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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Biografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jonge_jaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jonge_jaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jonge jaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jonge_jaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onderzoek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onderzoek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Onderzoek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onderzoek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_kijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_kijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Politieke kijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politieke_kijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_jaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_jaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later jaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_jaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Julius Axelrod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 53 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يوليوس أكسلرود – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوليوس أكسلرود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يوليوس اكسلرود – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوليوس اكسلرود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جولیوس اکسلراد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جولیوس اکسلراد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Джуліус Аксельрад – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джуліус Аксельрад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1" title="জুলিয়াস অ্যাক্সেলরড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জুলিয়াস অ্যাক্সেলরড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="یۆلیۆس ئەکسلۆرد – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆلیۆس ئەکسلۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζούλιους Άξελροντ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζούλιους Άξελροντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جولیوس اکسلراد – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جولیوس اکسلراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="ॲक्सलरॉड, ज्यूल्यस – Goa Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ॲक्सलरॉड, ज्यूल्यस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="ג'וליוס אקסלרוד – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וליוס אקסלרוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ジュリアス・アクセルロッド – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュリアス・アクセルロッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Джулиус Аксельрод – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джулиус Аксельрод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%A1%EC%84%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C" title="줄리어스 액설로드 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="줄리어스 액설로드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Axelrod" title="Iulius Axelrod – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Жулиус Аксельрод – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жулиус Аксельрод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جولیوس اکسلراد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جولیوس اکسلراد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88" title="جولیس ایکسلراڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جولیس ایکسلراڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аксельрод, Джулиус – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аксельрод, Джулиус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ҷулиус Акселрод – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷулиус Акселрод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Җулиус Акселрод – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җулиус Акселрод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Джульєс Аксельрод – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джульєс Аксельрод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88" title="جیولیوس ایکزل روڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیولیوس ایکزل روڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯულიუს აქსელროდი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯულიუს აქსელროდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Julius Axelrod" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Julius Axelrod </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/30_mei" title="30 mei">30 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> – <a href="/wiki/29_december" title="29 december">29 december</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Axelrod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Julius Axelrod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Axelrod.jpg/266px-Axelrod.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Axelrod.jpg/399px-Axelrod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Axelrod.jpg/532px-Axelrod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5754" data-file-height="4610" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_(Maryland)" title="Bethesda (Maryland)">Bethesda (Maryland)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2">Fysiologie of Geneeskunde </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1970 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor onderzoek aan <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Ulf Svante von Euler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Sutherland">Earl Sutherland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geneeskunde" title="Portaal:Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Julius Axelrod</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/30_mei" title="30 mei">30 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_(Maryland)" title="Bethesda (Maryland)">Bethesda (Maryland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/29_december" title="29 december">29 december</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>) was een Amerikaans <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemicus</a>. </p><p>In 1970 won hij samen met <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Ulf Svante von Euler</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a> voor hun gezamenlijke onderzoek aan <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jonge_jaren">Jonge jaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Jonge jaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Jonge jaren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Axelrod werd geboren als zoon van de <a href="/wiki/Joden" title="Joden">Joodse</a> immigranten Molly Leichtling en Isadore Axelrod. Zijn vader was mandenmaker in de Lower East Side van Manhattan. Hij studeerde <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a> aan het <a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_the_City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="College of the City of New York (de pagina bestaat niet)">College of the City of New York</a>, alwaar hij in 1933 zijn <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">bachelorgraad</a> in de biologie haalde. Hij wilde graag <a href="/wiki/Arts" title="Arts">arts</a> worden, maar werd geweigerd bij elke medische school waar hij zich in wilde schrijven. Na een tijdje te hebben gewerkt als laborant bij de <a href="/wiki/New_York-universiteit" title="New York-universiteit">New York-universiteit</a>, kreeg hij in 1935 een baan bij het New Yorks departement van volksgezondheid. Hier moest hij vitaminesupplementen testen die werden toegevoegd aan voedsel. </p><p>Tijdens zijn periode bij het departement van volksgezondheid bleef Axelrod doorstuderen via de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avondschool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avondschool (de pagina bestaat niet)">avondschool</a>. In 1941 haalde hij zijn Master aan de New York-universiteit. Hij kreeg bij zijn werk op het departement ook een ongeluk, toen een fles <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> in zijn bijzijn ontplofte. Door de ontploffing raakte zijn linkeroog beschadigd. De rest van zijn leven droeg Axelrod om deze reden een <a href="/wiki/Ooglapje" title="Ooglapje">ooglapje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onderzoek">Onderzoek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onderzoek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onderzoek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946 nam Axelrod een baan aan onder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Brodie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Brodie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Bernard Brodie</a> in het Goldwater Memorial ziekenhuis. Zijn ervaringen betekenden het begin van zijn onderzoekscarrière. Brodie en Axelrod deden onderzoek naar de werking van <a href="/wiki/Pijnstiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijnstiller">pijnstillers</a>. Tijdens de jaren veertig ontwikkelden gebruikers van pijnstillers anders dan <a href="/wiki/Aspirine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirine">aspirine</a> een bloedaandoening genaamd <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemie" title="Methemoglobinemie">methemoglobinemie</a>. Axelrod en Brodie ontdekten dat <a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">acetanilide</a>, het hoofdingrediënt in deze pijnstillers, de oorzaak was. Ze vonden dat bij de omzetting in het lichaam naast <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> ook een geringe hoeveelheid van de bloedvergiftigende stof <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> werd gevormd.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De oplossing was om enkel zuiver paracetamol als pijnstiller te gebruiken. </p><p>In 1949 begon Axelrod te werken bij het Nationale Hartinstituut, de voorloper van de <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (de pagina bestaat niet)">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> (NHLBI), onderdeel van het <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH). Hij onderzocht de effecten van <a href="/wiki/Cafe%C3%AFne" title="Cafeïne">cafeïne</a>, waardoor zijn interesse in het <a href="/wiki/Orthosympathisch_zenuwstelsel" title="Orthosympathisch zenuwstelsel">orthosympathisch zenuwstelsel</a> werd opgewekt. Rond deze tijd deed Axelrod ook onderzoek naar <a href="/wiki/Code%C3%AFne" title="Codeïne">codeïne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfine" title="Morfine">morfine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamfetamine" title="Methamfetamine">methamfetamine</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Efedrine" title="Efedrine">efedrine</a>. Hij deed tevens enkele van de eerste experimenten met <a href="/wiki/Lysergeenzuurdi-ethylamide" title="Lysergeenzuurdi-ethylamide">lysergeenzuurdi-ethylamide</a>. </p><p>Axelrod besefte dat hij zijn carrière maar moeilijk kon voortzetten zonder een <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> Daarom nam hij in 1954 een jaar vrij van het NIH om te gaan studeren aan de <a href="/wiki/George_Washington-universiteit" title="George Washington-universiteit">George Washington-universiteit</a>. Hij mocht enkele van zijn eerdere onderzoeken gebruiken voor zijn <a href="/wiki/Proefschrift" title="Proefschrift">proefschrift</a>, en studeerde in 1955 af. Hierna keerde hij terug naar het NIH, alwaar hij begon aan de belangrijkste onderzoeken uit zijn carrière. Hieronder viel ook zijn onderzoek naar neurotransmitters, waarvoor hij de Nobelprijs kreeg. Axelrod toonde met zijn onderzoek aan dat <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamine</a>-neurotransmitters niet gewoon stoppen met werken nadat ze worden losgelaten in een <a href="/wiki/Synaps" title="Synaps">synaps</a>. In plaats daarvan worden ze opnieuw opgepikt door de pre-synaptische zenuw en hergebruikt voor latere transmissies. Dit onderzoek legde de basis voor latere <a href="/wiki/Selectieve_serotonine-heropnameremmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectieve serotonine-heropnameremmer">selectieve serotonine-heropnameremmers</a>, die de heropname van neurotransmitters tegengaan. </p><p>In 1958 ontdekte en karakteriseerde Axelrod het enzym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catechol-O-methyltransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catechol-O-methyltransferase (de pagina bestaat niet)">catechol-O-methyltransferase</a>, welke betrokken is bij de afbraak van catecholaminen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politieke_kijk">Politieke kijk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Politieke kijk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Politieke kijk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nadat hij in 1970 de Nobelprijs had gewonnen, gebruikte Axelrod zijn media-aandacht om enkele politieke zaken aan te kaarten. In 1973 richtte president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> een agentschap op met als doel de genezing van <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>. Axelrod organiseerde samen met Nobelprijswinnaars <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a> en <a href="/wiki/Christian_Anfinsen" title="Christian Anfinsen">Christian Anfinsen</a> een petitie van wetenschappers die tegen dit agentschap waren. Volgens hem was het verkeerd om onderzoek in die mate te concentreren op kanker, omdat er dan geen geld zou overblijven voor onderzoek naar andere medische problemen die wellicht makkelijker op waren te lossen. </p><p>Axelrod uitte zich ook meerdere malen tegen het feit dat wetenschappers gevangen werden gezet in de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a>. </p><p>Hoewel Axelrod al op jonge leeftijd <a href="/wiki/Athe%C3%AFst" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheïst">atheïst</a> werd en zich afzette tegen zijn strenge religieuze opvoeding, bleef hij zich wel identificeren met de <a href="/wiki/Jodendom" title="Jodendom">joodse cultuur</a>. Zo nam hij deel aan verschillende internationale campagnes tegen <a href="/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme">antisemitisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_jaren">Later jaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Later jaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Later jaren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Axelrod was lid van de Raad van Sponsors van de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_American_Scientists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of American Scientists (de pagina bestaat niet)">Federation of American Scientists</a> en de <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Academy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Academy of Science (de pagina bestaat niet)">International Academy of Science</a>. </p><p>Zijn vrouw, Sally Taub Axelrod, stierf in 1992. Axelrod stierf zelf in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij werd overleefd door zijn twee zonen, Paul en Alfred, en drie kleinkinderen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1970/axelrod/biographical/">Julius Axelrod – Biographical</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307154525/http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/pdf/history_of_neuroscience/hon_vol_1/c2.pdf">Autobiography (for Society for Neuroscience; 2.2MB pdf)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/HH/">NIH Profiles in Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35661-2004Dec29.html">Obituary</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">washingtonpost.com</a></li> <li>Kanigel, Robert, "Apprentice to Genius" <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0801847575" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-4757-5</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2004"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sabbatini, R.M.E.</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm">Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery IV. Chemical transmission</a>. '<b>Brain & Mind'</b> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012062426/http://cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm">Gearchiveerd</a> op 12-10-2007. </span></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFB.B._Brodie_&_J._Axelrod1948"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">B.B. Brodie & J. Axelrod</span> (1948). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/HHAAAD.pdf">The Fate of Acetanilide in Man.</a></cite>. <i>Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i> <b>94</b> (1): 29-38. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18885611">18885611</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJ._Axelrod_&_R._Tomchick1958"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Axelrod & R. Tomchick</span> (1958). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108002505/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/233/3/702">Enzymatic O-Methylation of Epinephrine and Other Catechols</a></cite>. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i> <b>233</b> (3): 702-705. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13575440">13575440</a>.  Gearchiveerd van origineel op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-01-08">8 januari 2009</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-09-02">2 september 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craver, Carl F: "Axelrod, Julius", <i>Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i> Vol. 19 p. 122. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2004"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">David Tuller</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/31/us/julius-axelrod-dies-at-92-won-nobel-in-medicine.html">Julius Axelrod Dies at 92; Won Nobel in Medicine</a>. The New York Times (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2004-12-31">31 december 2004</span>). Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2015-11-29">29 november 2015</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style><div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Bibliografische informatie" data-collapsetext="Inklappen" data-expandtext="Uitklappen"><div id="Bibliografische_informatie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografische_informatie" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografische informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90179208">90179208</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12029917?l=en">DA12029917</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129884480">129884480</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000114928190">0000 0001 1492 8190</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79096797">n79096797</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000080229&CON_LNG=ENG">nlk20000080229</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_bibliotheek_van_Australi%C3%AB" title="Nationale bibliotheek van Australië">Nationale bibliotheek van Australië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35011254">35011254</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012782376105171">987012782376105171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067876188">067876188</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ck2dv1">w6ck2dv1</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083005110">083005110</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Scholar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic Scholar (de pagina bestaat niet)">Semantic Scholar</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2694219">2694219</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788905">788905</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/65098547">65098547</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/65098547">65098547</a></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie winnaars van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <p>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov" title="Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov">Mechnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(medicus)" title="John Macleod (medicus)">Macleod</a> · 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Hopkins</a> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneel_Heymans" title="Corneel Heymans">Heymans</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Gasser</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> · 1947: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(arts)" title="Hans Krebs (arts)">Krebs</a>,<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michael_Lwoff" title="André Michael Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Euler</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axelrod</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland jr.">Sutherland</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Porter</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Othanel_Smith" title="Hamilton Othanel Smith">Smith</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Karl_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Karl Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Ingemar_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Goldstein</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemicus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemicus)">Cohen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></span> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(chirurg)" title="Joseph Murray (chirurg)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gerhard_Krebs" title="Edwin Gerhard Krebs">Krebs</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Roberts" title="Richard John Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Sulston" title="John Edward Sulston">Sulston</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Zur Hausen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré–Sinoussi</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(fysioloog)" title="Robert Edwards (fysioloog)">Edwards</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Moser</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(wetenschapper)" title="William C. Campbell (wetenschapper)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Omura" title="Satoshi Omura">Omura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youyou_Tu" title="Youyou Tu">Tu</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Osumi" title="Yoshinori Osumi">Osumi</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Allison" title="James Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_jr." title="William Kaelin jr.">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&oldid=66347437">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Axelrod&oldid=66347437</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_biochemicus" title="Categorie:Amerikaans biochemicus">Amerikaans biochemicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_bioloog" title="Categorie:Amerikaans bioloog">Amerikaans bioloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_athe%C3%AFst" title="Categorie:Amerikaans atheïst">Amerikaans atheïst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_medicus" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws medicus">20e-eeuws medicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_bioloog" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws bioloog">20e-eeuws bioloog</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 21 nov 2023 om 21:18.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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