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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Chinese products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 South Korean products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retaliatory_tariffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaliatory_tariffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Retaliatory tariffs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retaliatory_tariffs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Retaliatory tariffs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Retaliatory_tariffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_China–U.S._trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_China–U.S._trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Effects on China–U.S. trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_China–U.S._trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Political </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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data-title="Trumpova cla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_commerciale_de_Donald_Trump" title="Politique commerciale de Donald Trump – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique commerciale de Donald Trump" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դոնալդ Թրամփի տարիֆային քաղաքականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոնալդ Թրամփի տարիֆային քաղաքականություն" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tariffs imposed during the presidency of Donald Trump</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to details on how the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> impact tariffs and on the China-US trade war) need to be updated. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(3x4a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/75px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/113px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2102" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump" title="List of things named after Donald Trump">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Donald_Trump" title="Public image of Donald Trump">Public image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_handshakes" title="Donald Trump and handshakes">handshakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">pseudonyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_comments_on_John_McCain" title="Donald Trump's comments on John McCain">Comments on John McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">45th & 47th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Presidencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders by Donald Trump">executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">pardons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">'17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">'18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">'19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">'20–'21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">North Korea summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li>Shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States" title="2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States">federal law enforcement deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">St. John's Church photo op</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_used_by_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media used by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li>Killings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%E2%80%93TikTok_controversy" title="Donald Trump–TikTok controversy">TikTok controversy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">farmer bailouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement">Paris withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Palestine peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal" title="United States–Taliban deal">United States–Taliban deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Immigration policy of Donald Trump">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_Trump_administration" title="Migrant detentions under the Trump administration">migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">troop deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">national emergency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Step_Act" title="First Step Act">First Step Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Space</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Political appointments by Donald Trump">Appointments</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second cabinet of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ambassadors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federal judges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Executives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Attorneys <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political career of Donald Trump">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li>endorsements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post%E2%80%932016_election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li>assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">PA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">photographs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">FL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Impeachments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">House inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungements</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Civil and criminal prosecutions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">2020 election federal indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">Classified documents federal indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">Plasmic Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_McDougal#Affair_with_Donald_Trump" title="Karen McDougal">Karen McDougal affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">financial fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia election indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation" title="2020 Georgia election investigation">Georgia election investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">mug shot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus bills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration political interference with science agencies">Interference with science agencies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump's signature"><img alt="Donald Trump's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/150px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/225px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/300px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template talk:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg/300px-United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg/450px-United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg/600px-United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>United States trade deficits from 1997 to 2021. Deficits are over 50 billion dollars as of 2021 with the countries shown. Data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Trump tariffs (sometimes referred to in media as the Trump–China trade war) were <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> trade initiatives during the first Trump administration against Chinese <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first presidency of Donald Trump</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> were imposed on China as part of his "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration">economic policy</a> to reduce the United States <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> by shifting American trade policy from multilateral <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> to bilateral trade deals. In January 2018, Trump imposed tariffs on <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a> of 30–50%.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In March 2018, he imposed tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) from most countries,<a href="#cite_note-HorsleyFormal-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Long-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> which, according to <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, covered an estimated 4.1% of U.S. imports.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In June 2018, this was extended to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Canada, and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Long-3">[3]</a> The Trump administration separately set and escalated tariffs on goods imported from China, leading to <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">a trade war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The tariffs angered trading partners, who implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In June 2018, India planned to recoup trade penalties of $241 million on $1.2 billion worth of Indian steel and aluminum,<a href="#cite_note-cnnmoney-8">[8]</a> but attempted talks delayed these until June 2019 when India imposed retaliatory tariffs on $240 million worth of U.S. goods.<a href="#cite_note-IndiaTariffs-9">[9]</a> Canada imposed matching retaliatory tariffs on July 1, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-RooneyCanada-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe229-11">[11]</a> China implemented retaliatory tariffs equivalent to the $34 billion tariff imposed on it by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In July 2018, the Trump administration announced it would use a <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>-era program, the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Credit_Corporation" title="Commodity Credit Corporation">Commodity Credit Corporation</a> (CCC), to pay farmers up to $12 billion, increasing the aid to $28 billion in May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> estimated that aid payments constituted more than one-third of total farm income in 2019 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Tariff negotiations in North America were relatively more successful, with the U.S. lifting the steel and aluminum tariffs on Canada and Mexico on May 20, 2019, joining Australia and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> in being the only nations exempted from the regulations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a> However, on May 30, Trump unilaterally announced his intention to impose a five percent tariff on all imports from Mexico beginning on June 10, with tariffs increasing to 10% on July 1, and by another 5% each month for three months, "until such time as illegal migrants coming through Mexico, and into our Country, STOP", adding <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a> as a condition for U.S.-Mexico tariff negotiations. The move was seen as threatening the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA), the North American trade deal set to replace the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA).<a href="#cite_note-NewMexican-18">[18]</a> The tariffs were averted on June 7 after negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-axiosmexico-19">[19]</a> A May 2019 analysis conducted by <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> found Trump's tariffs are equivalent to <a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">one of the largest</a> tax increases in the U.S. in decades.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-22">[22]</a> Studies have found that Trump's tariffs reduced <a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">real income</a> in the United States, as well as adversely affecting U.S. GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Impact2019-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-25">[25]</a> Some studies also concluded that the tariffs adversely affected Republican candidates in elections.<a href="#cite_note-:10-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs in United States history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_(1821-2016).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/330px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/495px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/660px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Average tariff rates in the U.S., 1821–2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Trade_Balance_(1895%E2%80%932015)_and_Trade_Policies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/330px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/495px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/660px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policy, 1895–2015</figcaption></figure> The Republican Party was strongly pro-tariff from the days of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> until the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-:14-29">[29]</a> Republicans passed record high tariffs in the 1920's and early 1930's, which were widely blamed for worsening the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depresssion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-29">[29]</a> Donald Trump has argued that the GOP betrayed its roots by becoming in favor of free trade and has cited <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> in particular as an influence on his anti-free trade views.<a href="#cite_note-:14-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> Trump adopted his current views on trade issues in the 1980s, saying Japan and other nations were taking advantage of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential campaign</a>, Trump repeatedly favored policy proposals that renegotiate <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreements</a> for the United States. During a meeting with the New York Times Editorial Board in January 2016, Trump said he would tax Chinese imports into the United States by 45%.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Trump frequently criticized the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, calling it "the worst trade deal the U.S. has ever signed".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He also called <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> "the death blow for American manufacturing" and said it would "put the interests of foreign countries above our own".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3></div> On November 21, 2016, in a video message, Trump introduced an economic strategy of "putting America first", saying he would negotiate "fair, bilateral trade deals that bring jobs and industry back on to American shores". On January 23, 2017, three days after becoming president, Trump withdrew the United States from the politically divisive <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> believing the agreement would "undermine" the U.S. economy and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-wonthelp-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Trump has also indicated a desire to end the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> with Canada and Mexico. His administration has renegotiated the terms of the agreement. Trump had threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He has specifically criticized the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Co.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Appelaum-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier Corporation">Carrier Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Appelaum-40">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mondelez_International" title="Mondelez International">Mondelez International</a> for having operations based in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Appelaum-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailybeast-42">[42]</a> In August 2015, in response to Oreo maker Mondelez International's announcement that it would move manufacturing to Mexico, Trump said he would <a href="/wiki/Oreo_boycott" title="Oreo boycott">boycott Oreos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dailybeast-42">[42]</a> The new deal increases the percentage of parts and manufacturing that must be done in North America for domestic automobiles, sets a minimum wage for some workers on auto parts, and expands access for U.S. dairy sales to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Similar to his approach to trade deals, Trump also pledged, as part of the Contract with the American Voter, to impose tariffs to discourage companies from laying off workers or relocating to other countries, through an "End the Offshoring Act".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> No such act has been introduced in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> but Trump has moved to impose tariffs on solar panels, washing machines, steel, and aluminum. The enforcement of the tariffs falls primarily within the purview of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a>. Trump has repeatedly promised to lower America's trade deficit, and has argued for a renegotiation of trade deals and imposition of tariffs to that end.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-51">[51]</a> These efforts notwithstanding, during 2018 the trade deficit continued to increase.<a href="#cite_note-:4-51">[51]</a> In November 2018, Trump argued that the tariffs enriched the United States. He said the United States was gaining "Billions of Dollars" from "Tariffs being charged to China". He added, "If companies don't want to pay Tariffs, build in the U.S.A. Otherwise, let's just make our Country richer than ever before!" Fact-checkers and economists described the assertions made by Trump as false, with the Associated Press writing "Almost all economists say the president is wrong. That's because tariffs are taxes on imports. They can cause higher prices, reduce trade among countries and hurt overall economic growth as a result."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legality">Legality</h3></div> Article 1, Section 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the United States of America">Constitution</a>: "Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises." But Congress has repeatedly shifted its powers regarding tariffs to the president.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Beginning in 1917 with the <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917" title="Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917">Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917</a> the president can impose any tariff while the nation is at war. The affected trade does not have to be connected to the ongoing war. Since 1974 the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a> allows the president to impose a 15% tariff for 150 days if there is "an adverse impact on national security from imports." After 150 days the tariff expires unless extended by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act" title="International Emergency Economic Powers Act">International Emergency Economic Powers Act</a> shifted powers even more towards the White House. The Trump administration claims that it gives the President the authority to raise tariffs without any limits during a national emergency of any kind. Legal scholars disagree because the IEEPA does not mention tariffs at all and transfers no authority of tariffs towards the President.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enacted">Enacted</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png/330px-Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png/495px-Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png/660px-Average_Tariff_Rates_on_manufactured_products.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The historical average tariff rates on manufactured products</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_panels">Solar panels</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules,_January_2017_through_April_2019_(48527575091).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png/330px-Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png/495px-Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png/660px-Monthly_U.S._imports_of_solar_photovoltaic_modules%2C_January_2017_through_April_2019_%2848527575091%29.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The effect of tariffs on U.S. solar panel imports</figcaption></figure> On January 23, 2018, news outlets announced that Trump had imposed tariffs on <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> produced outside the United States. The tariffs initially start at 30% and will gradually fall to 15% in four years.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The first 2.5 gigawatts of solar cells imported each year will be exempted from the tariff.<a href="#cite_note-solarwash-59">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Tariffs on Solar Panels<a href="#cite_note-solarwash-59">[59]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Components </td> <td>Year 1 </td> <td>Year 2 </td> <td>Year 3 </td> <td>Year 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Safeguard Tariff on Modules and Cells </td> <td>30% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>20% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cells Exempted from Tariff </td> <td>2.5 gigawatts </td> <td>2.5 gigawatts </td> <td>2.5 gigawatts </td> <td>2.5 gigawatts </td></tr></tbody></table> China is currently the world leader in solar panel manufacture, and has decried the tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shan" title="Zhong Shan">Zhong Shan</a>, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a> said, "With regard to the wrong measures taken by the United States, China will work with other <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">W.T.O.</a> members to resolutely defend our legitimate interests."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2022, President Biden extended the now 15% tariff on solar panels another four years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washing_machines">Washing machines</h3></div> On January 23, 2018, in conjunction with the tariffs placed on solar panels, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_U.S._Trade_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the U.S. Trade Representative">Office of the U.S. Trade Representative</a> announced tariffs on washing machines.<a href="#cite_note-solarwash-59">[59]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission">U.S. International Trade Commission</a> (ITC), imports of large residential washers increased "steadily" from 2012 to 2016, and domestic producers' financial performance "declined precipitously".<a href="#cite_note-washer-63">[63]</a> In the first year, the tariffs start at 20% for the first 1.2 million units of imported finished washers, and all subsequent washers within that year will have a 50% tariff. By the third year initial tariff will go down to 16–40%, following the same pattern. The tariffs came after a petition was filed by <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool</a>, a U.S.-based washing machine manufacturer facing tough competition from <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, which are both based in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Tariffs on washing machines<a href="#cite_note-solarwash-59">[59]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Components </td> <td>Year 1 </td> <td>Year 2 </td> <td>Year 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>First 1.2 million units of imported finished washers </td> <td>20% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>All subsequent imports of finished washers </td> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tariff on covered parts </td> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Covered parts excluded from tariff </td> <td>50,000 units </td> <td>70,000 units </td> <td>90,000 units </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2016, China exported $425 million worth of washers to the United States, followed by Mexico with $240 million, and South Korean companies $130 million.<a href="#cite_note-washer-63">[63]</a> Samsung and LG are among the top exporters of washers to the United States. Two weeks before the tariff announcement, Samsung had moved its production of washing machines to a new plant in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. In response Samsung said U.S. consumers will "pay more, with fewer choices". Mexican officials said they would respond to the tariffs during the ongoing NAFTA renegotiations.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_and_aluminum">Steel and aluminum</h3></div> On March 1, 2018, Trump announced his intention to impose a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In a tweet the next day, Trump asserted, "Trade wars are good, and easy to win."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On March 8, he signed an order to impose the tariffs effective after 15 days.<a href="#cite_note-HorsleyFormal-2">[2]</a> The EU, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Brazil and South Korea were temporarily exempted from the order under a carve-out provision.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Canada, Mexico, and the EU became subject to the steel and aluminium tariffs later in an announcement on May 31, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-HorsleyFormal-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-temporary-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The U.S., Canada, and Mexico would reach a deal to remove the steel and aluminum tariffs in May 2019, almost a year after going into effect.<a href="#cite_note-NYTTariff-71">[71]</a> In December 2019, Trump tweeted that he would impose tariffs on Brazilian and Argentine metals, effective immediately, alleging the countries were manipulating their currencies to make their products more attractive in global markets. Economists disagreed the countries were devaluing their currencies, attributing the declines to global market forces. After speaking with Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, Trump days later backed down from his threat against Brazil, but made no mention of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_steel_exemption">Permanent steel exemption</h4></div> While the 25% steel tariff as a rule applies to all countries worldwide, four countries have successfully negotiated a permanent exemption from it.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Australian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a> successfully lobbied President Trump to get an exemption at the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">2017 G20 Hamburg summit</a>, arguing "[w]e do this steel that's specialty steel. We're the only one that produces it in the world. You've got to let us out. You've got a $40 billion trade surplus with us. We're military allies with you. We're in every battle with you."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> However, On December 2, 2019, President Donald Trump reinstated steel and aluminium tariffs against Brazil, later backed down, and Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 40%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Date granted</th> <th>Date withdrawn</th> <th>Exemption Quota (metric tonne)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>March 28, 2018</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.68 million<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>May 2, 2018</td> <td>December 2, 2019</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>May 2, 2018</td> <td>–</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>May 2, 2018 December 2019</td> <td>December 2, 2019</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2021, President Biden and European Union President Ursula von der Leyen declared their intent to suspend tariffs for specific quantities of aluminum and steel that were entirely manufactured within the EU, while they pursued a longer-term trade agreement. Since that time, the Biden administration has advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Global_Arrangement_on_Sustainable_Steel_and_Aluminum" title="Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminum">Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminum</a>, a trade pact that connects U.S. and European markets and taxes steel producers based on their membership and the environmental impact of their metal production.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_basis_and_challenges">Legal basis and challenges</h4></div> The legal basis cited in Trump's tariff order is Section 232 of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a> of 1962 which under certain circumstances allows the president to impose tariffs based on the recommendation from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Commerce">U.S. Secretary of Commerce</a> if "an article is being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten or impair the national security."<a href="#cite_note-MercerKahn-81">[81]</a> This section is rarely used,<a href="#cite_note-MercerKahn-81">[81]</a> and has never been invoked since the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> was established in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> China initiated a WTO complaint against the U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs on April 9, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The EU opened a similar WTO case on June 1, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On June 9, 2018, Trump tweeted a statement addressing <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> in which he said American tariffs targeting Canada "are in response to his [tariffs] of 270% on dairy!"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the tweet, Trump did not cite national security, the legal basis for implementing the tariff.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In December 2022, the WTO ruled against the United States in steel and aluminum cases brought by China, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey, saying that there was no national security emergency that justified U.S. invocation of the exception. USTR spokesperson Adam Hodge, responded that “The United States has held the clear and unequivocal position, for over 70 years, that issues of national security cannot be reviewed in WTO dispute settlement and the WTO has no authority to second-guess the ability of a WTO member to respond to a wide-range of threats to its security."<a href="#cite_note-Politico-88">[88]</a> The Biden administration condemned the decision and affirmed that they would not remove the tariffs Trump had imposed. The United States has blocked appointment of judges to the WTO appeals court, so its appeal prevents the ruling from being adopted. Cases brought by Russia and India remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_and_trade_analysis">Economic and trade analysis</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png/280px-Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png/420px-Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png/560px-Effect_of_free_trade_on_surplus_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Opening trade to imports lowers the price from Pa to Pw and increases the quantity from Qa to Ct. This increases <a href="/wiki/Consumer_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer surplus">consumer surplus</a> (the area under the demand curve but above price) by X+Z as consumers can purchase more goods at lower prices. However, it also reduces <a href="/wiki/Producer_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Producer surplus">producer surplus</a> (the area above the supply curve but below the price) by X, as domestic producers supply fewer goods at lower prices. Domestic producers will choose to produce at Qt, with the quantity gap between Qt and Ct filled by imports. This overall gain from free trade is area Z, although there are winners (consumers) and losers (domestic firms and their employees).<a href="#cite_note-Krugman_and_Wells2005-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png/280px-Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png/420px-Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png/560px-Effect_of_Import_Tariff_-_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing effects of an import tariff, which hurts domestic consumers more than domestic producers are helped. Higher prices and lower quantities reduce <a href="/wiki/Consumer_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer surplus">consumer surplus</a> (the area above price but under the demand curve) by areas A+B+C+D, while expanding <a href="/wiki/Producer_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Producer surplus">producer surplus</a> (the area below price but above the supply curve) by A and government revenue by C (the import quantity times the tariff price.) Areas B and D are <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">dead-weight losses</a>, surplus lost by consumers and overall.<a href="#cite_note-Krugman_and_Wells2005-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> A survey of leading economists by the <a href="/wiki/Initiative_on_Global_Markets" title="Initiative on Global Markets">Initiative on Global Markets</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">University of Chicago Booth School of Business</a> showed a consensus that imposing new U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum will not improve Americans' welfare.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Economists say the tariffs will lead to more harm than gains, as the price for steel increases, which will harm consumers and Americans working in manufacturing industries that use steel (these jobs outnumber those who work in steel-producing sectors by 80 to 1).<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[93]</a> The big winners of the tariffs are some American <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">steel</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Aluminum industry in the United States">aluminum-producing industries</a>; some of the producers (especially small- and middle-sized ones) who are reliant on foreign inputs may struggle as a result of the tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A study of the proposal indicated that it would lead to an estimated loss of 146,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Studies of the <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff" title="2002 United States steel tariff">2002 steel tariffs</a> enacted by the Bush administration show that they caused more job losses than job gains.<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[91]</a> Jobs losses could be even greater if other countries retaliate against the United States with their own tariffs on various American products.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Scholars warned that the Trump administration's use of "national security" rationales<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> (these have not been commonly used by past administrations) for the tariffs could undermine the <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trading</a> order, as other states could use the same rationales for their own tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[100]</a> The WTO allows states to take actions necessary to ensure their national security, but this provision has been sparsely used, given that it could be abused.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Whereas national security reasons were cited for the tariffs, it has been noted that tariffs primarily harm American allies, not enemies; the United States imports very little steel and aluminum from China directly.<a href="#cite_note-:3-102">[102]</a> Trade experts furthermore noted that the United States already produces more than two-thirds of its own steel.<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[100]</a> Forty-five U.S. trade associations are urging Trump not to impose tariffs on China, warning it would be "particularly harmful" to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._economy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. economy">U.S. economy</a> and consumers.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation">National Retail Federation</a> has been vocal in its opposition of the tariffs. The NRF also launched an ad campaign with <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a>, who reprised his role as the economics teacher from "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" arguing that tariffs are bad economics and hurt consumers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> announced closure of plants in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and cutting over 14,000 jobs, citing steel tariffs as a factor.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Trump expressed frustration with the decision.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_political_response">Domestic political response</h4></div> Domestically, reactions from elected officials often varied among regional lines rather than ideological lines.<a href="#cite_note-APSteel-110">[110]</a> The tariffs saw widespread criticism from <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, the Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> had declined to take any action to counter Trump's imposition of tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-McPherson-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> said Congress would not pass any tariff legislation that Trump would veto.<a href="#cite_note-McPherson-114">[114]</a> Reception was mixed among <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> officials,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> with Democrats from <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> states voicing support for tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, the largest labor union in the U.S., praised Trump for the tariffs, as did Democratic Ohio Senator <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a>, who said the action would be a boon for "steel plants across Ohio". Many congressional Republicans expressed fear that the tariffs might damage the economy or lead to retaliatory tariffs from other countries. Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> and Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> urged Trump to rethink his proposal or to target the tariffs more narrowly so as to avoid "unintended consequences and collateral damage".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/House_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Minority Leader">House Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, while calling for strategic and targeted actions against "trade cheaters," criticized Trump's rollout of the tariffs, calling it "chaotic" and saying it was "maximizing the collateral damage to American workers, consumers and our international alliances".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The proposal drew comparisons to a tariff imposed by his Republican presidential predecessor, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>;<a href="#cite_note-wsjsteel-120">[120]</a> in 2002 the U.S. imposed heavy <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff" title="2002 United States steel tariff">steel tariffs</a> that were largely seen as ineffectual or even harmful to the U.S., and were withdrawn after 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On March 6, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cohn_(investment_banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Cohn (investment banker)">Gary Cohn</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)" title="National Economic Council (United States)">National Economic Council</a>, announced his intention to resign; the announcement followed Trump's cancellation of a meeting with end-users of steel and aluminum that Cohn had arranged in an attempt to dissuade the president from the planned tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute" title="Quinnipiac University Polling Institute">Quinnipiac University poll</a> showed widespread disapproval of the tariffs, with only 29% of Americans agreeing with a "25% tariff on steel imports and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports" if it raised their <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On June 13, 2019, 661 American companies sent a letter to Trump urging him to resolve the trade dispute with China. The letter was one of many sent on behalf of Tariffs Hurt the Heartland, an organization of over 150 trade groups representing agriculture, manufacturing, retailing and technology companies.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_lifting">Partial lifting</h4></div> On May 17, 2019, the U.S. reached a deal to lift the steel and aluminum tariffs on Mexico and Canada. Lifting the tariffs were seen as helping pave the way for further ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a>. In a joint statement, the Canadian and the U.S. governments said the U.S. will scrap the metals duties within two days of the deal. Canada will remove tariffs levied on American goods in retaliation for the steel and aluminum duties.<a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a> The countries will drop all pending litigation in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> related to the tariffs, set up measures to "prevent the importation of aluminum or steel that is unfairly subsidized and/or sold at dumped prices" and "prevent the transshipment of aluminum and steel made outside of Canada or the United States to the other country" and make an "agreed-upon process for monitoring aluminum and steel trade between them". In a separate statement, the Mexican government also said it would remove retaliatory tariffs it put on the U.S. and cease pending litigation. Mexico also said it would set up measures to stop unfair trade practices in the aluminum and steel markets and to monitor trade of the metals in North America.<a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> reached settlements with the United Kingdom and Japan to remove the tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_products">Chinese products</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/220px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/330px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg/440px-United_States_Balance_of_Trade_Deficit-pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>U.S. trade deficit, in billions, goods only, by country, 2014</figcaption></figure> On March 22, 2018, Trump signed a memorandum under the Section 301 of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a>, instructing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a> (USTR) to apply tariffs of $50 billion on Chinese goods. Trump said the tariffs would be imposed due to Chinese theft of U.S. intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-126">[126]</a> Trump said his planned tariffs on Chinese imports would make the United States "a much stronger, much richer nation".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> However, the steps toward imposing the tariffs led to increased concerns of a global <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Corporations that traded with China, such as <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, suffered large losses in their stock price.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China</a> announced plans to implement its own tariffs on 128 U.S. products. 120 of those products, such as fruit and wine, will be taxed at a 15% duty while the remaining eight products, including pork, will receive a 25% tariff.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> China implemented their tariffs on April 2, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On April 3, 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Chinese Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Cui_Tiankai" title="Cui Tiankai">Cui Tiankai</a> responded by warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On April 4, 2018, China's Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The increased tit-for-tat tariff announcements stoked fears that the two countries are inching closer to a trade war.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> On April 4, 2018, President Trump responded to speculation tweeting: "We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S. Now we have a Trade Deficit of $500 Billion a year, with Intellectual Property Theft of another $300 Billion. We cannot let this continue!"<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The next day Trump directed the USTR to consider $100 billion in additional tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On May 9, 2018, China cancelled <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On June 15, Donald Trump released a list of $34 billion of Chinese goods to face a 25% tariff, starting on July 6. Another list with $16 billion of Chinese goods was released, with an implementation date of August 23.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On July 10, the United States Trade Representative, in reaction to China's retaliatory tariffs that took effect July 6, requested comments, gave notice of public hearings and issued a proposed list of Chinese products amounting to an annual trade value of about $200 billion that would be subjected to an additional 10% in duties on top of what those imported articles would normally pay.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2018 China ended its domestic ownership rules for auto companies and financial institutions. The rules required that auto companies and financial institutions in China be at least 50 percent owned by Chinese companies. The change was seen as benefitting U.S. auto companies including <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> On May 9, 2019, Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goods—it is the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a <a href="/wiki/Boise_State_University" title="Boise State University">Boise State University</a> political scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.<a href="#cite_note-Politifact-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> During the June <a href="/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit" title="2019 G20 Osaka summit">2019 G20 Osaka summit</a>, China and America agreed to resume stalled trade talks, with Trump announcing he would suspend an additional $300 billion in tariffs that had been under consideration after talks failed the previous month and asserting China had agreed to buy a "tremendous amount" of American farm products, although there were no specifics or confirmation of this by China. People familiar with the negotiations later said China made no explicit commitment as Trump had described.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korean_products">South Korean products</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Economic_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea–United States relations § Economic relations</a></div> On March 28, 2018, the United States and South Korea announced major changes to the bilateral <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement">United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement</a> (KORUS FTA) in response to the numerous tariffs and the proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations#2018_Singapore_Summit" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korean-United States diplomatic meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The 25 percent tariff on South Korean trucks will be extended until 2041, adding twenty years to the current 2021 target phase out date. No South Korean auto manufacturer exports trucks to the United States. The United States exempted South Korea from its steel tariffs but imposed an import quota of about 2.68 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> South Korea was temporarily exempted from aluminum tariffs as well, but the exemption was removed effective May 1, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retaliatory_tariffs">Retaliatory tariffs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_tariff_rates_(France,_UK,_US).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png/330px-Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png/495px-Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png/660px-Average_tariff_rates_%28France%2C_UK%2C_US%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Historical average tariff rates, in France, UK, U.S.</figcaption></figure> China, Canada, and the European Union responded negatively to the initial announcement (which did not mention any temporary exemptions). Canada supplies 16% of U.S. demand for steel, followed by Brazil at 13%, South Korea at 10%,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Mexico at 9%, and China at 2%.<a href="#cite_note-wsjsteel-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian">Canadian</h3></div> From 2013 to 2016, Canada was the largest source of aluminum imports to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Trump invoked national security grounds as justification for imposing steel and aluminum tariffs on Canada. Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> said the idea "that Canada could be considered a national security risk to the United States" was "absurd" and "inconceivable" and called the tariffs "totally unacceptable." Trudeau announced $16.6 billion in retaliatory tariffs, saying "American people are not the target ... We hope eventually that common sense will triumph. Unfortunately the actions taken today by the United States government do not appear headed in that direction."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> On July 1, 2018, Canada implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. imports.<a href="#cite_note-RooneyCanada-10">[10]</a> The value of the Canadian tariffs were set to match the value of the U.S. tariffs dollar-for-dollar and cover 299 U.S. goods, including steel, aluminum, and a variety of other products, including <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">inflatable boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiskies" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskies">whiskies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping bags">sleeping bags</a> before the tariffs were lifted on May 20, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Wolfe229-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTTariff-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></div> The Chinese government placed retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-age20180616-168">[168]</a> China threatened to curb imports of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuterssteel-169">[169]</a> A June 2019 analysis conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a> found that China had imposed the same 8% average tariffs on all countries in January 2018, but by June 2019 average tariffs on American exports had increased to 20.7% while those on other countries had declined to 6.7%<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European">European</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">president of the European Commission</a>, condemned U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs and announced that a legal challenge at the World Trade Organization would follow.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The EU filed the WTO challenge against the United States on June 1, once the tariffs took effect.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Retaliatory tariffs from the European Union took effect on June 22, 2018, imposing tariffs on 180 types of products, in total worth over $3 billion of U.S. goods. Affected products include steel and aluminum, agricultural goods (including <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_juice" title="Cranberry juice">cranberry juice</a>), clothing, washing machines, cosmetics, and boats.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Sant-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Trade" title="European Commissioner for Trade">European Commissioner for Trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="Cecilia Malmström">Cecilia Malmström</a> stated: "The rules of international trade, which we have developed ... with our American partners, cannot be violated without a reaction from our side. Our response is measured, proportionate and fully in line with WTO rules."<a href="#cite_note-Van_Sant-173">[173]</a> Among the U.S. manufacturers affected by the EU's responsive tariffs is <a href="/wiki/Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a>, which announced that it would move some of their manufacturing out of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Another is the <a href="/wiki/James_E._Pepper" title="James E. Pepper">James E. Pepper whiskey distillery</a> in Kentucky, which, due to raised prices, lost most of its foreign business; as of mid-2021, the business had not recovered.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The ongoing conflict <a href="/wiki/Competition_between_Airbus_and_Boeing#Controversies" title="Competition between Airbus and Boeing">between American aircraft manufacturer Boeing and European manufacturer Airbus</a> over government subsidies had been going on for more than two decades. After the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> gave the U.S. a green light to impose tariffs because of subsidies from the governments of Spain, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom to Airbus, <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> spokesperson Daniel Rosario threatened retaliatory measures if the United States imposes a US$7.5 billion (€6.823 billion) tariff on products such as olives, whiskey, wine, cheese, yogurt, and airplanes. The tariffs were in addition to those imposed in 2018. As of October 18, 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_tariffs&action=edit">[update]</a> they were in effect.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Under President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, the United States embarked on an effort to settle several trade disputes with allies, including both ones originating under President Trump and longer-standing ones. The United States and the European Union announced on October 31, 2021, in a joint statement that tariffs on steel and aluminum would be lifted under a certain volume and replaced by bilateral <a href="/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota" title="Tariff-rate quota">tariff-rate quotas</a> that would allow for historical volumes of trade. European tariffs on American metal and iconic American exports would also end and further European retaliatory tariffs that would be implemented on December 1 were forestalled. The steel and aluminum have to be entirely produced in the EU to qualify for duty-free status.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> A similar system of duty-free quotas was announced on March 22, 2022, for steel and aluminum products from the United Kingdom within historical volumes. An audit regime was agreed upon for Chinese-owned steel companies. In return British retaliatory tariffs would be lifted.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The United States announced a suspension for the duration of one year placed on tariffs on Ukrainian steel on May 9, 2022, in view of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3></div> On June 16, 2019, India imposed retaliatory tariffs on 28 U.S. products, $240 million (~$282 million in 2023) worth of goods, with some levies reaching 70 percent. Affected products include apples, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, and some chemical products; India is the largest buyer of U.S. almonds, paying $543 million for more than half of the imports. It's also the second-largest buyer of U.S. apples, buying $156 million (~$186 million in 2023) worth in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-IndiaTariffs-9">[9]</a> The tariffs were in response to the U.S.'s refusal to exempt India from higher tariffs on steel and aluminum imports and in response to the U.S. withdrawing India from the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_System_of_Preferences" title="Generalized System of Preferences">Generalized System of Preferences</a> on June 5. India had announced retaliatory tariff increases totaling $235 million (~$281 million in 2023) on U.S. goods in June 2018, but trade talks had delayed their implementation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican">Mexican</h3></div> In response to the imposition of U.S. tariffs, Mexico implemented retaliatory tariffs on around US$3 billion (MXN $58.6 billion) worth of U.S. goods. These Mexican tariffs, which went into effect on June 5, 2018, were imposed on U.S. steel, pork, cheese, whiskey, and apples, among other goods before being lifted on May 20, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-RooneyCanada-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTTariff-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed">Proposed</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h3></div> During his presidential campaign, Trump said he would impose tariffs—between 15 and 35%—on companies that moved their operations to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:13-41">[41]</a> Trump proposed a 35% tariff on "every car, every truck and every part manufactured in Ford's Mexico plant that comes across the border".<a href="#cite_note-Lane-185">[185]</a> Tariffs at that level would be far higher than the international norms (which are around 2.67% for the U.S. and most other advanced economies and under 10% for most developing countries).<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld-186">[186]</a> After the European Union threatened to impose retaliatory tariffs should a tariff on steel and aluminum be imposed, on March 3, 2018, Trump countered with a threat to impose tariffs on European car manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In May 2019, Trump threatened to impose tariffs of up to 25 percent on automobiles and parts on the basis that a weakening internal U.S. economy constituted a <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> threat, but delayed the imposition of the tariffs for six months to allow for trade talks with the European Union and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_Mexican_imports">All Mexican imports</h3></div> On May 30, 2019, Trump unexpectedly announced that he would impose a 5% tariff on all imports from Mexico on June 10, increasing to 10% on July 1, and by another 5% each month for three months, "until such time as illegal migrants coming through Mexico, and into our Country, STOP."<a href="#cite_note-NewMexican-18">[18]</a> Hours later, Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Finance Committee">Senate Finance Committee</a>, commented, "This is a misuse of presidential tariff authority and counter to congressional intent. Following through on this threat would seriously jeopardize passage of <a href="/wiki/USMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="USMCA">USMCA</a>, a central campaign pledge of President Trump's and what could be a big victory for the country."<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> That same day, the Trump administration formally initiated the process to seek congressional approval of USMCA.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Trump's top trade advisor, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">US Trade Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer" title="Robert Lighthizer">Robert Lighthizer</a>, opposed the new Mexican tariffs on concerns it would jeopardize passage of USMCA.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-193">[193]</a> Treasury secretary <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a> and Trump senior advisor <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> also opposed the action. Grassley, whose committee is instrumental in passing USMCA, was not informed in advance of Trump's surprise announcement.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> An array of lawmakers and business groups expressed consternation about the proposed tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> With 2018 imports of Mexican goods totaling $346.5 billion, a 5% tariff constitutes a tax increase of over $17 billion.<a href="#cite_note-NewMexican-18">[18]</a> On the evening of June 7, Trump announced that the planned Mexico tariffs were "indefinitely suspended" after Mexico agreed to take stronger measures to curb immigration across the border of the U.S. According to the deal, Mexico agreed to deploy 6,000 of its National Guard troops throughout the country, with a focus on its southern border with Guatemala. Mexico also agreed to house migrants seeking asylum in the U.S.—including housing, offering jobs, health care and education—while the U.S. agreed to accelerate asylum claims. If the deal does not have the "expected results," then the two nations will meet again in 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-axiosmexico-19">[19]</a> Trump also tweeted that Mexico had agreed to "immediately" begin buying agricultural products from U.S. farmers, although the communique between the countries did not mention any such deal and Mexican officials were reportedly not aware of such discussions; American officials declined to comment.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The New York Times reported the next day that Mexico had already agreed to most of the actions months prior.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> On June 9, as critics continued to downplay the significance of the deal, Trump called The New York Times report "false", tweeting "We have been trying to get some of these Border Actions for a long time ... but were not able to get them, or get them in full, until our signed agreement with Mexico." The Times stood by its reporting.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Trump also threatened that he could return to using tariffs as a tactic if desired. Mexico's ambassador to the U.S., Martha Bárcena Coqui, addressed Trump's defense of the deal on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, saying "There are a lot of details that we discussed during the negotiations ... that we didn't put into the declaration because there are different paths that we have to follow," adding that adjustments will be made as the situation on the border evolves.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Term">Second Term</h3></div> During his <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 campaign</a>, Trump repeatedly talked about imposing tariffs. <a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> After he won the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>, many companies responded by preparing for the possible tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> The Trump administration's tariffs were panned by the majority of economists and analysts, with general consensus among experts—including U.S. Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)" title="National Economic Council (United States)">National Economic Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kudlow" title="Larry Kudlow">Larry Kudlow</a>—being that the tariffs either had no direct benefits on the U.S. economy and GDP growth or they had a small to moderately negative impact on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Politifact-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In a March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> survey, almost 80% of 60 economists believed the tariffs on steel and aluminum imports would be a net harm to the U.S. economy, with the rest believing the tariffs would have little or no effect; none of the economists surveyed believed the tariffs would benefit the U.S. economy.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In May 2018, more than 1,000 economists wrote a letter warning Trump about the dangers of pursuing a <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a>, arguing that the tariffs were echoing historical policy errors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a>, which helped lead to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> Many companies passed the costs of the Trump tariffs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-206">[206]</a>: 180  Following impositions of the tariffs on Chinese goods, the prices of U.S. intermediate goods rose by 10% to 30%, an amount generally equivalent to the size of the tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-:024-207">[207]</a>: 233–234  A study published in fall 2019 in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a> found that by December 2018, Trump's tariffs resulted in a reduction in aggregate U.S. <a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">real income</a> of $1.4 billion per month in <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">deadweight losses</a>, and cost U.S. consumers an additional $3.2 billion per month in added tax.<a href="#cite_note-Impact2019-24">[24]</a> The study's authors noted that these were conservative measures of the losses from the tariffs, because they did not take account of the tariffs' effects in reducing the variety of products available to consumers, or the tariff-related costs attributable to <a href="/wiki/Policy_uncertainty" title="Policy uncertainty">policy uncertainty</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">fixed costs</a> incurred by companies to reorganize their global supply chains.<a href="#cite_note-Impact2019-24">[24]</a> A study by Federal Reserve Board economists found that the tariffs reduced employment in the American manufacturing sector.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> An April 2019 working paper by economists found that the tariffs on <a href="/wiki/Washing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing machines">washing machines</a> caused the prices of washers to increase by approximately twelve percent in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> A 2019 paper by Federal Reserve Board economists found that the steel tariffs led to 0.6% fewer jobs in the manufacturing sector than would have happened in the absence of the tariffs; this amounted to approximately 75,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In May 2019, analyses from varying organizations were released. A May 2019 <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> analysis found that the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a> (CPI) for tariffed goods had increased dramatically, compared to a declining CPI for all other core goods.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> analysis that month found that Trump had "enacted tariffs equivalent to one of the largest tax increases in decades," while <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Tax Policy Center</a> analyses found the tariffs could offset the benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a> for many households.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-22">[22]</a> The Tax Foundation found that if all existing and proposed tariffs were fully implemented, the benefits of the Trump tax cut would be eliminated for all taxpayers through the 90th percentile in earnings.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Another May 2019 analysis conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">National Taxpayers Union</a> warned that the existing and proposed additional tariffs, if fully implemented, would constitute the largest tax increase of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> According to an analysis by <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a> economists, American businesses and consumers paid more than $900,000 a year for each job that was created or saved as a result of the Trump administration's tariffs on steel and aluminum.<a href="#cite_note-:8-215">[215]</a> The cost for each job saved as a result of the administration's tariffs on washing machines was $815,000.<a href="#cite_note-:8-215">[215]</a> Analysis conducted by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> estimated that Trump's trade actions had resulted in foregone American stock market capitalization of $5 trillion through May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> A September 2019 Federal Reserve study found that tariffs Trump imposed through mid-2019, combined with the policy uncertainty they created, would reduce the 2020 real GDP growth rate by one percentage point.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] A study by four economists published in October 2019 by the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a> estimated that U.S. consumers and firms who buy imports lost $51 billion (0.27% of GDP) as a result of the 2018 tariffs. After accounting for increases in government tariff revenue and gains to U.S. producers, the study authors estimated the aggregate U.S. <a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">real income</a> loss to be $7.2 billion (0.04% of GDP).<a href="#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-25">[25]</a> The study found that "retaliatory tariffs resulted in a 9.9% decline in U.S. exports within products."<a href="#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-25">[25]</a> The study also found that workers in heavily <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> counties suffered the most from the trade war, because retaliatory tariffs focused on agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-25">[25]</a> Between the time Trump took office in 2017 through March 2019, the U.S.'s trade deficit grew by $119 billion, reaching $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> As of January 2020, the Trump administration had imposed tariffs on 16.8% of all goods imported into the U.S. (measured as a share of the value of all U.S. imports in 2017).<a href="#cite_note-CBOOutlook-219">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) published its estimate of the U.S. economic impact from Trump's trade policies: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In CBO's estimation, the trade barriers put in place by the United States and its trading partners between January 2018 and January 2020 would reduce real GDP over the projection period. The effects of those barriers on trade flows, prices, and output are projected to peak during the first half of 2020 and then begin to subside. Tariffs are expected to reduce the level of real GDP by roughly 0.5 percent and raise consumer prices by 0.5 percent in 2020. As a result, tariffs are also projected to reduce average real household income by $1,277 (in 2019 dollars) in 2020. CBO expects the effect of trade barriers on output and prices to diminish over time as businesses continue to adjust their supply chains in response to the changes in the international trading environment.<a href="#cite_note-CBOOutlook-219">[219]</a></blockquote>A 2021 study by Oxford Economics and the <a href="/wiki/US-China_Business_Council" title="US-China Business Council">U.S.-China Business Council</a> concluded that the United States lost 245,000 jobs as a result of the Trump tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-206">[206]</a>: 180  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_China–U.S._trade">Effects on China–U.S. trade</h4></div> Trump announced on August 1, 2019, that he would impose a 10% tariff on $300 billion of Chinese imports beginning September 1; four days later the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Chinese Commerce Ministry</a> announced that China was halting imports of all American agricultural goods. <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a> data showed that agriculture exports to China fell from $19.5 billion in 2017 to $9.1 billion in 2018, a 53% decline.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The figure was $21.4 billion (~$26.6 billion in 2023) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> A study by Samantha Vortherms and Jiakun Jack Zhang concluded that less than 1% of the increase in U.S. enterprises leaving China in 2018 and 2019 resulted from the tariffs and that U.S. enterprises were no more likely to divest from China than they were to divest from other Asian countries or Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-206">[206]</a>: 180  The Trump tariffs, along with the impacts of COVID-19, were a major factor in declining trade between China and the U.S. in 2019 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:02-222">[222]</a>: 142  Trade between the two countries subsequently rebounded significantly, and as of 2021 merchandise trade was down only marginally from its record high in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:02-222">[222]</a>: 142  In 2021, a survey of U.S. enterprises operating in China showed that two-thirds of them were optimistic about the Chinese market and planned to increase their investments in China.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-206">[206]</a>: 180  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3></div> Studies have found that the tariffs adversely affected Republican candidates in elections.<a href="#cite_note-:10-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-28">[28]</a> A study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>'s economists found that the tariffs negatively impacted the electorate in districts that swung to Trump (relative to <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s 2012 performance), and that as a result of the retaliatory tariffs, Republican candidates fared worse by between 1.4 and 2.7 percentage points in counties in the top decile of the exposure distribution implied by the Chinese, Canadian and Mexican retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-:5-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a> The analysis also found that the retaliatory tariffs implemented by the EU were carefully structured so as to not harm the EU itself, whereas China implemented tariffs that harmed industries both in China and in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-:5-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a> A 2021 study found that Chinese retaliatory tariffs systematically targeted Republican counties in swing congressional districts, and that voters in such counties became more aware of the trade war, its adverse impact, and that they assigned Republicans responsibility for escalating the trade dispute.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The Asian Trade Centre argued that Trump's usage of trade policy as a tactic to push non-trade related political initiatives, particularly his May 2019 threat to levy Mexican imports until they crackdown on illegal immigration, set a negative precedent for future U.S. presidents and damaged the credibility of the U.S. as a reliable trade partner.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States" title="History of tariffs in the United States">History of tariffs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States" title="List of tariffs in the United States">List of tariffs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2018" class="citation web cs1">Gonzales, Richard (January 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/22/579848409/trump-slaps-tariffs-on-imported-solar-panels-and-washing-machines">"Trump Slaps Tariffs On Imported Solar Panels and Washing Machines"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021042215/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/22/579848409/trump-slaps-tariffs-on-imported-solar-panels-and-washing-machines">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+Slaps+Tariffs+On+Imported+Solar+Panels+and+Washing+Machines&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2018%2F01%2F22%2F579848409%2Ftrump-slaps-tariffs-on-imported-solar-panels-and-washing-machines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorsleyFormal-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HorsleyFormal_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorsleyFormal_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorsleyFormal_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2018" class="citation web cs1">Horsley, Scott (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/03/08/591744195/trump-expected-to-formally-order-tariffs-on-steel-aluminum-imports">"Trump Formally Orders Tariffs on Steel, Aluminum Imports"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231034502/https://www.npr.org/2018/03/08/591744195/trump-expected-to-formally-order-tariffs-on-steel-aluminum-imports">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+Formally+Orders+Tariffs+on+Steel%2C+Aluminum+Imports&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F03%2F08%2F591744195%2Ftrump-expected-to-formally-order-tariffs-on-steel-aluminum-imports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2018" class="citation news cs1">Long, Heather (May 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/05/31/trump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china/">"Trump has officially put more tariffs on U.S. allies than on China"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206014401/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/05/31/trump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+has+officially+put+more+tariffs+on+U.S.+allies+than+on+China&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2018%2F05%2F31%2Ftrump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The President also authorized the Department of Commerce to provide relief, or exclusion, from these tariffs for U.S. steel and aluminum importers in certain circumstances, such as when the product is not available domestically or based on national security considerations. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-517">"Steel and Aluminum Tariffs: Commerce Should Improve Its Exclusion Request Process and Economic Impact Reviews".</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-104564">"Steel and Aluminum Tariffs:Commerce Should Update Public Guidance to Reflect Changes in the Exclusion Process".</a> U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved January 12, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2018" class="citation news cs1">Chance, David (March 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-trump-rhetoric-analysis/trumps-trade-tariffs-long-on-rhetoric-short-on-impact-idUSKBN1GH37N">"Trump's trade tariffs: Long on rhetoric, short on impact?"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923051627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-trump-rhetoric-analysis/trumps-trade-tariffs-long-on-rhetoric-short-on-impact-idUSKBN1GH37N">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+trade+tariffs%3A+Long+on+rhetoric%2C+short+on+impact%3F&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trade-trump-rhetoric-analysis%2Ftrumps-trade-tariffs-long-on-rhetoric-short-on-impact-idUSKBN1GH37N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-fires-back-at-us-tariffs-vows-to-defend-its-core-interests/2018/07/06/f42fc812-8091-11e8-a63f-7b5d2aba7ac5_story.html">"As Trump's trade war starts, China retaliates with comparable tariffs of its own"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205192806/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-fires-back-at-us-tariffs-vows-to-defend-its-core-interests/2018/07/06/f42fc812-8091-11e8-a63f-7b5d2aba7ac5_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+Trump%27s+trade+war+starts%2C+China+retaliates+with+comparable+tariffs+of+its+own&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fchina-fires-back-at-us-tariffs-vows-to-defend-its-core-interests%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Ff42fc812-8091-11e8-a63f-7b5d2aba7ac5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44324565">"US tariffs a dangerous game, says EU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. June 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231032144/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44324565">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+tariffs+a+dangerous+game%2C+says+EU&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-44324565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnmoney-8"><a href="#cite_ref-cnnmoney_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/17/news/economy/india-us-tariffs-steel-aluminum-wto/index.html">"India moves ahead with tariffs on US goods"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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Retrieved August 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+moves+ahead+with+tariffs+on+US+goods&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2018%2F06%2F17%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Findia-us-tariffs-steel-aluminum-wto%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndiaTariffs-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndiaTariffs_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndiaTariffs_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/06/16/trade-war-india-hits-u-s-more-tariffs/1471140001/">"India imposing increased, retaliatory tariffs on US exports including apples, almonds"</a>. USA Today. 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Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=India+imposing+increased%2C+retaliatory+tariffs+on+US+exports+including+apples%2C+almonds&rft.date=2019-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2F2019%2F06%2F16%2Ftrade-war-india-hits-u-s-more-tariffs%2F1471140001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RooneyCanada-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RooneyCanada_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RooneyCanada_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RooneyCanada_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Rooney2018" class="citation web cs1">Kate Rooney (June 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216192343/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/29/canada-makes-retaliatory-tariffs-official-we-will-not-back-down.html">"Canada makes retaliatory tariffs official: 'We will not back down'"</a>. 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Retrieved June 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Trump+claims+he%27s+reached+deal+with+Mexico&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.aulast=Ayesh&rft.aufirst=Rashaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Ftrump-claims-reached-deal-mexico-fefc58e7-61c4-40a8-9e4e-1bf53601df0a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiesman2019" class="citation web cs1">Liesman, Steve (May 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/16/trumps-tariffs-are-equivalent-to-one-of-the-largest-tax-increases-in-decades.html">"Trump's tariffs are equivalent to one of the largest tax increases in decades"</a>. 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Retrieved March 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Trump+declares+his+trade+war%3A+targets+steel%2C+aluminum&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Ftrump-declares-his-trade-war-targets-steel-aluminum-2f68d5fe-69ec-4872-b1d5-aaae28f7bf4b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Damian Paletta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/03/02/trump-insists-trade-wars-are-good-and-easy-to-win-after-vowing-new-tariffs/">Trump insists 'trade wars are good, and easy to win' after vowing new tariffs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314085411/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/03/02/trump-insists-trade-wars-are-good-and-easy-to-win-after-vowing-new-tariffs/">Archived</a> March 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washington Post (March 2, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Jim Brunsden and Shawn Donnan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/fac4f67a-2db7-11e8-a34a-7e7563b0b0f4/">US grants last-minute exemptions to looming steel tariffs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729050025/https://www.ft.com/content/fac4f67a-2db7-11e8-a34a-7e7563b0b0f4">Archived</a> July 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Financial Times (March 22, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-temporary-69"><a href="#cite_ref-temporary_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-imposes-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-on-the-european-union-canada-and-mexico/2018/05/31/891bb452-64d3-11e8-a69c-b944de66d9e7_story.html">"Trump imposes steel and aluminum tariffs on the E.U., Canada and Mexico"</a>. The Washington Post. May 31, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214322/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-imposes-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-on-the-european-union-canada-and-mexico/2018/05/31/891bb452-64d3-11e8-a69c-b944de66d9e7_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+imposes+steel+and+aluminum+tariffs+on+the+E.U.%2C+Canada+and+Mexico&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftrump-imposes-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-on-the-european-union-canada-and-mexico%2F2018%2F05%2F31%2F891bb452-64d3-11e8-a69c-b944de66d9e7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, David J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-trump-eu-steel-aluminum-tariffs-20180531-story.html">"Trump imposes tariffs on closest allies; Mexico and Europe announce retaliation"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531152210/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-trump-eu-steel-aluminum-tariffs-20180531-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Trump+imposes+tariffs+on+closest+allies%3B+Mexico+and+Europe+announce+retaliation&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fct-biz-trump-eu-steel-aluminum-tariffs-20180531-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTTariff-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTTariff_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTTariff_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTTariff_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/us/politics/china-auto-tariffs-donald-trump.html">"Trump Lifts Metal Tariffs and Delays Auto Levies, Limiting Global Trade Fight"</a>. The New York Times. May 17, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517234016/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/us/politics/china-auto-tariffs-donald-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Lifts+Metal+Tariffs+and+Delays+Auto+Levies%2C+Limiting+Global+Trade+Fight&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fchina-auto-tariffs-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwansonCasado2019" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Ana; Casado, Letícia (December 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/21/business/brazil-trump-tariffs-steel.html">"Trump Backs Down From Threat to Place Tariffs on Brazilian Steel"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227190013/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/21/business/brazil-trump-tariffs-steel.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Backs+Down+From+Threat+to+Place+Tariffs+on+Brazilian+Steel&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Casado%2C+Let%C3%ADcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fbrazil-trump-tariffs-steel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4247328/roy-green-trade-war/">"Roy Green: The first shots of a broad international trade war?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603082459/https://globalnews.ca/news/4247328/roy-green-trade-war/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roy+Green%3A+The+first+shots+of+a+broad+international+trade+war%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4247328%2Froy-green-trade-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong_Jung-a2018" class="citation news cs1">Song Jung-a (March 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/68659a66-30a8-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498">"South Korea secures US steel tariff exemption"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200926/https://www.ft.com/content/68659a66-30a8-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea+secures+US+steel+tariff+exemption&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.au=Song+Jung-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F68659a66-30a8-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/australia-given-permanent-exemption-on-us-tariffs/news-story/108061ac83ac1154761163c39ecdd092">"Subscribe to The Australian—Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps"</a>. The Australian. May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233247/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fforeign-affairs%2Faustralia-given-permanent-exemption-on-us-tariffs%2Fnews-story%2F108061ac83ac1154761163c39ecdd092&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=c92230503b5dcbd6daccf4c8cd2bb0b6-1613345567">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Subscribe+to+The+Australian%E2%80%94Newspaper+home+delivery%2C+website%2C+iPad%2C+iPhone+%26+Android+apps&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fforeign-affairs%2Faustralia-given-permanent-exemption-on-us-tariffs%2Fnews-story%2F108061ac83ac1154761163c39ecdd092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward,_Bob2018" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bob (September 11, 2018). Fear : Trump in the White House (First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501175510" title="Special:BookSources/9781501175510"><bdi>9781501175510</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1046982157">1046982157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+%3A+Trump+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=First+Simon+%26+Schuster+hardcover&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1046982157&rft.isbn=9781501175510&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Gallas(analysis)" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Gallas(analysis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50633500">"Trump to 'restore' tariffs on steel from Brazil and Argentina"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202170723/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50633500">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+to+%27restore%27+tariffs+on+steel+from+Brazil+and+Argentina&rft.au=Daniel+Gallas%28analysis%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-50633500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Exports are exempted from tariffs until quota, and exceeding amount above the quota would be imposed with tariffs. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/25/us-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html">"US exempts South Korea from steel tariffs, but imposes import quota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Reuters. March 25, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+exempts+South+Korea+from+steel+tariffs%2C+but+imposes+import+quota&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F03%2F25%2Fus-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2023" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Lee (October 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/api/content/05f20312-679b-11ee-abd7-12163087a831/">"U.S. and EU Struggle to Form Green Steel Club"</a>. The American Prospect. Retrieved October 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+EU+Struggle+to+Form+Green+Steel+Club&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Fapi%2Fcontent%2F05f20312-679b-11ee-abd7-12163087a831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MercerKahn-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MercerKahn_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MercerKahn_81-1">b</a> Shannon Togawa Mercer & Matthew Kahn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/america-trades-down-legal-consequences-president-trumps-tariffs">America Trades Down: The Legal Consequences of President Trump's Tariffs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004205225/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/america-trades-down-legal-consequences-president-trumps-tariffs">Archived</a> October 4, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lawfare (March 13, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Tom Miles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-explainer/trumps-extraordinary-tariffs-idUSKBN1GH2IR">Trump's extraordinary tariffs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314045526/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-explainer/trumps-extraordinary-tariffs-idUSKBN1GH2IR">Archived</a> March 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (March 5, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/ds544rfc_09apr18_e.htm">"China initiates WTO dispute complaint against US tariffs on steel, aluminium products"</a>. wto.org. April 9, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605184537/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/ds544rfc_09apr18_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wto.org&rft.atitle=China+initiates+WTO+dispute+complaint+against+US+tariffs+on+steel%2C+aluminium+products&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fnews18_e%2Fds544rfc_09apr18_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2018" class="citation web cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (June 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jun/01/eu-starts-retaliation-against-donald-trumps-steel-and-aluminium-tariffs">"EU opens WTO case against Trump's steel and aluminium tariffs"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601232132/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jun/01/eu-starts-retaliation-against-donald-trumps-steel-and-aluminium-tariffs">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+opens+WTO+case+against+Trump%27s+steel+and+aluminium+tariffs&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2Fjun%2F01%2Feu-starts-retaliation-against-donald-trumps-steel-and-aluminium-tariffs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrump2018" class="citation web cs1">Trump, Donald J. [@realDonaldTrump] (June 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1005586562959093760">"PM Justin Trudeau of Canada acted so meek and mild during our @G7 meetings only to give a news conference after I left saying that, "US Tariffs were kind of insulting" and he "will not be pushed around." Very dishonest & weak. Our Tariffs are in response to his of 270% on dairy!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+Justin+Trudeau+of+Canada+acted+so+meek+and+mild+during+our+%40G7+meetings+only+to+give+a+news+conference+after+I+left+saying+that%2C+%22US+Tariffs+were+kind+of+insulting%22+and+he+%22will+not+be+pushed+around.%22+Very+dishonest+%26+weak.+Our+Tariffs+are+in+response+to+his+of+270%25+on+dairy%21&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft.aulast=Trump&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FrealDonaldTrump%2Fstatus%2F1005586562959093760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2018" class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, Luis (June 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/391515-trump-rips-meek-and-mild-trudeau-for-criticizing-tariffs/">"Trump rips 'meek and mild' Trudeau for criticizing US tariffs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610074846/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/391515-trump-rips-meek-and-mild-trudeau-for-criticizing-tariffs">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Trump+rips+%27meek+and+mild%27+Trudeau+for+criticizing+US+tariffs&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F391515-trump-rips-meek-and-mild-trudeau-for-criticizing-tariffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChait2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait, Jonathan</a> (June 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/06/trump-confesses-motive-blows-up-legal-basis-for-trade-war.html">"Trump Confesses Illegal Motive, Blows Up Legal Basis for His Trade War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Trump+Confesses+Illegal+Motive%2C+Blows+Up+Legal+Basis+for+His+Trade+War&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft.aulast=Chait&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fintelligencer%2F2018%2F06%2Ftrump-confesses-motive-blows-up-legal-basis-for-trade-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politico-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_88-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/09/wto-ruling-trump-tariffs-violate-rules-00073282">WTO says Trump's steel tariffs violated global trade rules </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krugman_and_Wells2005-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krugman_and_Wells2005_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krugman_and_Wells2005_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugmanWells2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wells" title="Robin Wells">Wells, Robin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microeconomics00krug">Microeconomics</a>. Worth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5229-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-5229-8"><bdi>0-7167-5229-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microeconomics&rft.pub=Worth&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7167-5229-8&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Wells%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroeconomics00krug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/steel-and-aluminum-tariffs">"Steel and Aluminum Tariffs"</a>. igmchicago.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312212826/http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/steel-and-aluminum-tariffs">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=igmchicago.org&rft.atitle=Steel+and+Aluminum+Tariffs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igmchicago.org%2Fsurveys%2Fsteel-and-aluminum-tariffs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21737843-get-them-he-causing-chaos-president-donald-trump-wants-tariffs-steel-and">"President Donald Trump wants tariffs on steel and aluminium"</a>. The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308112614/https://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21737843-get-them-he-causing-chaos-president-donald-trump-wants-tariffs-steel-and">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=President+Donald+Trump+wants+tariffs+on+steel+and+aluminium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-and-finance%2F21737843-get-them-he-causing-chaos-president-donald-trump-wants-tariffs-steel-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econofact.org/will-steel-tariffs-put-u-s-jobs-at-risk">"Will Steel Tariffs Put U.S. Jobs at Risk? | Econofact"</a>. Econofact. February 26, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308233722/http://econofact.org/will-steel-tariffs-put-u-s-jobs-at-risk">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. <q>... because steel is an input into so many other products, the measures more likely will trade off jobs saved in steel industry against job losses in other manufacturing industries. The losses could be substantial because the number of jobs in U.S. industries that use steel or inputs made of steel outnumber the number of jobs involved in the production of steel by roughly 80 to 1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econofact&rft.atitle=Will+Steel+Tariffs+Put+U.S.+Jobs+at+Risk%3F+%7C+Econofact&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconofact.org%2Fwill-steel-tariffs-put-u-s-jobs-at-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2018" class="citation news cs1">Irwin, Neil (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/01/upshot/trump-tariff-steel-aluminum-explain.html">"The Real Risks of Trump's Steel and Aluminum Tariffs"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308233719/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/01/upshot/trump-tariff-steel-aluminum-explain.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Real+Risks+of+Trump%27s+Steel+and+Aluminum+Tariffs&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F01%2Fupshot%2Ftrump-tariff-steel-aluminum-explain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitroeffSwanson2018" class="citation news cs1">Kitroeff, Natalie; Swanson, Ana (March 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/business/economy/tariff-blue-collar.html">"Trump's Tariff Plan Leaves Blue-Collar Winners and Losers"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308075234/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/business/economy/tariff-blue-collar.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Tariff+Plan+Leaves+Blue-Collar+Winners+and+Losers&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kitroeff&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftariff-blue-collar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/4e750190-21a9-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11">"Struggling US steel mills fear hammer blow to jobs"</a>. Financial Times. March 7, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010150/https://www.ft.com/content/4e750190-21a9-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Struggling+US+steel+mills+fear+hammer+blow+to+jobs&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F4e750190-21a9-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmons2018" class="citation web cs1">Timmons, Heather (March 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1221912/trump-tariffs-five-us-jobs-will-be-lost-for-every-new-one-created-by-trumps-steel-tariffs/">"Five US jobs will be lost for every new one created by Trump's steel tariffs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz (publication)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306031130/https://qz.com/1221912/trump-tariffs-five-us-jobs-will-be-lost-for-every-new-one-created-by-trumps-steel-tariffs/">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz+%28publication%29&rft.atitle=Five+US+jobs+will+be+lost+for+every+new+one+created+by+Trump%27s+steel+tariffs&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Timmons&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1221912%2Ftrump-tariffs-five-us-jobs-will-be-lost-for-every-new-one-created-by-trumps-steel-tariffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchDewey2018" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, David J.; Dewey, Caitlin (March 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-finally-gets-his-tariffs--and-much-of-the-world-recoils/2018/03/01/ee277bd8-1d89-11e8-9de1-147dd2df3829_story.html">"Trump finally gets his tariffs—and much of the world recoils"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309010902/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-finally-gets-his-tariffs--and-much-of-the-world-recoils/2018/03/01/ee277bd8-1d89-11e8-9de1-147dd2df3829_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+finally+gets+his+tariffs%E2%80%94and+much+of+the+world+recoils&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Dewey%2C+Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftrump-finally-gets-his-tariffs--and-much-of-the-world-recoils%2F2018%2F03%2F01%2Fee277bd8-1d89-11e8-9de1-147dd2df3829_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> the rationales are named in Trump's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-adjusting-imports-steel-united-states/">Presidential proclamation (www.whitehouse.gov)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120202456/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-adjusting-imports-steel-united-states/">Archived</a> January 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2018" class="citation news cs1">Bown, Chad P. (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/03/01/trump-has-announced-massive-aluminum-and-steel-tariffs-here-are-5-things-you-need-to-know/">"Analysis | Trump has announced massive aluminum and steel tariffs. Here are five things you need to know"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308182139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/03/01/trump-has-announced-massive-aluminum-and-steel-tariffs-here-are-5-things-you-need-to-know/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. 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The Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302220704/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-wont-quickly-announce-new-tariffs-on-aluminum-steel-1519921704">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2018. 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March 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092523/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/22/the-associated-press-trump-takes-1st-step-on-tariffs-on-chinese-imports-says-penalties-will-make-us-a-much-stronger-much-richer-nation.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818131259/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/us/politics/white-house-chinese-imports-tariffs.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2019. 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The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712110056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-fires-back-at-trump-with-tariffs-on-106-us-products-including-soybeans-cars/2018/04/04/338134f4-37d8-11e8-b57c-9445cc4dfa5e_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2019. 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The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405022019/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/04/how-trade-wars-end-and-why-trumps-will-be-different/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2018. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608202141/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/donald-trump-we-are-not-in-a-trade-war-with-china-we-lost-that-war-many-years-ago.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2019. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806161122/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/trump-asks-us-trade-representative-to-consider-100-billion-in-additional-tariffs-on-chinese-products.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2019. 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If companies don't want to pay Tariffs, build in the U.S.A. Otherwise, lets just make our Country richer than ever before!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200832/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1068120444279103488">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2019. 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The only problem is that US companies are paying the price"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511233858/https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-who-pays-for-tariffs-trade-war-costs-2019-1">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2019. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630224422/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/world/asia/g20-trump-xi-trade-talks.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Xi+Agree+to+Restart+Trade+Talks%2C+Avoiding+Escalation+in+Tariff+War&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bradsher%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fg20-trump-xi-trade-talks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappeportBradsher2019" class="citation news cs1">Rappeport, Alan; Bradsher, Keith (June 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/us/politics/trump-china-trade.html">"The U.S. and China Are Talking Trade Again. But They're Still Far Apart"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630224426/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/us/politics/trump-china-trade.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+and+China+Are+Talking+Trade+Again.+But+They%27re+Still+Far+Apart.&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft.aulast=Rappeport&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bradsher%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-china-trade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwansonBradsher2019" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Ana; Bradsher, Keith (July 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/us/politics/us-china-trade-war.html">"China and U.S. Differ Over Agricultural Purchases Trump Boasted About"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712203003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/us/politics/us-china-trade-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+and+U.S.+Differ+Over+Agricultural+Purchases+Trump+Boasted+About&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Bradsher%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F07%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fus-china-trade-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-fulfilling-promise-u-s-korea-free-trade-agreement-national-security/">"President Donald J. Trump is Fulfilling His Promise on The U.S.–Korea Free Trade Agreement and on National Security"</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120202914/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-fulfilling-promise-u-s-korea-free-trade-agreement-national-security/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Donald+J.+Trump+is+Fulfilling+His+Promise+on+The+U.S.%E2%80%93Korea+Free+Trade+Agreement+and+on+National+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fpresident-donald-j-trump-fulfilling-promise-u-s-korea-free-trade-agreement-national-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/25/us-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html">"US exempts South Korea from steel tariffs, but imposes import quota"</a>. CNBC. March 25, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054330/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/25/us-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+exempts+South+Korea+from+steel+tariffs%2C+but+imposes+import+quota&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F03%2F25%2Fus-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearRappeport2018" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D.; Rappeport, Alan (March 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/us/politics/trump-south-korea-trade-deal.html">"Trump Secures Trade Deal With South Korea Ahead of Nuclear Talks"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328034425/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/us/politics/trump-south-korea-trade-deal.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Secures+Trade+Deal+With+South+Korea+Ahead+of+Nuclear+Talks&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Rappeport%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-south-korea-trade-deal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2018-06-05/pdf/2018-12137.pdf">"83 FR 25849—Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022406/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2018-06-05/pdf/2018-12137.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=83+FR+25849%E2%80%94Adjusting+Imports+of+Aluminum+Into+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2018-06-05%2Fpdf%2F2018-12137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> see also <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea#Trade_statistics" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea#Trade statistics</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2018" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Christine (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/canada-european-union-pledge-countermeasures-against-us-steel-aluminum-tariffs.html">"Canada, European Union pledge countermeasures against US steel, aluminum tariffs"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164806/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/canada-european-union-pledge-countermeasures-against-us-steel-aluminum-tariffs.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2018. 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Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%27s+contempt+for+the+free+market&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Ftrumps-contempt-for-the-free-market%2F2015%2F10%2F21%2F2f61d87c-7815-11e5-bc80-9091021aeb69_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenfeld-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2016" class="citation news cs1">Rosenfeld, Everett (March 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/10/trump-trade-plans-could-cause-global-recession-experts.html">"Trump trade plan is dangerous: Economists"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105755/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/10/trump-trade-plans-could-cause-global-recession-experts.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+trade+plan+is+dangerous%3A+Economists&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F03%2F10%2Ftrump-trade-plans-could-cause-global-recession-experts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrump2018" class="citation web cs1">Trump, Donald J. (March 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/969994273121820672">"If the E.U. wants to further increase their already massive tariffs and barriers on U.S. companies doing business there, we will simply apply a Tax on their Cars which freely pour into the U.S. They make it impossible for our cars (and more) to sell there. Big trade imbalance!"</a>. @realDonaldTrump. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303175351/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/969994273121820672">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40realDonaldTrump&rft.atitle=If+the+E.U.+wants+to+further+increase+their+already+massive+tariffs+and+barriers+on+U.S.+companies+doing+business+there%2C+we+will+simply+apply+a+Tax+on+their+Cars+which+freely+pour+into+the+U.S.+They+make+it+impossible+for+our+cars+%28and+more%29+to+sell+there.+Big+trade+imbalance%21&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.aulast=Trump&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FrealDonaldTrump%2Fstatus%2F969994273121820672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2019" class="citation web cs1">Byrd, Analysis by Haley (May 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/18/politics/trump-auto-tariffs-delay/index.html">"Trump says foreign cars are a national security threat. Will Congress stop him in before it's too late?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625034117/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/18/politics/trump-auto-tariffs-delay/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+says+foreign+cars+are+a+national+security+threat.+Will+Congress+stop+him+in+before+it%27s+too+late%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2019-05-18&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Analysis+by+Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F05%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-auto-tariffs-delay%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-tariffs-usa-idUSKCN1SN1FY">"Trump declares some auto imports pose national security threat"</a>. Reuters. May 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711073058/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-tariffs-usa-idUSKCN1SN1FY">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+declares+some+auto+imports+pose+national+security+threat&rft.date=2019-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-autos-tariffs-usa-idUSKCN1SN1FY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/05/27/why-the-trump-administration-is-going-after-auto-imports-asian-trade-centre.html">"Why the Trump administration is going after auto imports: Asian Trade Centre"</a>. CNBC. May 28, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625034117/https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/05/27/why-the-trump-administration-is-going-after-auto-imports-asian-trade-centre.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Trump+administration+is+going+after+auto+imports%3A+Asian+Trade+Centre&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fvideo%2F2018%2F05%2F27%2Fwhy-the-trump-administration-is-going-after-auto-imports-asian-trade-centre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-prepares-to-threaten-mexico-with-new-tariffs-in-attempt-to-force-migrant-crackdown/2019/05/30/0f05f01e-8314-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html">"Trump says U.S. to impose five percent tariff on all Mexican imports beginning June 10 in dramatic escalation of border clash"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601222633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-prepares-to-threaten-mexico-with-new-tariffs-in-attempt-to-force-migrant-crackdown/2019/05/30/0f05f01e-8314-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+says+U.S.+to+impose+five+percent+tariff+on+all+Mexican+imports+beginning+June+10+in+dramatic+escalation+of+border+clash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fimmigration%2Ftrump-prepares-to-threaten-mexico-with-new-tariffs-in-attempt-to-force-migrant-crackdown%2F2019%2F05%2F30%2F0f05f01e-8314-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-30/trump-plows-ahead-with-usmca-approval-plan-as-democrats-waver">"Trump Pushes USMCA Approval Plan in Move That Irks Pelosi"</a>. Bloomberg.com. May 30, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612232409/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-30/trump-plows-ahead-with-usmca-approval-plan-as-democrats-waver">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Trump+Pushes+USMCA+Approval+Plan+in+Move+That+Irks+Pelosi&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-05-30%2Ftrump-plows-ahead-with-usmca-approval-plan-as-democrats-waver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamaMauldinLucey2019" class="citation news cs1">Salama, Vivian; Mauldin, William; Lucey, Catherine (June 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-top-trade-adviser-opposed-mexican-tariffs-11559320692">"Trump's Threat of Tariffs on Mexico Prompts Outcry"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601210001/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-top-trade-adviser-opposed-mexican-tariffs-11559320692">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Threat+of+Tariffs+on+Mexico+Prompts+Outcry&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft.aulast=Salama&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft.au=Mauldin%2C+William&rft.au=Lucey%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftrumps-top-trade-adviser-opposed-mexican-tariffs-11559320692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimDawseyPaletta2019" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Seung Min; Dawsey, Josh; Paletta, Damian (May 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-defies-close-advisers-in-deciding-to-threaten-mexico-with-disruptive-tariffs/2019/05/31/d87ae82c-83ba-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html">"Trump defies close advisers in deciding to threaten Mexico with disruptive tariffs"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601173101/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-defies-close-advisers-in-deciding-to-threaten-mexico-with-disruptive-tariffs/2019/05/31/d87ae82c-83ba-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+defies+close+advisers+in+deciding+to+threaten+Mexico+with+disruptive+tariffs&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Seung+Min&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft.au=Paletta%2C+Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-defies-close-advisers-in-deciding-to-threaten-mexico-with-disruptive-tariffs%2F2019%2F05%2F31%2Fd87ae82c-83ba-11e9-bce7-40b4105f7ca0_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2019" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Ana (May 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/business/mexico-tariffs-donald-trump.html">"Trump's Tariff Threat Sends Mexico, Lawmakers and Businesses Scrambling"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601220245/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/business/mexico-tariffs-donald-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Tariff+Threat+Sends+Mexico%2C+Lawmakers+and+Businesses+Scrambling&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fmexico-tariffs-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-08/mexico-never-agreed-to-farm-deal-with-u-s-contradicting-trump">"Mexico Never Agreed to Farm Deal With U.S., Contradicting Trump"</a>. Bloomberg News. June 7, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608223220/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-08/mexico-never-agreed-to-farm-deal-with-u-s-contradicting-trump">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico+Never+Agreed+to+Farm+Deal+With+U.S.%2C+Contradicting+Trump&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-06-08%2Fmexico-never-agreed-to-farm-deal-with-u-s-contradicting-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearHaberman2019" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D.; Haberman, Maggie (June 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/08/us/politics/trump-mexico-deal-tariffs.html">"Mexico Agreed to Take Border Actions Months Before Trump Announced Tariff Deal"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608220836/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/08/us/politics/trump-mexico-deal-tariffs.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mexico+Agreed+to+Take+Border+Actions+Months+Before+Trump+Announced+Tariff+Deal&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-mexico-deal-tariffs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Peter (June 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/09/us/politics/trump-times-article-mexico.html">"Trump, Attacking Times Article, Claims Mexico Deal Has Secret Provisions"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609215836/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/09/us/politics/trump-times-article-mexico.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+Attacking+Times+Article%2C+Claims+Mexico+Deal+Has+Secret+Provisions&rft.date=2019-06-09&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-times-article-mexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/09/trump-mexico-deal-twitter-1358158">"Trump says there's more in Mexico deal but doesn't say what"</a>. Politico. June 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609170417/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/09/trump-mexico-deal-twitter-1358158">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+says+there%27s+more+in+Mexico+deal+but+doesn%27t+say+what&rft.date=2019-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F06%2F09%2Ftrump-mexico-deal-twitter-1358158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2024/05/08/trump-biden-2024-economy-inflation">"Trump's inflation bomb: How his second-term plans could make it worse"</a>. Axios. May 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+inflation+bomb%3A+How+his+second-term+plans+could+make+it+worse&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2024%2F05%2F08%2Ftrump-biden-2024-economy-inflation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/12/trump-tariffs-companies-scramble-lobbyist-loopholes.html">"Everyone is calling': Trump's tariff threats send U.S. companies scrambling for lobbyists and loopholes"</a>. CNBC. November 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Everyone+is+calling%E2%80%99%3A+Trump%E2%80%99s+tariff+threats+send+U.S.+companies+scrambling+for+lobbyists+and+loopholes&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2024%2F11%2F12%2Ftrump-tariffs-companies-scramble-lobbyist-loopholes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2019" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Robert (May 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2019/05/economists-tariffs-not-boosting-gdp/">"Economists: Tariffs Not Boosting GDP"</a>. FactCheck.org. <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Public_Policy_Center" title="Annenberg Public Policy Center">Annenberg Public Policy Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516115219/https://www.factcheck.org/2019/05/economists-tariffs-not-boosting-gdp/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FactCheck.org&rft.atitle=Economists%3A+Tariffs+Not+Boosting+GDP&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2019%2F05%2Feconomists-tariffs-not-boosting-gdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Congressional Research Service, Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions, February 2019: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45529.pdf">https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45529.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216081714/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45529.pdf">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2018" class="citation news cs1">Sarkar, Shrutee (March 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-economy-poll/economists-united-trump-tariffs-wont-help-the-economy-idUSKCN1GQ02G">"Economists united: Trump tariffs won't help the economy"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314031620/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-economy-poll/economists-united-trump-tariffs-wont-help-the-economy-idUSKCN1GQ02G">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Economists+united%3A+Trump+tariffs+won%27t+help+the+economy&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Shrutee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-economy-poll%2Feconomists-united-trump-tariffs-wont-help-the-economy-idUSKCN1GQ02G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushe2018" class="citation news cs1">Rushe, Dominic (May 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/03/donald-trump-trade-economists-warning-great-depression">"More than 1,000 economists warn Trump his trade views echo 1930s errors"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531170924/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/03/donald-trump-trade-economists-warning-great-depression">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=More+than+1%2C000+economists+warn+Trump+his+trade+views+echo+1930s+errors&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.aulast=Rushe&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fmay%2F03%2Fdonald-trump-trade-economists-warning-great-depression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Ma&Kang-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_206-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_206-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaKang2024" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55597-5"><bdi>978-0-231-55597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Power+Transitions%3A+The+Lessons+of+East+Asian+History+and+the+Future+of+U.S.-China+Relations&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Columbia+Studies+in+International+Order+and+Politics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-231-55597-5&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rft.au=Kang%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:024-207"><a href="#cite_ref-:024_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keyu_Jin" title="Keyu Jin">Jin, Keyu</a> (2023). 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MarketWatch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228211831/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/fed-study-finds-trump-tariffs-backfired-2019-12-27">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Fed+study+finds+Trump+tariffs+backfired&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Ffed-study-finds-trump-tariffs-backfired-2019-12-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2019086pap.pdf">"Disentangling the Effects of the 2018–2019 Tariffs on a Globally Connected U.S. Manufacturing Sector"</a> (PDF). 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227102819/https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2019086pap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disentangling+the+Effects+of+the+2018%E2%80%932019+Tariffs+on+a+Globally+Connected+U.S.+Manufacturing+Sector&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Feconres%2Ffeds%2Ffiles%2F2019086pap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econofact.org/steel-tariffs-and-u-s-jobs-revisited">"Steel Tariffs and U.S. Jobs Revisited | Econofact"</a>. February 6, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208082946/https://econofact.org/steel-tariffs-and-u-s-jobs-revisited">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steel+Tariffs+and+U.S.+Jobs+Revisited+%7C+Econofact&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconofact.org%2Fsteel-tariffs-and-u-s-jobs-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaaenPierce2019" class="citation journal cs1">Flaaen, Aaron; Pierce, Justin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17016%2Ffeds.2019.086">"Disentangling the Effects of the 2018–2019 Tariffs on a Globally Connected U.S. Manufacturing Sector"</a>. Finance and Economics Discussion Series. 2019 (86). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17016%2Ffeds.2019.086">10.17016/feds.2019.086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209438792">209438792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+and+Economics+Discussion+Series&rft.atitle=Disentangling+the+Effects+of+the+2018%E2%80%932019+Tariffs+on+a+Globally+Connected+U.S.+Manufacturing+Sector&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=86&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17016%2Ffeds.2019.086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209438792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Flaaen&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17016%252Ffeds.2019.086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2019" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Maggie (May 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/13/this-chart-from-goldman-sachs-shows-tariffs-are-raising-prices-for-consumers-and-it-could-get-worse.html">"This chart from Goldman Sachs shows tariffs are raising prices for consumers and it could get worse"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822182515/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/13/this-chart-from-goldman-sachs-shows-tariffs-are-raising-prices-for-consumers-and-it-could-get-worse.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+chart+from+Goldman+Sachs+shows+tariffs+are+raising+prices+for+consumers+and+it+could+get+worse&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F05%2F13%2Fthis-chart-from-goldman-sachs-shows-tariffs-are-raising-prices-for-consumers-and-it-could-get-worse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTankersley2019" class="citation web cs1">Tankersley, Jim (June 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/business/tariffs-trump-mexico-china.html">"Trump's Tariffs Could Nullify Tax Cut, Clouding Economic Picture"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605230215/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/business/tariffs-trump-mexico-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Tariffs+Could+Nullify+Tax+Cut%2C+Clouding+Economic+Picture&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Tankersley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Ftariffs-trump-mexico-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntu.org/foundation/detail/the-escalating-toll-of-trumps-taxes-on-trade">"The Escalating Toll of Trump's Taxes on Trade"</a>. National Taxpayers Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605225515/https://www.ntu.org/foundation/detail/the-escalating-toll-of-trumps-taxes-on-trade">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Taxpayers+Union&rft.atitle=The+Escalating+Toll+of+Trump%27s+Taxes+on+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.org%2Ffoundation%2Fdetail%2Fthe-escalating-toll-of-trumps-taxes-on-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2019" class="citation news cs1">Long, Heather (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/07/trumps-steel-tariffs-cost-us-consumers-every-job-created-experts-say/">"Trump's steel tariffs cost U.S. consumers $900,000 for every job created, experts say"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509110758/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/07/trumps-steel-tariffs-cost-us-consumers-every-job-created-experts-say/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+steel+tariffs+cost+U.S.+consumers+%24900%2C000+for+every+job+created%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F05%2F07%2Ftrumps-steel-tariffs-cost-us-consumers-every-job-created-experts-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2019" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Maggie (May 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/31/trumps-trade-wars-have-cost-the-stock-market-5-trillion-and-counting-deutsche-bank.html">"Trump's trade wars have cost the stock market $5 trillion and counting: Deutsche Bank"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531175324/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/31/trumps-trade-wars-have-cost-the-stock-market-5-trillion-and-counting-deutsche-bank.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump%27s+trade+wars+have+cost+the+stock+market+%245+trillion+and+counting%3A+Deutsche+Bank&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F05%2F31%2Ftrumps-trade-wars-have-cost-the-stock-market-5-trillion-and-counting-deutsche-bank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss2019" class="citation journal cs1">Russ, Katheryn (December 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2019/12/what-unilateralism-means-for-the-future-of-the-u-s-economy">"What Unilateralism Means for the Future of the U.S. Economy"</a>. Harvard Business Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102002958/https://hbr.org/2019/12/what-unilateralism-means-for-the-future-of-the-u-s-economy">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020. 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January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524062649/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56073">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Budget+and+Economic+Outlook%3A+2020+to+2030&rft.pub=Congressional+Budget+Office&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F56073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-agriculture-idUSKCN1UV0XJ">"U.S. farmers suffer 'body blow' as China slams door on farm purchases"</a>. Reuters. 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VoxEU.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423030124/https://voxeu.org/article/tariffs-and-politics">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoxEU.org&rft.atitle=Tariffs+and+politics%3A+Evidence+from+Trump%27s+trade+wars&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Fetzer&rft.aufirst=Thiemo&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxeu.org%2Farticle%2Ftariffs-and-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimMargalit2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Sung Eun; Margalit, Yotam (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818320000612">"Tariffs As Electoral Weapons: The Political Geography of the US–China Trade War"</a>. International Organization. 75: 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818320000612">10.1017/S0020818320000612</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232050621">232050621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Tariffs+As+Electoral+Weapons%3A+The+Political+Geography+of+the+US%E2%80%93China+Trade+War&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232050621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818320000612&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sung+Eun&rft.au=Margalit%2C+Yotam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020818320000612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantradecentre.org/talkingtrade/mexico-solved-not-so-fastsignificant-damage-remains">"Mexico Solved? Not So Fast ... Significant Damage Remains"</a>. Asian Trade Centre. June 10, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621025411/http://www.asiantradecentre.org/talkingtrade/mexico-solved-not-so-fastsignificant-damage-remains">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Trade+Centre&rft.atitle=Mexico+Solved%3F+Not+So+Fast%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...+Significant+Damage+Remains&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiantradecentre.org%2Ftalkingtrade%2Fmexico-solved-not-so-fastsignificant-damage-remains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+tariffs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Daniel W. Drezner (2019) <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2019.1663072" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/0163660X.2019.1663072">Economic Statecraft in the Age of Trump</a>, The Washington Quarterly, 42:3, 7–24.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Racism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Taiwan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By institution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_Union" title="Anti-Chinese Union">Anti-Chinese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brotherhood_of_Railway_Employees" title="Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees">Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">Sangley Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">Sangley Massacre (1662)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_Saigon_massacre" title="1782 Saigon massacre">1782 Saigon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Riot">Buckland Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Outrage" title="Trout Creek Outrage">Trout Creek Outrage</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">New Zealand head tax</a> (1881–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (1882–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Chinese_Immigration_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)">Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquah_riot_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaquah riot of 1885">Issaquah riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax in Canada</a> (1885–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Chinese_riots,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886">Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> (1892–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Colliery_Co_of_British_Columbia_v_Bryden" title="Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden">Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> (1901–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Asian_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Asian riots">Vancouver anti-Asian riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">Torreón massacre</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Kudus_riot" title="1918 Kudus riot">1918 Kudus riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkiao_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Changkiao massacre">Changkiao massacre</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office_213/926" title="Home Office 213/926">Home Office 213/926</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a> (1945–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono massacre</a> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">Legislation on Chinese Indonesians</a> (1950s-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Confession_Program" title="Chinese Confession Program">Chinese Confession Program</a> (1956–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_anti-Chinese_riots_in_Burma" title="1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma">1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate#Controversy" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May incident (Malaysia)">13 May incident (Malaysia)</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Banjarmasin_riot" title="1997 Banjarmasin riot">1997 Banjarmasin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus_Federal_Savings_Bank#Prosecution_and_exoneration" title="Abacus Federal Savings Bank">Abacus Bank prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protests" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protests">2014 Vietnam anti-China protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack" title="2015 Aksu colliery attack">2015 Aksu colliery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trump tariffs</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">2021 Atlanta spa shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Chinese_products" title="Boycotts of Chinese products">Boycotts of Chinese products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By victim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States" title="Fong Yue Ting v. United States">Fong Yue Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Mary Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">Wong Kim Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Vincent Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Martadinata_Haryono" title="Ita Martadinata Haryono">Ita Martadinata Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Demerson" title="Velma Demerson">Velma Demerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Ho_Lee" title="Wen Ho Lee">Wen Ho Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Anming Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Danny_Chen" title="Suicide of Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ee_Lee" title="Murder of Ee Lee">Ee Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gu" title="Eileen Gu">Eileen Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Feng_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Feng Tao">Franklin Feng Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Chen_(engineer)" title="Gang Chen (engineer)">Gang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haoyang_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haoyang Yu (page does not exist)">Haoyang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jiansheng_Chen" title="Murder of Jiansheng Chen">Jiansheng Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayang_Fan" title="Jiayang Fan">Jiayang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immolation_of_Leung_Chi-cheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Immolation of Leung Chi-cheung">Leung Chi-cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mi_Gao_Huang_Chen" title="Murder of Mi Gao Huang Chen">Mi Gao Huang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chen_(hydrologist)" title="Sherry Chen (hydrologist)">Sherry Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock" title="Teoh Beng Hock">Teoh Beng Hock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxing_Xi#False_accusation_of_spying" title="Xiaoxing Xi">Xiaoxing Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yao_Pan_Ma" title="Killing of Yao Pan Ma">Yao Pan Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">Michelle Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese,_Japanese,_dirty_knees" title="Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees">Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust/Wongchung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina/Zhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Asia" title="Sick man of Asia">Sick man of Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Chinese imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_China–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:China–United States relations"><abbr title="View this 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of China to the United States">Ambassadors of China to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">Embassy of the United States, Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to China">Ambassadors of the United States to China</a></li> <li>Chinese Consulate-Generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_New_York" title="Consulate General of China, New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Consuls-General_of_China_in_New_York" title="List of Consuls-General of China in New York">Consuls-General of China, New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of China, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Houston" title="Consulate General of China, Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li>American Consulate-Generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chengdu" title="Consulate General of the United States, Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Guangzhou" title="Consulate General of the United States, Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" title="Consulate General of the United States, Hong Kong and Macau">Hong Kong and Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shanghai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shenyang" title="Consulate General of the United States, Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Wuhan" title="Consulate General of the United States, Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_China_Coordination" title="Office of China Coordination">Office of China Coordination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham-Yang_Treaty" title="Gresham-Yang Treaty">Gresham-Yang Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American Concession (Shanghai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">United States Court for China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_the_United_States_of_America_and_the_Republic_of_China" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">Loss of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_White_Paper" title="China White Paper">China White Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC-US_Ambassadorial_Talks" title="PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks">PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Feldman" title="Harvey Feldman">Harvey Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling-Ling_and_Hsing-Hsing" title="Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing">Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Rule_of_Law_Initiative" title="Presidential Rule of Law Initiative">Presidential Rule of Law Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Beijing–Washington hotline">Beijing–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States">State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_States%E2%80%93China_Cybersecurity_Agreement" title="2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement">2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska" title="United States–China talks in Alaska">United States–China talks in Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Working_Group" title="United States–China Working Group">United States–China Working Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Relief_Expedition" title="China Relief Expedition">China Relief Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait conflict">Cross-Strait conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_King_Kong" title="Operation King Kong">Operation King Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">Rover incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chy_Lung_v._Freeman" title="Chy Lung v. Freeman">Chy Lung v. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_Ah_Moy_v._United_States" title="Cheong Ah Moy v. United States">Cheong Ah Moy v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twain%E2%80%93Ament_indemnities_controversy" title="Twain–Ament indemnities controversy">Twain–Ament indemnities controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Chinese_boycott" title="1905 Chinese boycott">1905 Chinese boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monocacy_incident" title="USS Monocacy incident">USS Monocacy incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Air_Force_C-47_Crash_at_Yan%27an" title="1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an">1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Shen Chong case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Na" title="Hu Na">Hu Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sabre_II" title="Project Sabre II">Project Sabre II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinhe_incident" title="Yinhe incident">Yinhe incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chung" title="Johnny Chung">Johnny Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chaoying" title="Liu Chaoying">Liu Chaoying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shady_RAT" title="Operation Shady RAT">Operation Shady RAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aurora" title="Operation Aurora">Operation Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(China)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (China)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations">2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Shao_Tong" title="Murder of Shao Tong">Murder of Shao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_David_Louis_Sneddon" title="Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon">Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call" title="Trump–Tsai call">Trump–Tsai call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Science_Products_v._Hebei_Welcome_Pharmaceuticals" title="Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals">Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Trial of Anming Hu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok_v._Trump" title="TikTok v. Trump">TikTok v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._WeChat_Users_Alliance_v._Trump" title="U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump">U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense_China_Task_Force" title="United States Department of Defense China Task Force">United States Department of Defense China Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan" title="2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan">2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">Chinese espionage in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_Chinese_spy_cases_persecuted_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States">Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Report" title="Cox Report">Cox Report</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cox_Report_controversy" title="Timeline of the Cox Report controversy">Timeline of the Cox Report controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">American espionage in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Francis_Redmond" title="Hugh Francis Redmond">Hugh Francis Redmond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident" title="2023 Chinese balloon incident">2023 balloon incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections">Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_security_cooperation" title="United States–China security cooperation">Military relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol" title="Yangtze Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Dollar_incident" title="Alice Dollar incident">Alice Dollar incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group" title="American Volunteer Group">American Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Squadron" title="Black Cat Squadron">Black Cat Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Air_Task_Force" title="China Air Task Force">China Air Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Marines" title="China Marines">China Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization" title="Sino-American Cooperative Organization">Sino-American Cooperative Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China">U.S. immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12711" title="Executive Order 12711">Executive Order 12711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992" title="Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992">Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Hong_Kong_Policy_Act" title="United States-Hong Kong Policy Act">United States-Hong Kong Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Agreement_for_the_Surrender_of_Fugitive_Offenders" title="United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders">United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_Abortion_Condemnation_Act" title="Forced Abortion Condemnation Act">Forced Abortion Condemnation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Security_Enhancement_Act" title="Taiwan Security Enhancement Act">Taiwan Security Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000" title="United States–China Relations Act of 2000">United States–China Relations Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Travel_Act" title="Taiwan Travel Act">Taiwan Travel Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EQUITABLE_Act" title="EQUITABLE Act">EQUITABLE Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Be_Water_Act" title="Hong Kong Be Water Act">Hong Kong Be Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Act" title="Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act">Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Policy_and_Support_Act" title="Tibet Policy and Support Act">Tibet Policy and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Allies_International_Protection_and_Enhancement_Initiative_Act" title="Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act">Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_10043" title="Proclamation 10043">Proclamation 10043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act" title="Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Act" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Act">Hong Kong Autonomy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13936" title="Executive Order 13936">Executive Order 13936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_Foreign_Companies_Accountable_Act" title="Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act">Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14032" title="Executive Order 14032">Executive Order 14032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act" title="United States Innovation and Competition Act">United States Innovation and Competition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Economic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-China_Economic_and_Security_Review_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission">United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Two" title="Group of Two">Group of Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Economic_Dialogue" title="Strategic Economic Dialogue">Strategic Economic Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace_Dialogue" title="Summer Palace Dialogue">Summer Palace Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93China_Strategic_and_Economic_Dialogue" title="U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue">U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Dialogue" title="Senior Dialogue">Senior Dialogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trump tariffs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations" title="Permanent normal trade relations">Permanent normal trade relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="History of China–United States relations">History of China–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_mainland_China" title="Anti-American sentiment in mainland China">Anti-American sentiment in mainland China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruguanxue" title="Ruguanxue">Ruguanxue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica" title="Chimerica">Chimerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="China Lobby">China Lobby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_First" title="Asia First">Asia First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_watcher" title="China watcher">China watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_diplomacy" title="Triangular diplomacy">Triangular diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Evolution_theory" title="Peaceful Evolution theory">Peaceful Evolution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage (policy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides_Trap" title="Thucydides Trap">Thucydides Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">Hong (business)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Team_(U.S._politics)" title="Blue Team (U.S. politics)">Blue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPE_(cable_system)" title="TPE (cable system)">TPE (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman" title="Elijah Coleman Bridgman">Elijah Coleman Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_1990_Institute" title="The 1990 Institute">The 1990 Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Society" title="China Aid Society">China Aid Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Educational_Mission" title="Chinese Educational Mission">Chinese Educational Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Democratic_Far_Eastern_Policy" title="Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy">Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Yuan_Science_and_Technology_Association" title="Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association">Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China" title="Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China">Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party">United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Institute_on_China_and_the_United_States" title="Kissinger Institute on China and the United States">Kissinger Institute on China and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_on_United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations" title="National Committee on United States–China Relations">National Committee on United States–China Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Shansi_Memorial_Association" title="Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association">Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Joint_Commission_on_Rural_Reconstruction" title="Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction">Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-China_Business_Council" title="US-China Business Council">US-China Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Education_Trust" title="US–China Education Trust">US–China Education Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Peoples_Friendship_Association" title="US–China Peoples Friendship Association">US–China Peoples Friendship Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_International_Academy" title="Massachusetts International Academy">Massachusetts International Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summit_for_Young_Leaders_in_China" title="Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China">Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Beijing" title="International School of Beijing">International School of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans" title="Yixian glazed pottery luohans">Yixian glazed pottery luohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Bixi" title="Harvard Bixi">Harvard Bixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">William H. Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Record_of_the_United_States" title="Human Rights Record of the United States">Human Rights Record of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_pavilion_at_Expo_2010" title="USA pavilion at Expo 2010">USA pavilion at Expo 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Federal_State_of_China" title="New Federal State of China">New Federal State of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Human_Rights_Biweekly" title="China Human Rights Biweekly">China Human Rights Biweekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Reporter" title="Far East Reporter">Far East Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke-UNC_China_Leadership_Summit" title="Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit">Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_Conflict_with_China" title="The Coming Conflict with China">The Coming Conflict with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Great_Wall:_Six_Presidents_and_China" title="A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China">A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Chinese_Empire" title="The New Chinese Empire">The New Chinese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Investing_in_America" title="The Art of Investing in America">The Art of Investing in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_China" title="On China">On China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_War" title="Peaceful War">Peaceful War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Transpacific_Experiment" title="The Transpacific Experiment">The Transpacific Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_War:_How_China_Took_Over_While_America%27s_Elite_Slept" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept">Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Chinese_Battle_Plan" title="Red Chinese Battle Plan">Red Chinese Battle Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Hustle" title="The China Hustle">The China Hustle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:China–United States relations">Category:China–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donald_Trump" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donald_Trump" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">45th</a> (2017–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">47th</a> (beginning 2025) <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between business partners and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group" title="Trump Media & Technology Group">Trump Media & Technology Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Relationship to fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="2021 Conservative Political Action Conference">2021 CPAC speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of protests against Donald Trump">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas rally incident</a></li></ul></li> <li>Attempted assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">in Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">raised-fist photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">in Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump" title="Age and health concerns about Donald Trump">Age and health concerns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Trump" title="Ivana Trump">Ivana Trump</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marla_Maples" title="Marla Maples">Marla Maples</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trump" title="Eric Trump">Eric Trump</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Trump" title="Tiffany Trump">Tiffany Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump" title="Mary Anne MacLeod Trump">Mary Anne MacLeod Trump</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr." title="Fred Trump Jr.">Fred Trump Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trump" title="Robert Trump">Robert Trump</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trump" title="Frederick Trump">Frederick Trump</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump" title="Elizabeth Christ Trump">Elizabeth Christ Trump</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Trump" title="Lara Trump">Lara Trump</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Trump" title="Vanessa Trump">Vanessa Trump</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Trump" title="Blaine Trump">Blaine Trump</a> (former sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalija_Knavs" title="Amalija Knavs">Amalija Knavs</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Trump" title="Mary L. Trump">Mary L. Trump</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_III" title="Fred Trump III">Fred Trump III</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Walter" title="John Whitney Walter">John Whitney Walter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Deal" title="Trump: The Art of the Deal">Trump: The Art of the Deal</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_Surviving_at_the_Top" title="Trump: Surviving at the Top">Trump: Surviving at the Top</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Comeback" title="Trump: The Art of the Comeback">Trump: The Art of the Comeback</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_America_We_Deserve" title="The America We Deserve">The America We Deserve</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_How_to_Get_Rich" title="Trump: How to Get Rich">Trump: How to Get Rich</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Top" title="The Way to the Top">The Way to the Top</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_101" title="Trump 101">Trump 101</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Want_You_to_Be_Rich" title="Why We Want You to Be Rich">Why We Want You to Be Rich</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big_and_Kick_Ass" title="Think Big and Kick Ass">Think Big and Kick Ass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_to_Get_Tough" title="Time to Get Tough">Time to Get Tough</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_Touch_(book)" title="Midas Touch (book)">Midas Touch</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippled_America" title="Crippled America">Crippled America</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">announcement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between campaign officials and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Voters_Against_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Voters Against Trump">Republican opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">Mitt Romney speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood recording</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_(December_2016%E2%80%932022)#2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Trump_Tulsa_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Trump Tulsa rally">2020 Tulsa rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempts to overturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">annoucement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2024 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_is_for_they/them" title="Kamala is for they/them">Kamala is for they/them</a> (attack ad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A._Bible" title="God Bless the U.S.A. Bible">Trump Bible</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A." title="God Bless the U.S.A.">God Bless the U.S.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">FBI investigation into handling of government documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York investigations of The Trump Organization">New York investigations of The Trump Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_civil_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_criminal_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York criminal investigation of The Trump Organization">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump" title="E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump">Carroll v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States (2022)</a></li> <li>State prosecutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li>Federal prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">election obstruction case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">Trump mug shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">In popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_dance" title="Trump dance">Trump dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_music" title="Donald Trump in music">in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85-15_Wareham_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="85-15 Wareham Place">85-15 Wareham Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump" title="Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump">penthouse apartment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Bedminster" title="Trump National Golf Club Bedminster">Bedminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visionary" title="The Visionary">The Visionary</a></li> <li>Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media" title="Donald Trump's conflict with the media">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_News_Update" title="Real News Update">Real News Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covfefe" title="Covfefe">covfefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park" title="Donald J. Trump State Park">Donald J. Trump State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump_about_other_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump about other people">Nicknames used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Force_One" title="Trump Force One">Trump Force One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Trump" title="Fort Trump">Fort Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikers_for_Trump" title="Bikers for Trump">Bikers for Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_Trump" title="Women for Trump">Women for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_for_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacks for Trump">Blacks for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump" title="Black Voices for Trump">Black Voices for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_for_Trump" title="Gays for Trump">Gays for Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">Pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Wikipedia coverage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">← Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">← Joe Biden →</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump" title="Category:Donald Trump">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a> (2017–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tenure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_First_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Donald Trump's First Inaugural Address">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Opinion polling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2017 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2018 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2019 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm elections</a></li> <li>Government shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders by Donald Trump">executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proclamations by Donald Trump">presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">State funeral of George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">Executive clemency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio" title="Pardon of Joe Arpaio">pardon of Joe Arpaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr." title="Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.">commutation of Jaime Davidson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Travel bans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban" title="Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban">legal challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769" title="Protests against Executive Order 13769">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">replacement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">Trump wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Family separation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_migrant_detentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration migrant detentions">Migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">Operation Faithful Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration" title="I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration">Anonymous senior official op-ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Israel–United States relations">Relations with Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Peace plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo–Serbia agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">North Korea crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Russia–United States relations">Relations with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">Farmer bailouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria strikes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela" title="Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela">Proposed invasion of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call" title="Trump–Tsai call">Taiwan call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_communication_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House COVID-19 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration political interference with science agencies">Political interference with science agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach" title="2020 United States federal government data breach">Federal government data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Classified information disclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Mueller special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation" title="Durham special counsel investigation">Durham special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li>Impeachments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">first impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">proposed expungements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">Photo op at St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes" title="National Garden of American Heroes">National Garden of American Heroes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">continued protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_presidency" title="First 100 days of the first Donald Trump presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2017_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2017 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2017_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2017 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2017_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2017 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2017_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2017 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2018_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2018 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2018_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2018 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2018_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2018 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2018_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2018 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2019_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2019 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2019_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2019 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2019_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2019 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2019_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2019 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2020_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2020 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2020_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2020 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2020_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2020 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)#January_2021" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">international</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">by Rex Tillerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">by Mike Pompeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw">Warsaw speech</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree" title="2017 National Scout Jamboree">National Scout Jamboree</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2018 State of the Union Address">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2019 State of the Union Address">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2020 State of the Union Address">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address" title="2019 Oval Office address">2019 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address" title="2020 Oval Office address">2020 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address" title="Donald Trump's first farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">tax cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">tariffs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Donald_Trump_during_the_2016_presidential_election" title="Foreign policy of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election">as candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">as President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Immigration policy of Donald Trump">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Space policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Political appointments by Donald Trump">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">Cabinet</a> <ul><li>formation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">Attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump" title="List of economic advisors to Donald Trump">Economic advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn" title="List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn">Withdrawn appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments" title="List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments">Short-tenure appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trump_administration_dismissals_and_resignations" title="List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations">Dismissals and resignations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys" title="2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys">attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Comey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dismissal_of_inspectors_general" title="2020 dismissal of inspectors general">inspectors general</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">← Obama administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_tax_acts" title="Template talk:US tax acts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Internal_Revenue_Laws_of_the_United_States" title="Amendments to the Internal Revenue Laws of the United States">United States federal taxation legislation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1864" title="Revenue Act of 1864">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1934" title="Revenue Act of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1936" title="Revenue Act of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1937" title="Revenue Act of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1939">1939 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Revenue Act of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Second Revenue Act of 1940">1940 (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1941" title="Revenue Act of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942" title="Revenue Act of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1943" title="Revenue Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Tax_Payment_Act_of_1943" title="Current Tax Payment Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Income_Tax_Act_of_1944" title="Individual Income Tax Act of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1954">1954 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Adjustment_Act_of_1966" title="Tax Adjustment Act of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969" title="Tax Reform Act of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1971" title="Revenue Act of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1975" title="Tax Reduction Act of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1976" title="Tax Reform Act of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_and_Simplification_Act_of_1977" title="Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1978" title="Revenue Act of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_Windfall_Profit_Tax_Act_of_1980" title="Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982" title="Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Revenue_Act_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Revenue Act of 1982">Gas Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_and_Dividend_Tax_Compliance_Act_of_1983" title="Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Solvency_Act_of_1983" title="Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_1984" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1986">1986 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1987" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Miscellaneous_Revenue_Act_of_1988" title="Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights_2" title="Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997" title="Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_Restructuring_and_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">2001 (EGTRRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Creation_and_Worker_Assistance_Act_of_2002" title="Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Creation_Act_of_2004" title="American Jobs Creation Act of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Increase_Prevention_and_Reconciliation_Act_of_2005" title="Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Pension Protection Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief_and_Health_Care_Act_of_2006" title="Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2007 (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Forgiveness_Debt_Relief_Act_of_2007" title="Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007">2007 (Mortgage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_110-343" title="Public Law 110-343">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">2010 (ACA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Jobs_Act_of_2010" title="Small Business Jobs Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111–240)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111-312)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Payroll_Tax_Cut_Continuation_Act_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">2012 (ATRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (page does not exist)">2015 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2016" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">2017 (TCJA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2018" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018">2018 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Continuing_Appropriations_for_Fiscal_Year_2018,_Federal_Register_Printing_Savings,_Healthy_Kids,_Health-Related_Taxes,_and_Budgetary_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018, Federal Register Printing Savings, Healthy Kids, Health-Related Taxes, and Budgetary Effects (page does not exist)">2018 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECURE_Act_of_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="SECURE Act of 2019">2019 (SECURE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Families_First_Coronavirus_Response_Act" title="Families First Coronavirus Response Act">2020 (Families First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">2020 (CARES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">2020 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._(Mac)_Thornberry_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021">2021 (Defense Authorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">2021 (American Rescue Plan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">1789: Hamilton I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">1790: Hamilton II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">1791: Hamilton III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">1792: Hamilton IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">1816: Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">1824: Sectional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">1828: "Abominations"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">1833: Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">1842: Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">1846: Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1857" title="Tariff of 1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">1861: Morrill</a></li> <li>1872</li> <li>1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">1883: Mongrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">1890: McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894: Wilson–Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">1897: Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909: Payne–Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913: Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Tariff_of_1921" title="Emergency Tariff of 1921">1921: Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff" title="Fordney–McCumber Tariff">1922: Fordney–McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">1930: Smoot–Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">1934: Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">1948: GATT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974/75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Agreements_Act_of_1979" title="Trade Agreements Act of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984" title="Trade and Tariff Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">1988: Canada FT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">1993: NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">1994: WTO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2018/2019: Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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