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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and lawyer (1916–2003)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Louise Day Hicks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Day_Hicks_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg/220px-Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg/330px-Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg/440px-Louise_Day_Hicks_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="2426" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hicks <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1969</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts09 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">9th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Joe Moakley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Leary" title="Gerald O'Leary">Gerald O'Leary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Tierney" title="Joseph M. Tierney">Joseph M. Tierney</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Boston City Council</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1979–1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Michael Connolly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Sears" title="John W. Sears">John W. Sears</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1974–1978</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1970–1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dapper_O%27Neil" title="Dapper O'Neil">Dapper O'Neil</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_School_Committee" title="Boston School Committee">Boston School Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1963–1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lee_(American_politician)" title="Joseph Lee (American politician)">Joseph Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Eisenstadt" title="Thomas S. Eisenstadt">Thomas S. Eisenstadt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Boston School Committee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1961–1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Anna Louise Day</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-10-16</span>)</span>October 16, 1916<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 21, 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-10-21)</span> (aged 87)<br />Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Saint Joseph Cemetery<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Massachusetts">West Roxbury, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">John Hicks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">William J. Day<br /> Anna (née McCarron) Day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wheelock_College" title="Wheelock College">Wheelock College</a> (B.A., Education)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (B.S., 1952; J.D., 1955)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anna Louise Day Hicks</b> (October 16, 1916 – October 21, 2003) was an American politician and lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, best known for her staunch opposition to <a href="/wiki/Boston_desegregation_busing_crisis" title="Boston desegregation busing crisis">desegregation in Boston public schools</a>, and especially to court-ordered busing, in the 1960s and 1970s. A longtime member of Boston's school board and city council, she served one term in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a>. </p><p>The daughter of a wealthy and prominent attorney and judge, Hicks attended <a href="/wiki/Simmons_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Simmons College">Simmons College</a> and received her qualification as a teacher from <a href="/wiki/Wheelock_College" title="Wheelock College">Wheelock College</a>. She worked as a first-grade teacher prior to marrying in 1942. After the births of her two children, Hicks returned to school and completed a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> in 1952. In 1955, she received a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston University Law School">Boston University Law School</a>, attained admission to the bar, and entered into partnership with her brother as the firm of Hicks and Day. </p><p>In 1960, Hicks won election to Boston's school board, where she served until 1970, including holding the position of chairwoman from 1963 to 1965. During her tenure on the school committee, she came into conflict with civil rights groups and black residents of Boston over her opposition to plans to integrate schools by busing students between districts to achieve racial balance. In addition, for 114 days in the summer of 1965, the Reverend Vernon Carter, pastor of All Saints Lutheran Church in the Southend of Boston protested in front of the school committee building in which Hicks entered and exited frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1967_Boston_mayoral_election" title="1967 Boston mayoral election">In 1967</a>, she ran unsuccessfully for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">mayor of Boston</a>. From 1970 to 1971, she served on the Boston City Council. In 1970, she won the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nomination for the U.S. House seat of the retiring John McCormack. She went on to win the general election and serve one term, 1971 to 1973. <a href="/wiki/1971_Boston_mayoral_election" title="1971 Boston mayoral election">In 1971</a>, she was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of Boston. She was defeated for reelection to Congress in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Joe Moakley</a>, a Democrat who ran as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>. </p><p>After leaving Congress, Hicks was the head of an anti-busing group, "<a href="/wiki/Restore_Our_Alienated_Rights" title="Restore Our Alienated Rights">Restore Our Alienated Rights</a>" (ROAR), which remained active until a 1976 federal court decision mandated busing to achieve integration in public schools. In 1974, Hicks returned to the Boston City Council, and she served until 1978, including holding the council president's position in 1976. She lost reelection in 1977, but was appointed to fill a vacancy in 1979. She served until 1981, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. Hicks died in Boston in 2003. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hicks was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_J._Day" title="William J. Day">William J. Day</a> and Anna (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> McCarron) Day. Hicks described her father, a lawyer and an influential judge in Boston, as her "greatest influence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The child of poor Irish immigrants, William Day became one of the wealthiest men in <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a> as a result of his law practice, real estate investments and his role as director of South Boston's Mount Washington Cooperative Bank. Day was admired by Boston's Irish community; as a banker he provided assistance to families struggling to make mortgage payments and as a judge he was particularly lenient towards juvenile defendants. In her own political career, Hicks would benefit from her father's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986116–118_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986116–118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hicks' mother died when Hicks was fourteen. In 1942, she married John Hicks, an engineer, and they had two sons, John and William.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Edward Hicks (b. 1945) had several brushes with the law, including a prison sentence for kidnapping.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disappeared in 1978, while he was facing more than 20 charges related to a 1977 incident in which he threatened harm to several customers inside a restaurant and then attempted to run over several of them in the parking lot.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Hicks was still missing at the time of his mother's death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hicks studied home economics at <a href="/wiki/Simmons_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Simmons College">Simmons College</a> and then later earned a teaching certificate at <a href="/wiki/Wheelock_College" title="Wheelock College">Wheelock College</a>. She taught first grade in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, for two years and pursued a degree in education at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hicks earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree from BU in 1952, and a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston University Law School">Boston University Law School</a> in 1955. Hicks stated that her father's death in 1950 left her resolved to follow in his footsteps. At the time, female law students were still rare; Hicks was one of only nine women in her class of 232. Hicks formed close friendships with two other female students, one Jewish and one black, and she studied for exams with a group made up of mostly minorities. Hicks was admitted to the bar and practiced law with her brother John as the firm of Hicks and Day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_facto_segregation"><i>De facto</i> segregation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: De facto segregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_(10695720945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg/220px-Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg/330px-Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg/440px-Unidentified_men_and_Louise_Day_Hicks_with_Mayor_John_F._Collins_%2810695720945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="5723" /></a><figcaption>Hicks (third from left) with a group of men, including mayor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Collins" title="John F. Collins">John F. Collins</a> (far right) in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>Hicks ran successfully for the Boston School Committee in 1961, presenting herself as a reform candidate. Her campaign slogan was "The only mother on the ballot", which was factually true, although her own children were not enrolled in any public schools. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986123_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986123-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1963, she became the committee chairperson and seemed likely to be endorsed by the leading reform group when, in June, the Boston chapter of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> demanded "an immediate public acknowledgment of <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> segregation in the Boston public school system." At the time, 13 city schools were at least 90% black.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The committee refused to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation in the United States">segregation</a>. Hicks was recognized as the holdout; within months she became Boston's most popular politician and the most controversial, requiring police bodyguards 24 hours a day. Hicks became nationally known in 1965 when she opposed <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">court-ordered busing</a> of students into inner-city schools to achieve integration. </p><p>From its creation under the <a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act of 1934</a> signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a> used its official <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">mortgage insurance</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">underwriting</a> policy explicitly to prevent school desegregation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_pp._64–67_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein_pp._64–67-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Boston Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Collins" title="John F. Collins">John F. Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Redevelopment_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Redevelopment Authority">Boston Redevelopment Authority</a> (BRA) executive <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Logue" title="Edward J. Logue">Edward J. Logue</a> organized a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">cooperatives</a>, and federal and state <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loan associations</a> in the city called the Boston Banks Urban Renewal Group (B-BURG) that would <a href="/wiki/Kevin_White_(politician)#Urban_renewal_and_redlining" title="Kevin White (politician)">reverse redline parts of Dorchester, Roxbury, and Mattapan along Blue Hill Avenue during the administration of Kevin White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._167–299_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._167–299-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the passage of legislation by the <a href="/wiki/1949%E2%80%931950_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1949–1950 Massachusetts legislature">156th Massachusetts General Court</a> banning racial discrimination or segregation in housing in 1950, as well as the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Executive Order 11063</a> by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1962 requiring all federal agencies to prevent racial discrimination in all federally-funded <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">subsidized housing in the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority" title="Boston Housing Authority">Boston Housing Authority</a> (BHA) Board actively <a href="/wiki/John_F._Collins#Public_housing" title="John F. Collins">segregated the public housing developments in the city during the Collins administration as well</a>, with BHA departments engaging in bureaucratic resistance against integration through at least 1966 and the Board retaining control over tenant assignment until 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Vale_pp._301–320_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vale_pp._301–320-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 1, 1965, a special committee appointed by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education" title="Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education">Massachusetts Education Commissioner</a> Owen Kiernan released its final report finding that more than half of black students enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools" title="Boston Public Schools">Boston Public Schools</a> (BPS) attended institutions with enrollments that were at least 80% black and that <a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">housing segregation</a> in the city had caused the <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">racial imbalance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._212–213_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._212–213-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Volpe" class="mw-redirect" title="John Volpe">John Volpe</a> filed a request for legislation from the state legislature that defined schools with nonwhite enrollments greater than 50 percent to be imbalanced and granted the State Board of Education the power to withhold state funds from any <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Massachusetts" title="List of school districts in Massachusetts">school district in the state</a> that was found to have racial imbalance, which Volpe would sign into law the following August.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._212–213_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._212–213-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By refusing to admit that segregation existed in city schools and by declaring that children were the "pawns" of racial politics, she came to personify the discord that existed between some <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>. "Boston schools are a scapegoat for those who have failed to solve the housing, economic, and social problems of the black citizen", Hicks said. She asserted that, while thirteen Boston schools were at least 90% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a>, Chinatown schools were 100% Chinese, the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a> had schools that were 100% <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a>, and South Boston contained schools that were mostly <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a>. The Boston public schools included a conglomerate of <a href="/wiki/White_ethnics" class="mw-redirect" title="White ethnics">white ethnics</a> with very few <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASPs</a>. </p><p>Following the passage of the Racial Imbalance Act, Governor Volpe, Mayor Collins, and BPS Superintendent <a href="/wiki/William_H._Ohrenberger" title="William H. Ohrenberger">William H. Ohrenberger</a>, opposed and warned the Boston School Committee that a vote that they held that same month to abandon a proposal to <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">bus</a> several hundred blacks students from Roxbury and North Dorchester from three overcrowded schools to nearby schools in Dorchester and <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a>, and purchase an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a> in Dorchester to relieve the overcrowding instead, could now be held by a court to be deliberate acts of segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-Formisano_p._37_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formisano_p._37-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to the Racial Imbalance Act, the state conducted a racial census and found 55 imbalanced schools in the state with 46 in Boston, and in October 1965, the State Board required the School Committee to submit a desegregation plan, which the School Committee did the following December.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1966, the State Board found the plan inadequate and voted to rescind state aid to the district, and in response, the School Committee filed a lawsuit against the State Board challenging both the decision and the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act the following August. In January 1967, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Superior_Court" title="Massachusetts Superior Court">Massachusetts Superior Court</a> overturned a Suffolk Superior Court ruling that the State Board had improperly withdrawn the funds and ordered the School Committee to submit an acceptable plan to the State Board within 90 days or else permanently lose funding, which the School Committee did shortly thereafter and the State Board accepted. In June 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> upheld the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act and the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren</a> (1953–1969) declined to hear the School Committee's appeal in January 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayoral_bids,_city_council,_and_Congress"><span id="Mayoral_bids.2C_city_council.2C_and_Congress"></span>Mayoral bids, city council, and Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mayoral bids, city council, and Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1967_Boston_mayoral_election" title="1967 Boston mayoral election">1967 Boston mayoral election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970 United States House of Representatives elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Boston_mayoral_election" title="1971 Boston mayoral election">1971 Boston mayoral election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972 United States House of Representatives elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg/220px-Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg/330px-Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Louise_Day_Hicks_in_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Louise Day Hicks as a candidate for the Boston City Council, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, Hicks came within 12,000 votes of being elected mayor of Boston, running on the slogan, "You know where I stand." The <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">nonpartisan</a> race against fellow Democrat <a href="/wiki/Kevin_White_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin White (mayor)">Kevin White</a> became so acrimonious that the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i> broke a 75-year tradition of political neutrality to endorse White.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the unsuccessful mayoral bid, Hicks ran for city council and won. Two years later, after <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a> retired after 43 years in Congress, Hicks beat out eleven other candidates to win the Democratic primary for his South Boston congressional district. In heavily Democratic Boston, the winner of that primary was <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">essentially assured victory in the November election</a>. </p><p>Hicks served one term in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1971 to 1973, becoming the first female Democrat to represent Massachusetts in the House. Despite her identification with the white backlash, Hicks took many progressive stands in Congress. She was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> and lobbied for passage of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> while in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also won relatively high ratings from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Congress Hicks ran again for Mayor of Boston in 1971. She made the runoff, but was again defeated by Kevin White, this time by a much wider margin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She sought reelection to Congress in 1972, but was narrowly defeated in the general election by City Councilman <a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Joe Moakley</a>, a more liberal Democrat who was running as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">Independent</a>. Moakley reverted to his Democratic party affiliation after he entered the House. </p><p>On May 25, 1971, the Massachusetts State Board of Education voted unanimously to withhold state aid from the Boston Public Schools due to the School Committee's refusal to use the district's open enrollment policy to relieve the city's racial imbalance in enrollments, instead routinely granting white students transfers while doing nothing to assist black students attempting to transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-Formisano_p._37_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formisano_p._37-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 15, 1972, the Boston NAACP filed a lawsuit, later named <i><a href="/wiki/Morgan_v._Hennigan" title="Morgan v. Hennigan">Morgan v. Hennigan</a></i>, against the Boston School Committee in federal district court.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Hicks ran for the Boston City Council again and won. Her most notable campaign took place in autumn 1975, after a federal judge ordered Boston schools to expand their busing programs to comply with the 1971 <i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> decision. To counter the trend, Hicks started an organization called <a href="/wiki/Restore_Our_Alienated_Rights" title="Restore Our Alienated Rights">Restore Our Alienated Rights</a> (ROAR) which actively engaged in incidents of <a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a> to school desegregation. In 1976, Hicks was elected the first woman president of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a>, largely on the strength of ROAR, which was then at its peak. During this time Hicks supported another controversial position, a curfew for minors in the city of Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her political career, Hicks was excoriated by liberal politicians and activists. The columnist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alsop" title="Joseph Alsop">Joseph Alsop</a> called her "<a href="/wiki/Joe_McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe McCarthy">Joe McCarthy</a> dressed up as <a href="/wiki/Pollyanna" title="Pollyanna">Pollyanna</a>"; civil rights leaders likened her to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">Bull Connor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> published a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> article ridiculing the Irish culture of South Boston, a matter which prompted Hicks to reply with a full-page newspaper ad.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 223 murders in Boston from 1973 to 1974, but only two dozen involved blacks killing whites. Hicks claimed, however, that there were "at least one hundred black people walking around in the black community who have killed white people during the last two years."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicks took aim at "radical agitators" and "pseudo-liberals" of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>. She declared that "white women can no longer walk the streets [of Boston] in safety" and that "justice [had come] to mean special privileges for the black man and the criminal." She attacked "black militants [who] tyrannize our schools, creating chaos and disruption."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicks opposed <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> of Alabama, who ran for <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> on four occasions: "He's a segregationist. I don't want to be connected to him."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicks continued, "While a large part of my vote probably does come from bigoted people. ... I know I'm not bigoted. To me the word means all the dreadful <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">southern</a> segregationist, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> business that's always shocked and revolted me."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, 1974, Judge <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Garrity_Jr." title="W. Arthur Garrity Jr.">W. Arthur Garrity Jr.</a> ruled in <i>Morgan v. Hennigan</i> that the open enrollment and controlled transfer policies that the School Committee created in 1961 and 1971 respectively were being used to effectively discriminate on the basis of race, and that the School Committee had maintained segregation in the Boston Public Schools by adding portable classrooms to overcrowded white schools instead of assigning white students to nearby underutilized black schools, while simultaneously purchasing closed white schools and busing black students past open white schools with vacant seats.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the Racial Imbalance Act, the School Committee would be required to <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">bus</a> 17,000 to 18,000 students the following September (Phase I) and to formulate a desegregation plan for the 1975–1976 school year by December 16 (Phase II).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Formisano_p._84_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formisano_p._84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 1974, 79 of 80 schools were successfully bused (with <a href="/wiki/South_Boston_High_School" title="South Boston High School">South Boston High School</a> being the lone exception),<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_pp._198–199_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_pp._198–199-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through October 10, there were 149 arrests (40 percent occurring at South Boston High alone), 129 injuries, and $50,000 in property damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_pp._204–205_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_pp._204–205-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 15, an interracial stabbing at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="Hyde Park High School (Massachusetts)">Hyde Park High School</a> led to a riot that injured 8, and at South Boston High on December 11, a non-fatal interracial stabbing led to a riotous crowd of 1,800 to 2,500 whites hurling projectiles at police while white students fled the facility and black students remained.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_pp._205–206_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_pp._205–206-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicks, State Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Bulger" title="William Bulger">William Bulger</a>, and State Representative <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Raymond Flynn</a> made their way to the school, and Hicks spoke through a bullhorn to the crowd and urged them to allow the black students still in South Boston High to leave in peace to no avail. Decoy buses had to be sent in to the front of the school while the black children boarded other buses in the back of the school. While the police made only 3 arrests, the injured numbered 25 (including 14 police), and the rioters badly damaged 6 police vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_pp._206–207_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_pp._206–207-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty minutes after Judge Garrity's deadline for submitting the Phase II plan expired on December 16, 1974, the School Committee voted to reject the desegregation plan proposed by the department's Educational Planning Center.<sup id="cite_ref-Formisano_p._84_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formisano_p._84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 18, Garrity <a href="/wiki/Summons#Judicial_summons" title="Summons">summoned</a> all five Boston School Committee members to court, held three of the members to be in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> on December 27, and told the members on December 30 that he would purge their contempt holdings if they voted to authorize submission of a Phase II plan by January 7.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 7, 1975, the School Committee directed school department planners to file a voluntary-only busing proposal with the court.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 10, 1975, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">Massachusetts U.S. District Court</a> announced a Phase II plan requiring 24,000 students to be bused that was formulated by a four-member committee consisting of former <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="List of justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Spiegel" title="Jacob Spiegel">Jacob Spiegel</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commissioner_of_Education" title="United States Commissioner of Education">U.S. Education Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Keppel" title="Francis Keppel">Francis Keppel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Harvard Graduate School of Education</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Willie" title="Charles V. Willie">Charles V. Willie</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General" title="Massachusetts Attorney General">Massachusetts Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._McCormack_Jr." title="Edward J. McCormack Jr.">Edward J. McCormack</a> that was formed by Judge Garrity the previous February.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 9, Judge Garrity ruled that instead of closing South Boston High at the request of the plaintiffs in <i>Morgan v. Hennigan</i>, the school would be put into federal <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receivership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_pp._215–216_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_pp._215–216-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 14, 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren E. Burger</a> (1969–1986) unanimously declined to review the School Committee's appeal of the Phase II plan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tager_p._222_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_p._222-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From September 1974 through the fall of 1976, at least <a href="/wiki/Boston_desegregation_busing_crisis" title="Boston desegregation busing crisis">40 riots had occurred in the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_p._197_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_p._197-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She was defeated for reelection to the Boston City Council in 1977, finishing tenth in the race for nine positions. In 1979, Councilor James Michael Connolly was elected Register of Probate for Suffolk County and resigned from the council, and as 10th-place finisher in the 1979 election, Hicks filled the vacant seat only to lose again in 1981. Hicks began to experience health problems and retired from politics after that. </p><p>Despite the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> in 1977 banning redlining, the legislation was not seriously enforced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD) in the 1980s during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan Administration</a> while the Department itself was rife with corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 1977 through June 1978, 91 percent of the government-insured <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a> in Boston were in Dorchester, Mattapan, and Roxbury, with 53 percent of the city's foreclosures in South Dorchester and Mattapan alone, and 84 percent of the 93 foreclosures in Dorchester were concentrated in B-BURG program census tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1990s, the overwhelming majority of Boston's 120,000 black residents lived in Dorchester, Roxbury, and Mattapan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1982, Judge Garrity transferred responsibility for monitoring of compliance to the State Board for the subsequent two years, and in September 1985, Judge Garrity issued his final orders returning jurisdiction of the schools to the School Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1990, Judge Garrity delivered his final judgment in <i>Morgan v. Hennigan</i>, formally closing the original case.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidents of interracial violence in Boston would continue from November 1977 through at least 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager_p._224_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager_p._224-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hicks died in Boston on October 21, 2003. She was buried at Saint Joseph Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Massachusetts">West Roxbury, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/">"Digital Commonwealth"</a>. <i>www.digitalcommonwealth.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitalcommonwealth.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Commonwealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcommonwealth.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2007/08/25/rev_vernon_carter_at_88_held_vigil_to_fight_racial_inequality_in_schools/">"Reverend Vernon E. Carter watches car holding Sgt. John James and Louise Day Hicks during protest against school segregation outside Boston School Committee meeting"</a>. <i>Picryl</i>. 2015–2022. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Picryl&rft.atitle=Reverend+Vernon+E.+Carter+watches+car+holding+Sgt.+John+James+and+Louise+Day+Hicks+during+protest+against+school+segregation+outside+Boston+School+Committee+meeting&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015%2F2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fobituaries%2Farticles%2F2007%2F08%2F25%2Frev_vernon_carter_at_88_held_vigil_to_fight_racial_inequality_in_schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeney2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeeney2003">Feeney 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986116–118-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986116–118_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas1986">Lukas 1986</a>, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2003" class="citation news cs1">Reed, Christopher (28 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/oct/29/guardianobituaries.usa">"Obituary: Louise Day Hicks"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Louise+Day+Hicks&rft.date=2003-10-28&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Foct%2F29%2Fguardianobituaries.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1979" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Richard J. (February 8, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42389221/hicks_disappearance/">"Hicks' Disappearance Worries Kin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. Boston, MA. p. 40 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Hicks%27+Disappearance+Worries+Kin&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1979-02-08&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F42389221%2Fhicks_disappearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZezima2003" class="citation news cs1">Zezima, Katie (October 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/23/us/louise-day-hicks-dies-at-87-led-fight-on-busing-in-boston.html">"Louise Day Hicks Dies at 87"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York, NY – via subscription.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Louise+Day+Hicks+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2003-10-23&rft.aulast=Zezima&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F23%2Fus%2Flouise-day-hicks-dies-at-87-led-fight-on-busing-in-boston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas1986">Lukas 1986</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–120-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986118–120_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas1986">Lukas 1986</a>, pp. 118–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas1986123-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas1986123_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas1986">Lukas 1986</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothstein_pp._64–67-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rothstein_pp._64–67_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein, Richard</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law"><i>The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Boni_%26_Liveright" title="Boni & Liveright">Liveright Publishing Corporation</a>. pp. 64–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631494536" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631494536"><bdi>978-1631494536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Law%3A+A+Forgotten+History+of+How+Our+Government+Segregated+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64-67&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1631494536&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._167–299-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levine_&_Harmon_pp._167–299_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHarmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). <i>The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. pp. 167–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167-299&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vale_pp._301–320-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vale_pp._301–320_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale2000" class="citation book cs1">Vale, Lawrence J. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bosdesca.omeka.net/exhibits/show/racial-imbalance_bps/racial-imbalance-act-1965">"The Racial Imbalance Act of 1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Imbalance+Act+of+1965&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbosdesca.omeka.net%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fracial-imbalance_bps%2Fracial-imbalance-act-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeagher2013" class="citation book cs1">Meagher, Timothy J. (August 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miEAjSOA1fAC&pg=PA156"><i>The Columbia Guide to Irish American History</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231510707" title="Special:BookSources/9780231510707"><bdi>9780231510707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+Irish+American+History&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=9780231510707&rft.aulast=Meagher&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiEAjSOA1fAC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Formisano_p._37-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Formisano_p._37_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Formisano_p._37_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Farrell, <i>Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century</i> (Boston: Little Brown & Company, 2001), p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://scorecard.lcv.org/sites/scorecard.lcv.org/files/LCV_Scorecard_1972_House.pdf">http://scorecard.lcv.org/sites/scorecard.lcv.org/files/LCV_Scorecard_1972_House.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/annualreportofbo1971bost">"Annual report of the Board of election commissioners ."</a> Boston [Election Dept.]<span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 16,</span> 2021</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+report+of+the+Board+of+election+commissioners+..&rft.pub=Boston+%5BElection+Dept.%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannualreportofbo1971bost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817185113/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/tocn-mla000844-louise-day-hicks-talks-about-curfew-proposal">"Louise Day Hicks talks about curfew proposal - WGBH Open Vault"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/tocn-mla000844-louise-day-hicks-talks-about-curfew-proposal">the original</a> on 2011-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louise+Day+Hicks+talks+about+curfew+proposal+-+WGBH+Open+Vault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenvault.wgbh.org%2Fcatalog%2Ftocn-mla000844-louise-day-hicks-talks-about-curfew-proposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandbrook, <i>Mad As Hell</i>, pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandbrook, <i>Mad As Hell</i>, pp. 109-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Sandbroook, <i>Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right</i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>, 2011, p. 53); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400042623" title="Special:BookSources/9781400042623">9781400042623</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandbrook, <i>Mad As Hell</i>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandbrook, <i>Mad as Hell</i>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandbrook, <i>Mad As Hell</i>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 66–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Formisano_p._84-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Formisano_p._84_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Formisano_p._84_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_pp._198–199-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_pp._198–199_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/198">198–199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=198-199&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_pp._204–205-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_pp._204–205_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/204">204–205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 75–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=75-80&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_pp._205–206-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_pp._205–206_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/205">205–206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_pp._206–207-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_pp._206–207_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/206">206–207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 98–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=98-101&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_pp._215–216-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_pp._215–216_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/215">215–216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOelsner1976" class="citation news cs1">Oelsner, Lesley (June 15, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/15/archives/court-lets-stand-integration-plan-in-boston-schools-justices-bar-a.html">"Court Lets Stand Integration Plan In Boston Schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Lets+Stand+Integration+Plan+In+Boston+Schools&rft.date=1976-06-15&rft.aulast=Oelsner&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F06%2F15%2Farchives%2Fcourt-lets-stand-integration-plan-in-boston-schools-justices-bar-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_p._222-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_p._222_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_p._197-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_p._197_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/197">197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHarmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). <i>The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHarmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). <i>The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. pp. 333–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333-334&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHarmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). <i>The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. pp. 276–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276-277&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHarmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). <i>The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029138656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029138656"><bdi>978-0029138656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+an+American+Jewish+Community%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Good+Intentions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0029138656&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano2004" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (2004) [1991]. <i>Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807855263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807855263"><bdi>978-0807855263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Against+Busing%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807855263&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager_p._224-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tager_p._224_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage"><i>Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">Northeastern University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonriotsthree00tage/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555534615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555534615"><bdi>978-1555534615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Riots%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Social+Violence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555534615&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonriotsthree00tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2005" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress (Feb 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6In60umGo_kC&q=Saint+Joseph+Cemetery+louise+hicks&pg=PA1247"><i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First Through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, Inclusive</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160731761" title="Special:BookSources/9780160731761"><bdi>9780160731761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 16,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress%2C+1774-2005%3A+The+Continental+Congress%2C+September+5%2C+1774%2C+to+October+21%2C+1788%2C+and+the+Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+from+the+First+Through+the+One+Hundred+Eighth+Congresses%2C+March+4%2C+1789%2C+to+January+3%2C+2005%2C+Inclusive&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005-02-16&rft.isbn=9780160731761&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6In60umGo_kC%26q%3DSaint%2BJoseph%2BCemetery%2Blouise%2Bhicks%26pg%3DPA1247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2003" class="citation news cs1">Feeney, Mark (22 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2003/10/22/louise_day_hicks_icon_of_tumult_dies/">"Louise Day Hicks, icon of tumult, dies"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Louise+Day+Hicks%2C+icon+of+tumult%2C+dies&rft.date=2003-10-22&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2003%2F10%2F22%2Flouise_day_hicks_icon_of_tumult_dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas" title="J. Anthony Lukas">Lukas, J. Anthony</a> (1986). <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(Lukas_book)" title="Common Ground (Lukas book)">Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families</a></i> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394746163" title="Special:BookSources/0394746163"><bdi>0394746163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Ground%3A+A+Turbulent+Decade+in+the+Lives+of+Three+American+Families&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0394746163&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=J.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Corkery, Paul J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1967/3/1/mrs-hicks-and-the-schools-plast/">"Mrs. Hicks And the Schools: Brass Tacks"</a>, <i>The Harvard Crimson </i>, March 1, 1967</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_busing_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston busing crisis">Boston busing crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Day_Hicks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000566" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000566">"Louise Day Hicks (id: H000566)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Louise+Day+Hicks+%28id%3A+H000566%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Day+Hicks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2003/10/22/louise_day_hicks_icon_of_tumult_dies/"><i>Boston Globe</i> obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,1072992,00.html"><i>Guardian</i> obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/">WGBH Open Vault</a></li> <li>Guide to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Guide%20to%20the%20Louise%20Day%20Hicks%20papers_tcm3-37481.pdf">Louise Day Hicks records</a> at the Boston City Archives</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts09 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">Massachusetts's 9th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Joe Moakley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Leary" title="Gerald O'Leary">Gerald O'Leary</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a> </b><br />1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Tierney" title="Joseph M. Tierney">Joseph M. Tierney</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36547944">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1428734/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCM8qyxYbdVYcY4gkVYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99020088">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000566">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qs5nkn">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j405dm">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts01 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Holten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward_Jr." title="Artemas Ward Jr.">Ward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernard_Hall" title="Robert Bernard Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Davis" title="Robert T. Davis">R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_B._Wright" title="Ashley B. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_O._Conte" title="Silvio O. Conte">Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olver" title="John Olver">Olver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts02 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepard" title="William Shepard">Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Crowninshield" title="Jacob Crowninshield">J. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickman_Jr." title="Benjamin Pickman Jr.">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(politician)" title="William Reed (politician)">W. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Barstow" title="Gideon Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">B. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Phillips" title="Stephen C. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Fay" title="Francis B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Crocker" title="Samuel L. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Ames" title="Oakes Ames">O. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Churchill" title="George B. Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Bowles" title="Henry L. Bowles">Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kirk_Kaynor" title="Will Kirk Kaynor">Kaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Granfield" title="William J. Granfield">Granfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Clason" title="Charles R. Clason">Clason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts03 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Coffin_Jr." title="Peleg Coffin Jr.">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lyman" title="Samuel Lyman">S. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Mattoon" title="Ebenezer Mattoon">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St._Loe_Livermore" title="Edward St. Loe Livermore">Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_White_(politician)" title="Leonard White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Varnum" title="John Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayton_P._Osgood" title="Gayton P. Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Abbott" title="Amos Abbott">A. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duncan" title="James H. Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Wiley_Edmands" title="J. Wiley Edmands">Edmands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Damrell" title="William S. Damrell">Damrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thomas_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thomas (politician)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginery_Twichell" title="Ginery Twichell">Twichell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Whiting (Massachusetts politician)">Whiting I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Pierce" title="Henry L. Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dean" title="Benjamin Dean">B. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Ranney" title="Ambrose Ranney">Ranney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Andrew" title="John F. Andrew">J. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Thayer" title="John R. Thayer">J. R. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwood_Hoar" title="Rockwood Hoar">R. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Washburn" title="Charles G. Washburn">C. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Thayer" title="John A. Thayer">J. A. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Paige" title="Calvin Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Foss" title="Frank H. Foss">F. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Casey" title="Joseph E. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Early" title="Joseph D. Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blute" title="Peter Blute">Blute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Trahan" title="Lori Trahan">Trahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts04 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">L. Lincoln Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Richardson" title="William M. Richardson">W. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Stearns" title="Asahel Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">E. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoar" title="Samuel Hoar">Sa. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">Palfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sabine" title="Lorenzo Sabine">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Walley" title="Samuel H. Walley">Walley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_B._Comins" title="Linus B. Comins">Comins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_S._Frost" title="Rufus S. Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">J. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collins_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Collins (mayor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Apsley" title="Lewis D. Apsley">Apsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Weymouth" title="George W. Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Tirrell" title="Charles Q. Tirrell">Tirrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow" title="Samuel Winslow">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stobbs" title="George R. Stobbs">Stobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_G._Holmes" title="Pehr G. Holmes">P. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Auchincloss" title="Jake Auchincloss">Auchincloss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts05 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Partridge" title="George Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Freeman_Jr." title="Nathaniel Freeman Jr.">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dwight_(politician)" title="Thomas Dwight (politician)">T. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ely" title="William Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Sibley" title="Jonas Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">L. Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Charles Hudson (American politician)">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician)">C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sh. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shadrach_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shadrach Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Ames" title="Butler Ames">B. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rogers" title="John Jacob Rogers">J. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Bradford_Morse" title="F. Bradford Morse">B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Cronin" title="Paul W. Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">P. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shannon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Atkins" title="Chester G. Atkins">Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts06 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Sr." title="John Reed Sr.">J. Reed Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Smith" title="Josiah Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taggart" title="Samuel Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Locke (Massachusetts politician)">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Kendall" title="Joseph G. Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Alvord" title="James C. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmyn_Baker" title="Osmyn Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ashmun" title="George Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Davis" title="George T. Davis">G. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Davis_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Timothy Davis (Massachusetts politician)">T. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perkins_Thompson" title="Charles Perkins Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Lovering" title="Henry B. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Peabody_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Peabody Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willfred_W._Lufkin" title="Willfred W. Lufkin">Lufkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Piatt_Andrew" title="A. Piatt Andrew">A.P. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Harrington" title="Michael J. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavroules" title="Nicholas Mavroules">Mavroules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Torkildsen" title="Peter G. Torkildsen">Torkildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Tierney" title="John F. Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Moulton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts07 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bullock" title="Stephen Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Mitchell" title="Nahum Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Barker (Massachusetts politician)">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Jr." title="Charles Turner Jr.">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Shaw (Massachusetts politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">J. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Brooks" title="George M. Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_C._Esty" title="Constantine C. Esty">Esty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">E. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Tarbox" title="John K. Tarbox">Tarbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everett" title="William Everett">W. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Barrett" title="William Emerson Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Maloney" title="Robert S. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Connery_Jr." title="William P. Connery Jr.">W. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Connery" title="Lawrence J. Connery">L. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts08 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grout" title="Jonathan Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gardner" title="Gideon Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabdiel_Sampson" title="Zabdiel Sampson">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_L._Knapp" title="Chauncey L. Knapp">Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Train" title="Charles R. Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denison_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Denison Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._S._Williams" title="John M. S. Williams">J. M. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Warren" title="William W. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">C. H. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Simpson_Deitrick" title="Frederick Simpson Deitrick">Deitrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Irving_Thayer" title="Harry Irving Thayer">H. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Daniel_Healey" title="Arthur Daniel Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts09 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Dean" title="Josiah Dean">J. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Jr." title="Walter Folger Jr.">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(Massachusetts_politician,_born_1783)" title="William Jackson (Massachusetts politician, born 1783)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soden_Hastings" title="William Soden Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Hale" title="Artemas Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orin_Fowler" title="Orin Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Little" title="Edward P. Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Witt" title="Alexander De Witt">De Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Thayer" title="Eli Thayer">E. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_Bailey" title="Goldsmith Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Walker" title="Amasa Walker">A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_III" title="Theodore Lyman III">T. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Ely" title="Frederick D. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett" title="Edward Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Williams" title="George F. Williams">G. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Conry" title="Joseph A. Conry">Conry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Keliher" title="John A. Keliher">Keliher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Underhill" title="Charles L. Underhill">Underhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Russell" title="Richard M. Russell">R. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Eliot" title="Thomas H. Eliot">T. H. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Moakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts10 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Read" title="Nathan Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Upham" title="Jabez Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_(congressman)" title="Joseph Allen (congressman)">J. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">F Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bailey_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bailey (Massachusetts politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn" title="Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn">H. A. S. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">W. Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell_(politician)" title="Joseph Grinnell (politician)">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickinson" title="Edward Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_C._Chaffee" title="Calvin C. Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delano" title="Charles Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Stevens" title="Charles A. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Norcross" title="Amasa Norcross">Norcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Russell" title="John E. Russell">J. E. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._McEttrick" title="Michael J. McEttrick">McEttrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Henry_Atwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Henry Atwood">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Barrows" title="Samuel J. Barrows">Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Naphen" title="Henry F. Naphen">Naphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._McNary" title="William S. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._O%27Connell" title="Joseph F. O'Connell">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Heckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Delahunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts11 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Bradbury" title="Theophilus Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Bartlett" title="Bailey Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stedman" title="William Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_Bigelow" title="Abijah Bigelow">A. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adams_(politician)" title="Benjamin Adams (politician)">B. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_(American_politician)" title="Joseph Richardson (American politician)">J. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Trafton" title="Mark Trafton">Trafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Chapin" title="Chester W. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">Whiting II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Wallace_(politician)" title="Rodney Wallace (politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Coolidge" title="Frederick S. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Draper_(politician)" title="William Franklin Draper (politician)">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Sprague" title="Charles F. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Sullivan" title="John Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Patrick Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Flaherty" title="Thomas A. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_J._Donnelly" title="Brian J. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts12 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">H. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Isaac Parker (Massachusetts judge)">I. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Lee" title="Silas Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Larned" title="Simon Larned">Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Bidwell" title="Barnabas Bidwell">Bidwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dewey" title="Daniel Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Strong" title="Solomon Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kendall" title="Jonas Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bigelow" title="Lewis Bigelow">L. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Hodges" title="James L. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Rockwell_(politician)" title="Francis W. Rockwell (politician)">F. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_Crosby" title="John Crawford Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Gallivan" title="James A. Gallivan">Gallivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts13 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Seaver" title="Ebenezer Seaver">Seaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ruggles" title="Nathaniel Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dowse" title="Edward Dowse">Dowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simpkins" title="John Simpkins">Simpkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Carter" title="William Henry Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts14 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cutts" title="Richard Cutts">Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_King" title="Cyrus King">C. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">J. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">E. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Harris" title="Robert O. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gilmore" title="Edward Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney_II" title="Richard Olney II">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Frothingham" title="Louis A. Frothingham">Frothingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts15 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ilsley" title="Daniel Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Widgery" title="William Widgery">Widgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bradbury_(American_politician)" title="George Bradbury (American politician)">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Leach" title="Robert M. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts16 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Cook" title="Orchard Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Tallman" title="Peleg Tallman">Tallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Davis (American politician)">S. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(politician)" title="Benjamin Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Orr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Benjamin Orr (Massachusetts politician)">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Langdon_Hill" title="Mark Langdon Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Thacher" title="Thomas Chandler Thacher">Thacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walsh_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Walsh (Massachusetts politician)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. 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Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kinsley" title="Martin Kinsley">Kinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts18 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rice_(1768)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rice (1768)">T. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts19 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Conner" title="Samuel S. Conner">Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Gage" title="Joshua Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cushman" title="Joshua Cushman">Cushman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts20 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Hubbard" title="Levi Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">E. 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