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If politics is to be a single subject of study then contradictory theories should be capable of being related together. In this article I argue that they can be related in terms of what I call the Aristotelian criterion. The article is in four parts. Firstly, I discuss the problem of defining politics; secondly, I introduce the criterion; thirdly, I consider five modern theories of politics (those of Arendt, Oakeshott, Collingwood, Schmitt and Rancière) in relation to the criterion; and fourthly, I use the criterion to put forward an original and capacious definition of politics.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"53147847"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Notes Towards A Definition of Politics (Philosophy, 2014)","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [63159777]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 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data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="6094280" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6094280/The_Term_Politics_Reconsidered_in_the_Light_of_Recent_Theoretical_Developments">The Term Politics Reconsidered in the Light of Recent Theoretical Developments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6825715" href="https://archworkings.academia.edu/ValeriModebadze">Valeri Modebadze</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Political Theory, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is a wide consensus that politics should not be considered as an end in itself, being instead instrumentally valuable, provided it is capable of producing good outcomes, however defined. Even when some intrinsic value is accorded to politics, it is thought to be dependent on some broader instrumental character. I shall argue for the reverse: that politics ought to be considered autotelic, and that the very possibility of any good outcomes depends on that. I will begin with a brief summary of how deep and widespread this rejection of the autotelic character of politics is. Then, mainly drawing on Arendt, I shall argue for a restatement of the question, which will clarify why and how a meaningful and coherent concept of politics should be autotelic. Eventually, I will sketch some of the implications for normative political theory.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Autotelic Character of Politics (EJPT)","attachmentId":31563937,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3482709/On_the_Autotelic_Character_of_Politics_EJPT_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3482709/On_the_Autotelic_Character_of_Politics_EJPT_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="45598516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45598516/REVISITING_POLITICAL_THEORY_BEYOND_EXCESSIVE_EMPIRICISM_AND_EXTREME_NORMATIVISM">REVISITING POLITICAL THEORY: BEYOND EXCESSIVE EMPIRICISM AND EXTREME NORMATIVISM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35614471" href="https://rbu.academia.edu/KunalDebnath">Kunal Debnath</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Research - Granthalayah, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper we attempt to find an answer to the question-how can we revisit political theory? This question may seem apparently simple, but the moment one start exploring, the incongruities and complexities of politics make the undertaking question highly toilsome. It is impossible to completely reject the normative framework in political analyses as far as it deals with the human society. On the other side, the age of post-truth politics also creates a difficulty to find out the objective facts and truth. So rather than arguing which method of politics is more efficient to deal with the uncertainties of human political life today, we attempt to visualize politics from a new understanding i.e., politics as absence of general agreement beyond excessive empiricism and extreme normativism. It is the antagonistic nature of human beings what keep 'the political' alive, and constitute the factual practices known as 'politics'.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REVISITING POLITICAL THEORY: BEYOND EXCESSIVE EMPIRICISM AND EXTREME NORMATIVISM","attachmentId":66081279,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45598516/REVISITING_POLITICAL_THEORY_BEYOND_EXCESSIVE_EMPIRICISM_AND_EXTREME_NORMATIVISM","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45598516/REVISITING_POLITICAL_THEORY_BEYOND_EXCESSIVE_EMPIRICISM_AND_EXTREME_NORMATIVISM"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10334770" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10334770/Two_Contemporary_Approaches_to_Political_Theory">Two Contemporary Approaches to Political Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17104740" href="https://uva.academia.edu/PaulRaekstad">Paul Raekstad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Critical Thought, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Broadly speaking, the form that contemporary Anglo-American political theory has taken since the 1970s, with its reinvigoration in the seminal work of John Rawls, can largely be described as Platonic and Kantian, focusing on the formulation, comparison, and evaluation of abstract principles of justice, and only subsequently looking to their application in the real world. Concerned about this, a number of critics of the contemporary paradigm in political theory have emerged to offer their own alternatives. This article will discuss two of them: Raymond Geuss and Amartya Sen. This article does three things. Its first section lays out the realist approach to political theory advocated by Raymond Geuss and the comparative approach advocated by Amartya Sen, respectively. Here I argue that Sen’s comparative approach can best be understood as a kind of realism. In the second section of this article, I explore what I take to be an underlying concern behind the work of both Sen and Geuss, and which, although it is rarely explicitly mentioned (and certainly never fully developed), I think we should bear in mind: namely a strand of anti-Platonism in political theory. Third and finally, I present three arguments for why a realist approach to political theory is likely to be superior to those of their contemporary adversaries: the argument from efficacy claims that realist approaches are more likely to impact real politics; the argument from cognitive distortions claims that realist approaches are better equipped to notice and critically evaluate and revise undue assumptions and distortions of various kinds; and the argument from abstractness claims that since such distortions are likely to increase with a theory's degree of abstractness, and since realist theories tend to be less abstract than their competitors, a realist approach will likely be less susceptible to such distortions to begin with. Forthcoming in International Critical Thought</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Two Contemporary Approaches to Political Theory","attachmentId":36401709,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10334770/Two_Contemporary_Approaches_to_Political_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10334770/Two_Contemporary_Approaches_to_Political_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="44362420" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44362420/Schmitt_Weber_and_Foucault_On_The_Conceptualization_Of_The_Concept_Of_The_Political">Schmitt, Weber & Foucault On The Conceptualization Of The Concept Of The Political</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3315446" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/NkanyisoMhlongoOscar">Nkanyiso Mhlongo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In political philosophy, it is uncontroversial that there is no uncontroversial conception of what the Political means. In that, the way in which each political philosopher has understood and defined the political in his political discourse has been different from the understanding and conceptualizations of another. However, despite those variations in the understanding and the conceptualizations of the political in political philosophy there has appeared to be a common trend about its centralization. That localizes it to the State/Government and its distribution and use of power over its individuals that it governs within its territory. A political philosopher who has deviated from this trend which centralizes the political to the State/Government and its power, is Schmitt (1920). He holds that this trend of thought about the political has been erroneous. For, according to him the political cannot be centralized here or there. But is brought into existence in any sphere where a collective of people makes a friend-enemy distinction with other collectives (Schmitt 1920). This paper seeks to answer the question; what does the concept of the political mean in political philosophy? By examining the views of Schmitt (1920), Weber (1918) and Foucault (2003). This paper will also evaluate whether these views are in accord with the way in which we understand and think about the political in the modern society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Schmitt, Weber \u0026 Foucault On The Conceptualization Of The Concept Of The Political","attachmentId":64758635,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44362420/Schmitt_Weber_and_Foucault_On_The_Conceptualization_Of_The_Concept_Of_The_Political","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44362420/Schmitt_Weber_and_Foucault_On_The_Conceptualization_Of_The_Concept_Of_The_Political"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="9762894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9762894/What_is_Political_in_Sub_politics_How_Aristotle_Might_Help_STS">What is Political in Sub-politics?: How Aristotle Might Help STS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23493110" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GHdeVries">Gerard H de Vries</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What is Political in Sub-politics?: How Aristotle Might Help STS","attachmentId":35943454,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9762894/What_is_Political_in_Sub_politics_How_Aristotle_Might_Help_STS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9762894/What_is_Political_in_Sub_politics_How_Aristotle_Might_Help_STS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="66820663" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66820663/Politics_and_Rationality_A_">Politics and Rationality (A)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44869533" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HubertCambier">Hubert Cambier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Communication to Medellin University - Columbia, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What I would like to address today is the question of the relations between politics and rationality. Could politics be made rational? How? And what does this mean? I do not have to emphasise the importance of the issue. After all, the question of “Reason” – what is it? What are its powers? How does it relate to our day-to-day action? … - is at the core of the philosophical reflexion. We could even say that it is the task of any philosophical theory to answer this question. We all very well know that there is not just one answer to it. There are plenty of, in fact; just as there is a large variety of philosophical theories. The two aspects are related. We could see a philosophical theory as an effort to answer the question of Reason. And the complexity, the diversity of the philosophical field shows enough that there is no simple, no obvious answer to this query. The question of Reason is important as such. But I do not want to address it today in abstracto, as a metaphysical issue. I will link it with the question of Politics, which is itself a very difficult one. What is Politics? Is it the management of what the people have in common? Is it the struggle for the power? Is it the organisation of the co-existence between the individuals on a given territory? Is it a way to achieve the Summum Bonum: Happiness, Virtue… for the whole community? For everyone inside this community? Here again, we have more than a large variety of answers. And this variety is directly related to the variety of the political theories – each of them defining differently what they consider to be “Politics”. Exactly as the task of any philosophy, any genuine one at least, is to define what is Reason, the task of any political theory, of any political philosophy, is to define what is Politics. And the two are closely related. Philosophies that define Reason in some way tend, when they engage in the political field, to define Politics in a way that they consider consistent with their first definition of Reason. 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