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<!DOCTYPE html> <HTML lang="en"> <HEAD> <TITLE>A Different World: Enduring Effects of School Desegregation on Ideology and Attitudes</TITLE> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-Gn5384xqQ1aoWXA+058RXPxPg6fy4IWvTNh0E263XmFcJlSAwiGgFAW/dAiS6JXm" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/font-awesome.min.css">   <link href="/css/normalnew.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/css/pushy.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="icon" type="image.jpg" href="/favicon.ico">  <script type='text/javascript'> var captchaContainer = null; var loadCaptcha = function() { captchaContainer = grecaptcha.render('captcha_container', { 'sitekey' : '6LdQebIaAAAAACSKxvbloyrkQ_q-MqhOAGgD5PQV', 'callback' : function(response) { console.log(response); } }); }; </script> <META NAME="handle" CONTENT="RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33365"><META NAME="description" CONTENT="Downloadable (with restrictions)! In 1975, a federal court ordered the desegregation of public schools in Jefferson County, KY. In order to approximately equalize the share of minorities across schools, students were assigned to a busing schedule that depended on the first letter of their last name. We use the resulting quasi-random variation to estimate the long-run impact of attending an inner-city school on political participation and preferences among whites. Drawing on administrative voter registration records and an original survey, we find that being bused to an inner-city school significantly increases support for the Democratic Party and its candidates more than forty years later. Consistent with the idea that exposure to an inner-city environment causes a permanent change in ideological outlook, we also find evidence that bused individuals are much less likely to believe in a "just world" (i.e., that success is earned rather than attributable to luck) and, more tentatively, that they become more supportive of some forms of redistribution. Taken together, our findings point to a poverty-centered version of the contact hypothesis, whereby witnessing economic deprivation durably sensitizes individuals to issues of inequality and fairness."> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT=""> <META NAME="jel_code" CONTENT="D72; H75; I21; I28; J15; N32"> <META NAME="author" CONTENT="Ethan Kaplan & Jorg L. Spenkuch & Cody Tuttle"> <META NAME="author_shortid" CONTENT="pka532; psp102"> <META NAME="title" CONTENT="A Different World: Enduring Effects of School Desegregation on Ideology and Attitudes"> <META NAME="download" CONTENT="1"> <META NAME="freedownload" CONTENT="0"> <META NAME="date" CONTENT="2025-02-02"> <META NAME="citation_publication_date" CONTENT="2025/01"> <META NAME="citation_authors" content="Ethan Kaplan; Jorg L. Spenkuch; Cody Tuttle"> <META NAME="citation_title" content="A Different World: Enduring Effects of School Desegregation on Ideology and Attitudes"> <META NAME="citation_abstract" content="In 1975, a federal court ordered the desegregation of public schools in Jefferson County, KY. In order to approximately equalize the share of minorities across schools, students were assigned to a busing schedule that depended on the first letter of their last name. We use the resulting quasi-random variation to estimate the long-run impact of attending an inner-city school on political participation and preferences among whites. Drawing on administrative voter registration records and an original survey, we find that being bused to an inner-city school significantly increases support for the Democratic Party and its candidates more than forty years later. Consistent with the idea that exposure to an inner-city environment causes a permanent change in ideological outlook, we also find evidence that bused individuals are much less likely to believe in a "just world" (i.e., that success is earned rather than attributable to luck) and, more tentatively, that they become more supportive of some forms of redistribution. Taken together, our findings point to a poverty-centered version of the contact hypothesis, whereby witnessing economic deprivation durably sensitizes individuals to issues of inequality and fairness."> <META NAME="citation_publisher" content="National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc"> <META NAME="citation_journal_title" content="NBER Working Papers"> <META NAME="citation_keywords" content=""> <META NAME="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/33365.html"> <META NAME="citation_abstract_pdf_url" content="https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/33365.html"> <META NAME="redif-type" content="paper"> <META NAME="citation_type" content="redif-paper"> <META NAME="citation_technical_report_number" content="33365"> <META NAME="citation_year" content="2025"> <META NAME="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <META NAME="twitter:site" content="@repec_org"> <META NAME="twitter:title" content="A Different World: Enduring Effects of School Desegregation on Ideolog"> <META NAME="twitter:description" content="In 1975, a federal court ordered the desegregation of public schools in Jefferson County, KY. 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In order to approximately equalize the share of minorities across schools, students were assigned to a busing schedule that depended on the first letter of their last name. We use the resulting quasi-random variation to estimate the long-run impact of attending an inner-city school on political participation and preferences among whites. Drawing on administrative voter registration records and an original survey, we find that being bused to an inner-city school significantly increases support for the Democratic Party and its candidates more than forty years later. Consistent with the idea that exposure to an inner-city environment causes a permanent change in ideological outlook, we also find evidence that bused individuals are much less likely to believe in a "just world" (i.e., that success is earned rather than attributable to luck) and, more tentatively, that they become more supportive of some forms of redistribution. 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Spenkuch</li> <li class="authorname">Cody Tuttle</li> </ul></div><div id="registered-authors"> <a href="https://authors.repec.org/">Registered:</a> <ul id="authorregistered"><li><a href="/f/pka532.html">Ethan Daniel Kaplan </A></li> <li><a href="/e/psp102.html">Jorg L. Spenkuch </A></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h2 style="clear:left">Abstract</h2><div id="abstract-body">In 1975, a federal court ordered the desegregation of public schools in Jefferson County, KY. In order to approximately equalize the share of minorities across schools, students were assigned to a busing schedule that depended on the first letter of their last name. We use the resulting quasi-random variation to estimate the long-run impact of attending an inner-city school on political participation and preferences among whites. Drawing on administrative voter registration records and an original survey, we find that being bused to an inner-city school significantly increases support for the Democratic Party and its candidates more than forty years later. Consistent with the idea that exposure to an inner-city environment causes a permanent change in ideological outlook, we also find evidence that bused individuals are much less likely to believe in a "just world" (i.e., that success is earned rather than attributable to luck) and, more tentatively, that they become more supportive of some forms of redistribution. Taken together, our findings point to a poverty-centered version of the contact hypothesis, whereby witnessing economic deprivation durably sensitizes individuals to issues of inequality and fairness.</div> <h2>Suggested Citation</h2> <div id="biblio-body"> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Ethan Kaplan & Jorg L. Spenkuch & Cody Tuttle, 2025. "<B><A HREF="/p/nbr/nberwo/33365.html">A Different World: Enduring Effects of School Desegregation on Ideology and Attitudes</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/nbr/nberwo.html">NBER Working Papers</A> 33365, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. </li> Handle: <i style="word-break:break-all">RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33365</i> <br>Note: DAE ED LS PE POL <form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/refs.cgi" enctype="multipart/form-data" target="refs" class="form-inline" role="form" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="hidden" name="handle" value="RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33365"> <div class="pull-left" style="padding-right: 2px;"> <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default fa" name="ref" value="Export reference "> as </div> <div class="col-xs-8" style="padding-left: 0;"> <select name="output" size="1"> <option value="0">HTML</option> <option value="0.5">HTML with abstract</option> <option value="1">plain text</option> <option value="1.5">plain text with abstract</option> <option value="2">BibTeX</option> <option value="3">RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite)</option> <option value="4">ReDIF</option> <option value="6">JSON</option> </select> </div> </form></div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="download" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="download-tab"> <h2>Download full text from publisher</h2><p></p> <FORM METHOD=GET ACTION="/cgi-bin/get_doc.pl" target="_blank"> <INPUT TYPE=HIDDEN NAME="urn" VALUE="RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33365"><INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="url" VALUE="http://www.nber.org/papers/w33365.pdf" checked><B>File URL:</B> <span style="word-break:break-all">http://www.nber.org/papers/w33365.pdf</span><BR><B>Download Restriction:</B> Access to the full text is generally limited to series subscribers, however if the top level domain of the client browser is in a developing country or transition economy free access is provided. 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