">Hawraman</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A Kurdish man wearing traditional clothes, Erbil"> <noscript> <img alt="A Kurdish man wearing traditional clothes, Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg/80px-Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg/80px-Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg" data-alt="A Kurdish man wearing traditional clothes, Erbil" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg/120px-Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg/160px-Guard_at_Citadel_-_Erbil_-_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Kurdish man wearing traditional clothes, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A Kurdish woman fighter from Rojava"> <noscript> <img alt="A Kurdish woman fighter from Rojava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/80px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/80px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" data-alt="A Kurdish woman fighter from Rojava" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/120px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/160px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Kurdish woman fighter from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a> </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a> by David McDowall</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chechen_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechen Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kurdish people">History of the Kurdish people</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdology">Kurdology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Georgia">Kurds in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Lebanon">Kurds in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds_of_Khorasan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds of Khorasan">Khorasani Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">List of Kurdish dynasties and countries</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Kurdish organisations">List of Kurdish organisations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kurdish people">List of Kurdish people</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National symbols of the Kurds">National symbols of the Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Kurds">Origins of the Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaza_Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaza Kurds">Zaza Kurds</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAonline-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAonline_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106114713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a> (Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2015. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8133">1553-8133</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">the original</a> on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.place=Langley%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=US+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1553-8133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> A rough estimate in this edition gives populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in Kurdistan or in adjacent regions. The CIA estimates are as of August 2015<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKurds%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> – Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15–20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million.</li> <li id="cite_note-KIOP2017-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KIOP2017_2-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/the-kurdish-population-1232551004">The Kurdish Population</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Institute_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Institute of Paris">Kurdish Institute of Paris</a>, 2017 estimate. The Kurdish population is estimated at 15–20 million in Turkey, 10–12 million in Iran, 8–8.5 million in Iraq, 3–3.6 million in Syria, 1.2–1.5 million in the European diaspora, and 400k–500k in the former USSR—for a total of 36.4 million to 45.6 million globally.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/interview-am-morgen-wir-deutsche-kurden-aergern-uns-ueber-die-bundesregierung-1.3913545!amp">""Wir Kurden ärgern uns über die Bundesregierung" – Politik"</a>. Süddeutsche.de. 21 March 2018. 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Kurdisches Kulturfestival verboten"</a>. heise.de. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschenk+an+Erdogan%3F+Kurdisches+Kulturfestival+verboten&rft.pub=heise.de&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Ftp%2Ffeatures%2FGeschenk-an-Erdogan-Kurdisches-Kulturfestival-verboten-4155967.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-coucileub-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-coucileub_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link%3D/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC11006.htm">The cultural situation of the Kurds</a>, <cite>A report by Lord Russell-Johnston, Council of Europe, July 2006</cite>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Vanly-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vanly_6-0">^</a> Ismet Chériff Vanly, "The Kurds in the Soviet Union", in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992). pg 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrghizistan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000), Total 450,000</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/10/world/europe/france-kurd-deaths/">"3 Kurdish women political activists shot dead in Paris"</a>. CNN. 11 January 2013. 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ILLC – Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam: 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ILLC+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Gorani+Influence+on+Central+Kurdish%3A+Substratum+or+Prestige+Borrowing%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Michiel+Leezenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.hum.uva.nl%2Foz%2Fleezenberg%2FGInflCK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/kurds-turkey">"Kurds in Turkey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurds+in+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpl.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffaq%2Fkurds-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdistan-religion/">"Learn About Kurdish Religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+About+Kurdish+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekurdishproject.org%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fkurdistan-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/kurds-iran-missing-piece-middle-east-puzzle">"Kurds of Iran: The missing piece in the Middle East Puzzle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurds+of+Iran%3A+The+missing+piece+in+the+Middle+East+Puzzle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fkurds-iran-missing-piece-middle-east-puzzle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisMinorskyMacKenzie2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bois, Th.; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D.N. (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num%3D53%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.start%3D40%26s.q%3Dnihawand">"Kurds, Kurdistān"</a>. Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 5. Brill Online. p. 439. <q>The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurds%2C+Kurdist%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Bois&rft.aufirst=Th.&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkurds-kurdistan-COM_0544%3Fs.num%3D53%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.start%3D40%26s.q%3Dnihawand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2011" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, John A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGN5yv3-U6goC%26pg%3DPA159">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843637?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843637"><bdi>9781598843637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598843637&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN5yv3-U6goC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNezan" class="citation book cs1">Nezan, Kendal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.institutkurde.org/en/institute/who_are_the_kurds.php">A Brief Survey of the History of the Kurds</a>. Kurdish Institute of Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+the+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pub=Kurdish+Institute+of+Paris&rft.aulast=Nezan&rft.aufirst=Kendal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutkurde.org%2Fen%2Finstitute%2Fwho_are_the_kurds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-Bengio2014-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bengio2014_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengio2014" class="citation book cs1">Bengio, Ofra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DcaCDBAAAQBAJ">Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75813-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75813-1"><bdi>978-0-292-75813-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Awakening%3A+Nation+Building+in+a+Fragmented+Homeland&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75813-1&rft.aulast=Bengio&rft.aufirst=Ofra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaCDBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Based on arithmetic from World Factbook and other sources cited herein: A Near Eastern population of 28–30 million, plus approximately a 2 million diaspora gives 30–32 million. If the highest (25%) estimate for the Kurdish population of Turkey, in Mackey (2002), proves correct, this would raise the total to around 37 million.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kurds.html">"Kurds"</a>. The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Encyclopedia.com. 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurds&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-Kurds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr (2013). Iranian Languages. Routledge. p. 587. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135797041?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135797041"><bdi>978-1135797041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135797041&rft.au=Windfuhr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/kurds-long-struggle-statelessness">"Timeline: The Kurds' Quest for Independence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline%3A+The+Kurds%27+Quest+for+Independence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Ftimeline%2Fkurds-long-struggle-statelessness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440">Who are the Kurds?</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 31 October 2017</li> <li id="cite_note-Asatrian-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Asatrian_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrian2009" class="citation book cs1">Asatrian, G. (2009). Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus. Vol. 13. pp. 1–58. <q>Generally, the etymons and primary meanings of tribal names or ethnonyms, as well as place names, are often irrecoverable; Kurd is also an obscurity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+the+Kurds%2C+Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Reynolds_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2004" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, G. S. (October–December 2004). "A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingana". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (4): 683, 684, 687. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F4132112">10.2307/4132112</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132112">4132112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+on+Two+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81nic+Words+%28Ibl%C4%ABs+and+J%C5%ABd%C4%AB%29%2C+with+Attention+to+the+Theories+of+A.+Mingana&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683%2C+684%2C+687&rft.date=2004-10%2F2004-12&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4132112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4132112&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ilya Gershevitch, William Bayne Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achamenian Periods, 964 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1">0-521-20091-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2">978-0-521-20091-2</a>, (see footnote of p.257)</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009: "Evidently, the most reasonable explanation of this ethnonym must be sought for in its possible connections with the Cyrtii (Cyrtaei) of the Classical authors."</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> Karnamak Ardashir Papakan and the Matadakan i Hazar Dastan. G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009. Excerpt 1: "Generally, the etymons and primary meanings of tribal names or ethnonyms, as well as place names, are often irrecoverable; Kurd is also an obscurity." "It is clear that kurt in all the contexts has a distinct social sense, 'nomad, tent-dweller.' It could equally be an attribute for any Iranian ethnic group having similar characteristics. To look for a particular ethnic sense here would be a futile exercise." P. 24: "The Pahlavi materials clearly show that kurd in pre-Islamic Iran was a social label, still a long way from becoming an ethnonym or a term denoting a distinct group of people."</li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall_2000-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-McDowall_2000_50-0">^</a> McDowall, David. 2000. A Modern History of the Kurds. Second Edition. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009</li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-KurdLang-52">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Iranica-KurdLang_52-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Iranica-KurdLang_52-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Iranica-KurdLang_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Ludwig (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i">"Kurdish Language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkurdish-language-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> Writes about the problem of attaining a coherent definition of "Kurdish language" within the Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum. There is no unambiguous evolution of Kurdish from Middle Iranian, as "from Old and Middle Iranian times, no predecessors of the Kurdish language are yet known; the extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE." Ludwig Paul further states: "Linguistics itself, or dialectology, does not provide any general or straightforward definition of at which point a language becomes a dialect (or vice versa). To attain a fuller understanding of the difficulties and questions that are raised by the issue of the 'Kurdish language,' it is therefore necessary to consider also non-linguistic factors."</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://modersmal.skolutveckling.se/nordkurdiska/kurdmap/pages/Geographic%2520Distribution%2520of%2520Kurdish%2520and%2520other%2520Iranic%2520Languages_jpg_gif.htm">Geographic distribution of Kurdish and other Iranic languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018024743/http://modersmal.skolutveckling.se/nordkurdiska/kurdmap/pages/Geographic%2520Distribution%2520of%2520Kurdish%2520and%2520other%2520Iranic%2520Languages_jpg_gif.htm">Archived</a> 18 October 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2019" class="citation book cs1">James, Boris (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004385337/BP000002.xml">Constructing the Realm of the Kurds (al-Mamlaka al-Akradiyya): Kurdish In-betweenness and Mamluk Ethnic Engineering (1130–1340 CE)</a>. Brill. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38533-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38533-7"><bdi>978-90-04-38533-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Realm+of+the+Kurds+%28al-Mamlaka+al-Akradiyya%29%3A+Kurdish+In-betweenness+and+Mamluk+Ethnic+Engineering+%281130%E2%80%931340+CE%29&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38533-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004385337%2FBP000002.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Kurdish Nationalism and Competing Ethnic Loyalties", Original English version of: "Nationalisme kurde et ethnicités intra-kurdes", Peuples Méditerranéens no. 68–69 (1994), 11–37. Excerpt: "This view was criticised by the linguist D. N. MacKenzie, according to whom there are but few linguistic features that all Kurdish dialects have in common and that are not at the same time found in other Iranian languages."</li> <li id="cite_note-AsatrianLinguisticClassification-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AsatrianLinguisticClassification_56-0">^</a> G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009: "The classification of the Kurdish dialects is not an easy task, despite the fact that there have been numerous attempts mostly by Kurdish authors to put them into a system. However, for the time being the commonly accepted classification of the Kurdish dialects is that of the late Prof. D. N. Mackenzie, the author of fundamental works in Kurdish dialectology (see Mackenzie 1961; idem 1961–1962; idem 1963a; idem 1981), who distinguished three groups of dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern."</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNodar_Mosaki2012" class="citation news cs1">Nodar Mosaki (14 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.zazaki.net/haber/the-zazas-a-kurdish-sub-ethnic-group-or-separate-people-1131.htm">"The zazas: a kurdish sub-ethnic group or separate people?"</a>. Zazaki.net. Retrieved 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+zazas%3A+a+kurdish+sub-ethnic+group+or+separate+people%3F&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft.au=Nodar+Mosaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zazaki.net%2Fhaber%2Fthe-zazas-a-kurdish-sub-ethnic-group-or-separate-people-1131.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iranian-languages">"Iranian languages"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIranian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Mackey-59">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mackey_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mackey_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2002" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/reckoningiraqleg00mack">The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam</a>. W.W. Norton and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/reckoningiraqleg00mack/page/350">350</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393051414?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780393051414"><bdi>9780393051414</bdi></a>. <q>As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reckoning%3A+Iraq+and+the+Legacy+of+Saddam&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780393051414&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freckoningiraqleg00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> This would raise the population estimate by about 5 million.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dubious" title="Talk:Kurds">discuss</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-USDOS2012-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USDOS2012_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs2012" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (9 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">"Background Note: Syria"</a>. State.gov. Washington, DC: US State Department. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Background+Note%3A+Syria&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft.au=Bureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3580.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> The CIA World Factbook reports all non-Arabs make up 9.7% of the Syrian population, but does not break out the Kurdish figure separately. However, this State Dept. source provides a figure of 9%. As of August 2015<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKurds%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the current document at this state.gov URL no longer provides such ethnic group data.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanpour1995" class="citation web cs1">Hassanpour, Amir (7 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820033216/http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/hassanpour.html">"A Stateless Nation's Quest for Sovereignty in the Sky"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordia_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/hassanpour.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Stateless+Nation%27s+Quest+for+Sovereignty+in+the+Sky&rft.pub=Concordia+University&rft.date=1995-11-07&rft.aulast=Hassanpour&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ed.ac.uk%2F~siamakr%2FKurdish%2FKURDICA%2Fhassanpour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> Paper presented at the Freie Universitat Berlin. For the figure, cites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1992" class="citation news cs1">McDowall, David (1992). "The Kurds: A Nation Denied". London: Minority Rights Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Nation+Denied&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> "The Kurds of Caucasia and Central Asia have been cut off for a considerable period of time and their development in Russia and then in the Soviet Union has been somewhat different. In this light the Soviet Kurds may be considered to be an ethnic group in their own right." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Red_Book_of_the_Peoples_of_the_Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire">The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/kurds.shtml">"Kurds"</a>. Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurds&rft.pub=Institute+of+Estonia+%28EKI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fbooks%2Fredbook%2Fkurds.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ismet Chériff Vanly, "The Kurds in the Soviet Union", in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarigilFazlioglu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sarigil, Zeki; Fazlioglu, Omer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218061906/http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf">"Exploring the roots and dynamics of Kurdish ethno-nationalism in Turkey"</a> (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 20 (3). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilkent_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a>: 447. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fnana.12058">10.1111/nana.12058</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/11693%252F26432">11693/26432</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+roots+and+dynamics+of+Kurdish+ethno-nationalism+in+Turkey&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F26432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12058&rft.aulast=Sarigil&rft.aufirst=Zeki&rft.au=Fazlioglu%2C+Omer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoksis.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fpdf%2Ffiles%2F11511.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bruinessen2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Bruinessen, Martin (2000). "The Qadiriyya and the lineages of Qadiri shaykhs in Kurdistan". Journal of the History of Sufism. 1–2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi%3D10.1.1.545.8465">10.1.1.545.8465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sufism&rft.atitle=The+Qadiriyya+and+the+lineages+of+Qadiri+shaykhs+in+Kurdistan&rft.volume=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.545.8465%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=van+Bruinessen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1992" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, David (1992). The Kurds: A Nation Denied. Minority Rights Group. p. 57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873194300?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781873194300"><bdi>9781873194300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Nation+Denied&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781873194300&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurgut" class="citation book cs1">Turgut, Lokman. 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The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths : to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999248462">999248462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+status+and+role+of+the+Yezidi+legends+and+myths+%3A+to+the+question+of+comparative+analysis+of+Yezidism%2C+Y%C4%81ris%C4%81n+%28Ahl-e+Haqq%29+and+Zoroastrianism%3A+a+common+substratum%3F&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F999248462&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Omarkhali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroek1995" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, Philip G. 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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facrefore%252F9780199340378.013.254">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311065225/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2019. 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To the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?"</a>. 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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 38: 451–486. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F2843309">10.2307/2843309</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843309">2843309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+Tribes+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> Hervas, L. 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Urbana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId%3D692">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. 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Reuters. 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christianity+grows+in+Syrian+town+once+besieged+by+Islamic+State&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-islamic-state-christians-idUSKCN1RS19N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> Alexei Lidov, 1991, The mural paintings of Akhtala, p. 14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-017569-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-017569-2">5-02-017569-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-017569-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-017569-3">978-5-02-017569-3</a>, It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great-grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of Babir</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> Vladimir Minorsky, 1953, Studies in Caucasian History, p. 102, CUP Archive, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05735-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05735-3">0-521-05735-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05735-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05735-6">978-0-521-05735-6</a>, According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> Richard Barrie Dobson, 2000, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, p. 107, Editions du Cerf, University of Michigan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67931-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67931-8">0-227-67931-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67931-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67931-9">978-0-227-67931-9</a>, under the Christianized Kurdish dynasty of Zak'arids they tried to re-establish nazarar system...</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver1923" class="citation journal cs1">Driver, G. 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Infobase Publishing. 2009. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126760?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126760"><bdi>9781438126760</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2004" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, G. S. (2004). "A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingan". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (4): 675–689. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F4132112">10.2307/4132112</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132112">4132112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+on+Two+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81nic+Words+%28Ibl%C4%ABs+and+J%C5%ABd%C4%AB%29%2C+with+Attention+to+the+Theories+of+A.+Mingan&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E689&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4132112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4132112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mark Marciak Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhwEtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkarduchoi%26pg%3DPA204">[1]</a> pp. 220–221</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> Victoria Arekelova, Garnik S. Asatryan Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and The Caucasus, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/8625114/GARNIK_ASATRIAN._PROLEGOMENA_TO_THE_STUDY_OF_THE_KURDS">[2]</a> pp. 82</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbri2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fabbri, Giampietro (2017). "SUPARSTHAS and SWAGWAUTAS Colonisers of the Ancient World. Part I: Origins and early migrations". Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology. 4: 6, 16. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-266X">2360-266X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+History+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=SUPARSTHAS+and+SWAGWAUTAS+Colonisers+of+the+Ancient+World.+Part+I%3A+Origins+and+early+migrations&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=6%2C+16&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2360-266X&rft.aulast=Fabbri&rft.aufirst=Giampietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._West2009" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. West (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26pg%3DPA518">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 518. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.au=Barbara+A.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ricard_N._Frye&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ricard N. Frye (page does not exist)">Frye, Richard Nelson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+v.+Peoples+of+Iran+%281%29+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfra_Bengio2014" class="citation book cs1">Ofra Bengio (15 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DcaCDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87">Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 87. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75813-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75813-1"><bdi>978-0-292-75813-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Awakening%3A+Nation+Building+in+a+Fragmented+Homeland&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75813-1&rft.au=Ofra+Bengio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaCDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroek2000" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, P.G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/54">The Kurds: A contemporary overview</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/54">54</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415072656?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415072656"><bdi>978-0415072656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+contemporary+overview&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0415072656&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=P.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurds00pkre%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009. (p.21)</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._N._MacKenzie1961" class="citation journal cs1">D. N. MacKenzie (1961). "The Origins of Kurdish". Transactions of the Philological Society. 60: 68–86. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Kurdish&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x&rft.au=D.+N.+MacKenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitch1985" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, I. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 257. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200912?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200912"><bdi>9780521200912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521200912&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1993" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (15 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrtians-gk">"Cyrtians"</a>. Iranica Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Online&rft.atitle=Cyrtians&rft.date=1993-12-15&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrtians-gk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MartinIdentity-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MartinIdentity_104-0">^</a> Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015152331/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Bruinessen_Ethnic_identity_Kurds.pdf">"The Ethnic Identity of the Kurds in Turkey"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Bruinessen_Ethnic_identity_Kurds.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2015. 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Shoup III (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGN5yv3-U6goC%26pg%3DPA159">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</a>. 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The beginnings of ancient Kurdistan (c. 2500–1500 BC) : a historical and cultural synthesis. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, pp. 502–503.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996151-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996151_127-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBosworth1996">Bosworth 1996</a>, p. 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacock2000-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeacock2000_128-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPeacock2000">Peacock 2000</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215-129">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215_129-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215_129-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215_129-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2016215_129-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKennedy2016">Kennedy 2016</a>, p. 215.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVacca20177-130">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVacca20177_130-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVacca20177_130-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVacca20177_130-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFVacca2017">Vacca 2017</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199689-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199689_131-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBosworth1996">Bosworth 1996</a>, p. 89.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAḥmad198597–98-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA%E1%B8%A5mad198597%E2%80%9398_132-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFA%E1%B8%A5mad1985">Aḥmad 1985</a>, p. 97–98.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth200393-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth200393_133-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBosworth2003">Bosworth 2003</a>, p. 93.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazaheriGholami2008-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazaheriGholami2008_134-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMazaheriGholami2008">Mazaheri & Gholami 2008</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> F. Robinson. (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200864-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200864_136-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRiley-Smith2008">Riley-Smith 2008</a>, p. 64.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys197729-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys197729_137-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHumphreys1977">Humphreys 1977</a>, p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2015133-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2015133_138-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaine2015">Laine 2015</a>, p. 133.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002166-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002166_139-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 166.</li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2012" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Herbert (2012). Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627–30, the 1677 Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). p. 403. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-475-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-475-1"><bdi>978-0-86698-475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Thomas+Herbert%2C+Bart%3A+Travels+in+Africa%2C+Persia%2C+and+Asia+the+Great+%3A+Some+Years+Travels+Into+Africa+and+Asia+the+Great%2C+Especially+Describing+the+Famous+Empires+of+Persia+and+Hindustan%2C+as+Also+Divers+Other+Kingdoms+in+the+Oriental+Indies%2C+1627%E2%80%9330%2C+the+1677+Version.+Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Texts+%26+Studies.&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=ACMRS+%28Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-86698-475-1&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">American Society of Genealogists. 1997. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Society+of+Genealogists&rft.pages=244&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAmorettiMatthee2009">Amoretti & Matthee 2009</a>: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMatthee2005">Matthee 2005</a>, p. 18: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMatthee2008">Matthee 2008</a>: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSavory2008">Savory 2008</a>, p. 8: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHamid2006">Hamid 2006</a>, pp. 456–474: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafeʿite in school and probably Kurdish in origin." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 40 "The Safavi house originally was among the landowning nobility of Kurdish origin, with affinity to the Ahl-e Haqq in Kurdistan (chart 1). In the twelfth century, the family settled in northeastern Azarbaijan, where Safi al-Din Ardabili (d. 1334), the patriarch of the Safavid house and Ismail's ancestor dating back six generations, was a revered Sufi leader." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTapper1997">Tapper 1997</a>, p. 39: "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction, they later claimed descent from the Prophet." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFManz2021">Manz 2021</a>, p. 169: "The Safavid dynasty was of Iranian – probably Kurdish – extraction and had its beginnings as a Sufi order located at Ardabil near the eastern border of Azerbaijan, in a region favorable for both agriculture and pastoralism."</li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daftary_143-0">^</a> F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B. Tauris, 2001. pg 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdistan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a>, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan"</li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> Barry D. Wood, The Tarikh-i Jahanara in the Chester Beatty Library: an illustrated manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'il", Islamic Gallery Project, Asian Department Victoria & Albert Museum London, Routledge, Volume 37, Number 1 / March 2004, Pp: 89 – 107.</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated2_145-0">^</a> A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan By Gérard Chaliand, Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, and Marco Pallis, p. 205.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow200966-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlow200966_146-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBlow2009">Blow 2009</a>, p. 66.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslanian20111-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAslanian20111_147-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAslanian2011">Aslanian 2011</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian2002208-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian2002208_148-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBournoutian2002">Bournoutian 2002</a>, p. 208.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536_149-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, pp. 291, 536.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloorHerzig2012479-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloorHerzig2012479_150-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFloorHerzig2012">Floor & Herzig 2012</a>, p. 479.</li> <li id="cite_note-coucileu-151">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-coucileu_151-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-coucileu_151-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID%3D11316%26lang%3Den">"The cultural situation of the Kurds</a>, A report by Lord Russell-Johnston, Council of Europe, July 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/f52bcc85689b17998025679f003f5a36?Opendocument">"Fifteenth periodic report of States parties due in 1998: Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. Unhchr.ch. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifteenth+periodic+report+of+States+parties+due+in+1998%3A+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.pub=Unhchr.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhchr.ch%2Ftbs%2Fdoc.nsf%2F0%2Ff52bcc85689b17998025679f003f5a36%3FOpendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee_153-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMatthee">Matthee</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> A fourth pretender was Karim Khan, son of Aymak of the Zand, a section of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lak_people_(Iran)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lak people (Iran)">Lak</a> tribe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Percy_Molesworth_Sykes1930" class="citation book cs1">Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dy6BCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2Bfourth%2Bpretender%2Bwas%2BKarim%2BKhan,%2Bson%2Bof%2BAymak%2Bof%2Bthe%2BZand%2522">A History of Persia</a>. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company%2C+limited&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Sir+Percy+Molesworth+Sykes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6BCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2Bfourth%2Bpretender%2Bwas%2BKarim%2BKhan%2C%2Bson%2Bof%2BAymak%2Bof%2Bthe%2BZand%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica_Zand-155">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Iranica_Zand_155-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Iranica_Zand_155-1">b</a> J. R. Perry (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karim-khan-zand">"Karim Khan Zand"</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> 'Abd al-Hamid I, M. Cavid Baysun, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provençal and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> Dionisius A. Agius, In the Wake of the Dhow: The Arabian Gulf and Oman, (Ithaca Press, 2010), 15.</li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> P. Oberling (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes">"Kurdish Tribes"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. February 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5">978-0-7914-5993-5</a>. Pg 95.</li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. February 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5">978-0-7914-5993-5</a>. Pg 75.</li> <li id="cite_note-laciner-161">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-laciner_161-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-laciner_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaçinerBal,_Ihsan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Laçiner, Bal; Bal, Ihsan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011225529/http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id%3D15">"The Ideological and Historical Roots of Kurdist Movements in Turkey: Ethnicity Demography, Politics"</a>. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 10 (3): 473–504. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F13537110490518282">10.1080/13537110490518282</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144607707">144607707</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id%3D15">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Ideological+and+Historical+Roots+of+Kurdist+Movements+in+Turkey%3A+Ethnicity+Demography%2C+Politics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537110490518282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144607707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=La%C3%A7iner&rft.aufirst=Bal&rft.au=Bal%2C+Ihsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Farticles.php%3Fid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-natali-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-natali_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatali2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denise_Natali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denise Natali">Natali, Denise</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1066992042000300701">"Ottoman Kurds and emergent Kurdish nationalism"</a>. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 13 (3): 383–387. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F1066992042000300701">10.1080/1066992042000300701</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220375529">220375529</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Critical+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Kurds+and+emergent+Kurdish+nationalism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1066992042000300701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220375529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Natali&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F1066992042000300701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> Fisk, R. The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, p.322. Vintage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1">978-1-4000-7517-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> Dominik J. Schaller, Jürgen Zimmerer, Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction, Journal of Genocide Research, Vol.10, No.1, p.8, March 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan," Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2002, p. 279.</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJwaideh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wadie_Jwaideh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wadie Jwaideh">Jwaideh, Wadie</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFCbspX-dGPYC">The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development</a>. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East (reprint ed.). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 267. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815630937?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780815630937"><bdi>9780815630937</bdi></a>. <q>Kurdish officers from the Iraqi army [...] were said to have approached Soviet army authorities soon after their arrival in Iran in 1941 and offered to form a Kurdish volunteer force to fight alongside the Red Army. This offer was declined.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+National+Movement%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.series=Contemporary+Issues+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=267&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780815630937&rft.aulast=Jwaideh&rft.aufirst=Wadie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCbspX-dGPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Abdullah_Öcalan_2007,_pp._243-277-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Abdullah_%C3%96calan_2007,_pp._243-277_167-0">^</a> Abdullah Öcalan, Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation, 2007, Pluto Press, pp. 243–277.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2012" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, J. Michael (17 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/18/world/middleeast/kurds-remain-on-sideline-in-syrias-uprising.html">"Kurds Remain on the Sideline of Syria's Uprising"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/18/world/middleeast/kurds-remain-on-sideline-in-syrias-uprising.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kurds+Remain+on+the+Sideline+of+Syria%27s+Uprising&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkurds-remain-on-sideline-in-syrias-uprising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 2. D – K (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 1056. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32110-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32110-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32110-8</bdi></a>. <q>The fourth-largest ethnic group in the Middle East, the Kurds make up the world's most numerous ethnic group that has, with the exception of northern Iraq, no legal form of self-government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+stateless+nations.+2.+D+%E2%80%93+K&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=1056&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32110-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Landis,_Rosita_D._Albert2012" class="citation book cs1">Dan Landis, Rosita D. Albert (2012). Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives. New York: Springer. p. 243. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0447-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0447-7"><bdi>978-1-4614-0447-7</bdi></a>. <q>Many scholars and organizations refer to the Kurds as being one of the largest ethnic groups without a nation-state (Council of Europe, 2006; MacDonald, 1993; McKeirnan, 1999).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7&rft.au=Dan+Landis%2C+Rosita+D.+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz2010" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Mahir (2010). The Kurds of Iraq: Ethnonationalism and National Identity in Iraqi Kurdistan. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-546-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-546-5"><bdi>978-1-84885-546-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Kurds appear to be the largest ethnic group in the world without a state of their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+of+Iraq%3A+Ethnonationalism+and+National+Identity+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-546-5&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Mahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Ben (2002). Let's Go 2003: Turkey. Macmillan. p. 24. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30597-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30597-0"><bdi>978-0-312-30597-0</bdi></a>. <q>The 1999 capture and conviction of Kurdish guerilla leader Abdullah Ocalan brought increasing international attention to the Kurds, the largest ethnic group in the world without its own nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Go+2003%3A+Turkey&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-30597-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarolides2006" class="citation book cs1">Karolides, Nicholas J. (2006). Literature Suppressed on Political Grounds (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. p. 8. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7151-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7151-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-7151-7</bdi></a>. <q>They are a recognizable ethnic community, the 'world's largest ethnic group without a state of their own.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+Suppressed+on+Political+Grounds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Infobase+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7151-7&rft.aulast=Karolides&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruinessen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin van Bruinessen">Bruinessen, Martin</a> (2000). Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-177-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-177-4"><bdi>978-975-428-177-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46851965">46851965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Ethno-Nationalism+Versus+Nation-Building+States%3A+Collected+Articles&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46851965&rft.isbn=978-975-428-177-4&rft.aulast=Bruinessen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-radu-175">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-radu_175-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-radu_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadu2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Radu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Radu">Radu, Michael</a> (2003). Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations. New Brunswick, N.J: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transaction_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 17. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0166-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0166-1"><bdi>978-0-7658-0166-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50269670">50269670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Neighborhood%3A+Contemporary+Issues+in+Turkey%27s+Foreign+Relations&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50269670&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0166-1&rft.aulast=Radu&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-elling-176">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-elling_176-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-elling_176-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-elling_176-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElling2013" class="citation book cs1">Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 312. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11584-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11584-2"><bdi>978-0-230-11584-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/714725127">714725127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Iran%3A+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity+after+Khomeini&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F714725127&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11584-2&rft.aulast=Elling&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneLalMartini2008" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Santa Monica: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAND_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. p. 53. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4527-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4527-0"><bdi>978-0-8330-4527-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/259715774">259715774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Political%2C+Demographic%2C+and+Economic+Vulnerabilities&rft.place=Santa+Monica&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F259715774&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4527-0&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Lal%2C+Rollie&rft.au=Martini%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2008/3/turkeykurdistan1755.htm">"Thousands of Kurds celebrate New Kurdish Year Newroz in southeastern Turkey"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekurd.net?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurd.net">Ekurd.net</a>. 21 March 2008. 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Hannum, Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination, 534 pp., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1572-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1572-9">0-8122-1572-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1572-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1572-4">978-0-8122-1572-4</a> (see page 186).</li> <li id="cite_note-Reşat_Kasaba_2008-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Re%C5%9Fat_Kasaba_2008_184-0">^</a> Reşat Kasaba, The Cambridge History of Turkey, 600 pp., Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1">0-521-62096-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3">978-0-521-62096-3</a> (see page 340)</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> Reşat Kasaba, The Cambridge History of Turkey, 600 pp., Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1">0-521-62096-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3">978-0-521-62096-3</a> (see page 348)</li> <li id="cite_note-bahar-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bahar_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaser2015" class="citation book cs1">Baser, Bahar (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8MTVBgAAQBAJ">Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective</a>. 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Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+a+history+of+sexual+violence&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Duzgun&rft.aufirst=Meral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2013%2Fjun%2F10%2Fturkey-history-sexual-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming-Bruce2017" class="citation news cs1">Cumming-Bruce, Nick (10 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html">"U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20221118205214/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Accuses+Turkey+of+Killing+Hundreds+of+Kurds&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cumming-Bruce&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fun-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/turkey0305.pdf">"Still critical: Prospects in 2005 for Internally Displaced Kurds in Turkey"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 17 (2(D)): 5–7. March 2005. <q>The local gendarmerie (soldiers who police rural areas) required villages to show their loyalty by forming platoons of "provisional village guards," armed, paid, and supervised by the local gendarmerie post. Villagers were faced with a frightening dilemma. They could become village guards and risk being attacked by the PKK or refuse and be forcibly evacuated from their communities. Evacuations were unlawful and violent. Security forces would surround a village using helicopters, armored vehicles, troops, and village guards, and burn stored produce, agricultural equipment, crops, orchards, forests, and livestock. They set fire to houses, often giving the inhabitants no opportunity to retrieve their possessions. During the course of such operations, security forces frequently abused and humiliated villagers, stole their property and cash, and ill-treated or tortured them before herding them onto the roads and away from their former homes. The operations were marked by scores of "disappearances" and extrajudicial executions. By the mid-1990s, more than 3,000 villages had been virtually wiped from the map, and, according to official figures, 378,335 Kurdish villagers had been displaced and left homeless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Still+critical%3A+Prospects+in+2005+for+Internally+Displaced+Kurds+in+Turkey&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2%28D%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2005%2Fturkey0305%2Fturkey0305.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bianet1959-199">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bianet1959_199-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bianet1959_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011">"EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bianet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bianet">Bianet</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bianet&rft.atitle=EUROPEAN+COURT+OF+HUMAN+RIGHTS%3A+Turkey+Ranks+First+in+Violations+in+between+1959%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fhuman-rights%2F138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf">Annual report</a> (PDF) (Report). 2014. 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Retrieved 29 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+European+Court+of+Human+Rights%3A+Case+of+Benzer+and+others+v.+Turkey&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Fapp%2Fconversion%2Fpdf%2F%3Flibrary%3DECHR%26id%3D001-128036%26filename%3D001-128036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%2520handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf">The prohibition of torture</a> (PDF) (Report). 2003. pp. 11, 13. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+prohibition+of+torture&rft.pages=11%2C+13&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echr.coe.int%2FLibraryDocs%2FHR%2520handbooks%2Fhandbook06_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Human Rights Watch. 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AuthorHouse. p. 36. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467879729?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781467879729"><bdi>9781467879729</bdi></a>. 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(20 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-written-literature">"Kurdish Written Literature"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. New York: Columbia University. 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London; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/17">17–19</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6"><bdi>978-0-415-07265-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24247652">24247652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Contemporary+Overview&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24247652&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07265-6&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Sperl%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurds00pkre%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (1982). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran_Between_Two_Revolutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran Between Two Revolutions">Iran Between Two Revolutions</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 12. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4"><bdi>978-0-691-05342-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7975938">7975938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7975938&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05342-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-kreyenbroek138141-218">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kreyenbroek138141_218-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroekSperl1992" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/138">The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview</a>. London; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/138">138–141</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6"><bdi>978-0-415-07265-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24247652">24247652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Contemporary+Overview&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=138-141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24247652&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07265-6&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Sperl%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurds00pkre%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-banuaziziweiner-219">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-banuaziziweiner_219-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-banuaziziweiner_219-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-banuaziziweiner_219-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanuaziziWeiner1986" class="citation book cs1">Banuazizi, Ali; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myron_Weiner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myron Weiner">Weiner, Myron</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/statereligioneth0000unse/page/186">The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan</a>. Syracuse, N.Y.: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/statereligioneth0000unse/page/186">186–187</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2385-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2385-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-2385-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13762196">13762196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Politics%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Iran%2C+and+Pakistan&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13762196&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2385-4&rft.aulast=Banuazizi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatereligioneth0000unse%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ashraf-220">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ashraf_220-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ashraf_220-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ashraf_220-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ashraf, Ahmad (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-iv-19th-20th-centuries">"Iranian Identity iv. 19th–20th Centuries"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+Identity+iv.+19th%E2%80%9320th+Centuries&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firanian-identity-iv-19th-20th-centuries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4"><bdi>978-0-691-05342-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7975938">7975938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7975938&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05342-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-entessar-222">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-entessar_222-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-entessar_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntessar2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nader_Entessar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nader Entessar">Entessar, Nader</a> (2010). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexington_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 17. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-4039-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/430736528">430736528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F430736528&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4039-0&rft.aulast=Entessar&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenMuratoff1953" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (1953). Caucasian battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian border, 1828–1921. Cambridge: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 296. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1102813">1102813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasian+battlefields%3A+A+History+of+the+Wars+on+the+Turco-Caucasian+border%2C+1828%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1102813&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+David&rft.au=Muratoff%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat2003" class="citation book cs1">Bayat, Kaveh (2003). "Chapter 12: Riza Shah and the Tribes". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah 1921–1941. BIPS Persian Studies Series. London; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge_Taylor_%26_Francis_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge Taylor & Francis Group">Routledge Taylor & Francis Group</a>. pp. 224–230. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42314-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42314-1"><bdi>978-0-203-42314-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54059369">54059369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Riza+Shah+and+the+Tribes&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Iran%3A+State+and+Society+Under+Riza+Shah+1921%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=BIPS+Persian+Studies+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54059369&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42314-1&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Parvin, Nassereddin (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-e-kabir">"Iran-e Kabir"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved 17 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran-e+Kabir&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Parvin&rft.aufirst=Nassereddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-e-kabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">^</a> Zabih, Sepehr (15 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-ii">Communism ii.</a>. in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. New York: Columbia University</li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge Middle East studies, 22. Cambridge, UK; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 227. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61425259">61425259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Nationalist+Movement%3A+Opportunity%2C+Mobilization+and+Identity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+studies%2C+22.&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61425259&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85041-4&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowskiPranger1988" class="citation book cs1">Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399">Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski</a>. Durham: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399">399</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0781-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0781-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-0781-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16923212">16923212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Power+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+George+Lenczowski&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16923212&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0781-5&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Pranger%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideologypowerinm0000unse%2Fpage%2F399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, N.J.: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 217–218. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4"><bdi>978-0-691-05342-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7975938">7975938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7975938&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05342-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubinZabih1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shahram_Chubin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shahram Chubin">Chubin, Shahram</a>; Zabih, Sepehr (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39">The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict</a>. Berkeley: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39">39–41, 178</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02683-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02683-4"><bdi>978-0-520-02683-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1219525">1219525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Relations+of+Iran%3A+A+Developing+State+in+a+Zone+of+Great-Power+Conflict&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=39-41%2C+178&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1219525&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02683-4&rft.aulast=Chubin&rft.aufirst=Shahram&rft.au=Zabih%2C+Sepehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignrelations0000chub%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-romano240-231">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-romano240_231-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-romano240_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge Middle East studies, 22. Cambridge, UK; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 240. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61425259">61425259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Nationalist+Movement%3A+Opportunity%2C+Mobilization+and+Identity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+studies%2C+22.&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61425259&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85041-4&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 453. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05342-4"><bdi>978-0-691-05342-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7975938">7975938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7975938&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05342-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYodfat1984" class="citation book cs1">Yodfat, Aryeh (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionarabi0000yodf">The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran</a>. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-74910-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-74910-1"><bdi>978-0-312-74910-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9282694">9282694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+Revolutionary+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9282694&rft.isbn=978-0-312-74910-1&rft.aulast=Yodfat&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietunionarabi0000yodf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-katzman-234">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-katzman_234-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-katzman_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzman2009" class="citation book cs1">Katzman, Kenneth (2009). Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nova Science Publishers">Nova Science Publishers</a>. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61470-116-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61470-116-3"><bdi>978-1-61470-116-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756496931">756496931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Post-Saddam+Governance+and+Security&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756496931&rft.isbn=978-1-61470-116-3&rft.aulast=Katzman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabeebFrankelAl-Oraibi2012" class="citation book cs1">Habeeb, William Mark; Frankel, Rafael D.; Al-Oraibi, Mina (2012). The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change. Santa Barbara: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 46. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33914-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33914-1"><bdi>978-0-313-33914-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753913763">753913763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+in+Turmoil%3A+Conflict%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Change&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753913763&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33914-1&rft.aulast=Habeeb&rft.aufirst=William+Mark&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Rafael+D.&rft.au=Al-Oraibi%2C+Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-howard-236">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-howard_236-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-howard_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2004" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Roger (2004). Iran in Crisis?: The Future of the Revolutionary Regime and the US Response. London; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zed_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. pp. 185–186. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-474-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-474-8"><bdi>978-1-84277-474-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54966573">54966573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+Crisis%3F%3A+The+Future+of+the+Revolutionary+Regime+and+the+US+Response&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54966573&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-474-8&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 195. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52891-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52891-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52891-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/171111098">171111098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.%3B+New+York&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171111098&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52891-7&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977</li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ANFALINT.htm">Introduction</a>. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).</li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977</li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24</li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725060202/http://www.ictj.org/images/content/7/2/725.pdf">"The Prosecution Witness and Documentary Evidence Phases of the Anfal Trial"</a> (PDF). International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ictj.org/images/content/7/2/725.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prosecution+Witness+and+Documentary+Evidence+Phases+of+the+Anfal+Trial&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictj.org%2Fimages%2Fcontent%2F7%2F2%2F725.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"> According to the Chief Prosecutor, Iraqi forces repeatedly used chemical weapons, killed up to 182,000 civilians, forcibly displaced hundreds of thousands more, and almost completely destroyed local infrastructure.</li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open%26DS%3DS/RES/688%2520(1991)%26Lang%3DE%26Area%3DRESOLUTION">Security Council Resolution 688</a>, 5 April 1991.</li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> Johnathan C. Randal, After such knowledge, what forgiveness?: my encounters with Kurdistan, Westview Press, 368 pp., 1998. (see pp. 107–108)</li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newyorker.com/online/content/articles/031222on_onlineonly04">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075937/http://www.newyorker.com/online/content/articles/031222on_onlineonly04">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foxnews.com/story/kurds-rejoice-but-fighting-continues-in-north">"Kurds Rejoice, But Fighting Continues in North"</a>. Fox News. 9 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528040910/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%252C2933%252C83642%252C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurds+Rejoice%2C+But+Fighting+Continues+in+North&rft.date=2003-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fkurds-rejoice-but-fighting-continues-in-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/04/10/sprj.irq.war.main/index.html">"Coalition makes key advances in northern Iraq – April 10, 2003"</a>. CNN. 10 April 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coalition+makes+key+advances+in+northern+Iraq+%E2%80%93+April+10%2C+2003&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F04%2F10%2Fsprj.irq.war.main%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_McElroy" class="citation web cs1">Daniel McElroy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213033423/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id%3D421832003">"Grateful Iraqis Surrender to Kurds"</a>. The Scotsman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id%3D421832003">the original</a> on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Grateful+Iraqis+Surrender+to+Kurds&rft.au=Daniel+McElroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthescotsman.scotsman.com%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D421832003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/12/AR2005101201450.html">Full Text of Iraqi Constitution</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, October 2005.</li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a4f2735c.html">"USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – Countries of Particular Concern: Iraq"</a>. 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Gazetteer.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gazetteer.de/wg.php?x%3D1136895927%26men%3Dgpro%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dgamelan%26dat%3D200%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Daohdqcfbeimg%26geo%3D0">the original</a> on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Gazetteer&rft.pub=Gazetteer.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetteer.de%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D1136895927%26men%3Dgpro%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dgamelan%26dat%3D200%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Daohdqcfbeimg%26geo%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang%3De%26id%3D80256DD400782B8480256F63006435DB">Syria: End persecution of human rights defenders and human rights activists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142249/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang%3De%26id%3D80256DD400782B8480256F63006435DB">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Syria_Silenced_Kurds-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Syria_Silenced_Kurds_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm">"Syria: The Silenced Kurds"</a>. 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Human Rights Watch, 31 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110081605/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/syria9812.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington,_D.C.2005" class="citation web cs1">Washington, D.C. 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The Media Line. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID%3D12568">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Media+Line&rft.pub=The+Media+Line&rft.au=Vinsinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Fnews%2Fnews_detail.asp%3FNewsID%3D12568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/01/3179357.htm?section%3Djustin">"Syria to tackle Kurd citizenship problem – Just In (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 April 2011. 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The Jerusalem Post. 26 March 2018.</li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/families-escape-syria-camp-turkey-battles-kurds-doc-1ld6ff3">"IS families escape Syria camp as Turkey battles Kurds"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 13 October 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mosque+of+Minuchihr&rft.pub=VirtualANI&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualani.org%2Fminuchihrmosque%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 20[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-300">^</a> Peterson, 1996, p.26.</li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-301">^</a> Necipoğlu, 1994, pp.35–36.</li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-302">^</a> Harry Ades, A Traveller's History of Egypt, Arris Publishing Ltd. 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905214-01-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-905214-01-4">1-905214-01-4</a> p.226</li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonnella2008" class="citation cs2">Gonnella, Julia (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609095149/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id%3D10623">The Citadel of Aleppo: Description, History, Site Plan and Visitor Tour (Guidebook)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aga Khan Trust for Culture">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> and the Syrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Antiquities_and_Museums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums">Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940212-02-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940212-02-6"><bdi>978-2-940212-02-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id%3D10623">the original</a> on 9 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citadel+of+Aleppo%3A+Description%2C+History%2C+Site+Plan+and+Visitor+Tour+%28Guidebook%29&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Trust+for+Culture+and+the+Syrian+Directorate-General+of+Antiquities+and+Museums&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-940212-02-6&rft.aulast=Gonnella&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2Fone-document.jsp%3Fdocument_id%3D10623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-304">^</a> Verity Campbell – Turkey – 2007 – 724 pages, page 643, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-556-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-556-8">1-74104-556-8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-305">^</a> Lonely Planet (2012) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/the-black-sea-and-northeastern-anatolia/dogubayazit/sights/palace/ishak-pasa-palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a>'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-306">^</a> Institut kurde de Paris (2011) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/publications/bulletins/pdf/318.pdf">THE RESTORATION OF ISHAQ PASHA'S PALACE WILL BE COMPLETED IN 2013</a>'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-307">^</a> UNESCO Office for Iraq (2007) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/culture/erbil-citadel/">Revitalization Project of Erbil Citadel</a>'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-doi.wiley.com-308">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-doi.wiley.com_308-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-doi.wiley.com_308-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasidzeQuinqueOzturkBendukidze2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Ozturk, Murat; Bendukidze, Nina; Stoneking, Mark (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x">"MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups: MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups"</a>. Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (4): 401–412. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1046%252Fj.1529-8817.2005.00174.x">10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996169">15996169</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23771698">23771698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=MtDNA+and+Y-chromosome+Variation+in+Kurdish+Groups%3A+MtDNA+and+Y-chromosome+Variation+in+Kurdish+Groups&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23771698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15996169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00174.x&rft.aulast=Nasidze&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Quinque%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Ozturk%2C+Murat&rft.au=Bendukidze%2C+Nina&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00174.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirzargarReyMuñizPalacio-Grüber2015" class="citation journal cs1">Amirzargar, Ali; Rey, Diego; Muñiz, Ester; Palacio-Grüber, Jose; Nikbin, Behrouz; Nicknam, Hosein; Khosravi, Farideh; Joshghan, Hamidreza; Areces, Cristina; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Mercedes; Martinez-Quiles, Narcisa (31 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/2/PAGE/43/">"Kurds HLA Genes: Its Implications in Transplantation and Pharmacogenomics"</a>. Open Medicine Journal. 2 (1): 43–47. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2174%252F1874220301401010043">10.2174/1874220301401010043</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-2203">1874-2203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Medicine+Journal&rft.atitle=Kurds+HLA+Genes%3A+Its+Implications+in+Transplantation+and+Pharmacogenomics&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874220301401010043&rft.issn=1874-2203&rft.aulast=Amirzargar&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Rey%2C+Diego&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1iz%2C+Ester&rft.au=Palacio-Gr%C3%BCber%2C+Jose&rft.au=Nikbin%2C+Behrouz&rft.au=Nicknam%2C+Hosein&rft.au=Khosravi%2C+Farideh&rft.au=Joshghan%2C+Hamidreza&rft.au=Areces%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Enr%C3%ADquez-de-Salamanca%2C+Mercedes&rft.au=Martinez-Quiles%2C+Narcisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenmedicinejournal.com%2FVOLUME%2F2%2FPAGE%2F43%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslanian2011" class="citation book cs1">Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. California: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520947573?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520947573"><bdi>978-0520947573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Indian+Ocean+to+the+Mediterranean%3A+The+Global+Trade+Networks+of+Armenian+Merchants+from+New+Julfa&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0520947573&rft.aulast=Aslanian&rft.aufirst=Sebouh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlow2009" class="citation book cs1">Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. 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"Ayyūbids". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopedia Islamica. Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F1875-9831_isla_COM_0323">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0323</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16860-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16860-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ayy%C5%ABbids&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Islamica&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_0323&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16860-2&rft.aulast=Mazaheri&rft.aufirst=Mas%E2%80%98ud+Habibi&rft.au=Gholami%2C+Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "HAZĀRASPIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII. Fasc. 1. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HAZ%C4%80RASPIDS&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900. Princeton University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3260-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3260-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-3260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Pleasure%3A+Drugs+and+Stimulants+in+Iranian+History%2C+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3260-6&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamid, Algar (2006). "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII. Fasc. 5. pp. 456–474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+ix.+RELIGIONS+IN+IRAN+%282%29+Islam+in+Iran+%282.3%29+Shi%CA%BFism+in+Iran+Since+the+Safavids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XIII.+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Algar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Minorsky, Vladimir (2012). "Lak". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Publishers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F1573-3912_islam_COM_0562">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0562</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lak&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0562&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmorettiMatthee2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2afavid+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Amoretti&rft.aufirst=Biancamaria+Scarcia&rft.au=Matthee%2C+Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2017). Iran: a Modern History. Yale University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300231465?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780300231465"><bdi>9780300231465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+a+Modern+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300231465&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SAFAVID+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1953" class="citation book cs1">Minorsky, V. (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05735-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05735-6"><bdi>978-0-521-05735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Caucasian+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05735-6&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Savory, Roger (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII. Fasc. 1. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EBN+BAZZ%C4%80Z&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManz2021" class="citation book cs1">Manz, Beatrice F. (2021). Nomads in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139028813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781139028813"><bdi>9781139028813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781139028813&rft.aulast=Manz&rft.aufirst=Beatrice+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Muslims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Muslims">Kurdish Muslims</a></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Christians">Kurdish Christians</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Kurds <hr> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DKurds">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DKurds%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samir_Amin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a> (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://monthlyreview.org/2016/10/01/the-kurdish-question-then-and-now/">The Kurdish Question Then and Now</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monthly_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>, Volume 68, Issue 05</li> <li>Dundas, Chad. "Kurdish Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), 3:41–52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300110/GPS?u%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3DGPS%26xid%3Dd68f87d1">online</a></li> <li>Eppel, Michael. A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism, 2016, University of Texas Press</li> <li>Maisel, Sebastian, ed. The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-Clio, 2018.</li> <li>Shareef, Mohammed. The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: shock, awe and aftermath (Routledge, 2014).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwellSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Maxwell, Alexander; Smith, Tim (2015). "Positing 'not-yet-nationalism': limits to the impact of nationalism theory on Kurdish historiography". Nationalities Papers. 43 (5): 771–787. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F00905992.2015.1049135">10.1080/00905992.2015.1049135</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143220624">143220624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Positing+%27not-yet-nationalism%27%3A+limits+to+the+impact+of+nationalism+theory+on+Kurdish+historiography&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E771-%3C%2Fspan%3E787&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2015.1049135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143220624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Smith%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Meho, Lokman I., ed. The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook (Praeger, 2004).</li> <li>Sharif, Nemat. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.proquest.com/openview/13dfa04be0192500842b32d89182f1dc/1?pq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D44192">A Brief History of Kurds and Kurdistan: Part I: From the Advent of Islam to AD 1750.</a>" The International Journal of Kurdish Studies 10.1/2 (1996): 105.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kurdish_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.institutkurde.org/">The Kurdish Institute of Paris</a> Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20010721001234/http://www.kurdistanica.com/">The Encyclopaedia of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001027/http://www.enstituyakurdi.org/index.php?newlang%3Denglish">Istanbul Kurdish Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717023951/http://www.pen-kurd.org/index-en.html">The Kurdish Center of International Pen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kurdishlibrary.org/">Kurdish Library</a>, supported by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Government.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024074007/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/actual/iraq/4.html">Ethnic Cleansing and the Kurds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.transoxiana.org/0109/aloian-kurds_ottoman_hungary.html">The Kurds in the Ottoman Hungary</a> by Zurab Aloian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://theotheriraq.com/">"The Other Iraq" Kurdish Information Website</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_Kurdish_issue_in_Turkey">The Kurdish issue in Turkey</h3> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20020527064459/http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wCountries/Turkey">A report on the Kurdish IDP's – 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409063105/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%252C1564%252C1484632%252C00.html">A German newspaper's take on the Kurdish issue – 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/The_Kurds/Story/0,,428351,00.html">The Guardian – What's in a name? Too much in Turkey – 2001</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonia_Roy2011" class="citation web cs1">Sonia Roy (22 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/04/22/the-kurdish-issue/3/">"The impact on the politics of Iraq and Turkey and their bilateral relations regarding the Kurds in the post-Saddam regime"</a>. Foreign Policy Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+impact+on+the+politics+of+Iraq+and+Turkey+and+their+bilateral+relations+regarding+the+Kurds+in+the+post-Saddam+regime&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+Journal&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.au=Sonia+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicyjournal.com%2F2011%2F04%2F22%2Fthe-kurdish-issue%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurds" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKurds%26oldid%3D1274965918">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurds&oldid=1274965918</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kurds&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 February 2025, at 08:34 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="Курдхэр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Курдхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerde" title="Koerde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koerde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="كرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdos" title="Kurdos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kurdos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A5%25DC%25A1%25DC%2590_%25DC%25A9%25DC%25AA%25DC%2595%25DC%2598%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܥܡܐ ܩܪܕܘܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܐ ܩܪܕܘܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_curdu" title="Pueblu curdu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu curdu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BCrdl%25C9%2599r" title="Kürdlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1" title="کوردلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوردلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kurdi" title="Wong Kurdi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BF_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="কুর্দি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুর্দি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_l%25C3%25A2ng" title="Kurd lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kurd lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Курдтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Курдтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Курды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Курды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Курды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258E%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Кюрди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кюрди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdn" title="Kurdn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kurdn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurded" title="Kurded – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurded" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurds" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC" title="Курдсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Курдсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdov%25C3%25A9" title="Kurdové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurdové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrdiaid" title="Cyrdiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyrdiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdere" title="Kurdere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurdere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurden" title="Kurden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdid" title="Kurdid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CF%2581%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Κούρδοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κούρδοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_kurdo" title="Pueblo kurdo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo kurdo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdoj" title="Kurdoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdu" title="Kurdu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurdu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585_%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="مردم کرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم کرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdar" title="Kurdar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kurdar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdes" title="Kurdes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurdes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerden" title="Koerden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koerden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coird%25C3%25ADnigh" title="Coirdínigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coirdínigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_kurdo" title="Pobo kurdo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo kurdo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd-ng%25C3%25ACn" title="Kurd-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kurd-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25BF%25A0%25EB%25A5%25B4%25EB%2593%259C%25EC%25A1%25B1" title="쿠르드족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르드족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdawa" title="Kurdawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kurdawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Քրդեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6_%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2597" title="कुर्द लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुर्द लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kurdi" title="Orang Kurdi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BC" title="Курдаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Курдаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BArdar" title="Kúrdar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúrdar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdi" title="Curdi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curdi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="כורדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כורדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kurdhi" title="Wong Kurdhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Kurdhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%2581%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%2597" title="ಕುರ್ದ್ ಜನಾಂಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುರ್ದ್ ಜನಾಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ქურთები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქურთები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Күрдтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күрдтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakurdi" title="Wakurdi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakurdi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd" title="Kurd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580" title="Күрддөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күрддөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdi" title="Curdi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curdi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdai" title="Kurdai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurdai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdi" title="Curdi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Curdi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdok" title="Kurdok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurdok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Курди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Курди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiorda_(vahoaka)" title="Kiorda (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kiorda (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D" title="കുർദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുർദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6_%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595" title="कुर्द लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुर्द लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="ქურთეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქურთეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF" title="اكراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="کورد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kurdi" title="Orang Kurdi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D2%25AF%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B4" title="Курдүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Курдүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerden" title="Koerden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="クルド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2585%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9" title="Кхурдой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхурдой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdere" title="Kurdere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdarar" title="Kurdarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kurdarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdlar" title="Kurdlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurdlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A6_%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%2595" title="ਕੁਰਦ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਰਦ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="کرد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="کوردان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوردان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdowie" title="Kurdowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurdowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdos" title="Curdos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curdos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BCrtler" title="Kürtler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kürtler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzi" title="Kurzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kurzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Курды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kurds" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurden" title="Kurden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kurden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd%25C3%25ABt" title="Kurdët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurdët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people" title="Kurdish people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kurdish people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="ڪرد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="کورد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کورد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Курди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdit" title="Kurdit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurdit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurder" title="Kurder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D" title="குர்து மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குர்து மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikurdiyen" title="Ikurdiyen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ikurdiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BB%25D3%2599%25D1%2580" title="Көрдләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көрдләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2581" title="కుర్దులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుర్దులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2594" title="ชาวเคิร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเคิร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE" title="Курдҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Курдҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BCrtler" title="Kürtler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürtler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BCrtler" title="Kürtler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kürtler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Курди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="کرد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25DB%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="كۇردلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇردلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Di_Kurd" title="Người Kurd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Kurd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%2593%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="库尔德人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库尔德人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593%25D7%259F" title="קורדן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קורדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%25AB%25E7%2588%25BE%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="庫爾德人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="庫爾德人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd" title="Kurd – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kurd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%2593%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="库尔德人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="库尔德人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Kurdi" title="Jolma Kurdi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdon" title="Kurdon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kurdon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B5%259C_%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25BD%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 08:34 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-srz4n","wgBackendResponseTime":393,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.723","walltime":"3.112","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24559,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":582242,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22900,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":80,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":989079,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2609.428 1 -total"," 47.54% 1240.439 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.16% 421.677 84 Template:Cite_book"," 10.50% 273.940 70 Template:Cite_web"," 8.80% 229.746 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.07% 158.402 23 Template:Sfn"," 5.05% 131.749 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.54% 118.369 25 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 4.37% 113.924 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.16% 108.539 2 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[\"CITEREFBoisMinorskyMacKenzie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBournoutian2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozarslanGunesYadirgi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruinessen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruinessen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChelkowskiPranger1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChubinZabih1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraneLalMartini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-Bruce2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._N._MacKenzie1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDVD_~_Yilmaz_Güney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Landis,_Rosita_D._Albert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_McElroy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriver1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuzgun2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagleton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElling2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEntessar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabbri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2016\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFLewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimbert1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelung1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagoulias1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaisel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwellSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazaheriGholami2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLachlan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichiel_Leezenberg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouawad1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasidzeQuinqueOzturkBendukidze2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatali2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNezan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNodar_Mosaki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfra_Bengio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmarkhali2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParvin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadu,_Michael.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRiley-Smith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarigilFazlioglu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavory2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalbert-YücelRay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoup2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Percy_Molesworth_Sykes1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonia_Roy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpuler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt.Galler_Tagblatt_AG\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSykes1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTT2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapper1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurgut\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurgut2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnion_européenne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVacca2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinsinfo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington,_D.C.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr2013\"] = 1,\n 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