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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Art and Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1215</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1215 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1215 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B1%DB%B5_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۱۵ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۱۵ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB" title="১২১৫ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২১৫" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_n%C3%AE" title="1215 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1215 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215." title="1215. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1215." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B1%DB%B5_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۱۵ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۱۵ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4" title="1215年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1215年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%EB%85%84" title="1215년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1215년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB" title="१२१५ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२१५" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215." title="1215. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1215." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB" title="মারি ১২১৫ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২১৫" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1215-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1215-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1215 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1215 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1215 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1215 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_%D0%B8" title="1215 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1215 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215._gads" title="1215. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1215. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_m." title="1215 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1215 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB" title="इ.स. १२१५ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२१५" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B1%DB%B5" title="۱۲۱۵ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۱۵" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1215 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1215 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%81%E1%81%85" title="၁၂၁၅ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၁၅" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB" title="सन् १२१५ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२१५" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4" title="1215年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1215年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AB" title="୧୨୧୫ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୧୫" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB" title="१२१५ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२१५" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1215 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1215 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB" title="१२१५ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२१५" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%D8%B9" title="1215ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1215ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A1%D9%A5" title="١٢١٥ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢١٥" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215." title="1215. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1215." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1215 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1215 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1758" title="พ.ศ. 1758 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1758" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1215" title="Соли 1215 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1215" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%D8%A1" title="1215ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1215ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4" title="1215年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1215年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4" title="1215年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1215年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4" title="1215年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1215年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215" title="1215 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1215" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For aviation frequency 121.5, see <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency" title="Aircraft emergency frequency">Aircraft emergency frequency</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s">1190s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s">1210s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1212" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1212">1212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1213" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1213">1213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1214" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1214">1214</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1215">1215</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1216" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1216">1216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1217" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1217">1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1218" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1218">1218</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1215" title="Category:1215">1215 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1215&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1215 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1215">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1215_births" title="Category:1215 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1215_deaths" title="Category:1215 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1215_establishments" title="Category:1215 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1215_disestablishments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1215 disestablishments (page does not exist)">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1215_in_poetry" title="1215 in poetry">1215 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1215 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1215<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXV</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>1968</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>664<br />ԹՎ ՈԿԴ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>5965</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1136–1137</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>621–622</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2165</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>16 <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Joh. 1</a> – 17 <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Joh. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1759</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>577</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6723–6724</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">甲戌</a>年 (Wood <a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a>)<br />3912 or 3705<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />乙亥年 (Wood <a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">Pig</a>)<br />3913 or 3706</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>931–932</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2381</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1207–1208</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>4975–4976</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1271–1272</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1136–1137</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4315–4316</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11215</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>215–216</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>593–594</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>611–612</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenpō (era)">Kenpō</a> 3<br />(建保３年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1123–1124</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1215<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXV</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3548</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>697 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前697年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−253</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1757–1758</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳木狗年<br />(male Wood-<a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a>)<br />1341 or 960 or 188<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴木猪年<br />(female Wood-<a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">Pig</a>)<br />1342 or 961 or 189</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg/300px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg/450px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg/600px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_226_-_John_Signs_the_Great_Charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> signs <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>) (1864)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png/330px-King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png/500px-King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png/600px-King_John%27s_campaign_1215-6.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>John I's campaign against the Barons from September 1215 to March 1216 in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1215</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCXV</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday" title="Common year starting on Thursday">common year starting on Thursday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_continent">By continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester</a>, is elected lord of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> in a council at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>), after his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathar</a> heretics during the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>. The Crusaders capture <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Castelnaud-la-Chapelle" title="Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle">Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle</a> and enter <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>; the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks and is gifted to Montfort.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> ("Lackland"), hoping to gain the support of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> against the Barons, takes the oath to go on Crusade. By doing so, Innocent declares John to be his vassal and claims ownership of the whole kingdom (with political protection under church law).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a>, Innocent sends a letter to the Barons, asking them to halt their actions against John.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzwalter" title="Robert Fitzwalter">Robert Fitzwalter</a> is elected by the Barons as their general, with the title of "<a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Army_of_God_and_Holy_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church">Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church</a>". He solemnly renounces his homage to John of England and begins to siege <a href="/wiki/Northampton_Castle" title="Northampton Castle">Northampton Castle</a>. While this fails, Robert consolidates his forces. He turns to Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis of France</a>, son and heir apparent of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> for support.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – The gates to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – A large number of barons, led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, meet King John of England on an island in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>. They force John to sign <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, a document that grants liberties to the "free men" – the Barons, the church and the towns. He is subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rule of law in the United Kingdom">rule of law</a>, by confirming the status of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury in the United Kingdom">trial by jury</a>, on <a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> who is crowned in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, on <a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a>. The same day, Frederick takes the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">Cross</a> and promises to go on Crusade.</li> <li>August – King John of England rejects Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> annuls Magna Carta, freeing King John from its limitations. He annuls the charter on the grounds that John signed it because he is forced and that the document is illegal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a>–<a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a> (or "Great Council") convened by Innocent III ends at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and approves the papal proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope promulgates a canon against clerical participation in <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, replacing it by <a href="/wiki/Compurgation" title="Compurgation">compurgation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – King John of England seeks help from Innocent III in his fight against the Barons. In a letter, written while staying at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>, he states that the defense of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> is the responsibility of God and the Pope.</li> <li>October – The Barons offer the English crown to Louis of France and invite him to England. King John England confiscates the Barons' land and besieges <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Castle" title="Rochester Castle">Rochester Castle</a>; the garrison is starved out and surrenders to him.</li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>: King John of England campaigns successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and captures <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a>, on <a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> joins the Barons and invades <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Jin_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Jin China">Mongol conquest of Jin China</a>: After the long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zhongdu">Battle of Zhongdu</a>, the Mongol forces capture <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> has decamped to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Grasslands_of_China" title="Grasslands of China">grasslands</a> and is on his way back to the <a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen River</a>. Without his restraining influence, the Mongols run wild. They devastate and ransack the city, killing thousands. The royal palace goes up in flames, and a part of the capital burns for a month.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Kalinga Magha</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> Province in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, lands in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> and depose its king, <a href="/wiki/Parakrama_Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakrama Pandya">Parakrama Pandya</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_and_Science">Art and Science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art and Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1215–1216 – The <i>Macy Jug</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is made. It is now kept at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th century in literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania_(1215-1263)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of Merania (1215-1263)">Agnes of Merania</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1263" title="1263">1263</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary">Beatrice d'Este</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sunesdotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Sunesdotter">Catherine Sunesdotter</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VII_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VII of Georgia">David VII</a> (or David Ulugh), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor of England</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Aschersleben" title="Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben">Henry II</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Aschersleben" title="Principality of Anhalt-Aschersleben">Anhalt-Aschersleben</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Henry III, Margrave of Meissen">Henry III, Margrave of Meissen</a> ("the Illustrious"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a>, Arab Jewish philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Dreux" title="John I, Count of Dreux">John I</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a>, pope of the Catholic Church (d. <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin_(jurist)" title="John of Ibelin (jurist)">John of Ibelin</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">Jaffa and Ascalon</a> (d. 1266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch-Armenia" title="Maria of Antioch-Armenia">Maria of Antioch-Armenia</a>, lady of <a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9cia_Lopes_de_Haro" title="Mécia Lopes de Haro">Mécia Lopes de Haro</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. 1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg</a> ("the Pious"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Leybourne" title="Roger de Leybourne">Roger de Leybourne</a>, English landowner (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> (or <a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Eustace_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="Eustace (bishop of Ely)">Eustace</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimasa" title="Hōjō Tokimasa">Hōjō Tokimasa</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Manegold_of_Berg" title="Manegold of Berg">Manegold of Berg</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a>, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_(bishop_of_Utrecht)" title="Otto I (bishop of Utrecht)">Otto I</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Valognes" title="Philip de Valognes">Philip de Valognes</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giles_de_Braose" title="Giles de Braose">Giles de Braose</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hereford" title="Diocese of Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a>, Arab theologian<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Harawi" title="Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi">Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi</a>, Persian traveller and explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a>, French nobleman, poet and <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esclarmonde_of_Foix" title="Esclarmonde of Foix">Esclarmonde of Foix</a>, French noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a> (or de Borneil), French troubadour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopino_della_Scala" title="Jacopino della Scala">Jacopino della Scala</a>, Italian merchant and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_II_of_Saluzzo" title="Manfred II of Saluzzo">Manfred II</a> (del Vasto), marquis of <a href="/wiki/Saluzzo" title="Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Cremona" title="Sicard of Cremona">Sicard of Cremona</a>, Italian bishop and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Apsevdis" title="Theodore Apsevdis">Theodore Apsevdis</a>, Byzantine painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1215&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). <i>The History of the Albigensian Crusade</i>, pp. 554–559. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-807-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-807-2">0-85115-807-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, W. Lewis. (1991). <i>King John</i>, p. 233. London: Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-45520-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-45520-3">0-413-45520-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tout" title="Thomas Tout">Tout, T. F.</a>(1889). "Fitzwalter, Robert". In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.) <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 225–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133">133–135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1215" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel, Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 134. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ordeals"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ordeals">"Ordeals" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordeals&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1215" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1215" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2011). <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i>, p. 171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9">978-0-553-81498-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932">"ʿAlī b. al-Walīd"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+al-Wal%C4%ABd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1215" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1215&oldid=1267064588">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1215&oldid=1267064588</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1215" title="Category:1215">1215</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 12:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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