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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Kamchatka_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Kamchatka_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First Kamchatka expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Kamchatka_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-St._Petersburg_to_Okhotsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Petersburg_to_Okhotsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>St. Petersburg to Okhotsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Petersburg_to_Okhotsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okhotsk_to_Kamchatka_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okhotsk_to_Kamchatka_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Okhotsk to Kamchatka and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okhotsk_to_Kamchatka_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Kamchatka_expedition_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Kamchatka_expedition_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second Kamchatka expedition and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Kamchatka_expedition_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Petersburg_to_Kamchatka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Petersburg_to_Kamchatka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>St. Petersburg to Kamchatka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Petersburg_to_Kamchatka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_voyage,_death_and_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_voyage,_death_and_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Sea voyage, death and achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_voyage,_death_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitus Bering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%BA" title="فيتوس بيرنغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتوس بيرنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Berinq" title="Vitus Berinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vitus Berinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вітус Берынг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вітус Берынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вітус Бэрынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вітус Бэрынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Беринг Витус Ионассен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Беринг Витус Ионассен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Βίτους Μπέρινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίτους Μπέρινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ویتوس برینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتوس برینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_B%C3%A9ring" title="Vitus Béring – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitus Béring" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%88%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A7%81" title="비투스 베링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비투스 베링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Վիտուս Բերինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտուս Բերինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Jonassen_Bering" title="Vitus Jonassen Bering – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitus Jonassen Bering" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беринг, Витус – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Беринг, Витус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ויטוס ברינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטוס ברינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვიტუს ბერინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიტუს ბერინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Ионассен Беринг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Витус Ионассен Беринг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Беринг Витус Ионассен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Беринг Витус Ионассен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vituss_Berings" title="Vituss Berings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vituss Berings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="വിറ്റസ് ബറിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിറ്റസ് ബറിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="فيتوس بيرنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيتوس بيرنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ヴィトゥス・ベーリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィトゥス・ベーリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Беринг, Витус Ионассен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Беринг, Витус Ионассен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Vitus_Ionassen" title="Bering Vitus Ionassen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bering Vitus Ionassen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وائی ٹیس بیرنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائی ٹیس بیرنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Беринг, Витус Ионассен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беринг, Витус Ионассен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Jonassen_Bering" title="Vitus Jonassen Bering – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitus Jonassen Bering" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="விட்டஸ் பெரிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விட்டஸ் பெரிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ไวทัส เบริง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวทัส เบริง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Витус Беринг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Витус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вітус Беринг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітус Беринг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وائی ٹیس بیرنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائی ٹیس بیرنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vitus Bering" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4" title="维图斯·白令 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维图斯·白令" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4" title="維圖斯·白令 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維圖斯·白令" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4" title="维图斯·白令 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维图斯·白令" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127641#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Vitus Bering</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Vitus_Bering_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Vitus Jonassen Bering</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1681-08-05</span>)</span>5 August 1681<br /><a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1741<span style="display:none">(1741-12-19)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1704–1741</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Expeditions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Kamchatka_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kamchatka expedition">First Kamchatka expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kamchatka_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kamchatka expedition">Second Kamchatka expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b> Vitus Jonassen Bering</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Danish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="da-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈviːtsʰus<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjoːnæsn̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpe̝(ː)ɐ̯e̝ŋ]</a></span>; baptised 5 August 1681 – 19 December 1741),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Ivan Ivanovich Bering</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Иван Иванович Беринг</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Danish-born Russian cartographer and explorer, and an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>. He is known as a leader of two Russian expeditions, namely the <a href="/wiki/First_Kamchatka_Expedition" title="First Kamchatka Expedition">First Kamchatka Expedition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a>, exploring the north-eastern coast of the Asian continent and from there the western coast on the North American continent. The <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Glacier" title="Bering Glacier">Bering Glacier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Lake" title="Vitus Lake">Vitus Lake</a> were all named in his honor. </p><p>Taking to the seas as a ship's boy at the age of 15, Bering travelled extensively over the next eight years, as well as taking naval training in Amsterdam. In 1704, he enrolled with the rapidly expanding navy of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a>. After serving with the navy in significant but non-combat roles during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, Bering resigned in 1724 to avoid the continuing embarrassment of his low rank to his wife; and upon retirement was promoted to first captain. Bering was permitted to keep the rank as he rejoined the Russian Navy later the same year. </p><p>He was selected by the tsar to captain the First Kamchatka Expedition, an expedition set to sail north from Russian outposts on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>, with the charge to map the new areas visited and to establish whether Asia and America shared a land border. Bering departed from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in February 1725 as the head of a 34-man expedition, aided by the expertise of Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Martin_Spanberg" title="Martin Spanberg">Martin Spanberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Aleksei Chirikov</a>. The party took on men as it headed towards <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a>, encountering many difficulties before arriving at the settlement. From there, the men sailed to the Kamchatka Peninsula, preparing new ships there and sailing north – repeating a little-documented journey of <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Dezhnyov">Semyon Dezhnyov</a> 80 years' previously. In August 1728, he decided that they had sufficient evidence that there was clear sea between Asia and America, which he did not sight during the trip. For the first expedition, He was rewarded with money, prestige, and a promotion to the noble rank of captain commander. He immediately started preparations for a second trip. </p><p>Having returned to Okhotsk with a much larger, better prepared, and much more ambitious expedition, Bering set off for an expedition towards North America in 1741. While doing so, the expedition spotted <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a>, and sailed past <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>. A storm separated the ships, but Bering sighted the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and a landing was made at <a href="/wiki/Kayak_Island" title="Kayak Island">Kayak Island</a> or in the vicinity. Adverse conditions forced a return, but he documented some of the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> on his way back. One of the sailors died and was buried on one of these islands, and Bering named the island group <a href="/wiki/Shumagin_Islands" title="Shumagin Islands">Shumagin Islands</a> after him. Bering himself became too ill to command his ship, which was at last driven to seek refuge on an uninhabited island in the <a href="/wiki/Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a> group in the southwest Bering Sea. On 19 December 1741, Bering died on the island, which was given the name Bering Island after him, near the Kamchatka Peninsula, reportedly from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, along with 28 men of his company.<sup id="cite_ref-1991-expedition_not_scurvy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1991-expedition_not_scurvy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitus Bering was born in the port town of <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a> in Denmark to Anne Pedderdatter and her husband Jonas Svendsen (a "customs inspector and churchwarden") and was baptized in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran church">Lutheran church</a> there on 5 August 1681.<sup id="cite_ref-frost19_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after a maternal great-uncle, <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering_(1617%E2%80%931675)" title="Vitus Bering (1617–1675)">Vitus Pedersen Bering</a>, who had been a chronicler in the royal court, and was not long deceased at the time of Vitus Jonassen Bering's birth. The family enjoyed reasonable financial security, with two of Vitus' elder half-brothers both attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>. Vitus however did not and instead signed on at age 15 as a ship's boy.<sup id="cite_ref-frost19_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1696 and 1704, Bering travelled the seas, reaching India and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> while also finding time to complete naval officer training in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-frost19_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would also claim later (and, it seems, not without some supporting evidence) to have served on Danish whalers in the North Atlantic, visiting European colonies in the Caribbean and on the eastern seaboard of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-frost29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in Amsterdam, however, that in 1704 and under the guidance of Norwegian-born Russian admiral <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cruys" title="Cornelius Cruys">Cornelius Cruys</a>, Bering gained an <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer's commission</a> into the Russian navy, with the rank of sub-lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-frost19_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would be repeatedly promoted in <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s rapidly evolving navy, reaching the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks#Ranks_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="History of Russian military ranks">rank of second captain</a> by 1720. In that time, it appears he was not involved in any sea battles, but commanded several vessels on potentially dangerous missions, including the transport of a ship from the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">Azov Sea</a> on Russia's southern coast to the Baltic on her northern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-frost19_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work in the latter stages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (ending in 1721), for example, was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Lightering" title="Lightering">lightering</a> duties.<sup id="cite_ref-frost26_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 October 1713, Bering married Anna Christina Pülse; the ceremony took place in the Lutheran church at <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>, only recently annexed from Sweden. Over the next 18 years, they had nine children, four of whom survived childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-frost26_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time with the Russian navy – particularly as part of the Great Northern War – he was unable to spend much time with Anna, who was approximately eleven years Bering's junior and the daughter of a Swedish merchant. At the war's conclusion in 1721, Bering was not promoted like many of his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-frost26_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The omission proved particularly embarrassing when, in 1724, Anna's younger sister Eufemia upstaged her by marrying Thomas Saunders, already a rear-admiral despite a much shorter period of service. In order to save face, the 42-year-old Bering decided to retire from the navy, securing two months' pay and a notional promotion to first captain. Shortly after, the family – Bering, his wife Anna, and two young sons – moved out of St. Petersburg to live with Anna's family in Vyborg. After a period of joblessness lasting five months, however, Bering (keenly aware of his dependents), decided to reapply to the Admiralty. He was accepted for a renewed period of active service the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-frost26_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2 October 1724, Bering (retaining the rank of first captain he had secured earlier in the year) was back on the sea, commanding the ninety-gun <i>Lesnoe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лесное</span>, "Forest"). The Tsar would soon have a new command for him, however.<sup id="cite_ref-frost29_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Kamchatka_expedition">First Kamchatka expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Kamchatka expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Kamchatka_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kamchatka expedition">First Kamchatka expedition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Petersburg_to_Okhotsk">St. Petersburg to Okhotsk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: St. Petersburg to Okhotsk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 December 1724 <small>[<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 9 January 1725]</small>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I of Russia</a> ordered Bering to command a voyage east, probably to map the lands (and possibly seas) between Russia's eastern boundary and the North America continent.<sup id="cite_ref-frost30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparations for the trip had begun some years before, but with his health rapidly deteriorating, the Tsar had ordered that the process be hurried, and it was with this backdrop that Bering (with his knowledge of both the Indian Ocean and the eastern seaboard of North America, good personal skills and experience in transporting goods) was selected ahead of the experienced cartographer K. P. von Verd.<sup id="cite_ref-frost30_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lieutenants for the journey, which would become known as the First Kamchatka Expedition, were the hardened Danish-born Russian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Spanberg" title="Martin Spanberg">Martin Spanberg</a> and the well-educated but relatively inexperienced Russian <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Aleksei Chirikov</a>, a respected naval instructor. They would receive annual salaries of some 180 <a href="/wiki/Rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouble">roubles</a> during the trip; Bering would be paid 480. The final papers from Peter before his death on 28 January made it clear to Bering that he should proceed to the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka peninsula">Kamchatka peninsula</a>, build one or two ships there, and, keeping the land on his left, sail northwards until the land turned westwards, making it clear that there existed sea between Asia and North America. Instructions were left on how to proceed if North America was sighted during the voyage, which was scheduled to last three years.<sup id="cite_ref-frost30_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural route to Kamchatka was along tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena</a>; but after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a> (1689) this looked politically infeasible. Instead, Bering's party, it was decided, would travel over land and river from St. Petersburg to <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a>, a small port town on Russia's eastern coast, and then by sea from Okhotsk to the Kamchatka peninsula, where they could start their voyage of exploration. On 24 January, Chirikov departed with 26 of the 34-strong expedition along the well-travelled roads to <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, 411 miles (661 km) to the east. Having waited for the necessary paperwork to be completed, Bering and the remaining members of the expedition followed on 6 February. Bering was supplied with what few maps Peter had managed to commission in the preceding years.<sup id="cite_ref-frost30_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitus_Bering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vitus_Bering.jpg/180px-Vitus_Bering.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vitus_Bering.jpg/270px-Vitus_Bering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vitus_Bering.jpg/360px-Vitus_Bering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>A portrait once believed to be of Vitus Bering (according to later data, it is probably of <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering_(1617%E2%80%931675)" title="Vitus Bering (1617–1675)">his uncle</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1991_expedition_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1991_expedition-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Both parties used horse-drawn sledges and made good time over the first legs of the journey. On 14 February they were reunited in Vologda, and, now travelling together, headed eastwards across the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, arriving in the small city of <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> (one of the main stopping points of the journey) on 16 March. They had already travelled over 1750 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-frost30_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Tobolsk, Bering took on more men to help the party through the more difficult journey ahead. He asked for 24 more from the garrison, before upping the request to 54 after hearing that the ship the party required at Okhotsk—the <i>Vostok</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Восто́к</span></span>, "East")—would need significant manpower to repair. In the end, the governor could spare only 39, but it still represented a significant expansion in numbers for the party. In addition, Bering wanted 60 carpenters and 7 blacksmiths; the governor responded that half of these would have to be taken on later, at <a href="/wiki/Yeniseysk" title="Yeniseysk">Yeniseysk</a>. After some delays preparing equipment and funds, on 14 May the now much enlarged party left Tobolsk, heading along the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh</a>. The journey ahead to the next major stopping point <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, was well-worn, but rarely by groups as large as Bering's, who had the additional difficulty of needing to take on more men as the journey progressed. As a result, the party ran behind schedule, reaching <a href="/wiki/Surgut" title="Surgut">Surgut</a> on 30 May and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makovsk (page does not exist)">Makovsk</a> in late June before entering Yeniseysk, where the additional men could be taken on; Bering would later claim that "few were suitable". In any case, the party left Yeniseysk on 12 August, desperately needing to make up lost time. On 26 September they arrived at <a href="/wiki/Ilimsk" title="Ilimsk">Ilimsk</a>, just three days before the river froze over. After the party had completed an eighty-mile trek to <a href="/wiki/Ust-Kut" title="Ust-Kut">Ust-Kut</a>, a town on the Lena where they could spend the winter, Bering travelled on to the town of <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> both to get a sense of the conditions and to seek advice on how best to get their large party across the mountains separating Yakutsk (their next stop) to Okhotsk on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-frost41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Ust-Kut when the river ice melted in the spring of 1726, the party rapidly travelled down the River Lena, reaching Yakutsk in the first half of June. Despite the need for hurry and men being sent in advance, the governor was slow to grant them the resources they needed, prompting threats from Bering. On 7 July, Spanberg left with a detachment of 209 men and much of the cargo; on 27 July apprentice shipbuilder Fyodor Kozlov led a small party to reach Okhotsk ahead of Spanberg, both to prepare food supplies and to start work repairing the <i>Vostok</i> and building a new ship, the <i>Fortuna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фортуна</span>, "<a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuna (goddess)">Fortune</a>"), needed to carry the party across the bay from Okhotsk to the Kamchatka peninsula. Bering himself left on 16 August, whilst it was decided that Chirikov would follow the next spring with fresh supplies of flour. The journeys were as difficult as Bering had worried they would be. Both men and horses died, whilst other men (46 from Bering's party alone) deserted with their horses and portions of the supplies as they struggled to build roads across difficult marshland and river terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-frost41_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Bering's party (which reached Okhotsk in October) fared badly, however, Spanberg's fared far worse. His heavily loaded boats could be tugged at no more than one mile a day – and they had some 685 miles to cover. When the rivers froze, the cargo was transferred to sleds and the expedition continued, enduring blizzards and waist-high snow. Even provisions left by Bering at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yudoma_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yudoma Cross (page does not exist)">Yudoma Cross</a> could not fend off starvation. On 6 January 1727 Spanberg and two other men, who had together formed an advance party carrying the most vital items for the expedition, reached Okhotsk; ten days later sixty others joined them, although many were ill. Parties sent by Bering back along the trail from Okhotsk rescued seven men and much of the cargo that had been left behind. Okhotsk's inhabitants described the winter as the worst they could recall; Bering seized flour from the local villagers to ensure that his party too could take advantage of their stocks and consequently the whole village soon faced the threat of starvation. The explorer later reported how it was only the arrival of an advance party of Chirikov's division in June with 27 tons of flour that ensured his party (by then diminished in numbers) could be fed.<sup id="cite_ref-frost44_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost44-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Okhotsk_to_Kamchatka_and_beyond">Okhotsk to Kamchatka and beyond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Okhotsk to Kamchatka and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Vostok</i> was readied and the <i>Fortuna</i> built at a rapid pace, with the first party (48 men commanded by Spanberg and comprising those required to start work on the ships that would have to be built in Kamchatka itself as soon as possible) leaving in June 1727. Chirikov himself arrived in Okhotsk soon after, bringing further supplies of food. He had had a relatively easy trip, losing none of his men and only 17 of the 140 horses he had set out with. On 22 August, the remainder of the party sailed for Kamchatka.<sup id="cite_ref-frost44_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost44-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had the route been charted, they should have sailed around the peninsula and made port on its eastern coast; instead, they landed on the west and made a gruelling trip from the settlement of Bolsheretsk in the South-West, north to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Kamchatka_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Kamchatka Post (page does not exist)">Upper Kamchatka Post</a> and then east along the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka River">Kamchatka River</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Kamchatka_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Kamchatka Post (page does not exist)">Lower Kamchatka Post</a>. This Spanberg's party did before the river froze; next, a party led by Bering completed this final stint of approximately 580 miles over land without the benefit of the river; and finally, in the spring of 1728, the last party to leave Bolsheretsk, headed by Chirikov, reached the Lower Kamchatka Post. The outpost was six thousand miles from St. Petersburg and the journey itself (the first time "so many [had] gone so far") had taken some three years.<sup id="cite_ref-frost44_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost44-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of immediate food available to Spanberg's advance party slowed their progress, which hastened dramatically after Bering's and Chirikov's group arrived with provisions. As a consequence, the ship they constructed—the <i>St. Gabriel</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Святой Гавриил</span></span>, <i>Sviatoi Gavriil</i>)—was ready to be launched as soon as 9 June 1728 from its construction point upriver at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ushka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ushka (page does not exist)">Ushka</a>. It was then fully rigged and provisioned by 9 July, and on 13 July set sail downstream, anchoring offshore that evening. On 14 July, Bering's party began their first exploration, hugging the coast in not a northerly direction (as they had expected) but a north-easterly one. The ship's log records a variety of landmarks spotted (including <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>) many of which the expedition took the opportunity to name. Translation problems hindered the exploration attempt, however, as Bering was unable to discuss the local geography with locals he encountered. Sailing further north, Bering entered for the first time the strait that would later bear his name.<sup id="cite_ref-frost48_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost48-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reaching a cape (which Chirikov named <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chukotsky" title="Cape Chukotsky">Cape Chukotsky</a>), the land turned westwards, and Bering asked his two lieutenants on 13 August 1728 whether or not they could reasonably claim it was turning westwards for good: that is to say, whether they had proven that Asia and America were separate land masses. The rapidly advancing ice prompted Bering to make the controversial decision not to deviate from his remit: the ship would sail for a few more days, but then turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-frost48_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost48-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition was neither at the most easterly point of Asia (as Bering had supposed) nor had it succeeded in discovering the Alaskan coast of America, which on a clear day would have been visible to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frost48_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost48-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As promised, on 16 August, Bering turned the <i>St. Gabriel</i> around, heading back towards Kamchatka. Not before a storm forced hasty repairs, the ship was back at the mouth of the Kamchatka River, fifty days after it had left. The mission was at its conclusion, but the party still needed to make it back to St. Petersburg to document the voyage (thus avoiding the fate of <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Dezhnyov">Semyon Dezhnyov</a> who, unbeknownst to Bering, had made a similar expedition eighty years previously).<sup id="cite_ref-frost56_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost56-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1729, the <i>Fortuna</i>, which had sailed round the Kamchatka Peninsula to bring supplies to the Lower Kamchatka Post, now returned to Bolsheretsk; and shortly after, so did the <i>St. Gabriel</i>. The delay was caused by a four-day journey Bering had embarked upon directly eastwards in search of North America, to no avail. By July 1729 the two vessels were back at Okhotsk, where they were moored alongside the <i>Vostok</i>; the party, no longer needing to carry shipbuilding materials made good time on the return journey from Okhotsk, and by 28 February 1730 Bering was back in the Russian capital. In December 1731 he would be awarded 1000 roubles and promoted to captain-commander, his first noble rank (Spanberg and Chirikov were similarly promoted to captain). It had been a long and expensive expedition, costing 15 men and souring relations between Russia and her native peoples: but it had provided useful new (though not perfect) insights into the geography of Eastern Siberia, and presented useful evidence that Asia and North America were separated by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-frost56_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost56-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bering had not, however, proved the separation beyond doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Kamchatka_expedition_and_death">Second Kamchatka expedition and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Kamchatka expedition and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparations">Preparations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1966_CPA_3446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1966_CPA_3446.jpg/250px-1966_CPA_3446.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1966_CPA_3446.jpg/375px-1966_CPA_3446.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1966_CPA_3446.jpg/500px-1966_CPA_3446.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption> 1966 Soviet postage stamp depicting Bering's second voyage and the discovery of the Commander Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Bering soon proposed a second Kamchatka expedition, much more ambitious than the first and with an explicit aim of sailing east in search of North America. The political situation in the Russian Empire was difficult, however, and this meant delays. In the interim, the Berings enjoyed their new-found status and wealth: there was a new house and a new social circle for the newly ennobled Berings. Bering also made a bequest to the poor of Horsens, had two children with Anna and even attempted to establish his familial coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal, when it was accepted, would a significant affair, which involved 600 people from the outset and several hundred added along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_(2008)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_(2008)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Bering seems to have been primarily interested in landing in North America, he recognised the importance of secondary objectives: the list of which expanded rapidly under the guidance of planners <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Fedorovich_Golovin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin (page does not exist)">Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin</a> (head of the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Board_(Russian_Empire)" title="Admiralty Board (Russian Empire)">Admiralty</a>); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kirilov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kirilov (page does not exist)">Ivan Kirilov</a>, a highly ranked politician with an interest in geography, and <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a>, a close adviser of the new Empress, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna Ivanovna</a>. As Bering waited for Anna to solidify her grip on the throne, he and Kirilov worked to find a new, more dependable administrator to run Okhotsk and to begin work on improving the roads between Yakutsk and the coastal settlement. Their choice for the post of administrator, made remotely, was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Skornyakov-Pisarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigory Skornyakov-Pisarev (page does not exist)">Grigory Skornyakov-Pisarev</a>; possibly the least bad candidate, he would nevertheless turn out to be a poor choice. In any case, Skornyakov-Pisarev was ordered in 1731 to proceed to Okhotsk, with directions to expand it into a proper port. He did not leave for Okhotsk for another four years, by which time Bering's own expedition (in time for which Okhotsk was supposed to have been prepared) was not far off.<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1732, however, Bering was still at the planning stage in Moscow, having taken a short leave of absence for St. Petersburg. The better positioned Kirilov oversaw developments, eyeing up not only the chance of discovering North America, but of mapping the whole Arctic coast, finding a good route south to Japan, landing on the <a href="/wiki/Shantar_Islands" title="Shantar Islands">Shantar Islands</a> and even making contact with Spanish America. On 12 June the Senate approved resources to fund an academic contingent for the expedition, and three academics – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin" title="Johann Georg Gmelin">Johann Georg Gmelin</a> (a natural historian), <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_l%27Isle_de_la_Croy%C3%A8re" title="Louis de l'Isle de la Croyère">Louis de l'Isle de la Croyère</a> (an astronomer), and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Friedrich Müller">Gerhard Friedrich Müller</a> (an anthropologist) – were selected by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Brazil (page does not exist)">Owen Brazil</a>, a Moscow native but of Irish descent, was selected as the expedition's quartermaster and was placed in charge of packaging and storing supplies, such as fudge, sausages and biscuits. Bering was wary of this expansion in the proposed size of the whole expedition, given the food shortages experienced on the first voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals were made to transports goods or men to Kamchatka by sea via <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, but these were not approved.<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debenham421_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debenham421-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than a broad oversight role, Bering's personal instructions from the Admiralty were surprisingly simple.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given on 16 October 1732, they amounted only to recreating his first expedition, but with the added task of heading east and finding North America (a feat which had in fact just been completed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gvozdev" title="Mikhail Gvozdev">Mikhail Gvozdev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong163_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this was not known at the time<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The suggestion was made that Bering share more of his command with the Chirikov, suggesting that the 51-year-old Bering was slowly being edged out. Elsewhere, instructions were sent ahead to Yakutsk, Irkutsk and Okhotsk to aid Bering's second expedition – and thus, the naivety of the first expedition in assuming compliance was repeated. Further follies included plans to send ships north along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena</a> towards the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-frost63_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Petersburg_to_Kamchatka">St. Petersburg to Kamchatka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: St. Petersburg to Kamchatka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanberg left St. Petersburg in February 1733 with the first (small) detachment of the second expedition, bound for Okhotsk. Chirikov followed on 18 April with the main contingent (initially 500 people and eventually swelling to approximately 3000 after labourers were added). Following them, on 29 April Bering followed with Anna and their two youngest children – their two eldest, both sons, were left with friends in <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a>. The academic contingent, including the three professors, left in August. Soon catching the main party, Bering and Chirikov led the group eastwards, descending on Tobolsk for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-frost74_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of such a large party with such great demands – and so soon after Spanberg had made similar demands – put a strain on the town. Bering and a small advance party left Tobolsk in later February, stopping at Irkutsk to pick up gifts for the native tribes they would later encounter; it arrived at Yakutsk in August 1734. The main grouping, now under Chirikov's command left Tobolsk in May 1734, but had a more difficult trek and one which required harsh discipline be imposed to prevent desertions.<sup id="cite_ref-frost74_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it arrived in Yakutsk in June 1735. Whilst Spanberg headed east to Okhotsk, Bering waited in Yakutsk where he partied for a long time, preparing two ships on the Lena (one would be captained by <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">Vasili Pronchishchev</a> and the other first by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lassenius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lassenius (page does not exist)">Peter Lassenius</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">Dmitry Laptev</a>). Both were to sail northwards, and over the coming years to chart the Arctic coastline and to test whether it was navigable. Nevertheless, Bering soon found he was quickly bogged down in Yakutsk; two parties sent east to find a better route to the <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhotsk Sea">Okhotsk Sea</a> were both failures (the second coming far closer than it realised), and yet this was information the expedition desperately needed. Bering decided to prepare a similar land route to the one he had used on the first expedition instead, constructing huts along the route in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-frost74_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was work, however, that was still unfinished even by the summer of 1737, such were the delays.<sup id="cite_ref-frost84_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost84-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Okhotsk things were little better; it was "ill-suited to be a permanent port", and Skornyakov-Pisarev was slow to construct the buildings needed. Spanberg was, however, able to ready the ships the expedition needed. By the end of 1737 the <i>St. Gabriel</i> had been refitted; additionally, two new ships—the <i>Archangel Michael</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Архангел Михаил</span></span>, <i>Arkhangel Mikhail</i>) and the <i>Nadezhda</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Надежда</span></span>)—had been constructed and were rapidly readied for a voyage to Japan, a country with which Russia had never had contact. The same year, Bering took up residence in Okhotsk. It was the fifth year of the expedition, and the original costings now looked naive compared to the true costs of the trip. The additional costs (300,000 roubles compared to the 12,000 budgeted) brought poverty to the whole region. On 29 June 1738, Spanberg set off for the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> with the three ships he had prepared. After he had left there were further delays, probably due to a lack of natural resources. Over the next three years, Bering himself was criticised on an increasingly regular basis (his salary had already been halved in 1737 when the originally planned four years ran out); the delays also caused friction between Bering, Chirikov (who felt unduly constrained) and Spanberg (who felt Bering was too weak in his dealings with the local peoples). The two key figures who had been so useful to Bering in St. Petersburg back in the early 1730s (Saunders and Kirilov) were now dead, and there were occasional moves to either terminate the expedition or to replace Bering. Meanwhile, a fourth ship, the <i>Bolsheretsk</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Большерецк</span></span>) was constructed and Spanberg (having identified some 30 Kuril Islands on his first trip) led the four ships on a second voyage, which saw the first Russians land in Japan. In August 1740, with the main, America-bound expedition almost ready, Anna Bering returned to St. Petersburg with her and Vitus' younger children. Bering would never see his wife again.<sup id="cite_ref-frost84_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost84-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those without places on a ship also began the long journey home. As they left, a messenger arrived; the admiralty was demanding a progress update. Bering delayed, promising a partial report from Spanberg and a fuller report later.<sup id="cite_ref-frost112_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_voyage,_death_and_achievements"><span id="Sea_voyage.2C_death_and_achievements"></span>Sea voyage, death and achievements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sea voyage, death and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg/250px-Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg/375px-Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg/500px-Berings_ships_wrecked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Vitus Bering's expedition being wrecked on the Aleutian Islands in 1741.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg/250px-The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg/375px-The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Vitus Bering on Bering Island</figcaption></figure> <p>With time now of the essence, the <i>Okhotsk</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Охотск</span></span>) left for Bolsheretsk, arriving there in mid-September. Another new ship, the <i>St. Peter</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Святой Пётр</span></span>, <i>Sviatoi Piotr</i>, <i>Pyotr</i>, or <i>Pëtr</i>), captained by Bering, also left. It was accompanied by its sister creation the <i>St. Paul</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Святой Павел</span></span>, <i>Sviatoi Pavel</i>) and the <i>Nadezhda</i>. Delayed by the <i>Nadezhda</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s hitting a sand bank and then being beaten by a storm, such that it was forced to stay at Bolsheretsk, the two other ships arrived in their destination of <a href="/wiki/Avacha_Bay" title="Avacha Bay">Avacha Bay</a> in south-eastern Kamchatka on 6 October. The foundation of <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>, including warehouses, living quarters and a beacon had been built there on Bering's orders few months before, and now the explorer named the settlement after his vessels. Over the winter, Bering recruited for the trip ahead naturalist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Steller" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Steller">Georg Steller</a> and completed the report he had promised to send. At the same time, however, the murder of several Russians under Bering's command by native tribesmen prompted him to send armed men to the north, with orders not to use force if it could be avoided. Apparently it could not, because the detachment killed several native Koryaks in the settlement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utkolotsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utkolotsk (page does not exist)">Utkolotsk</a> and enslaved the remainder, bringing them back south. Steller was horrified to see the Koryaks tortured in search of the murderers. His ethical complaints, like Chirikov's more practical ones before him, were suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-frost112_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Petropavlovsk, Bering led his expedition towards North America. </p><p>The expedition spotted the volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a> on 16 July 1741, where it briefly landed. His objective complete, ill and exhausted, Bering turned ship and headed back towards port.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return journey then included the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>. A storm separated the ships, but Bering sighted the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and a landing was made at <a href="/wiki/Kayak_Island" title="Kayak Island">Kayak Island</a> or in the vicinity. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Aleksei Chirikov</a>, the second ship discovered the shores of northwest America (<a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Archipelago">Aleksander Archipelago</a> of present-day Alaska). Steller ensured the voyage recorded the wildlife it encountered, discovering and describing several species of plant and animal native to the North Pacific and North America during the expedition (including the <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Steller sea cow">Steller sea cow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_jay" title="Steller's jay">Steller's jay</a>). Bering himself was forced by adverse conditions to return, and he discovered some of the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> on his way back. One of the sailors died and was buried on one of these islands, and the group was named after him (as the <a href="/wiki/Shumagin_Islands" title="Shumagin Islands">Shumagin Islands</a>). Suffering from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> like many of his crew, Bering steadily became too ill to command the ship, passing control to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sven_Waxell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sven Waxell (page does not exist)">Sven Waxell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storms, however, meant that the crew of the <i>St. Peter</i> was soon driven to refuge on an uninhabited island in the <a href="/wiki/Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a> group (<i>Komandorskiye Ostrova</i>) in the south-west <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>. On 19 December 1741 Vitus Bering died on the uninhabited island near the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>, which was later given the name <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong161_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like 28 men of his company, Bering's death was commonly assumed to have been the result of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> (although this has since been contested<sup id="cite_ref-1991-expedition_not_scurvy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1991-expedition_not_scurvy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); certainly, it had afflicted him in the final months.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was still dire for Bering's expedition (now headed by Waxell), many of them, including Waxell, were still ill and the <i>St. Peter</i> was in poor condition. By April 1742 the party had ascertained that they were on an island. They decided to construct a new vessel from the remnants of the ship in order to return home. By August it was ready, successfully reaching Avacha Bay later in the month. There, the party discovered that Chirikov had led a rescue mission during 1741 that came within miles of the stranded group.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 77 men aboard the <i>St. Peter</i>, only 46 survived the hardships of the expedition, which claimed its last victim just one day before coming into home port. Its builder, Starodubtsev, returned home with government awards and later built several other seaworthy ships. </p><p>Assessing the scale of Bering's achievements is difficult, given that he was neither the first Russian to sight North America (that having been achieved by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gvozdev" title="Mikhail Gvozdev">Mikhail Gvozdev</a> during the 1730s), nor the first Russian to pass through the strait which now bears his name (an honour which goes to the relatively unknown 17th-century expedition of <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Semyon Dezhnev</a>). Reports from his second voyage were jealously guarded by the Russian administration, preventing Bering's story from being retold in full for at least a century after his death. Nonetheless, Bering's achievements, both as an individual explorer and as a leader of the second expedition, are regarded as substantial. Consequently, Bering's name has since been used for the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> (named by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> despite knowledge of Dezhnev's earlier expedition), the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bering_Glacier" title="Bering Glacier">Bering Glacier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong162_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific" title="Exploration of the Pacific">Exploration of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kamchatka_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kamchatka expedition">Second Kamchatka expedition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All dates are here given in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which was in use throughout Russia at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1991-expedition_not_scurvy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1991-expedition_not_scurvy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1991-expedition_not_scurvy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1991 Russian-Danish expedition that exhumed Bering's remains also analyzed teeth and bones and concluded that he did not die from scurvy. Based on analyses made in Moscow and on Steller's original report, heart failure was the likely cause of death (<a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1991_expedition-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1991_expedition_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1991 a Russian-Danish expedition found Bering's burial site. Analysis of Bering's skull also showed that Bering could not have had such a round face, as is depicted in most pictures. The analysis showed a man of strong stature and a more angular face. The portrait most frequently attributed to Bering may possibly be the writer <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering_(1617%E2%80%931675)" title="Vitus Bering (1617–1675)">Vitus Pedersen Bering</a>, who was Bering's uncle.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. xx–xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong161-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong161_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1982">Armstrong 1982</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost19-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost19_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost19_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost19_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost19_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost19_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 19–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost29_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost29_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost26-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost26_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost26_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost26_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost26_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost30_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost30_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost30_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost30_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost30_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 30–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEpishkin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Epishkin, Sergey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamlib.ru/resourses/epishkin.htm">"Vitus Bering. Question of biography"</a> (in Russian). Kamchatsky region science lubrary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitus+Bering.+Question+of+biography&rft.pub=Kamchatsky+region+science+lubrary&rft.aulast=Epishkin&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamlib.ru%2Fresourses%2Fepishkin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПУЛЕНКОВА" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ПУЛЕНКОВА, Юлианна. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litera-ib.ru/pages/archiv/ib_4_2013.pdf">"Litera-ib.ru" <bdi lang="ru">КАМЧАТСКИЕ ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ</bdi></a> [KAMCHATKA EXPEDITIONS] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litera-ib.ru+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A7%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litera-ib.ru%2Fpages%2Farchiv%2Fib_4_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost41-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost41_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost41_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 41–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost44-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost44_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost44_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost44_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost48-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost48_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost48_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost48_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 48–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost56-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost56_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost56_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 56–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost63-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost63_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 63–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egerton_(2008)-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_(2008)_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgerton2008">Egerton 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debenham421-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debenham421_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDebenham1941">Debenham 1941</a>, p. 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong163-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong163_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1982">Armstrong 1982</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost74-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost74_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost74_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost74_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 74–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost84-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost84_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost84_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 84–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost112-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frost112_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frost112_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 112–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 237–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2003">Frost 2003</a>, pp. 246–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong162-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong162_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1982">Armstrong 1982</a>, pp. 162–163</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1982" class="citation cs2">Armstrong, Terence (1982), "Vitus Bering", <i>Polar Record</i>, <b>21</b> (131), United Kingdom: 161–163, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PoRec..21..161A">1982PoRec..21..161A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400004538">10.1017/s0032247400004538</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251063437">251063437</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Vitus+Bering&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=131&rft.pages=161-163&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251063437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0032247400004538&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PoRec..21..161A&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebenham1941" class="citation cs2">Debenham, Frank (1941), "Bering's last Voyage", <i>Polar Record</i>, <b>3</b> (22), United Kingdom: 421–426, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941PoRec...3..421D">1941PoRec...3..421D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400064342">10.1017/s0032247400064342</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129168535">129168535</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Bering%27s+last+Voyage&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=421-426&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129168535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0032247400064342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941PoRec...3..421D&rft.aulast=Debenham&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2003" class="citation cs2">Frost, Orcutt William, ed. (2003), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beringrussiandis0000fros"><i>Bering: The Russian Discovery of America</i></a></span>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10059-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10059-0"><bdi>0-300-10059-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bering%3A+The+Russian+Discovery+of+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10059-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberingrussiandis0000fros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauridsen1885" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauridsen, Peter (1885), <i>Bering og de Russiske Opdagelsesrejser</i> (in Danish), Copenhagen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bering+og+de+Russiske+Opdagelsesrejser&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Lauridsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1758" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Gerhard Friedrich (1758), <i>Sammlung russischer Geschichten</i> (in German), vol. iii, St Petersburg: Kayserl. Academie der Wißenschafften</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+russischer+Geschichten&rft.place=St+Petersburg&rft.pub=Kayserl.+Academie+der+Wi%C3%9Fenschafften&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2006" class="citation cs2">Oliver, James A. (2006), <i>The Bering Strait Crossing</i>, United Kingdom: Information Architects, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546995-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546995-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9546995-7-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bering+Strait+Crossing&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Information+Architects&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9546995-7-4&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindMøller2002" class="citation cs2">Lind, Natasha Okhotina; Møller, Peter Ulf, eds. (2002), <i>Under Vitus Bering's Command: New Perspectives on the Russian Kamchatka Expeditions</i>, Beringiana, Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7288-932-2" title="Special:BookSources/87-7288-932-2"><bdi>87-7288-932-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Vitus+Bering%27s+Command%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Russian+Kamchatka+Expeditions&rft.place=Aarhus%2C+Denmark&rft.series=Beringiana&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=87-7288-932-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton2008" class="citation cs2">Egerton, Frank N. (2008), "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 27: Naturalists Explore Russia and the North Pacific During the 1700s", <i>Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</i>, <b>89</b> (1): 39–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9623%282008%2989%5B39%3AAHOTES%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[39:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Ecological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Ecological+Sciences%2C+Part+27%3A+Naturalists+Explore+Russia+and+the+North+Pacific+During+the+1700s&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-60&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F0012-9623%282008%2989%5B39%3AAHOTES%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bering, Vitus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bering,_Vitus">"Bering, Vitus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 775.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bering%2C+Vitus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=775&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitus+Bering" class="Z3988"></span> This further cites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Friedrich Müller">G. F. Müller</a>, <i>Sammlung russischer Geschichten</i>, vol. iii. (St Petersburg, 1758)</li> <li>P. Lauridsen, <i>Bering og de Russiske Opdagelsesrejser</i> (Copenhagen, 1885).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127641#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118656163">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50007501">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955697z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955697z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620358">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an59856868">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700158&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1666548">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070277834">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2002846">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000123438&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000138103&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq466w3b15nr9lr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605883605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258403905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3141f294-d41c-403f-9548-04eb1ee16311">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1819849">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118656163.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118656163">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027537757">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65m8qkx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&oldid=1255240749">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitus_Bering&oldid=1255240749</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1681_births" title="Category:1681 births">1681 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1741_deaths" title="Category:1741 deaths">1741 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bering_Sea" title="Category:Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_expatriates_in_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Category:Danish expatriates in the Dutch 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