CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="cs" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Císařovna Ma – Wikipedie</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"ČSN basic dt","wgMonthNames":["","leden","únor","březen","duben","květen","červen","červenec","srpen","září","říjen","listopad","prosinec"],"wgRequestId":"9812598c-96e1-4184-9a31-0fe1602b2c03","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Císařovna_Ma","wgTitle":"Císařovna Ma","wgCurRevisionId":23210437,"wgRevisionId":23210437,"wgArticleId":813186,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN","Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem VIAF","Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem WorldCat Entities","Ženy","Mingské císařovny","Narození v roce 1332","Úmrtí v roce 1382"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"cs","wgPageContentLanguage":"cs","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Císařovna_Ma","wgRelevantArticleId":813186,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cs","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cs"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1068941","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.OSMmapa","ext.gadget.direct-links-to-commons","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.courses","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cs&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cs&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cs&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1537"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1025"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="820"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Císařovna Ma – Wikipedie"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Editovat" href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedie (cs)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cs.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cs"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom kanál Wikipedie." href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Posledn%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Císařovna_Ma rootpage-Císařovna_Ma skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Přeskočit na obsah</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hlavní menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hlavní menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hlavní menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigace </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" title="Navštívit Hlavní stranu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hlavní strana</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Obsah" title="Místo, kde najdete pomoc"><span>Nápověda</span></a></li><li id="n-helpdesk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pot%C5%99ebuji_pomoc" title="Pokud si nevíte rady, zeptejte se ostatních"><span>Potřebuji pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Nejlep%C5%A1%C3%AD_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Přehled článků, které jsou považovány za nejlepší na české Wikipedii"><span>Nejlepší články</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:N%C3%A1hodn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Přejít na náhodně vybranou stránku [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Náhodný článek</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Posledn%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny" title="Seznam posledních změn na této wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Poslední změny</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Port%C3%A1l_Wikipedie" title="O projektu, jak můžete pomoci, kde hledat"><span>Komunitní portál</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pod_l%C3%ADpou" title="Hlavní diskusní fórum"><span>Pod lípou</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cs.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Wikipedie: Otevřená encyklopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cs.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Hled%C3%A1n%C3%AD" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hledání</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Hledat na Wikipedii" aria-label="Hledat na Wikipedii" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciální:Hledání"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hledat</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobní nástroje"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Změnit vzhled velikosti písma, šířky stránky a barvy" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vzhled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vzhled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna+Ma" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna+Ma" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna+Ma" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna+Ma" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Císařovna Ma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 10 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Ma_(Hongwu)" title="Empress Ma (Hongwu) – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Empress Ma (Hongwu)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D)" title="馬皇后 (洪武帝) – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="馬皇后 (洪武帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%A0%ED%99%A9%ED%9B%84_(%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="효자고황후 (명나라) – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효자고황후 (명나라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserinne_Ma" title="Keiserinne Ma – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserinne Ma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94)" title="මා අධිරාජිනිය (හොංවු) – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මා අධිරාජිනිය (හොංවු)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_(kejsarinna)" title="Ma (kejsarinna) – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ma (kejsarinna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรพรรดินีหม่า – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดินีหม่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD)" title="Ма Юхуань (імператриця Мін) – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ма Юхуань (імператриця Мін)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_ho%C3%A0ng_h%E1%BA%ADu_(Minh_Th%C3%A1i_T%E1%BB%95)" title="Mã hoàng hậu (Minh Thái Tổ) – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã hoàng hậu (Minh Thái Tổ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" title="孝慈高皇后 (明朝) – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孝慈高皇后 (明朝)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1068941#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskuse:C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma" rel="discussion" title="Diskuse ke stránce [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&oldid=23210437" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&id=23210437&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FC%25C3%25ADsa%25C5%2599ovna_Ma"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FC%25C3%25ADsa%25C5%2599ovna_Ma"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna+Ma"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empress_Ma_(Hongwu)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1068941" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: #000000; background-color:thistle;">císařovna Ma</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-style: italic;">císařovna</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="portrét císařovny Ma"><img alt="Portrét" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/220px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/330px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div>portrét císařovny Ma</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Úplné jméno</th><td>Ma (<span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">马</span>, osobní jméno je nejisté)<br />posmrtné jméno zkrácené: císařovna Siao-cch'-kao (<span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">孝慈高皇后</span>)<br />úplné:Siao-cch' čen-chua če-šun žen-chuej čcheng-tchien jü-šeng č'-te kao chuang-chou (<span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">孝慈貞化哲順仁徽成天育聖至德高皇后</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posmrtn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Posmrtné jméno">Posmrtné jméno</a></th><td><span class="wd">孝慈高皇后, 孝慈皇后, 孝慈昭憲至仁文德承天順聖高皇后, 孝慈貞化哲順仁徽成天育聖至德高皇后 a 孝慈</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Narození</th><td><a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Úmrtí</th><td><a href="/wiki/17._z%C3%A1%C5%99%C3%AD" title="17. září">17. září</a> <a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanking" title="Nanking">Nanking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Pohřbena</th><td>Mauzoleum <a href="/wiki/Ming-siao-ling" title="Ming-siao-ling">Ming-siao-ling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Nástupce</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma_(%C5%A4ien-wen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna Ma (Ťien-wen) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Ma (Ťien-wen)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Manžel</th><td><a href="/wiki/Chung-wu" title="Chung-wu">Chung-wu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Potomci</th><td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Piao" title="Ču Piao">Ču Piao</a>, korunní princ<br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cu_%C5%A0uang" title="Ču Šuang">Ču Šuang</a>, kníže z Čchin<br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Kang" title="Ču Kang">Ču Kang</a>, kníže Ťien z Ťin<br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Su" title="Ču Su">Ču Su</a>, kníže z Čou<br />a dvě dcery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Rod</th><td>Ma</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: smaller;">Některá data mohou pocházet z <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068941" class="extiw" title="d:Q1068941">datové položky</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Císařovna Ma</b> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština">čínsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%A1_transkripce_%C4%8D%C3%ADn%C5%A1tiny" title="Standardní česká transkripce čínštiny">v českém přepisu</a> <i>Ma chuang-chou</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin">pchin-jinem</a> <i>Mǎ huánghòu</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky">znaky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">马皇后</span>, <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a>–<a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a>), posmrtným jménem <b>císařovna Siao-cch'-kao</b> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština">čínsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%A1_transkripce_%C4%8D%C3%ADn%C5%A1tiny" title="Standardní česká transkripce čínštiny">v českém přepisu</a> <i>Siao-cch'-kao chuang-chou</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin">pchin-jinem</a> <i>Xiàocígāo huánghòu</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky">znaky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">孝慈高皇后</span>) byla <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%88an%C3%A9" title="Číňané">čínská</a> <a href="/wiki/Seznam_mingsk%C3%BDch_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99oven" title="Seznam mingských císařoven">císařovna říše Ming</a>, manželka zakladatele a prvního mingského císaře <a href="/wiki/Chung-wu" title="Chung-wu">Chung-wua</a>. Její osobní jméno oficiální dějiny <a href="/wiki/Ming-%C5%A1%E2%80%99" title="Ming-š’">Ming-š’</a> neuvádějí, v neoficiální tradici je známa jako Ma Jü-chuan (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština">čínsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin">pchin-jinem</a> <i>Mǎ Yùhuán</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky">znaky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">马玉环</span>), případně Ma Siou-jing (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština">čínsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin">pchin-jinem</a> <i>Mǎ Xiùyīng</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky">znaky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">马秀英</span>). </p><p>Paní Ma pocházela ze <a href="/wiki/Su-%C4%8Dou_(An-chuej)" title="Su-čou (An-chuej)">Su-čou</a> v provincii An-chuej. Po smrti jejího otce ji adoptoval jeho přítel Kuo C'-sing, který v Chao-čou (dnešní <a href="/wiki/Feng-jang" title="Feng-jang">Feng-jang</a>) patřil k místním vůdcům <a href="/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_rud%C3%BDch_turban%C5%AF" title="Povstání rudých turbanů">povstání rudých turbanů</a> proti <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_J%C3%BCan" title="Říše Jüan">říši Jüan</a> a provdal za svého důstojníka <a href="/wiki/Chung-wu" title="Chung-wu">Ču Jüan-čanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cambr_mote_44_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambr_mote_44-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ču Jüan-čang se v letech 1352–1355 vypracoval z řadového bojovníka na generála s armádou silou srovnatelnou s Kuovou. Po Kuově smrti postupně získal kontrolu nad jeho vojskem, roku 1356 dobyl Nanking a do roku 1368 postupně i celou Čínu. K novému roku 1368 se vyhlásil císařem, svou říši nazval Velká Ming (<i>Ta Ming</i>), vyhlásil <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ra_vl%C3%A1dy" title="Éra vlády">éru vlády</a> Chung-wu a svou ženu jmenoval císařovnou.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paní Ma věrně podporovala svého muže, který si vážil jejích rad.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I jako císařovna sdílela manželovu averzi k luxusu. Byla známá svou šetrností a prostotou, dokonce sama osobně prala prádlo v potoce za palácem.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zemřela 17. září 1382, pohřbena je v mauzoleu <a href="/wiki/Ming-siao-ling" title="Ming-siao-ling">Ming-siao-ling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cambr_mote_44-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cambr_mote_44_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MOTE, Frederick W. The rise of the Ming dynasty, 1330–1367. In: MOTE, Frederick W.; TWITCHETT, Denis C. <i>The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0521243327" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0521243327"><span class="ISBN">0521243327</span></a></span>. S. 46. (anglicky)</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LANGLOIS, John D. The Hung-wu reign, 1368–1398. In: MOTE, Frederick W.; TWITCHETT, Denis C. <i>The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. [Dále jen Langlois]. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0521243327" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0521243327"><span class="ISBN">0521243327</span></a></span>. S. 111. (anglicky)</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Empress Ma</i> [online]. cultural-china.com [cit. 2012-06-24]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715081113/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History202bye760.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2009-07-15. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Empress+Ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultural-china.com%2FchinaWH%2Fhtml%2Fen%2FHistory202bye760.html&rft.pub=cultural-china.com"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">LI, Kangying. <i>The Ming Maritime Policy in Transition, 1367 to 1568</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2010. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-3-447-06172-8" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-3-447-06172-8"><span class="ISBN">978-3-447-06172-8</span></a></span>. S. 39. (anglicky) [dále jen Li (2010)].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Ming+Maritime+Policy+in+Transition%2C+1367+to+1568&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06172-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Kangying&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=39"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langlois, s. 147.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empress_Ma_(Hongwu)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Empress Ma (Hongwu)">Císařovna Ma</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;width:45em;font-size:95%;clear:both;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#E0E0E0" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Seznam_mingsk%C3%BDch_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99oven" title="Seznam mingských císařoven">Císařovna říše Ming</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="width:30%">Předchůdce:<br /> <b>–</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a>–<a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a><br /> <b>císařovna Ma</b> </td> <td style="width:30%">Nástupce:<br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma_(%C5%A4ien-wen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna Ma (Ťien-wen) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Ma (Ťien-wen)</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Mingské císařovny"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Seznam_mingsk%C3%BDch_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99oven" title="Seznam mingských císařoven">Mingské císařovny a císařovny-vdovy</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> </div><table title="" class="navbox-subgroup nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><tbody><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Chung-wu</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">císařovna Ma</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ču Piao</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_%C4%8Cchang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Čchang (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Čchang</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_L%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Lü (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna vdova Lü</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ťien-wen</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma_(%C5%A4ien-wen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna Ma (Ťien-wen) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Ma</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Jung-le</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BC_I-chua" title="Sü I-chua">císařovna Sü</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Chung-si</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cang_(Chung-si)" title="Císařovna Čang (Chung-si)">císařovna Čang</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Süan-te</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Chu_(S%C3%BCan-te)" title="Císařovna Chu (Süan-te)">císařovna Chu</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Sun" title="Císařovna Sun">císařovna Sun</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_vdova_Wu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna vdova Wu (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna vdova Wu</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Jing-cung</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cchien" title="Císařovna Čchien">císařovna Čchien</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_vdova_%C4%8Cou" title="Císařovna vdova Čou">císařovna vdova Čou</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ťing-tchaj</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Wang_(%C5%A4ing-tchaj)" title="Císařovna Wang (Ťing-tchaj)">císařovna Wang</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Chang_(%C5%A4ing-tchaj)" title="Císařovna Chang (Ťing-tchaj)">císařovna Chang</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Čcheng-chua</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Wu_(%C4%8Ccheng-chua)" title="Císařovna Wu (Čcheng-chua)">císařovna Wu</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Wang_(%C4%8Ccheng-chua)" title="Císařovna Wang (Čcheng-chua)">císařovna Wang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%AD_%C5%A4i" title="Paní Ťi">císařovna Ťi</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_vdova_%C5%A0ao" title="Císařovna vdova Šao">císařovna vdova Šao</a></div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <div> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> </div><table title="" class="navbox-subgroup nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><tbody><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Chung-č’</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cang_(Chung-%C4%8D%E2%80%99)" title="Císařovna Čang (Chung-č’)">císařovna Čang</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Čeng-te</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Sia_(%C4%8Ceng-te)" title="Císařovna Sia (Čeng-te)">císařovna Sia</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ču Jou-jüan</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_vdova_%C5%A4iang" title="Císařovna vdova Ťiang">císařovna vdova Ťiang</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ťia-ťing</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cchen_(%C5%A4ia-%C5%A5ing)" title="Císařovna Čchen (Ťia-ťing)">císařovna Čchen</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cang_(%C5%A4ia-%C5%A5ing)" title="Císařovna Čang (Ťia-ťing)">císařovna Čang</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Fang" title="Císařovna Fang">císařovna Fang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%AD_Tu" title="Paní Tu">císařovna Tu</a> (posmrtně)</div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Lung-čching</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cchen_(Lung-%C4%8Dching)" title="Císařovna Čchen (Lung-čching)">císařovna Čchen</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_Li_(Lung-%C4%8Dching)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Li (Lung-čching) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Li</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_vdova_Li" title="Císařovna vdova Li">císařovna vdova Li</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Wan-li</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Wang_(Wan-li)" title="Císařovna Wang (Wan-li)">císařovna Wang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%AD_Wang_(Wan-li)" title="Paní Wang (Wan-li)">císařovna Wang</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%AD_%C4%8Ceng" title="Paní Čeng">císařovna vdova Čeng</a> (posmrtně)</div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Tchaj-čchang</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_Kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Kuo (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Kuo</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_Wang_(Tchaj-%C4%8Dchang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Wang (Tchaj-čchang) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna vdova Wang</a> (posmrtně) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan%C3%AD_Liou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paní Liou (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna vdova Liou</a> (posmrtně)</div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Tchien-čchi</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cang_(Tchien-%C4%8Dchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna Čang (Tchien-čchi) (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Čang</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Čchung-čen</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_%C4%8Cou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Císařovna Čou (stránka neexistuje)">císařovna Čou</a></div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 th,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title{background-color:#e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{background-color:#e7e7e7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-abovebelow{background-color:#f0f0f0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}</style><div role="navigation" class="navbox2" aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068941#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068941#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Autoritní kontrola">Autoritní data</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068941#identifiers" title="Editovat na Wikidatech"><img alt="Editovat na Wikidatech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox2-list navbox2-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2009013785">no2009013785</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78902016">78902016</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Entities</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt3YCfxKC4vRb89vpxMT3">E39PBJt3YCfxKC4vRb89vpxMT3</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16915398">.mw-parser-output div/**/#portallinks a{font-weight:bold}</style><div id="portallinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Obsah" title="Portál:Obsah">Portály</a>: <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Portál:Čína">Čína</a> | <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Historie" title="Portál:Historie">Historie</a> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Císařovna_Ma&oldid=23210437">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Císařovna_Ma&oldid=23210437</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Mingsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovny" title="Kategorie:Mingské císařovny">Mingské císařovny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Narozen%C3%AD_v_roce_1332" title="Kategorie:Narození v roce 1332">Narození v roce 1332</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C3%9Amrt%C3%AD_v_roce_1382" title="Kategorie:Úmrtí v roce 1382">Úmrtí v roce 1382</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_LCCN" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_VIAF" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem VIAF">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_WorldCat_Entities" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem WorldCat Entities">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem WorldCat Entities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C5%BDeny" title="Kategorie:Ženy">Ženy</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Stránka byla naposledy editována 23. 9. 2023 v 17:17.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cs">licencí Creative Commons Uveďte původ – Zachovejte licenci</a>, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/cs">Podmínky užití</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Ochrana osobních údajů</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Vylou%C4%8Den%C3%AD_odpov%C4%9Bdnosti">Vyloučení odpovědnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Kontakt">Kontaktujte Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodex chování</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Vývojáři</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cs.wikipedia.org">Statistiky</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Prohlášení o cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cs.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilní verze</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-lnnbz","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.218","walltime":"0.512","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2514,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":57629,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30610,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6693,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 267.707 1 -total"," 49.21% 131.751 1 Šablona:Infobox_-_panovník"," 48.20% 129.042 1 Šablona:Infobox"," 18.33% 49.064 1 Šablona:Autoritní_data"," 14.72% 39.418 1 Šablona:WD_štítek"," 12.01% 32.153 7 Šablona:Cizojazyčně"," 11.48% 30.735 8 Šablona:První_neprázdný"," 9.62% 25.743 1 Šablona:Mingské_císařovny"," 7.64% 20.441 3 Šablona:Navbox"," 7.42% 19.869 1 Šablona:Navbox_se_sloupci"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.079","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2455961,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-tp2ht","timestamp":"20241128165318","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"C\u00edsa\u0159ovna Ma","url":"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ovna_Ma","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1068941","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1068941","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"P\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9 projekt\u016f Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"nadace Wikimedia","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-06-24T11:23:29Z","dateModified":"2023-09-23T16:17:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2a\/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg","headline":"\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 c\u00edsa\u0159ovna \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ming"}</script> </body> </html>