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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Opposition to invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Course of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2003:_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003:_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2003: Invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003:_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-invasion_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-invasion_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Post-invasion phase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-invasion_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2003:_Beginnings_of_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003:_Beginnings_of_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 2003: Beginnings of insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003:_Beginnings_of_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coalition_Provisional_Authority_and_the_Iraq_Survey_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_Provisional_Authority_and_the_Iraq_Survey_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_Provisional_Authority_and_the_Iraq_Survey_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadan_Offensive_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan_Offensive_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.2 Ramadan Offensive 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan_Offensive_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capturing_former_government_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capturing_former_government_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Capturing former government leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capturing_former_government_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Looting_of_artifacts_from_Iraqi_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_of_artifacts_from_Iraqi_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.1 Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_of_artifacts_from_Iraqi_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004:_Insurgency_expands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004:_Insurgency_expands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 2004: Insurgency expands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004:_Insurgency_expands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005:_Elections_and_transitional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005:_Elections_and_transitional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 2005: Elections and transitional government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005:_Elections_and_transitional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006:_Civil_war_and_permanent_Iraqi_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006:_Civil_war_and_permanent_Iraqi_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006:_Civil_war_and_permanent_Iraqi_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq_Study_Group_report_and_Saddam's_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_Study_Group_report_and_Saddam's_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_Study_Group_report_and_Saddam's_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007:_US_troops_surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007:_US_troops_surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 2007: US troops surge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007:_US_troops_surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planned_troop_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_troop_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.1 Planned troop reduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_troop_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_surge_on_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_surge_on_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.2 Effects of the surge on security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_surge_on_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.3 Political developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.4 Tensions with Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.5 Tensions with Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackwater_private_security_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackwater_private_security_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6.6 Blackwater private security controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackwater_private_security_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008:_Civil_war_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008:_Civil_war_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 2008: Civil war continues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008:_Civil_war_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spring_offensives_on_Shiite_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_offensives_on_Shiite_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_offensives_on_Shiite_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7.2 Congressional testimony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_security_forces_rearm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_security_forces_rearm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7.3 Iraqi security forces rearm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_security_forces_rearm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_forces_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_forces_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7.4 Status of forces agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_forces_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009:_Coalition_redeployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009:_Coalition_redeployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8 2009: Coalition redeployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009:_Coalition_redeployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_the_Green_Zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_the_Green_Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.1 Transfer of the Green Zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_the_Green_Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.2 Provincial elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exit_strategy_announcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_strategy_announcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.3 Exit strategy announcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_strategy_announcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_anniversary_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_anniversary_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.4 Sixth anniversary protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_anniversary_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_forces_withdraw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_forces_withdraw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.5 Coalition forces withdraw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_forces_withdraw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_awards_oil_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_awards_oil_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8.6 Iraq awards oil contracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_awards_oil_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.9 2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_arms_purchases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_arms_purchases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.9.1 Iraqi arms purchases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_arms_purchases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_UN_lifts_restrictions_on_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_UN_lifts_restrictions_on_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.9.2 The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_UN_lifts_restrictions_on_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011:_US_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011:_US_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.10 2011: US withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011:_US_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emerging_conflict_and_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_conflict_and_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Emerging conflict and insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_conflict_and_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualty_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualty_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Casualty estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualty_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Financial cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_recession_in_2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_recession_in_2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Economic recession in 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_recession_in_2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Humanitarian impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Humanitarian crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Oil pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactive_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactive_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Radioactive contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactive_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Ecosystem destruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Impact on the Global War on Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_geopolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_geopolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Impact on geopolitics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_geopolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Coalition_forces_and_private_contractors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Coalition_forces_and_private_contractors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 By Coalition forces and private contractors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Coalition_forces_and_private_contractors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_insurgent_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_insurgent_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 By insurgent groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_insurgent_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_post-invasion_Iraqi_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_post-invasion_Iraqi_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 By post-invasion Iraqi Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_post-invasion_Iraqi_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_on_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_on_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public opinion on the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_opinion_on_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public opinion on the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_on_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 International opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Iraqi opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suicide_bombers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_bombers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Suicide bombers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_bombers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Role of Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Role of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Role of Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iraq War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakse_Oorlog" title="Irakse Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irakse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حرب العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Iraq" title="Guerra d'Iraq – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İraq müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B3-%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B1)" title="عیراق ساواشی (۲۰۰۳-۲۰۱۱) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیراق ساواشی (۲۰۰۳-۲۰۱۱)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ইরাক যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Iraq Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Ираҡ һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іракская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іракская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ірацкая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірацкая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(2003)" title="Война в Ирак (2003) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война в Ирак (2003)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak-Kriag" title="Irak-Kriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak-Kriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Iraku" title="Rat u Iraku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rat u Iraku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Irak" title="Brezel Irak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_l%27Iraq" title="Guerra de l'Iraq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de l'Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Ir%C3%A1ku" title="Válka v Iráku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v Iráku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Irac" title="Rhyfel Irac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrigen" title="Irakkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irakkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrieg" title="Irakkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irakkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraagi_s%C3%B5da" title="Iraagi sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraagi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Πόλεμος στο Ιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος στο Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Irak" title="Guerra de Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka_milito" title="Iraka milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iraka milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakeko_Gerra" title="Irakeko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irakeko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="جنگ عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak-kr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0" title="Irak-kríggið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak-kríggið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Irak" title="Guerre d'Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakoarloch" title="Irakoarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irakoarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_hIar%C3%A1ice" title="Cogadh na hIaráice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na hIaráice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Iraq" title="Guerra de Iraq – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="이라크 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իրաքի պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաքի պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="इराक युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Iraku" title="Rat u Iraku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat u Iraku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Irak" title="Perang Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Draksstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Íraksstríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íraksstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_in_Iraq" title="Guerra in Iraq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra in Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מלחמת עיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Irak" title="Perang Irak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ერაყის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Iraq%C3%AA" title="Şerê Iraqê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Iraqê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_Iracense" title="Secundum bellum Iracense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secundum bellum Iracense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81kas_kar%C5%A1" title="Irākas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irākas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrich" title="Irakkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irakkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako_karas" title="Irako karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irako karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Iraki háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iraki háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ирачка војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирачка војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_tao_Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Ady tao Iràka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady tao Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="इराक युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87" title="آمریکا جنگ، عراق دله – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آمریکا جنگ، عراق دله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Iraq" title="Perang Iraq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Иракийн дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иракийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakoorlog" title="Irakoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irakoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="इराक युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="イラク戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak-krigen" title="Irak-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak-krigen" title="Irak-krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irak-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq_urushi" title="Iroq urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਇਰਾਕ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="عراق جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د عراق جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د عراق جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrieg" title="Irakkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irakkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_iracka" title="Wojna iracka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna iracka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Iraque" title="Guerra do Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Irak" title="Războiul din Irak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иракская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иракская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkriech" title="Irakkriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irakkriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Irakut" title="Lufta e Irakut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Irakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_vojna_v_Perzskom_z%C3%A1live" title="Tretia vojna v Perzskom zálive – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia vojna v Perzskom zálive" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C5%A1ka_vojna" title="Iraška vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iraška vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalki_Iraq_2003" title="Dagaalki Iraq 2003 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalki Iraq 2003" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="شەڕی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Рат у Ираку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Ираку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Iraku" title="Rat u Iraku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat u Iraku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakin_sota" title="Irakin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irakin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkriget" title="Irakkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irakkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈராக் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Irak Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_(2003%E2%80%942011)" title="Війна в Іраку (2003—2011) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна в Іраку (2003—2011)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="عراق جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Iraq" title="Chiến tranh Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_d%27_Irak" title="Guere d' Irak – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere d' Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伊拉克战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 2003–2011 war. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iraq War (disambiguation)">Iraq War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iraq War <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>حرب العراق (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg/147px-Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg/221px-Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg/294px-Type_69_Iraq_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg/142px-Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg/213px-Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg/284px-Mastiff_Armoured_Vehicles_in_Basra_MOD_45149762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1593" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_(OIF)_DVIDS120182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg/142px-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg/213px-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg/284px-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_%28OIF%29_DVIDS120182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Guard">Iraqi National Guard</a> troops, 2004; <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">toppling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s statue in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 2003; destroyed Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Type_69_tank" title="Type 69 tank">Type 69</a> tank, 2003; U.S soldier during a <a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">leaflet drop</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">UH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopter, 2008; British armored vehicles on patrol in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, 2008; destroyed headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> in Baghdad, 2003</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">20 March 2003</a> – <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007-2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007-2011)">18 December 2011</a> (8 years, 8 months and 28 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Invasion (2003) <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_War)" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)">Coalition of the willing</a><div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a><div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a></li></ul></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg/23px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg/35px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg/45px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag_%282003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress" title="Iraqi National Congress">Iraqi National Congress</a><div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FIF_flag.svg/20px-FIF_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FIF_flag.svg/31px-FIF_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FIF_flag.svg/40px-FIF_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="620" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Forces" title="Free Iraqi Forces">Free Iraqi Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Invasion (2003) <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq"><img alt="Ba'athist Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">MEK</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> After Invasion (2003–11) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/21px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/33px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/43px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="196" /> <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">MNF–I</a> (2003–09) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Awakening_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening Council">Awakening Council</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> After Invasion (2003–11) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/46px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="468" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath loyalists</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg/46px-Flag_of_Islamic_Army_In_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/31px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Jaysh al-Mujahideen</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Sunnah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="346" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)#Sunni_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Sunni insurgents</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/23px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/35px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/46px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Special_Groups_(Iraq)" title="Special Groups (Iraq)">Special Groups</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/21px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/33px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/43px-Flag_of_Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="196" /> <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/23px-Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/35px-Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png/46px-Flag_of_United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1700" /> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Raymond T. Odierno</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg/46px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="468" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/31px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Omar al-Baghdadi">Abu Omar al-Baghdadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/31px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Masri" title="Abu Ayyub al-Masri">Abu Ayyub al-Masri</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/23px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/35px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/46px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Coalition forces</a> (2003) 309,000–584,799 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: 192,000–466,985 personnel<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: 45,000 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: 2,000 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: 194 <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a>: 70,000 <a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Element,_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg/20px-U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg/30px-U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg/40px-U.S._Army_Element%2C_Multi-National_Force_Iraq_Should_Sleeve_Insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="238" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Coalition forces</a> (2004–09) 176,000 at peak <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg/20px-Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg/30px-Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg/40px-Seal_of_United_States_Forces_-_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1374" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="United States Forces – Iraq">United States Forces – Iraq</a> (2010–11) 112,000 at activation <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Security contractors</a> 6,000–7,000 (estimate)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Security Forces">Iraqi Security Forces</a> 805,269 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> and paramilitary: 578,269,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg/20px-Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg/30px-Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg/40px-Iraqi_Federal_Police_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="749" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a>: 227,000)</li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Iraq_Awakening_Conference.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Awakening_movements_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening movements in Iraq">Awakening militias</a> ≈103,000 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> ≈400,000 (Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> 75,000)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="767" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>: 375,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/15px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/23px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/30px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="243" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Special Republican Guard (Iraq)">Special Iraqi Republican Guard</a>: 12,000 <a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/15px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/23px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/30px-Iraqi_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="243" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Iraqi Republican Guard</a>: 75,000 <a href="/wiki/File:Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg/20px-Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg/30px-Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg/40px-Fedayeen_Saddam_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="438" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a>: 30,000 <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)#Sunni_Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Sunni Insurgents</a> ≈70,000 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-brookings-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a> ≈60,000 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> ≈1,000 (2008) <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a> ≈500–1,000 (2007)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties and losses</a></th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Iraq" title="List of Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq">Iraqi Security Forces</a> (post-Saddam) Killed: 17,690<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> Wounded: 40,000+<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Coalition forces</a> Killed: 4,825 (4,507 US,<a href="#cite_note-26">[c]</a> 179 UK,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> 139 other)<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Missing/captured (US): 17 (9 died in captivity, 8 rescued)<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Wounded: 32,776+ (32,292 US,<a href="#cite_note-defensecasualty-30">[27]</a> 315 UK, 210+ other<a href="#cite_note-51">[d]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-mil-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-antiwarcasualties-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-icasualties-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukcasualties-55">[51]</a> Injured/diseases/other medical*: 51,139 (47,541 US,<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> 3,598 UK)<a href="#cite_note-mil-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-icasualties-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukcasualties-55">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Contractors</a> Killed: 3,650 <a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-dol.gov-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-59">[55]</a> Wounded & injured: 43,880<a href="#cite_note-dol.gov-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-59">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq" title="Sons of Iraq">Awakening Councils</a> Killed: 1,002+<a href="#cite_note-70">[e]</a> Wounded: 500+ (2007),<a href="#cite_note-24sunni-60">[56]</a> 828 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Total dead: 27,163 Total wounded: 117,961</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–45,000<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Insurgents (post-Saddam) Killed: 26,544+ killed by Coalition and ISF forces (2003–11), excludes inter-insurgent fighting and noncombat losses<a href="#cite_note-78">[f]</a> (4,000 <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003-2011)#Foreign_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003-2011)">foreign fighters</a> killed by Sep. 2006, all causes)<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Detainee" class="mw-redirect" title="Detainee">Detainees</a>: 60,000 (US and Iraqi-held, peak in 2007)<a href="#cite_note-brookings-12">[11]</a> 12,000 (Iraqi-held, in 2010 only)<a href="#cite_note-cnn1-80">[74]</a> 119,752 insurgents arrested (2003–2007),<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> of this about 1/3 were imprisoned for longer than four years<a href="#cite_note-brookings-12">[11]</a> Total dead: 34,144+–71,544+ Total captured: 120,000+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Documented deaths from violence: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count_project" title="Iraq Body Count project">Iraq Body Count</a> (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600 Iraqi deaths in total<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Statistical estimates <a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">Lancet survey</a>** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636)<a href="#cite_note-lancetOct2006-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet_supplement-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey" title="Iraq Family Health Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a>*** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)<a href="#cite_note-Iraq_Family_Health_Survey-87">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/ORB_survey_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="ORB survey of Iraq War casualties">Opinion Research Business</a>**: (March 2003 – August 2007): 1,033,000 (95% CI: 946,258–1,120,000)<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> PLOS Medicine Study**: (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (60% violent) (95% CI: 48,000–751,000)<a href="#cite_note-Hagopian-89">[83]</a> For more information see <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties of the Iraq War</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> * "injured, diseased, or other medical": required medical air transport. UK number includes "aeromed evacuations". ** Total excess deaths include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc. *** Violent deaths only – does not include excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, poorer healthcare, etc. **** <a href="/wiki/Sukkariyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkariyeh">Sukkariyeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> was also affected (<a href="/wiki/2008_Abu_Kamal_raid" title="2008 Abu Kamal raid">2008 Abu Kamal raid</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Iraq_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraq_War_(Outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Outline of the Iraq War">Outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Timeline of the Iraq War">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Iraq" title="2003 in Iraq">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Iraq" title="2005 in Iraq">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Iraq" title="2006 in Iraq">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Iraq" title="2007 in Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Iraq" title="2008 in Iraq">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Iraq" title="2009 in Iraq">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Iraq" title="2010 in Iraq">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Iraq" title="2011 in Iraq">2011</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Qasr" title="Battle of Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Faw_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Faw (2003)">Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">1st Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_attack_on_Karbala" title="2003 attack on Karbala">Raid on Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha_Dam" title="Battle of Haditha Dam">Haditha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2003)" title="Battle of Najaf (2003)">1st Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Delay" title="Operation Northern Delay">Northern Delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Viking_Hammer" title="Operation Viking Hammer">Viking Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samawah_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samawah (2003)">Samawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">1st Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Kut_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Kut (2003)">Al Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hillah_(2003)" title="Battle of Hillah (2003)">Hillah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Green_Line_(2003)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Green Line (2003) (page does not exist)">Green Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Karbala_Gap_(2003)" title="Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)">Karbala Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Kani_Domlan_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Kani Domlan Ridge (page does not exist)">Kani Domlan Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Baghdad</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)">Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Al Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Qusay_and_Uday_Hussein" title="Killing of Qusay and Uday Hussein">Killing of Qusay & Uday Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2003)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2003)">1st Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Latifiya_ambush" title="2003 Latifiya ambush">Latifiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_spring_fighting_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq spring fighting of 2004">Spring 2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Al_Kut_(2004)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Al Kut (2004) (page does not exist)">Al Kut</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Битва за Ель-Кут">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Saber" title="Operation Iron Saber">Iron Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">1st Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City" title="Siege of Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2004)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2004)">1st Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_KBR_convoy_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husaybah_(2004)" title="Battle of Husaybah (2004)">Husaybah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danny_Boy" title="Battle of Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2004)" title="Battle of Najaf (2004)">2nd Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_CIMIC_House" title="Battle of the CIMIC House">CIMIC-House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">2nd Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)" title="Battle of Mosul (2004)">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar_raid" title="Lake Tharthar raid">Lake Tharthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Al Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hit_convoy_ambush" title="2005 Hit convoy ambush">Hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha" title="Battle of Haditha">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Curtain" title="Operation Steel Curtain">Steel Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2005)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2005)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2006)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2006)">2nd Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward" title="Operation Together Forward">Together Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diwaniya" title="Battle of Diwaniya">Diwaniya</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Civil war (2006–2008)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2006)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2006)">2nd Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinbad" title="Operation Sinbad">Sinbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amarah" title="Battle of Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turki" title="Battle of Turki">Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_campaign" title="Diyala campaign">Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_Street" title="Battle of Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2007)" title="Battle of Najaf (2007)">3rd Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Imposing_Law" title="Operation Imposing Law">Imposing Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_UK_bases_in_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of UK bases in Basra">U.K. bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Eagle" title="Operation Black Eagle">Black Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Thunder" title="Operation Phantom Thunder">Baghdad belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baqubah" title="Battle of Baqubah">Baqubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donkey_Island" title="Battle of Donkey Island">Donkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shurta_Nasir" title="Operation Shurta Nasir">Shurta Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Strike" title="Operation Phantom Strike">Phantom Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2007)" title="Battle of Karbala (2007)">2nd Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix" title="Operation Phantom Phoenix">Phantom Phoenix</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2008–2011)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraqi_Day_of_Ashura_fighting" title="2008 Iraqi Day of Ashura fighting">2008 Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nineveh_campaign" title="2008 Nineveh campaign">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_spring_fighting_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq spring fighting of 2008">Spring 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">2nd Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_al-Qaeda_offensive_in_Iraq" title="2008 al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq">2008 al-Qaeda Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Augurs_of_Prosperity" title="Operation Augurs of Prosperity">Augurs of Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Abu_Kamal_raid" title="2008 Abu Kamal raid">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palm_Grove" title="Battle of the Palm Grove">Palm Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_raid_on_Camp_Ashraf" title="2011 raid on Camp Ashraf">Camp Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">US withdrawal violence</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Iraq_War_terrorism" title="Template:Campaignbox Iraq War terrorism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Iraq_War_terrorism" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Iraq War terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Iraq_War_terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Iraq War terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">List of bombings during the Iraq War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡ indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths § indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War This list only includes major attacks. <dl><dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_bombing_of_Jordanian_embassy_in_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 bombing of Jordanian embassy in Baghdad">1st Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing" title="Canal Hotel bombing">2nd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali Shrine bombing">Najaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings" title="27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings">3rd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_Nasiriyah_bombing" title="2003 Nasiriyah bombing">1st Nasiriyah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_Karbala_bombings" title="2003 Karbala bombings">1st Karbala</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Erbil_bombings" title="2004 Erbil bombings">‡ 1st Erbil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">‡ Ashoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/21_April_2004_Basra_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="21 April 2004 Basra bombings">1st Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Mosul_bombings" title="2004 Mosul bombings">1st Mosul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/14_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">4th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/30_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">5th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Karbala_and_Najaf_bombings" title="2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings">Karbala & Najaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Baqubah_bombing" title="2004 Baqubah bombing">1st Baqubah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Kufa_mosque_bombing" title="2004 Kufa mosque bombing">Kufa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Forward_Operating_Base_Marez_bombing" title="2004 Forward Operating Base Marez bombing">Marez</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira_fuel_dump_explosion" title="Al-Suwaira fuel dump explosion">Suwaira bombing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2005 Al Hillah bombing">‡ 1st Al Hillah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Erbil_bombing" title="2005 Erbil bombing">2nd Erbil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Musayyib_bombing" title="2005 Musayyib bombing">‡ Musayyib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/17_August_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings">6th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/14_September_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings">‡ 7th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Balad_bombings" title="2005 Balad bombings">1st Balad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Khanaqin_bombings" title="2005 Khanaqin bombings">Khanaqin</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/5_January_2006_Karbala%E2%80%93Ramadi_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="5 January 2006 Karbala–Ramadi bombings">‡ Karbala-Ramadi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">1st Samarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buratha_mosque_bombing" title="Buratha mosque bombing">8th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1_July_2006_Sadr_City_bombing" title="1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing">9th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/23_November_2006_Sadr_City_bombings" title="23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings">‡ 10th Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University_bombings" title="Mustansiriya University bombings">11th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_January_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="22 January 2007 Baghdad bombings">12th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/February_2007_Al-Saydiya_market_bombing" title="February 2007 Al-Saydiya market bombing">‡ 13th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/February_2007_Shorja_market_bombings" title="February 2007 Shorja market bombings">14th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/18_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">15th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Hillah_bombings" title="2007 Al Hillah bombings">‡ 2nd Al Hillah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Tal_Afar_bombings_and_massacre" title="2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre">‡ 1st Tal Afar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/29_March_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="29 March 2007 Baghdad bombings">16th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraqi_Parliament_bombing" title="2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing">17th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2nd & 3rd Karbala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_2007_Yazidi_massacre" title="April 2007 Yazidi massacre">2nd Mosul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/18_April_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings">‡ 18th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Makhmour_bombing" title="2007 Makhmour bombing">Makhmour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Abu_Sayda_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Abu Sayda bombing">Abu Sayda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Askari mosque bombing">2nd Samarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Khilani_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing">19th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Amirli_bombing" title="2007 Amirli bombing">‡ Amirli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Kirkuk_bombings" title="2007 Kirkuk bombings">1st Kirkuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/26_July_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" title="26 July 2007 Baghdad market bombing">20th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1_August_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings">21st Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qahtaniyah_bombings" title="Qahtaniyah bombings">§ Qahtaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Amarah_bombings" title="2007 Al Amarah bombings">Amarah</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1_February_2008_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings">22nd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_bombing" title="2008 Balad bombing">2nd Balad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6_March_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing">23rd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Karbala_bombing" title="2008 Karbala bombing">4th Karbala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/17_June_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing">24th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Karmah_bombing" title="2008 Karmah bombing">Karmah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Baquba_bombings" title="2008 Baquba bombings">2nd Baqubah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Dujail_bombing" title="2008 Dujail bombing">Dujail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_Ruz_bombing" title="2008 Balad Ruz bombing">Balad Ruz</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_police_recruitment_centre_bombing" title="2009 Baghdad police recruitment centre bombing">25th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="2009 Baghdad bombings">26th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_2009_Baghdad%E2%80%93Miqdadiyah_suicide_attacks" title="April 2009 Baghdad–Miqdadiyah suicide attacks">Baghdad-Muqdadiyah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Taza_bombing" title="2009 Taza bombing">Taza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/June_2009_Muraidi_Market_bombing" title="June 2009 Muraidi Market bombing">27th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Kirkuk_bombing" title="2009 Kirkuk bombing">2nd Kirkuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Tal_Afar_bombing" title="2009 Tal Afar bombing">2nd Tal Afar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="August 2009 Baghdad bombings">‡ 28th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2009 Baghdad bombings">‡ 29th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="December 2009 Baghdad bombings">‡ 30th Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/25_January_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="25 January 2010 Baghdad bombings">31st Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1_February_2010_Baghdad_bombing" title="1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing">32nd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2010_Baqubah_bombings" title="2010 Baqubah bombings">3rd Baqubah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4_April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="4 April 2010 Baghdad bombings">33rd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6_April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="6 April 2010 Baghdad bombings">34th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="April 2010 Baghdad bombings">35th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/10_May_2010_Iraq_attacks" title="10 May 2010 Iraq attacks">‡ 1st Pan-Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2010_Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque_bombings" title="2010 Al-Kazimiyya Mosque bombings">36th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/17_August_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings">37th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/25_August_2010_Iraq_bombings" title="25 August 2010 Iraq bombings">2nd Pan-Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/19_September_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings">38th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_massacre" title="2010 Baghdad church massacre">39th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/November_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="November 2010 Baghdad bombings">‡ 40th Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/January_2011_Baghdad_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2011 Baghdad shootings">41st Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/January_2011_Iraq_attacks" title="January 2011 Iraq attacks">‡ 3rd Pan-Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/24_January_2011_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="24 January 2011 Iraq bombings">Karbala-Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/27_January_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="27 January 2011 Baghdad bombing">42nd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Tikrit_assault" title="2011 Tikrit assault">Tikrit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2011 Al Hillah bombing">3rd Al Hillah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Samarra_bombing" title="2011 Samarra bombing">3rd Samarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Diwaniyah_bombing" title="2011 Al Diwaniyah bombing">Al Diwaniyah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Taji_bombings" title="2011 Taji bombings">Taji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/15_August_2011_Iraq_attacks" title="15 August 2011 Iraq attacks">4th Pan-Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/28_August_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="28 August 2011 Baghdad bombing">43rd Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Karbala_bombing" title="2011 Karbala bombing">4th Karbala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_2011_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2011 Baghdad bombings">44th Baghdad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Basra_bombings" title="2011 Basra bombings">2nd Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_December_2011_Baghdad_bombings" title="22 December 2011 Baghdad bombings">45th Baghdad</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_Gulf_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_Gulf_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Persian Gulf Wars</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1993_airstrikes_on_Iraq" title="January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq">Iraq air strikes (January 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Iraq bombing (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict (2003–present)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency">Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Baathist Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist-Saddamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist-Saddamist conflict">Assadist-Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Iraq War (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حرب العراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ḥarb al-ʿirāq), also referred to as the Second Gulf War,<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> was a prolonged conflict in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> lasting from 2003 to 2011. It began with the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">United States-led coalition</a>, which resulted in the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. The conflict persisted as an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgency</a> arose against coalition forces and the newly established Iraqi government. US forces were officially <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawn</a> in 2011. In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve</a>, as the conflict evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">ongoing insurgency</a>. The Iraq invasion was part of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s broader <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, launched in response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. In October 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">US Congress passed a resolution</a> granting Bush the authority to use military force against Iraq. The war began on March 20, 2003, when the US, joined by the <a href="/wiki/British_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="British involvement in the Iraq War">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Australian involvement in the Iraq War">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Polish involvement in the Iraq War">Poland</a>, initiated a "<a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">shock and awe</a>" bombing campaign. Following the bombings, coalition forces launched a ground invasion, defeating Iraqi forces and toppling the Ba'athist regime. Saddam Hussein was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">captured</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">executed</a> in 2006. The fall of Saddam's regime created a power vacuum, which, along with the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>'s mismanagement, fueled a <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">sectarian civil war</a> between Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia</a> majority and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> minority, and contributed to a lengthy insurgency. In response, the US deployed an additional 170,000 troops during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 troop surge</a>, which helped stabilize parts of the country. In 2008, President Bush agreed to withdraw all US combat troops, a process completed in 2011 under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">justifications</a> for the invasion centered around claims Iraq possessed <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs) and that Saddam Hussein was supporting <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">al-Qaeda</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> concluded in 2004 that there was no credible evidence linking Saddam to al-Qaeda, and no WMD stockpiles were ever found in Iraq. These false claims faced widespread <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">criticism</a>, in the US and abroad. <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, then Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, declared the invasion illegal under international law, as it violated the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a>. The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Chilcot_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcot Report">Chilcot Report</a>, a British inquiry, concluded the war was unnecessary, as peaceful alternatives had not been fully explored. In 2005, Iraq held <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">multi-party elections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> became Prime Minister in 2006, a position he held until 2014. His government's policies alienated Iraq's Sunni minority, exacerbating <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> tensions. The war led to an estimated <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">150,000 to over a million deaths</a>, including more than 100,000 civilians. Many deaths occurred during the insurgency and subsequent civil war. The conflict had lasting geopolitical effects, contributing to the emergence of the 2013–2017 <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq</a>, which caused over 155,000 deaths and displaced millions of Iraqis. The war severely damaged the US' international reputation, and Bush's popularity declined sharply. UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s support for the war diminished his standing, contributing to his resignation in 2007. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale for the Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> Strong international opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> regime began following Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990. The international community condemned the invasion,<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> and in 1991 a military <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition</a> led by the United States launched the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> to expel Iraqi forces from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Following the Gulf War, the US and its allies tried to keep <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in check with a policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>. This policy involved numerous <a href="/wiki/Iraq_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq sanctions">economic sanctions</a> by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>; the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> declared by the US and the UK to protect the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a> in the south from aerial attacks by the Iraqi government, and ongoing inspections to ensure Iraq's compliance with United Nations resolutions concerning <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraqi weapons of mass destruction</a>. The inspections were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> (UNSCOM). UNSCOM, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, worked to ensure that Iraq destroyed its chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Zilinskas-93">[87]</a> In the decade following the Gulf War, the United Nations passed 16 Security Council resolutions calling for the complete elimination of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Member states communicated their frustration over the years that Iraq was impeding the work of the special commission and failing to take seriously its disarmament obligations. Iraqi officials harassed the inspectors and obstructed their work,<a href="#cite_note-Zilinskas-93">[87]</a> and in August 1998, the Iraqi government suspended cooperation with the inspectors completely, alleging that the inspectors were spying for the US.<a href="#cite_note-Fisk2007-94">[88]</a> The spying allegations were later substantiated.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> In October 1998, removing the Iraqi government became official <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">US foreign policy</a> with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">Iraq Liberation Act</a>. The act provided $97 million for Iraqi "democratic opposition organizations" to "establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 687">United Nations Security Council Resolution 687</a>, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> One month after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, the US and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Fox">Operation Desert Fox</a>. The campaign's express rationale was to hamper Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but US intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Saddam's grip on power.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> Following the election of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> as president in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>, the US moved towards a more aggressive Iraq policy. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s campaign platform in the 2000 election called for "full implementation" of the Iraq Liberation Act as "a starting point" in a plan to "remove" Saddam.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> although plans were drafted and meetings were held from the first days of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward2004Chap1-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war_events">Pre-war events</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">Prelude to the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq">Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Failed_Iraqi_peace_initiatives" title="Failed Iraqi peace initiatives">Failed Iraqi peace initiatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Iraq disarmament crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_timeline_1990%E2%80%932003" title="Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003">Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg/330px-Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg/495px-Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="117" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated 27 November 2001<a href="#cite_note-tv.msnbc.com-102">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Following 9/11, the Bush administration's national security team actively debated an invasion of Iraq. On the day of the attacks, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> asked his aides for: "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> at the same time. Not only <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>."<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> President Bush spoke with Rumsfeld on 21 November and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Central_Command_OPLAN_1003-98" title="U.S. Central Command OPLAN 1003-98">OPLAN 1003</a>, the war plan for invading Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schlosser_2023_6–25-105">[99]</a> Rumsfeld met with General <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">US Central Command</a>, on 27 November to go over the plans. A record of the meeting includes the question "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a US–Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-tv.msnbc.com-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been refuted, as there was no cooperation between <a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> President Bush began laying the public groundwork for an invasion of Iraq in January 2002 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, calling Iraq a member of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of Evil">Axis of Evil</a>, and saying "The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> Bush said this and made many other dire allegations about the threat of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction despite the fact that the Bush administration knew that Iraq had no nuclear weapons and had no information about whether Iraq had biological weapons.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nelson-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> He began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> However, a 5 September 2002 report from Major General Glen Shaffer revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>'s J2 Intelligence Directorate had concluded that the United States' knowledge on different aspects of the Iraqi WMD program ranged from essentially zero to about 75%, and that knowledge was particularly weak on aspects of a possible nuclear weapons program: "Our knowledge of the Iraqi nuclear weapons program is based largely – perhaps 90% – on analysis of imprecise intelligence," they concluded. "Our assessments rely heavily on analytic assumptions and judgment rather than hard evidence. The evidentiary base is particularly sparse for Iraqi nuclear programs."<a href="#cite_note-IBTJ2memoStory-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShafferJ2memo-121">[115]</a> Similarly, the British government found no evidence that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction and that Iraq posed no threat to the West, a conclusion British diplomats shared with the US government.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeaponsInspector.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WeaponsInspector.JPG/220px-WeaponsInspector.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WeaponsInspector.JPG/330px-WeaponsInspector.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WeaponsInspector.JPG/440px-WeaponsInspector.JPG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>A UN weapons inspector in Iraq, 2002</figcaption></figure> Key US allies in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, such as the United Kingdom, agreed with the US actions, while <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1441">UN Security Council Resolution 1441</a>, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> The US and UK ambassadors to the UN publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> Resolution 1441 set up inspections by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission</a> (UNMOVIC) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>. Saddam accepted the resolution on 13 November and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> and IAEA Director General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a>. As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq"; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> In March 2003, Blix said progress had been made in inspections, and no evidence of WMD had been found.<a href="#cite_note-blix1-126">[120]</a> In October 2002, the US Congress passed the "<a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">Iraq Resolution</a>",<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> which authorized the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> to "use any means necessary" against Iraq. Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored further diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan (see <a href="/wiki/Popular_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq</a>). The US government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to promote the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Saddam did have weapons of mass destruction: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. By February 2003, 64% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Saddam from power.<a href="#cite_note-CBSnews-20030124-128">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> holding a model vial of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> while giving a presentation to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></figcaption></figure> On 5 February 2003, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War#Colin_Powell's_presentation" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">appeared before the UN</a> to present evidence that Iraq was hiding unconventional weapons. However, despite warnings from the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Federal Intelligence Service</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> that the source was untrustworthy, Powell's presentation included information based on the claims of <a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed "Curveball"</a>, an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who also later admitted that his claims had been false.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Powell also claimed that Iraq was covertly harbouring and supporting al-Qaeda networks. Additionally, Powell alleged that al-Qaeda was attempting to acquire weapons of mass destruction from Iraq: <blockquote>"<a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaida</a> continues to have a deep interest in acquiring <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. As with the story of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Zarqawi</a> and his network, I can trace the story of a senior terrorist operative telling how <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> provided training in these weapons to al-Qaida. Fortunately, this operative is now detained and he has told his story. ... The support that this detainee describes included Iraq offering <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> training for two al-Qaida associates beginning in December 2000. He says that a militant known as <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abu_Azzam_al-Iraqi" title="Abdullah Abu Azzam al-Iraqi">Abdallah al-Iraqi</a> had been sent to Iraq several times between 1997 and 2000 for help in acquiring poisons and gasses. Abdallah al-Iraqi characterized the relationship he forged with Iraqi officials as successful."<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></blockquote> As a follow-up to Powell's presentation, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but NATO members like <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, France, and Germany, together with Russia, strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia, the US, the UK, Poland, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Japan, and Australia eventually withdrew their resolution.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> In March 2003, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, Australia, Spain, Denmark, and Italy began preparing for the invasion of Iraq with a host of public relations and military moves. In an address to the nation on 17 March 2003, Bush demanded that Saddam and his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a>, surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> held a debate on going to war on 18 March 2003 where the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq">government motion was approved 412 to 149</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> The vote was a key moment in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Blair government</a>, as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1846. Three government ministers resigned in protest at the war, <a href="/wiki/John_Denham_(politician)" title="John Denham (politician)">John Denham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hunt_of_Kings_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hunt of Kings Heath">Lord Hunt of Kings Heath</a>, and the then <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_invasion">Opposition to invasion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism of the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality of the Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests against the Iraq War</a></div> In October 2002, former US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> warned about the possible dangers of pre-emptive military action against Iraq. Speaking in the UK at a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> conference he said: "As a preemptive action today, however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future... I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are when you set them off, innocent people will die."<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Of 209 House <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> in Congress, 126 voted against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002</a>, although 29 of 50 Democrats in the Senate voted in favor of it. Only one <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a>, voted against it. The Senate's lone Independent, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, voted against it. Retired US Marine, former Navy Secretary and future US senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> wrote shortly before the vote, "Those who are pushing for a unilateral war in Iraq know full well that there is no exit strategy if we invade."<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> In the same period, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> publicly condemned the military intervention. During a private meeting, he also said directly to George W. Bush: "Mr. President, you know my opinion about the war in Iraq. Let's talk about something else. Every violence, against one or a million, is a blasphemy addressed to the image and likeness of God."<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg/220px-London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg/330px-London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg/440px-London_anti-war_protest_banners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war protest in London, September 2002. Organized by the British <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a>, up to 400,000 took part in the protest.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></figcaption></figure> On 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> declared "we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution".<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">anti-war groups</a> across the world organized public protests. According to French academic <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Reyni%C3%A9" title="Dominique Reynié">Dominique Reynié</a>, between 3 January and 12 April 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the war in Iraq, with <a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">demonstrations on 15 February 2003</a> being the largest.<a href="#cite_note-Difference-141">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> voiced his opposition in late January, stating "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi oil">Iraqi oil</a>," and questioning if Bush deliberately undermined the U.N. "because the secretary-general of the United Nations [was] a black man".<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> In February 2003, the US Army's top general, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a>, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take "several hundred thousand soldiers" to secure Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Two days later, US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war, and that "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand US forces is far from the mark." Deputy Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> said Shinseki's estimate was "way off the mark," because other countries would take part in an occupying force.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Germany's Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a>, although having been in favor of stationing German troops in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, advised <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Federal Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Schröder</a> not to join the war in Iraq. Fischer famously confronted United States Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at the 39th <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a> in 2003 on the secretary's purported evidence for Iraq's possession of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>: "Excuse me, I am not convinced!"<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Fischer also cautioned the United States against assuming that democracy would easily take root post-invasion; "You're going to have to occupy Iraq for years and years, the idea that democracy will suddenly blossom is something that I can't share. … Are Americans ready for this?"<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> There were serious <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">legal questions</a> surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a> in general. On 16 September 2004, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, said of the invasion "...was not in conformity with the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal."<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003:_Invasion">2003: Invasion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq War order of battle">Iraq War order of battle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Anbar campaign (2003–2011)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq-War-Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Iraq-War-Map.png/260px-Iraq-War-Map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Iraq-War-Map.png/390px-Iraq-War-Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Iraq-War-Map.png/520px-Iraq-War-Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Map of the invasion routes and major operations/battles of the Iraq War through 2007</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_in_Iraq" title="2003 in Iraq">2003 in Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> team entered Iraq on 10 July 2002.<a href="#cite_note-operation1-148">[142]</a> This team was composed of members of the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> and was later joined by members of the US military's elite <a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command" title="Joint Special Operations Command">Joint Special Operations Command</a> (JSOC).<a href="#cite_note-plan2004-149">[143]</a> Together, they prepared for an invasion by conventional forces. These efforts consisted of persuading the commanders of several Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Military_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Military division">military divisions</a> to surrender rather than oppose the invasion, and identifying all the initial leadership targets during very high risk reconnaissance missions.<a href="#cite_note-plan2004-149">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG/220px-UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG/330px-UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG/440px-UStanks_baghdad_2003.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>US soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Arch" title="Victory Arch">Hands of Victory</a> monument in Baghdad</figcaption></figure> Most importantly, their efforts organized the <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> to become the northern front of the invasion. Together this force defeated <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> before the invasion and then defeated the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi army">Iraqi army</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-plan2004-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> The battle against Ansar al-Islam, known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Viking_Hammer" title="Operation Viking Hammer">Operation Viking Hammer</a>, led to the death of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat.<a href="#cite_note-operation1-148">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21,_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg/220px-U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg/330px-U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg/440px-U.S._Marines_with_Iraqi_POWs_-_March_21%2C_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>US Marines escort captured enemy prisoners to a holding area in the desert of Iraq on 21 March 2003.</figcaption></figure> At 5:34 am <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> time on 20 March 2003<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> (9:34 pm, 19 March EST) the surprise<a href="#cite_note-surpr-153">[147]</a> military invasion of Iraq began. There was no declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-decl-154">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a>, under the code-name Operation Iraqi Freedom,<a href="#cite_note-oil-155">[149]</a> the UK code-name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a>, and the Australian code-name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Falconer" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Falconer">Operation Falconer</a>. Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the north. Approximately forty other governments, the "<a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq war)">Coalition of the Willing</a>", participated by providing troops, equipment, services, security, and special forces, with 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> unit GROM sent to Kuwait for the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">militia troops</a>, estimated to number upwards of 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-MajPeltier-157">[151]</a> According to General Franks, there were eight objectives of the invasion: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. Second, to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Third, to search for, to capture, and to drive out terrorists from that country. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. Fifth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needy Iraqi citizens. Seventh, to secure Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. And last, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to representative self-government."<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a></blockquote> The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the US, British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular, <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller-scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes. Coalition troops launched air and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assaults</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">al-Faw Peninsula</a> to secure the oil fields there and the important ports, supported by warships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy" title="Polish Navy">Polish Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>' <a href="/wiki/15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit" title="15th Marine Expeditionary Unit">15th Marine Expeditionary Unit</a>, attached to <a href="/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Commando Brigade">3 Commando Brigade</a> and the Polish Special Forces unit <a href="/wiki/GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="GROM">GROM</a>, attacked the port of <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/16_Air_Assault_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="16 Air Assault Brigade">16 Air Assault Brigade</a> secured the oil fields in southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> The heavy armor of the <a href="/wiki/US_3rd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="US 3rd Infantry Division">US 3rd Infantry Division</a> moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Expeditionary Force">1st Marine Expeditionary Force</a> moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and <a href="/wiki/1_(UK)_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (UK) Armoured Division">1 (UK) Armoured Division</a> moved northward through the eastern marshland.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> The American 1st Marine Division <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">fought through Nasiriyah</a> in a battle to seize the major road junction.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> The United States Army 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around <a href="/wiki/Ali_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Air Base">Talil Airfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured in its rear, the 3rd Infantry Division supported by the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> continued its attack north toward <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, but a severe sand storm slowed the coalition advance and there was a halt to consolidate and make sure the supply lines were secure.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> When they started again <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Karbala_Gap_(2003)" title="Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)">they secured the Karbala Gap</a>, a key approach to Baghdad, then secured the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>, and US Army forces poured through the gap on to Baghdad. In the middle of Iraq, the 1st Marine Division fought its way to the eastern side of Baghdad and prepared for the attack to seize the city.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> On 9 April, Baghdad fell, ending Saddam's 24‑year rule. US forces seized the deserted <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> ministries and, according to some reports later disputed by the Marines on the ground, stage-managed<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-166">[160]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">tearing down of a huge iron statue of Saddam</a>, photos and video of which became symbolic of the event, although later controversial. Allegedly, though not seen in the photos or heard on the videos, shot with a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom lens</a>, was the chant of the inflamed crowd for <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>, the radical Shiite cleric.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by a widespread outpouring of gratitude toward the invaders, but also massive civil disorder, including the <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of public and government buildings and drastically increased crime.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, 250,000 short tons (230,000 t) (of 650,000 short tons (590,000 t) total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Iraqi insurgency</a>. The invasion phase concluded when <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the <a href="/wiki/US_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marines">US Marines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Tripoli" title="Task Force Tripoli">Task Force Tripoli</a> on 15 April. In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 US military personnel<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> and 33 UK military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-invasion_phase">Post-invasion phase</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003:_Beginnings_of_insurgency">2003: Beginnings of insurgency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ramadi_under_U.S._military_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadi under U.S. military occupation">Ramadi under U.S. military occupation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/220px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/330px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/440px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank patrols Baghdad after its fall in 2003.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-15618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USMC-15618.jpg/220px-USMC-15618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USMC-15618.jpg/330px-USMC-15618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USMC-15618.jpg/440px-USMC-15618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Humvee struck by an improvised explosive device attack in Iraq on 29 September 2004. Staff Sgt. Michael F. Barrett, a military policeman in Marine Wing Support Squadron 373, was severely injured in the attack.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG/220px-GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG/330px-GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG/440px-GROM_DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="GROM">GROM</a> forces in sea operations during the Iraq War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg/220px-Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg/330px-Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg/440px-Raid_during_Operation_Thar_Thar_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Marines from D Company, 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion guard detainees prior to loading them into their vehicle.</figcaption></figure> Widespread looting and low-level criminal activity gripped the country in April 2003. By that point it was clear that there were not enough US forces to control the breakdown of order in the country and little plan to restore it.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter-174">[168]</a> On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS Abraham Lincoln</a> operating a few miles west of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a> and declared an end to major combat operations in Iraq. At sunset, he held his nationally televised <a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">"Mission Accomplished" speech</a>, delivered before the sailors and <a href="/wiki/Airmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmen">airmen</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight deck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schlosser_2023_6–25-105">[99]</a> Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a> arrived in Iraq on May 12, 2003 and established the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>. One of his first actions was to initiate the <a href="/wiki/Debaathification" class="mw-redirect" title="Debaathification">debaathification</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> remained at large, and significant pockets of resistance remained. After Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a flurry of attacks on its troops began to gradually increase in various regions, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Triangle" title="Sunni Triangle">Sunni Triangle</a>".<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>, the leader of a large anti-American faction in Baghdad's Sadr City, issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> allowing his followers to partake in the looting provided a portion of their takings were gifted to the <a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrist Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Porter-174">[168]</a> The initial Iraqi insurgents were supplied by hundreds of weapons caches created before the invasion by the Iraqi army and <a href="/wiki/Special_Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Special Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coalition_Provisional_Authority_and_the_Iraq_Survey_Group">Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Advisory_and_Monitoring_Board" title="International Advisory and Monitoring Board">International Advisory and Monitoring Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Program_Review_Board" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Program Review Board">CPA Program Review Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_Fund_for_Iraq" title="Development Fund for Iraq">Development Fund for Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Investment in post-invasion Iraq</a></div> Shortly after the invasion, the multinational coalition created the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة), based in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">transitional government</a> of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. Citing <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1483" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483</a> (22 May 2003) and the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, the CPA vested itself with executive, <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_2003_occupation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iraq_2003_occupation.png/220px-Iraq_2003_occupation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iraq_2003_occupation.png/330px-Iraq_2003_occupation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iraq_2003_occupation.png/440px-Iraq_2003_occupation.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Occupation zones in <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Iraq</a> as of September 2003</figcaption></figure> The CPA was originally headed by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Garner" title="Jay Garner">Jay Garner</a>, a former US military officer, but his appointment lasted only until 11 May 2003, when President Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Paul Bremer">L. Paul Bremer</a>. On 16 May 2003, his first day on the job, Paul Bremer issued <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_1" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1">Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1</a> to exclude from the new Iraqi government and administration members of the Baathist party. This policy, known as <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a>, eventually led to the removal of 85,000 to 100,000 Iraqi people from their jobs,<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> including 40,000 school teachers who had joined the Baath Party simply to stay employed. US army general <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Sanchez" title="Ricardo Sanchez">Ricardo Sanchez</a> called the decision a "catastrophic failure".<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in June 2004. In May 2003, the US Advisor to Iraq Ministry of Defense within the CPA, <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Slocombe" title="Walter B. Slocombe">Walter B. Slocombe</a>, advocated changing the pre-war Bush policy to employ the former Iraq Army after hostilities on the ground ceased.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> At the time, hundreds of thousands of former Iraq soldiers who had not been paid for months were waiting for the CPA to hire them back to work to help secure and rebuild Iraq. Despite advice from US Military Staff working within the CPA, Bremer met with President Bush, via video conference, and asked for authority to change the US policy. Bush gave Bremer and Slocombe authority to change the pre-war policy. Slocombe announced the policy change in the Spring of 2003. The decision led to the alienation of hundreds of thousands of former armed Iraq soldiers, who subsequently aligned themselves with various occupation resistance movements all over Iraq. In the week before the order to dissolve the Iraq Army, no coalition forces were killed by hostile action in Iraq; the week after, five US soldiers were killed. Then, on 18 June 2003, coalition forces opened fire on former Iraq soldiers protesting in Baghdad who were throwing rocks at coalition forces. The policy to disband the Iraq Army was reversed by the CPA only days after it was implemented. But it was too late; the former Iraq Army shifted their alliance from one that was ready and willing to work with the CPA to one of armed resistance against the CPA and the coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Another group created by the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_force_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational force in Iraq">multinational force in Iraq</a> post-invasion was the 1,400-member international <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Survey_Group" title="Iraq Survey Group">Iraq Survey Group</a>, who conducted a fact-finding mission to find Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. In 2004, the ISG's <a href="/wiki/Duelfer_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Duelfer Report">Duelfer Report</a> stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianReport2-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphReport2-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sands-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ramadan_Offensive_2003">Ramadan Offensive 2003</h5></div> Coalition military forces launched several operations around the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. In late 2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. A sharp surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "<a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2003)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2003)">Ramadan Offensive</a>", as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. The fall of 2003 saw major attacks at the Jordanian Embassy and the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_UN_Headquarters_in_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of UN Headquarters in Baghdad">bombing of UN Headquarters in Baghdad</a> in which <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello" title="Sérgio Vieira de Mello">Sérgio Vieira de Mello</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> The three governorates with the highest number of attacks were <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a>. Those three governorates account for 35% of the population, but by December 2006 they were responsible for 73% of US military deaths and an even higher percentage of recent US military deaths (about 80%).<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> To counter this offensive, coalition forces began to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion, by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents was stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam's birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hishma" title="Abu Hishma">Abu Hishma</a>, were surrounded by barbed wire and carefully monitored. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capturing_former_government_leaders">Capturing former government leaders</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Iraqi_Criminal_Tribunal" title="Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal">Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial of Saddam Hussein</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamSpiderHole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/220px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/330px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/440px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> being pulled from his hideaway in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Red Dawn">Operation Red Dawn</a>, 13 December 2003</figcaption></figure> In the summer of 2003, the multinational forces focused on <a href="/wiki/Most-wanted_Iraqi_playing_cards" title="Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards">capturing the remaining leaders</a> of the former government. On 22 July, a raid by the US <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> and soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_20" title="Task Force 20">Task Force 20</a> killed Saddam's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel. Most significantly, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> himself was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Red Dawn">Operation Red Dawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> The operation was conducted by the United States Army's <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_121" title="Task Force 121">Task Force 121</a>. Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> With the capture of Saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded that multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the new Iraqi security forces intended to police the country, and the United States promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of a credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure. Shortly after the capture of Saddam, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a>. Most prominent among these was the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani">Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani</a>. The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> The insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> and the poor <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> sections of cities from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Looting_of_artifacts_from_Iraqi_museums">Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting in Iraq</a></div> Following the United States' invasion of Iraq in 2003, large numbers of antiquities including the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh Dream Tablet</a> were stolen, both from museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq National Museum">Iraq National Museum</a>, but also because of illegal excavations at archeological sites throughout the country. Many of them were smuggled into the United States through the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE) and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, contrary to federal law. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> rejected the claim that they were removed by US military personnel. In the 2020s, about 17,000 artifacts were returned to Iraq from the U.S. and Middle Eastern countries. But according to an Iraqi archeology professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a>, the repatriation of these items was only a partial success; the Baghdad office of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a> continues to search for the loot worldwide. Many Iraqis blame the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for the loss of so many pieces of their country's history.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004:_Insurgency_expands">2004: Insurgency expands</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_(2004-04-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg/220px-Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg/330px-Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg/440px-Coalition_forces_in_Iraq_%282004-04-30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Areas of Responsibility in Iraq as at 30 April 2004</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004 in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004 in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2004 Iraq spring fighting">2004 Iraq spring fighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah during the Iraq War</a></div> The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. However, violence did increase during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Spring_Fighting_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004">Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004</a> with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>-linked group led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, helping to drive the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was gaining power throughout Iraq.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the violence intensified in March, there was a distinct change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new Iraqi Security Forces, as hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of massive bombings. In the bloodiest day of the war since the start of combat operations, hundreds of Shi'a were killed when five bombs exploded on March 2 during <a href="/wiki/Ashoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoura">Ashoura</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> The most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 March 2004, when <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> ambushed a <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwater USA">Blackwater USA</a> convoy led by four US <a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractor">private military contractors</a> who were providing security for food caterers <a href="/wiki/Eurest_Support_Services" title="Eurest Support Services">Eurest Support Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> The four armed contractors, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Helvenston" title="Scott Helvenston">Scott Helvenston</a>, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by local people, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned and mutilated corpses hung over a bridge crossing the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Photos of the event were released to <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a> worldwide, causing a great deal of indignation and <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral outrage</a> in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful "pacification" of the city: the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a> in April 2004. Followers of the Shi'a mullah <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdi militia">Mahdi militia</a> paraded through multiple cities. In April 2004, the Shi'a demonstators began launching attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from Iraqi security forces. The southern and central portions of Iraq were beginning to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive. Several Coalition troops died in <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>. These clashes lasted until June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremer_signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bremer_signing.jpg/220px-Bremer_signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bremer_signing.jpg/330px-Bremer_signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bremer_signing.jpg/440px-Bremer_signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> director <a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Paul Bremer">L. Paul Bremer</a> signs over sovereignty to the appointed <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a>, 28 June 2004.</figcaption></figure> In June 2004, the CPA formally transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi government, headed by interim Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> Allawi opposed the hasty de-baathification that would destabilize the political structure of the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-Porter-174">[168]</a> His secular rule of law agenda was unsuccessful as "instritutionalized sectarianism" developed in the escalating conflict with Muqtada al-Sadr in Najaf and Sunni radicals in Fallujah.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> In one of the most significant single attacks of the war 49 newly trained Iraqi soldiers were executed by insurgents wearing police uniforms on October 23 2004. Analysts note this supports the view that Iraqi police forces and Interior Ministry had been compromised by insurgents. Allawi blamed the attack on Coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-173">[167]</a> The offensive in Fallujah was resumed in November 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war: the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a>, described by the US military as "the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban combat</a> (that they had been involved in) since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hue_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hue City">Battle of Hue City</a> in Vietnam."<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> During the assault, US forces used <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_use_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus use in Iraq">white phosphorus</a> as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel, attracting controversy. The 46‑day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 US soldiers killed along with approximately 1,350 insurgents. Fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting, though civilian casualties were low, as they had mostly fled before the battle.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> Another major event of that year was the revelation of widespread <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">prisoner abuse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a>, which received international media attention in April 2004. First reports of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</a>, as well as graphic pictures showing US military personnel taunting and abusing Iraqi prisoners, came to public attention from a <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_II" title="60 Minutes II">60 Minutes II</a> news report (28 April) and a <a href="/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour M. Hersh">Seymour M. Hersh</a> article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> (posted online on 30 April).<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Military correspondent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas Ricks</a> claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of many people, especially Iraqis, and was a turning point in the war.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> 2004 also marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Military_Transition_Teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Transition Teams">Military Transition Teams</a> in Iraq, which were teams of US military advisors assigned directly to New Iraqi Army units. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005:_Elections_and_transitional_government">2005: Elections and transitional government</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2005_in_Iraq" title="2005 in Iraq">2005 in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_transition_team" title="Military transition team">Military transition team</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Convention center for Council of Representatives of Iraq</figcaption></figure> On 31 January, Iraqis <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2005 Iraqi legislative election">elected</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government" title="Iraqi Transitional Government">Iraqi Transitional Government</a> in order to draft a permanent constitution. Although some violence and a widespread Sunni <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On 4 February, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> announced that 15,000 US troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> February to April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Battle of Abu Ghraib">Battle of Abu Ghraib</a> on 2 April 2005 was an attack on United States forces at Abu Ghraib prison, which consisted of heavy mortar and rocket fire, under which an estimated 80–120 armed insurgents attacked with grenades, small arms, and two vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED). The US force's munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. It was considered to be the largest coordinated assault on a US base since the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> Hopes for a quick end to the insurgency and a withdrawal of US troops were dashed in May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 US soldiers. The summer of 2005 saw fighting around <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Tall_Afar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Afar">Tall Afar</a> in northwestern Iraq as US forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley between the capital and that border.<a href="#cite_note-Ricks-2006-203">[197]</a> A referendum was held on 15 October in which the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraqi constitution</a> was <a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">ratified</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Assembly">Iraqi National Assembly</a> was <a href="/wiki/December_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2005 Iraqi legislative election">elected in December</a>, with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia.<a href="#cite_note-Ricks-2006-203">[197]</a> Insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34,131 recorded incidents, compared to a total 26,496 for the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006:_Civil_war_and_permanent_Iraqi_government">2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq">Sectarian violence in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward" title="Operation Together Forward">Operation Together Forward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team" title="Provincial Reconstruction Team">Provincial Reconstruction Team</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg/220px-L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg/330px-L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg/440px-L_company_3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_search_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">US Marines</a> from <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion 3rd Marines">3rd Battalion 3rd Marines</a> clear a house in <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar Governorate</a>.</figcaption></figure> The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque_bombing_(2006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque bombing (2006)">al-Askari Mosque bombing</a> in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on 23 February, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack, the US military calculated that the average homicide rate in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. In 2006 the UN described the environment in Iraq as a "civil war-like situation".<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> On 12 March, five United States Army soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/502nd_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="502nd Infantry Regiment">502nd Infantry Regiment</a> raped the 14-year-old Iraqi girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, and then murdered her, her father, her mother Fakhriya Taha Muhasen, and her six-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza al-Janabi. The soldiers then set fire to the girl's body to conceal evidence of the crime.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Four of the soldiers were convicted of rape and murder and the fifth was convicted of lesser crimes for their involvement in the events, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> On 6 June 2006, the United States was successful in tracking <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> who was killed in a <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killing</a>, while attending a meeting in an isolated safehouse approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baqubah. Having been tracked by a British UAV, radio contact was made between the controller and two United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>C jets, which identified the house and at 14:15 GMT, the lead jet dropped two 500‑pound (230 kg) guided bombs, a laser-guided GBU‑12 and GPS-guided GBU‑38 on the building where he was located. Six others – three male and three female individuals – were also reported killed. Among those killed were one of his wives and their child. The government of Iraq took office on 20 May 2006, following approval by the <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_1st_Iraqi_Council_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 1st Iraqi Council of Representatives">members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Assembly">Iraqi National Assembly</a>. This followed the <a href="/wiki/December_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2005 Iraqi legislative election">general election in December 2005</a>. The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government, which had continued in office in a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker capacity</a> until the formation of the permanent government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iraq_Study_Group_report_and_Saddam's_execution">Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution of Saddam Hussein</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group_Report" title="Iraq Study Group Report">Iraq Study Group Report</a> was released on 6 December 2006. The Iraq Study Group made up of people from both of the major US parties, was led by co-chairs <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, a former Secretary of State (Republican), and <a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a>, a former US Representative (Democrat). It concluded that "the situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and "US forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end." The report's 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and intensifying efforts to train Iraqi troops. On 18 December, a Pentagon report found that insurgent attacks were averaging about 960 attacks per week, the highest since the reports had begun in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Coalition forces formally transferred control of a governorate to the Iraqi government, the first since the war. Military prosecutors charged eight US Marines with the murders of 24 Iraqi civilians in <a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a> in November 2005, 10 of them women and children. Four officers were also charged with <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a> in relation to the event.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, after being found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> by an Iraqi court after a year-long trial.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007:_US_troops_surge">2007: US troops surge</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2007_in_Iraq" title="2007 in Iraq">2007 in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">Iraq War troop surge of 2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007">Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_reset" title="Strategic reset">Strategic reset</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg/170px-Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg/255px-Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg/340px-Bush_surge_announcement_jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announces the new strategy on Iraq from the White House Library, 10 January 2007.</figcaption></figure> On 10 January 2007, in a televised address to the US public, Bush proposed 21,500 more troops for Iraq, a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> On 23 January 2007, in the <a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush announced he was "deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq". On 10 February 2007, <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> was made commander of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational Force Iraq">Multi-National Force – Iraq</a> (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all coalition forces in the country, replacing General <a href="/wiki/George_William_Casey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George William Casey Jr.">George Casey</a>. In his new position, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq and employed them in the new <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">"Surge" strategy</a> outlined by the Bush administration.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png/220px-Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png/330px-Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png/440px-Islamic_State_of_Iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption> Map of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> and its provinces on 7th of April, 2007</figcaption></figure> On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> On 3 June 2007, the Iraqi Parliament voted 85 to 59 to require the Iraqi government to consult with Parliament before requesting additional extensions of the UN Security Council Mandate for Coalition operations in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Pressures on US troops were compounded by the continuing withdrawal of coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-:4-217">[211]</a> In early 2007, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> Blair announced that following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinbad" title="Operation Sinbad">Operation Sinbad</a>, British troops would begin to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a>, handing security over to the Iraqis.<a href="#cite_note-:4-217">[211]</a> In July Danish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a> also announced the withdrawal of 441 Danish troops from Iraq, leaving only a unit of nine soldiers manning four observational helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> In October 2019, the new Danish government said it would not re-open an official probe into the country's participation in the US-led military coalition in 2003 Iraqi war.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Planned_troop_reduction">Planned troop reduction</h5></div> In a speech made to Congress on 10 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">Petraeus</a> "envisioned the withdrawal of roughly 30,000 US troops by next summer, beginning with a Marine contingent [in September]."<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> On 13 September, Bush announced a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq:<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <blockquote>For Iraqis to bridge sectarian divides, they need to feel safe in their homes and neighborhoods. For lasting reconciliation to take root, Iraqis must feel confident that they do not need sectarian gangs for security. The goal of the surge is to provide that security and to help prepare Iraqi forces to maintain it. As I will explain tonight, our success in meeting these objectives now allows us to begin bringing some of our troops home.</blockquote> Bush said 5,700 personnel would be home by Christmas 2007, and expected thousands more to return by July 2008. The plan would take troop numbers back to their level before the surge at the beginning of 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Effects_of_the_surge_on_security">Effects of the surge on security</h5></div> By March 2008, violence in Iraq was reportedly curtailed by 40–80%, according to a Pentagon report.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> Independent reports<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> raised questions about those assessments. An Iraqi military spokesman claimed that civilian deaths since the start of the troop surge plan were 265 in Baghdad, down from 1,440 in the four previous weeks. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> counted more than 450 Iraqi civilians killed during the same 28‑day period, based on initial daily reports from <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interior_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Interior Ministry">Iraqi Interior Ministry</a> and hospital officials. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg/220px-US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg/330px-US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg/440px-US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>US soldiers take cover during a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firefight" class="extiw" title="wikt:firefight">firefight</a> with insurgents in the <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Al Doura</a> section of Baghdad, 7 March 2007.</figcaption></figure> Historically, the daily counts tallied by The New York Times underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the United Nations, which rely upon figures from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Health_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Health Ministry">Iraqi Health Ministry</a> and morgue figures.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> The rate of US combat deaths in Baghdad nearly doubled to 3.14 per day in the first seven weeks of the "surge" in security activity, compared to the previous period. Across the rest of Iraq, it decreased slightly.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> On 14 August 2007, the <a href="/wiki/2007_Qahtaniya_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Qahtaniya bombings">deadliest single attack of the whole war</a> occurred. Nearly 800 civilians were killed by a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the northern Iraqi settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kahtaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahtaniya">Kahtaniya</a>. More than 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blasts. US officials blamed al‑Qaeda. The targeted villagers belonged to the non-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a> ethnic minority. The attack may have represented the latest in a feud that erupted earlier that year when members of the Yazidi community stoned to death a teenage girl called <a href="/wiki/Du%27a_Khalil_Aswad" class="mw-redirect" title="Du'a Khalil Aswad">Du'a Khalil Aswad</a> accused of dating a Sunni Arab man and converting to Islam. The killing of the girl was recorded on camera-mobiles and the video was uploaded onto the internet.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> On 13 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Abu_Risha" title="Abdul Sattar Abu Risha">Abdul Sattar Abu Risha</a> was killed in a bomb attack in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> He was an important US ally because he led the "<a href="/wiki/Anbar_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Awakening">Anbar Awakening</a>", an alliance of Sunni Arab tribes that opposed al-Qaeda. The latter organization claimed responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> A statement posted on the Internet by the shadowy <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> called Abu Risha "one of the dogs of Bush" and described Thursday's killing as a "heroic operation that took over a month to prepare".<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OIF_fatalities_by_month.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OIF_fatalities_by_month.png/310px-OIF_fatalities_by_month.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OIF_fatalities_by_month.png/465px-OIF_fatalities_by_month.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OIF_fatalities_by_month.png/620px-OIF_fatalities_by_month.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A graph of US troop fatalities in Iraq March 2003 – July 2010, the orange and blue months are the period of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">troop surge</a> and its aftermath.</figcaption></figure> There was a reported trend of decreasing US troop deaths after May 2007, and violence against coalition troops had fallen to the "lowest levels since the first year of the American invasion".<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> These, and several other positive developments, were attributed to the surge by many analysts.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Data from the Pentagon and other US agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) found that daily attacks against civilians in Iraq remained "about the same" since February. The GAO also stated that there was no discernible trend in sectarian violence.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> However, this report ran counter to reports to Congress, which showed a general downward trend in civilian deaths and ethno-sectarian violence since December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> By late 2007, as the US troop surge began to wind down, violence in Iraq had begun to decrease from its 2006 highs.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Entire neighborhoods in Baghdad were ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias and <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian violence</a> broke out in every Iraqi city where there was a mixed population.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2007-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent1-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahram2006-243">[237]</a> Investigative reporter <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> cited US government sources according to which the US "surge" was not the primary reason for the drop in violence in 2007–08. Instead, according to that view, the reduction of violence was due to newer covert techniques by US military and intelligence officials to find, target, and kill insurgents, including working closely with former insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> In the Shia region near <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, British forces turned over security for the region to Iraqi Security Forces. Basra was the ninth governorate of Iraq's 18 governorates to be returned to local security forces' control since the beginning of the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Political_developments">Political developments</h5></div> More than half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. 144 of the 275 lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition that would require the Iraqi government to seek approval from Parliament before it requests an extension of the UN mandate for foreign forces to be in Iraq, which expires at the end of 2008. It also calls for a timetable for troop withdrawal and a freeze on the size of foreign forces. The UN Security Council mandate for US‑led forces in Iraq will terminate "if requested by the government of Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> 59% of those polled in the US support a timetable for withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> In mid-2007, the Coalition began a controversial program to recruit Iraqi Sunnis (often former insurgents) for the formation of "Guardian" militias. These Guardian militias are intended to support and secure various Sunni neighborhoods against the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tensions_with_Iran">Tensions with Iran</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala provincial headquarters raid</a></div> In 2007, tensions increased greatly between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant Kurdish secessionist group <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan</a> (PEJAK). According to reports, Iran had been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since 16 August. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Coalition forces also <a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">began to target</a> alleged Iranian <a href="/wiki/Quds_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Quds force">Quds force</a> operatives in Iraq, either <a href="/wiki/U.S._raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">arresting or killing suspected members</a>. The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">EFP</a> devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the autumn of 2007. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives, and training of extremists in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tensions_with_Turkey">Tensions with Turkey</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></div> Border incursions by <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> militants based in Northern Iraq have continued to harass Turkish forces, with casualties on both sides. In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish areas in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cudi">Mount Cudi</a> region with aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> The Turkish parliament approved a resolution permitting the military to pursue the PKK in Iraqi Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> In November, Turkish gunships attacked parts of northern Iraq in the first such attack by Turkish aircraft since the border tensions escalated.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> Another series of attacks in mid-December hit PKK targets in the Qandil, Zap, Avashin and Hakurk regions. The latest series of attacks involved at least 50 aircraft and artillery and Kurdish officials reported one civilian killed and two wounded.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Additionally, weapons that were given to Iraqi security forces by the US military were being recovered by authorities in Turkey after being used by PKK in that state.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Blackwater_private_security_controversy">Blackwater private security controversy</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a></div> On 17 September 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the US security firm <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwater USA">Blackwater USA</a> over the firm's involvement in the killing of eight civilians, including a woman and an infant,<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008:_Civil_war_continues">2008: Civil war continues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2008_in_Iraq" title="2008 in Iraq">2008 in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_(Image_2_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_army_battalion_trains_for_urban_operations_%28Image_2_of_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Army battalion training for urban operations</figcaption></figure> Throughout 2008, US officials and independent think tanks began to point to improvements in the security situation, as measured by key statistics. According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Defense_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Defense Department">US Defense Department</a>, in December 2008 the "overall level of violence" in the country had dropped 80% since before <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">the surge</a> began in January 2007, and the country's murder rate had dropped to prewar levels. They also pointed out that the casualty figure for US forces in 2008 was 314 against a figure of 904 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-DecDefLink-258">[252]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, Iraqi civilian fatalities numbered 490 in November 2008 as against 3,500 in January 2007, whereas attacks against the coalition numbered somewhere between 200 and 300 per week in the latter half of 2008, as opposed to a peak of nearly 1,600 in summer 2007. The number of Iraqi security forces killed was under 100 per month in the second half of 2008, from a high of 200 to 300 in the summer of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Meanwhile, the proficiency of the Iraqi military increased as it launched a spring offensive against Shia militias, which Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> had previously been criticized for allowing to operate. This began with a March <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">operation</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a> in Basra, which led to fighting in Shia areas up and down the country, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a> district of Baghdad. By October, the British officer in charge of Basra said that since the operation, the town had become "secure" and had a murder rate comparable to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> The US military also said there had been a decrease of about a quarter in the quantity of Iranian-made explosives found in Iraq in 2008, possibly indicating a change in Iranian policy.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> Progress in Sunni areas continued after members of <a href="/wiki/Awakening_movements_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening movements in Iraq">the Awakening movement</a> were transferred from US military to Iraqi control.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> In May, the Iraqi army – backed by coalition support – launched an offensive in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, the last major Iraqi stronghold of al-Qaeda. Despite detaining thousands of individuals, the offensive failed to lead to major long-term security improvements in Mosul. At the end of the year, the city remained a major flashpoint.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> In the regional dimension, the ongoing conflict between Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> intensified on 21 February, when Turkey <a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">launched a ground attack</a> into the Quandeel Mountains of Northern Iraq. In the nine-day-long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25  km into Northern Iraq. This was the first substantial ground incursion by Turkish forces since 1995.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Shortly after the incursion began, both the Iraqi cabinet and the Kurdistan regional government condemned Turkey's actions and called for the immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from the region.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Turkish troops withdrew on 29 February.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> The fate of the Kurds and the future of the ethnically diverse city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> remained a contentious issue in Iraqi politics. US military officials met these trends with cautious optimism as they approached what they described as the "transition" embodied in the <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a>, which was negotiated throughout 2008.<a href="#cite_note-DecDefLink-258">[252]</a> The commander of the coalition, US General <a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Raymond T. Odierno</a>, noted that "in military terms, transitions are the most dangerous time" in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-DecDefLink-258">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spring_offensives_on_Shiite_militias">Spring offensives on Shiite militias</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg/220px-IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg/330px-IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg/440px-IA-Sadr-City-04242008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi soldier and vehicles from the 42nd  Brigade, 11th Iraqi Army Division during a firefight with armed militiamen in the Sadr City district of Baghdad 17 April 2008</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2008_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2008 Iraq spring fighting">2008 Iraq spring fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City" title="Siege of Sadr City">Siege of Sadr City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Battle of Basra (2008)</a></div> At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with Coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "Charge of the Knights", in Basra to secure the area from militias. This was the first major operation where the Iraqi Army did not have direct combat support from conventional coalition ground troops. The offensive was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>, one of the militias, which controlled much of the region.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-driveinbasra-273">[267]</a> Fighting quickly spread to other parts of Iraq: including <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kut" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kut">Al Kut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hillah">Al Hillah</a> and others. During the fighting Iraqi forces met stiff resistance from militiamen in Basra to the point that the Iraqi military offensive slowed to a crawl, with the high attrition rates finally forcing the Sadrists to the negotiating table. Following intercession by the Iranian government, al‑Sadr ordered a ceasefire on 30 March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> The militiamen kept their weapons. By 12 May 2008, Basra "residents overwhelmingly reported a substantial improvement in their everyday lives" according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants' headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers' who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report; however, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day".<a href="#cite_note-driveinbasra-273">[267]</a> In late April roadside bombings continued to rise from a low in January – from 114 bombings to more than 250, surpassing the May 2007 high. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Congressional_testimony">Congressional testimony</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_David_Petraeus_in_testimony_before_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/General_David_Petraeus_in_testimony_before_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> in testimony before Congress on 8 April 2008</figcaption></figure> Speaking before Congress on 8 April 2008, General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> urged delaying troop withdrawals, saying, "I've repeatedly noted that we haven't turned any corners, we haven't seen any lights at the end of the tunnel," referencing the comments of then-President Bush and former Vietnam-era General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> When asked by the Senate if reasonable people could disagree on the way forward, Petraeus said, "We fight for the right of people to have other opinions."<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Upon questioning by then Senate committee chair <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, Ambassador Crocker admitted that <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al‑Qaeda</a> in Iraq was less important than the Al Qaeda organization led by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> along the Afghan-Pakistani border.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> Lawmakers from both parties complained that US taxpayers are carrying Iraq's burden as it earns billions of dollars in oil revenues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iraqi_security_forces_rearm">Iraqi security forces rearm</h5></div> Iraq became one of the top purchasers of US military equipment with their army trading its <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK‑47</a> assault rifles for the US <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M‑16</a> and <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M‑4</a> rifles, among other equipment.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> In 2008 alone, Iraq accounted for more than $12.5 billion of the $34 billion US weapon sales to foreign countries (not including the potential F-16 fighter planes.).<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> Iraq sought 36 <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F‑16s</a>, the most sophisticated weapons system Iraq has attempted to purchase. The Pentagon notified Congress that it had approved the sale of 24 American attack helicopters to Iraq, valued at as much as $2.4 billion. Including the helicopters, Iraq announced plans to purchase at least $10 billion in US tanks and armored vehicles, transport planes, and other battlefield equipment and services. Over the summer, the Defense Department announced that the Iraqi government wanted to order more than 400 armored vehicles and other equipment worth up to $3 billion, and six C-130J transport planes, worth up to $1.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> From 2005 to 2008, the United States had completed approximately $20 billion in arms sales agreements with Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Status_of_forces_agreement">Status of forces agreement</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a> was approved by the Iraqi government on 4 December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Zawya-283">[277]</a> It established that US combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all US forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. The pact was subject to possible negotiations which could have delayed withdrawal and a referendum scheduled for mid-2009 in Iraq, which might have required all US forces to completely leave by the middle of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-bbcsofa-284">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> The pact required criminal charges for holding prisoners over 24 hours, and required a warrant for searches of homes and buildings that are not related to combat.<a href="#cite_note-sofatext-286">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg/220px-Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg/330px-Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg/440px-Street_fighting_Mosul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Street fighting in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in January 2008</figcaption></figure> US contractors working for US forces were to be subject to Iraqi criminal law, while contractors working for the State Department and other US agencies may retain their immunity. If US forces commit still undecided "major premeditated felonies" while off-duty and off-base, they will be subject to the still undecided procedures laid out by a joint US‑Iraq committee if the United States certifies the forces were off-duty.<a href="#cite_note-Juris-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMOCC-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-289">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-ihtsofa-290">[284]</a> Some Americans have discussed "loopholes"<a href="#cite_note-Silent-291">[285]</a> and some Iraqis have said they believe parts of the pact remain a "mystery".<a href="#cite_note-WPSist-292">[286]</a> US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates predicted that after 2011 he expected to see "perhaps several tens of thousands of American troops" as part of a residual force in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-GatesResidual-293">[287]</a> Several groups of Iraqis protested the passing of the SOFA accord<a href="#cite_note-SadrProtests-294">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-295">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Refugees-296">[290]</a> as prolonging and legitimizing the occupation. Tens of thousands of Iraqis burned an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">central Baghdad square</a> where US troops five years previously organized a tearing down of a statue of Saddam Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPSist-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-297">[291]</a> Some Iraqis expressed skeptical optimism that the US would completely end its presence by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-IHT_Mixed-298">[292]</a> On 4 December 2008, Iraq's presidential council approved the security pact.<a href="#cite_note-Zawya-283">[277]</a> A representative of Grand Ayatollah Ali Husseini al‑Sistani expressed concern with the ratified version of the pact and noted that the government of Iraq has no authority to control the transfer of occupier forces into and out of Iraq, no control of shipments and that the pact grants the occupiers immunity from prosecution in Iraqi courts. He said that Iraqi rule in the country is not complete while the occupiers are present, but that ultimately the Iraqi people would judge the pact in a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-297">[291]</a> Thousands of Iraqis have gathered weekly after Friday prayers and shouted anti‑US and anti-Israeli slogans protesting the security pact between Baghdad and Washington. A protester said that despite the approval of the Interim Security pact, the Iraqi people would break it in a referendum next year.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009:_Coalition_redeployment">2009: Coalition redeployment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2009_in_Iraq" title="2009 in Iraq">2009 in Iraq</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transfer_of_the_Green_Zone">Transfer of the Green Zone</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg/290px-Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg/435px-Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Baghdad_-_airport_and_green_zone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, Baghdad International Airport, and the contiguous Victory Base Complex in Baghdad</figcaption></figure> On 1 January 2009, the United States handed control of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a> and Saddam Hussein's presidential palace to the Iraqi government in a ceremonial move described by the country's prime minister as a restoration of Iraq's sovereignty. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said he would propose 1 January be declared national "Sovereignty Day". "This palace is the symbol of Iraqi sovereignty and by restoring it, a real message is directed to all Iraqi people that Iraqi sovereignty has returned to its natural status", al‑Maliki said.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> The US military attributed a decline in reported civilian deaths to several factors including the US‑led "troop surge", the growth of US-funded <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Awakening">Awakening Councils</a>, and Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's call for his militia to abide by a cease fire.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Provincial_elections">Provincial elections</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2009_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2009 Iraqi governorate elections">2009 Iraqi governorate elections</a></div> On 31 January, Iraq held provincial elections.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> Provincial candidates and those close to them faced some political assassinations and attempted assassinations, and there was also some other violence related to the election.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> Iraqi voter turnout failed to meet the original expectations which were set and was the lowest on record in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-ProvVote-307">[301]</a> but US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker">Ryan Crocker</a> characterized the turnout as "large".<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> Of those who turned out to vote, some groups complained of disenfranchisement and fraud.<a href="#cite_note-ProvVote-307">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> After the post-election curfew was lifted, some groups made threats about what would happen if they were unhappy with the results.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Exit_strategy_announcement">Exit strategy announcement</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/220px--President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1821" data-mwtitle="President_Obama's_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> delivering a speech at Camp Lejeune on 27 February 2009</figcaption></figure> On 27 February, United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune">Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune</a> in the US state of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> announcing that the US combat mission in Iraq would end by 31 August 2010. A "transitional force" of up to 50,000 troops tasked with training the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Security Forces">Iraqi Security Forces</a>, conducting <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> operations, and providing general support may remain until the end of 2011, the president added. However, the insurgency in 2011 and the rise of ISIL in 2014 caused the war to continue.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> The day before Obama's speech, Prime Minister of Iraq <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al‑Maliki</a> said at a press conference that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">government of Iraq</a> had "no worries" over the impending departure of US forces and expressed confidence in the ability of the Iraqi Security Forces and police to maintain order without US military support.<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sixth_anniversary_protests">Sixth anniversary protests</h5></div> On 9 April, the 6th anniversary of Baghdad's fall to coalition forces, tens of thousands of Iraqis thronged Baghdad to mark the anniversary and demand the immediate departure of coalition forces. The crowds of Iraqis stretched from the Sadr City slum in northeast Baghdad to the square around 5 km (3.1 mi) away, where protesters burned an effigy featuring the face of US President George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> There were also Sunni Muslims in the crowd. Police said many Sunnis, including prominent leaders such as a founding sheikh from the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq" title="Sons of Iraq">Sons of Iraq</a>, took part.<a href="#cite_note-MH040909-315">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coalition_forces_withdraw">Coalition forces withdraw</h5></div> On 30 April, the United Kingdom formally ended combat operations. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> characterized the operation in Iraq as a "success story" because of UK troops' efforts. Britain handed control of Basra to the United States Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> The withdrawal of US forces began at the end of June, with 38 bases to be handed over to Iraqi forces. On 29 June 2009, US forces withdrew from Baghdad. On 30 November 2009, Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Interior Ministry</a> officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level in November since the 2003 invasion.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> On 28 July, Australia withdrew its combat forces as the Australian military presence in Iraq ended, per an agreement with the Iraqi government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iraq_awards_oil_contracts">Iraq awards oil contracts</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MESFABOT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MESFABOT.png/220px-MESFABOT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MESFABOT.png/330px-MESFABOT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MESFABOT.png/440px-MESFABOT.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> and Coast Guard personnel stand guard aboard the <a href="/wiki/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Basrah Oil Terminal">Al Basrah Oil Terminal</a> in July 2009.</figcaption></figure> On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Iraqi ministry of oil</a> awarded contracts to international oil companies for some of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq#2009_Oil_services_contracts" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq's many oil fields</a>. The winning oil companies entered joint ventures with the Iraqi ministry of oil, and the terms of the awarded contracts included extraction of oil for a fixed fee of approximately $1.40 per barrel.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera091211-318">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-319">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraq123_news-320">[314]</a> The fees will only be paid once a production threshold set by the Iraqi ministry of oil is reached. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn">2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn </h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2010_in_Iraq" title="2010 in Iraq">2010 in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)</a></div> On 17 February 2010, US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> announced that as of 1 September, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn".<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> On 18 April, US and Iraqi forces killed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Masri" title="Abu Ayyub al-Masri">Abu Ayyub al-Masri</a> the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> in a joint American and Iraqi operation near <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> The coalition forces believed al-Masri to be wearing a suicide vest and proceeded cautiously. After the lengthy exchange of fire and bombing of the house, the Iraqi troops stormed inside and found two women still alive, one of whom was al-Masri's wife, and four dead men, identified as al-Masri, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdullah_al-Rashid_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi">Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi</a>, an assistant to al-Masri, and al-Baghdadi's son. A suicide vest was indeed found on al-Masri's corpse, as the Iraqi Army subsequently stated.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> announced the killings of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri at a news conference in Baghdad and showed reporters photographs of their bloody corpses. "The attack was carried out by ground forces which surrounded the house, and also through the use of missiles," Maliki said. "During the operation computers were seized with e-mails and messages to the two biggest terrorists, Osama bin Laden and [his deputy] Ayman al-Zawahiri", Maliki added. US forces commander Gen. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Odierno" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Odierno">Raymond Odierno</a> praised the operation. "The death of these terrorists is potentially the most significant blow to al‑Qaeda in Iraq since the beginning of the insurgency", he said. "There is still work to do but this is a significant step forward in ridding Iraq of terrorists." US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> stated that the deaths of the top two al‑Qaeda figures in Iraq are "potentially devastating" blows to the terror network there and proof that Iraqi security forces are gaining ground.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> On 20 June, Iraq's Central Bank was bombed in an attack that left 15 people dead and brought much of downtown Baghdad to a standstill. The attack was claimed to have been carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a>. This attack was followed by another attack on Iraq's Bank of Trade building that killed 26 and wounded 52 people.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg/220px-Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg/330px-Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg/440px-Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandos">commandos</a> training under the supervision of soldiers from the US <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne" class="mw-redirect" title="82nd Airborne">82nd Airborne</a> in December 2010</figcaption></figure> In late August 2010, insurgents conducted <a href="/wiki/25_August_2010_Iraq_bombings" title="25 August 2010 Iraq bombings">a major attack</a> with at least 12 car bombs simultaneously detonating from Mosul to Basra and killing at least 51. These attacks coincided with the US plans for a withdrawal of combat troops.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> From the end of August 2010, the United States attempted to dramatically cut its combat role in Iraq, with the withdrawal of all US ground forces designated for active combat operations. <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)#The_events_of_August_19,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">The last US combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of 19 August</a>. Convoys of US troops had been moving out of Iraq to <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> for several days, and <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> broadcast live from Iraq as the last convoy crossed the border. While all combat brigades left the country, an additional 50,000 personnel (including Advise and Assist Brigades) remained in the country to provide support for the Iraqi military.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> These troops were required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">agreement between the US and Iraqi governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> The desire to step back from an active counter-insurgency role did not however mean that the Advise and Assist Brigades and other remaining US forces would not be caught up in combat. A standards memo from the Associated Press reiterated "combat in Iraq is not over, and we should not uncritically repeat suggestions that it is, even if they come from senior officials".<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> State Department spokesman P. J. Crowley stated "... we are not ending our work in Iraq, We have a long-term commitment to Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> On 31 August, from the Oval Office, Barack Obama announced his intent to end the combat mission in Iraq. In his address, he covered the role of the United States' soft power, the effect the war had on the United States economy, and the legacy of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> On the same day in Iraq, at a ceremony at one of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s former residences at <a href="/wiki/Al_Faw_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a> in Baghdad, a number of US dignitaries spoke in a ceremony for television cameras, avoiding overtones of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Mission_Accomplished_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Mission Accomplished Speech">triumphalism</a> present in US announcements made earlier in the war. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> expressed concerns regarding the ongoing lack of progress in forming a new Iraqi government, saying of the Iraqi people that "they expect a government that reflects the results of the votes they cast". Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Odierno" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Odierno">Ray Odierno</a> stated that the new era "in no way signals the end of our commitment to the people of Iraq". Speaking in <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a> earlier in the day, Gates said that US forces "have accomplished something really quite extraordinary here, [but] how it all weighs in the balance over time I think remains to be seen". When asked by reporters if the seven-year war was worth doing, Gates commented that "It really requires a historian's perspective in terms of what happens here in the long run". He noted the Iraq War "will always be clouded by how it began" regarding Saddam Hussein's supposed <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, which were never confirmed to have existed. Gates continued, "This is one of the reasons that this war remains so controversial at home".<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> On the same day Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Odierno" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Odierno">Ray Odierno</a> was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> as Commander of US forces in Iraq. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Iraqi_Police_Build_Relationships_in_Basra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Alabama Army National Guard MP, MSG Schur, during a joint community policing patrol in Basra, 3 April 2010</figcaption></figure> On 7 September, two US troops were killed and nine wounded in an incident at an Iraqi military base. The incident is under investigation by Iraqi and US forces, but it is believed that an Iraqi soldier opened fire on US forces.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> On 8 September, the US Army announced the arrival in Iraq of the first specifically designated Advise and Assist Brigade, the <a href="/wiki/3d_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3d Armored Cavalry Regiment">3d Armored Cavalry Regiment</a>. It was announced that the unit would assume responsibilities in five southern governorates.<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> From 10 to 13 September, Second Advise and Assist Brigade, <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palm_Grove" title="Battle of the Palm Grove">fought Iraqi insurgents</a> near <a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a>. According to reports from Iraq, hundreds of members of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq" title="Sons of Iraq">Awakening Councils</a> may have switched allegiance back to the Iraqi insurgency or al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> In October, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> disclosed <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak">391,832 classified US military documents on the Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-337">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-338">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-339">[333]</a> Approximately, 58 people were killed with another 40 wounded in an attack on the Sayidat al‑Nejat church, a Chaldean Catholic church in Baghdad. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Islamic State in Iraq organization.<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> Coordinated attacks in primarily Shia areas struck throughout Baghdad on 2 November, killing approximately 113 and wounding 250 with around 17 bombs.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iraqi_arms_purchases">Iraqi arms purchases</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service,_Jan._2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg/220px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg/330px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg/440px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Jan._2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tanks in Iraqi service, January 2011</figcaption></figure> As US forces departed the country, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Iraq Defense Ministry</a> solidified plans to purchase advanced military equipment from the United States. Plans in 2010 called for $13 billion of purchases, to include 140 <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> In addition to the $13 billion purchase, the Iraqis also requested 18 <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F%E2%80%9116_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F‑16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcons</a> as part of a $4.2 billion program that also included aircraft training and maintenance, <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM‑9 Sidewinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided bombs</a> and reconnaissance equipment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-343">[337]</a> All Abrams tanks were delivered by the end of 2011,<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> but the first F-16s did not arrive in Iraq until 2015, due to concerns that the Islamic State might overrun <a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> The Iraqi Navy also purchased 12 US‑built Swift-class patrol boats, at a cost of $20 million each. Delivery was completed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> The vessels are used to protect the oil terminals at <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Amaya_Oil_Terminal" title="Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal">Khor al-Amiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-343">[337]</a> Two US‑built offshore support vessels, each costing $70 million, were delivered in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-CordesmanKhazai2014-347">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_UN_lifts_restrictions_on_Iraq">The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq</h5></div> In a move to legitimize the existing Iraqi government, the United Nations lifted the Saddam Hussein-era UN restrictions on Iraq. These included allowing Iraq to have a civilian nuclear program, permitting the participation of Iraq in international nuclear and chemical weapons treaties, as well as returning control of Iraq's oil and gas revenue to the government and ending the <a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme" title="Oil-for-Food Programme">Oil-for-Food Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011:_US_withdrawal">2011: US withdrawal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2011_in_Iraq" title="2011 in Iraq">2011 in Iraq</a></div> Muqtada al-Sadr returned to Iraq in the holy city of Najaf to lead the Sadrist movement after being in exile since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah,_Anbar_province,_Iraq,_July_13,_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg/330px-U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg/440px-U.S._Army_Pvt._Aaron_Wright_pulls_security_on_the_roof_of_an_Iraqi_police_station_in_Haqlaniyah%2C_Anbar_province%2C_Iraq%2C_July_13%2C_2011_110713-A-FO214-762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>US Army soldier on the roof of an Iraqi police station in <a href="/wiki/Haqlaniyah" title="Haqlaniyah">Haqlaniyah</a>, July 2011</figcaption></figure> June 2011, became the bloodiest month in Iraq for the US military since June 2009, with 15 US soldiers killed, only one of them outside combat.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> On 7 July, two US troops were killed and one seriously injured in an IED attack at Victory Base Complex outside Baghdad. They were members of the 145th Brigade Support Battalion, 116th Cavalry Heavy Brigade Combat Team, an Idaho Army National Guard unit base in Post Falls, Idaho. Spc. Nathan R. Beyers, 24, and Spc. Nicholas W. Newby, 20, were killed in the attack, Staff Sgt. Jazon Rzepa, 30, was seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> In September, Iraq signed a contract to buy 18 Lockheed Martin F-16 warplanes, becoming the 26th nation to operate the F-16. Because of windfall profits from oil, the Iraqi government is planning to double this originally planned 18, to 36 F-16s. Iraq is relying on the US military for air support as it rebuilds its forces and battles a stubborn Islamist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> With the collapse of the discussions about extending the stay of any US troops beyond 2011, where they would not be granted any immunity from the Iraqi government, on 21 October 2011, President Obama announced at a White House press conference that all remaining US troops and trainers would leave Iraq by the end of the year as previously scheduled, bringing the US mission in Iraq to an end.<a href="#cite_note-LeaveIn2011-353">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-356">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> The last American soldier to die in Iraq before the withdrawal, SPC. David Hickman, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad on 14 November.<a href="#cite_note-cnndec16-359">[353]</a> In November 2011, the US Senate voted down a resolution to formally end the war by bringing its authorization by Congress to an end.<a href="#cite_note-Antle_November_2011-360">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg/220px-Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg/330px-Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg/440px-Gate_closing_Iraq-Kuwait_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>US and <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Army">Kuwaiti troops</a> closing the gate between Kuwait and Iraq on 18 December 2011</figcaption></figure> On 15 December, an American military ceremony was held in Baghdad putting a formal end to the US mission in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> The last US combat troops withdrew from Iraq on 18 December 2011, although the US embassy and consulates continue to maintain a staff of more than 20,000 including 100+ military personnel within the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq (OSC-I),<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> US <a href="/wiki/Marine_Embassy_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Embassy Guard">Marine Embassy Guards</a> and between 4,000 and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military contractors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denselow-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> The next day, Iraqi officials issued an arrest warrant for the Sunni Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Hashimi" title="Tariq al-Hashimi">Tariq al-Hashimi</a>. He has been accused of involvement in assassinations and fled to the Kurdish part of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_conflict_and_insurgency">Emerging conflict and insurgency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/260px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/390px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/520px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption>June 2015 military situation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Iraqi government</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Iraqi Kurds</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Syrian government</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian rebels</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Syrian Kurds</a></div></figcaption></figure> The invasion and occupation led to sectarian violence, which caused widespread displacement among Iraqi civilians. Since the beginning of the war, the first <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">parliamentary elections were held in 2005</a> which brought greater representation and autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraqi Kurds</a>. By 2007 the Iraqi Red Crescent estimated 2.3 million Iraqis were internally displaced, with an estimated 2 million Iraqis fleeing to neighboring countries, mostly to Syria and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Sectarian violence continued in the first half of 2013. At least 56 people died in April when a Sunni protest in Hawija was interrupted by a government-supported helicopter raid and a series of violent incidents occurred in May. On 20 May 2013, at least 95 people died in a wave of car bomb attacks that was preceded by a car bombing on 15 May that led to 33 deaths; also, on 18 May 76 people were killed in the Sunni areas of Baghdad. Some experts have stated that Iraq could return to the brutal sectarian conflict of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> On 22 July 2013, at least five hundred convicts, most of whom were senior members of al-Qaida who had received death sentences, were freed from Abu Ghraib jail in an insurgent attack, which began with a suicide bomb attack on the prison gates.<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a> James F. Jeffrey, the United States ambassador in Baghdad when the last American troops exited, said the assault and resulting escape "will provide seasoned leadership and a morale boost to Al Qaeda and its allies in both Iraq and Syria ... it is likely to have an electrifying impact on the Sunni population in Iraq, which has been sitting on the fence."<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> By mid-2014 Iraq was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. The al-Qaida breakaway group formally declared the creation of an Islamic state on 29 June 2014, in the territory under its control.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki unsuccessfully asked his parliament to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> that would give him increased powers.<a href="#cite_note-IraqImploding-372">[366]</a> On 14 August 2014, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki succumbed to pressure at home and abroad to step down. This paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Haidar_al-Abadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidar al-Abadi">Haidar al-Abadi</a> to take over on 19 August 2014. In September 2014, President Obama acknowledged that the US underestimated the rise of the Islamic State and overestimated the Iraqi military's ability to fight ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> Obama announced the return of US forces, in the form of aerial support, in an effort to halt the advance of ISIL forces, render humanitarian aid to stranded refugees and stabilize the political situation.<a href="#cite_note-AirSupport-374">[368]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">civil war</a> between ISIL and the central government continued for the next three years. Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, the United States intensified its campaign against the Islamic State by January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> said a tactical shift to surrounding Islamic State strongholds in Mosul, Iraq, and Raqqa, Syria, was devised not only to "annihilate" ISIL fighters hunkered down there, but also to prevent them from returning to their home nations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In 2017, US-backed Kurdish forces captured <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, which had served as the ISIL capital.<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> The Iraqi government declared victory against ISIL in December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-end_of_war-377">[371]</a> By 2018, violence in Iraq was at its lowest level in ten years. This was largely a result of the defeat of ISIL forces and the subsequent calming-down of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)">insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> In January 2020, after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a>, the Iraqi parliament voted for all foreign troops to leave the country. This would end its standing agreement with the United States to station 5,200 soldiers in Iraq. Then-President Trump objected to withdrawing troops and threatened Iraq with sanctions over this decision.<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> In 2023, Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a> indicated his support for an indefinite U.S. military presence in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualty_estimates">Casualty estimates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties of the Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Iraq" title="Foreign hostages in Iraq">Foreign hostages in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">List of bombings during the Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-17_Medevac_mission,_Balad_AB,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-C-17_Medevac_mission%2C_Balad_AB%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3987" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Wounded US personnel flown from Iraq to <a href="/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein</a>, Germany, for medical treatment (February 2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/220px--CollateralMurder.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="810" data-mwtitle="CollateralMurder.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CollateralMurder.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACollateralMurder.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Gun camera footage of the <a href="/wiki/July_12,_2007,_Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike">July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike</a>, that killed 12 people, including <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> employees <a href="/wiki/Namir_Noor-Eldeen" title="Namir Noor-Eldeen">Namir Noor-Eldeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Chmagh" title="Saeed Chmagh">Saeed Chmagh</a>.</figcaption></figure> For coalition death totals see the infobox at the top right. See also <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties of the Iraq War</a>, which has casualty numbers for coalition nations, contractors, non-Iraqi civilians, journalists, media helpers, aid workers, and the wounded. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed. There have been several attempts by the media, coalition governments and others to estimate the Iraqi casualties. The table below summarizes some of these estimates and methods. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Iraqi casualties </th> <th>March 2003 to ... </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey" title="Iraq Family Health Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a> </td> <td>151,000 violent deaths </td> <td>June 2006 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">Lancet survey</a> </td> <td>601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths </td> <td>June 2006 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>PLOS Medicine Study </td> <td>460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from the conflict<a href="#cite_note-Hagopian-89">[83]</a> </td> <td>June 2011 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/ORB_survey_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="ORB survey of Iraq War casualties">Opinion Research Business survey</a> </td> <td>1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict </td> <td>August 2007 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Health_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Health Ministry">Iraqi Health Ministry</a> </td> <td>87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issued Deaths prior to January 2005 unrecorded Ministry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented. </td> <td>January 2005 to February 2009 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="#Associated_Press">Associated Press</a> </td> <td>110,600 violent deaths Health Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04 </td> <td>April 2009 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count_project" title="Iraq Body Count project">Iraq Body Count</a> </td> <td>105,052–114,731 violent civilian deaths compiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reports Over 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths </td> <td>January 2012 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>. Classified <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_Logs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq War Logs">Iraq War Logs</a> </td> <td>109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths </td> <td>January 2004 to December 2009 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_cost">Financial cost</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Financial cost of the Iraq War">Financial cost of the Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg/330px-US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg/440px-US_Navy_030402-N-5362A-004_U.S._Army_Sgt._Mark_Phiffer_stands_guard_duty_near_a_burning_oil_well_in_the_Rumaylah_Oil_Fields_in_Southern_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A US Army soldier watching a burning oil well at <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila oil field</a> in April 2003; the fire was later extinguished by Coalition personnel.</figcaption></figure> In 2013, the total cost of the war to date was estimated at $1.7 trillion by the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> However, some economists argue the total cost to the U.S. economy could range from $3<a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> to $6 trillion, including long-term interest and veterans' costs, by 2053.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> The upper ranges of these estimates include the long-term cost of disability compensation and medical care to U.S. troops. Harvard's public finance expert, Linda J. Bilmes, estimated that these costs alone would amount to nearly $1 trillion over the next 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> Bilmes also argued the war diverted resources from Afghanistan, raised oil prices, increased US federal debt, and contributed to the global financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> The most recent estimates indicate costs will exceed $2.9 trillion by 2050. This figure includes direct costs such as military operations, veterans' care, and reconstruction, as well as long-term expenses, particularly for veterans' healthcare and disability benefits. As of 2023, $1.8 trillion had been spent, and costs will continue over the coming decades due to care for veterans and other war-related expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> report noted that the U.S.-led interim government, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA), lost track of $8.8 billion from the <a href="/wiki/Development_Fund_for_Iraq" title="Development Fund for Iraq">Development Fund for Iraq</a> during its tenure.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> Additionally, in 2011, CBS News reported that $6 billion in cash, was airlifted into Iraq by the Bush administration aboard military cargo planes. This was part of a total of $12 billion sent in cash over 21 separate flights by May 2004, much of which disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> Stuart Bowen, director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Inspector_General_for_Iraq_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction">Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction</a>, stated that the CPA had failed to establish sufficient controls to ensure the funds were used transparently, adding that the missing money might represent "the largest theft of funds in national history."<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reparations">Reparations</h4></div> By 2013, some human rights groups in both Iraq and the US had begun campaigning for <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a> from the US for the devastation and health effects suffered by Iraqis during the war.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_recession_in_2021">Economic recession in 2021</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy of Iraq</a></div> As of 2021, Iraq had fallen into an economic depression, caused by the ongoing COVID pandemic and falling oil and gas prices, which economists described as the country's biggest financial threat since the rule of Saddam Hussein. Iraq suffered from currency devaluation in 2021 for the first time in decades and was unable to import crucial products, including medicines and food, and had a lack of foreign currency to pay off the national debt.<a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_impact">Humanitarian impact</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_crisis">Humanitarian crisis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crises_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War">Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg/330px-Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg/440px-Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>Child killed by a car bomb in Kirkuk, July 2011</figcaption></figure> According to a 2007 Oxfam report, the child <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> rate had risen to 28%, and the rate of people without access to clean drinking water had risen to 70%.<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a> In 2007, Nasser Muhssin, a researcher on family and children's affairs affiliated to the University of Baghdad claimed that 60–70% of Iraqi children suffered from psychological problems.<a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">2007 cholera outbreak</a> in northern Iraq was thought to be the result of poor water quality.<a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> As many as half of Iraqi doctors left the country between 2003 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a> By the end of 2015, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, 4.4 million Iraqis had been internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a> The population of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a> dropped dramatically during the war, from 1.5 million in 2003 to 500,000 in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> and perhaps only 275,000 in 2016. The Foreign Policy Association reported that: "Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis ... has been the inability for the United States to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the United States has granted around 84,000 Iraqis refugee status, of the more than two million global Iraqi refugees. By contrast, the United States granted asylum to more than 100,000 South Vietnamese refugees during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>."<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_pollution">Oil pollution</h4></div> The war has led to <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, which increased carbon emissions and contaminated the surrounding water resources. During the invasion period, the retreating <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="Iraqi Ground Forces">Iraqi army</a> damaged the oil infrastructure and destroyed more than 736 oil wells in southern Iraq, resulting in massive oil spills and the ignition of fires.<a href="#cite_note-:1-402">[396]</a> In 2003, more than 50 billion tonnes of carbon emissions were produced from burning oil fields and released into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> Also, over 130 million gallons of oil leaked into surrounding water resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Sawa_Lake" title="Sawa Lake">Sawa Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-404">[398]</a> Between 2003 and 2010, more than 5,000 birds from three species died around Sawa Lake.<a href="#cite_note-:2-404">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radioactive_contamination">Radioactive contamination</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg/165px-Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg/248px-Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg/330px-Radiation_Assessment_DVIDS266939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. army testing the harmful radiation fragments on the ground in Basra, Iraq.</figcaption></figure> The U.S.-led coalition used <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> (DU) munitions during the war to pierce tank armour.<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> 1,000 to 2,000 tonnes (980 to 1,970 long tons; 1,100 to 2,200 short tons) of DU munitions were fired, which caused ammunition fragments containing radioactive material to spread across the country. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> report, radioactive material contaminated air and soil; with the radioactive concentration found in Iraqi soil at 709.52 Bq in 2003 compared to 143.22 Bq in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-:3-406">[400]</a> The report states that high levels of radiation prevented plants, especially crop seeds, from sprouting; with about 22% (9.5 million ha) of the farmland in Iraq unable to grow barley.<a href="#cite_note-:2-404">[398]</a> In addition, radiation contamination may have had harmful public health outcomes through poisoning and increased incidence of various cancers and birth defects.<a href="#cite_note-:3-406">[400]</a> Several studies have identified increased occurrence of deformities, cancers, and other serious health problems in areas where DU shells were used.<a href="#cite_note-lancet2013-407">[401]</a> Some Iraqi doctors attributed these malformations to possible long-term effects of depleted uranium.<a href="#cite_note-jaz1-408">[402]</a> Studies disagree on whether DU ammunition has any measurable detrimental health effects.<a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-406">[400]</a> According to research from the <a href="/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Atomic Energy Authority">UK Atomic Energy Authority</a> in 2005, the cancer rate had increased by 35% since 2003. As of 2013, 140,000 Iraqis were suffering from cancer, with between 7,000 and 8,000 new cases yearly.<a href="#cite_note-:3-406">[400]</a> According to a 2012 journal article by Al-Hadithi et al., existing studies and research evidence does not show a "clear increase in birth defects" or a "clear indication of a possible environmental exposure including depleted uranium". The article further states that "there is actually no substantial evidence that genetic defects can arise from parental exposure to DU in any circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-Al-Hadithi-410">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecosystem_destruction">Ecosystem destruction</h4></div> The war has also led to damage to ecosystems though pollution and physical destruction. Approximately 25,000 tons of bombs were dropped by the U.S. military during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:1-402">[396]</a> More than 250 chemical and armament factories were destroyed, which caused over 50,000 cubic meters of <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous chemicals</a>, such as fertilizer, and raw sewage to leak into water,<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a> leading to surrounding freshwater ecosystem becoming polluted and species' habitat being impacted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-402">[396]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, 33 Iraqi wetlands, especially the Mesopotamian Marshland, have been contaminated by chemicals, which has caused 60 types of mammal species to lose their habitats, and more than 45 types of plants to become extinct.<a href="#cite_note-:2-404">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism">Impact on the Global War on Terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_and_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq War and the War on Terror">Iraq War and the War on Terror</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the War on Terrorism">Criticism of the War on Terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations</a></div> Though explicitly stating that Iraq had "nothing" to do with 9/11,<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> erstwhile President George W. Bush consistently referred to the Iraq War as "the central front in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terror</a>", and argued that if the United States pulled out of Iraq, "terrorists will follow us here".<a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a> While other proponents of the war regularly echoed this assertion, as the conflict dragged on, members of the US Congress, the US public, and even US troops questioned the connection between Iraq and the fight against anti-US terrorism. In particular, a consensus developed among intelligence experts that the Iraq War actually increased terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Rohan Gunaratna</a> frequently referred to the invasion of Iraq as a "fatal mistake".<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> London's <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become "a potent global recruitment pretext" for <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> and that the invasion "galvanised" al-Qaeda and "perversely inspired insurgent violence" there.<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> concluded in a January 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists; David Low, the national intelligence officer for transnational threats, indicated that the report concluded that the war in Iraq provided terrorists with "a training ground, a recruitment ground, the opportunity for enhancing technical skills ... There is even, under the best scenario, over time, the likelihood that some of the jihadists who are not killed there will, in a sense, go home, wherever home is, and will, therefore, disperse to various other countries." The council's chairman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchings" title="Robert Hutchings">Robert Hutchings</a> said, "At the moment, Iraq is a magnet for international terrorist activity."<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> And the 2006 <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a>, which outlined the considered judgment of all 16 US intelligence agencies, held that "The Iraq conflict has become the 'cause célèbre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of US involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement."<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> A report by the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, released on the 20th anniversary of the invasion analyzed the rationale to go to war and the subsequent decisions during the occupation. The report states that the "justification for going to war was based on scanty and deeply flawed intelligence" and that the invasion was an "error compounded by the absence of an agreed exit strategy and the decision to embark on a massive, open-ended nation-building project". The same report also ascertained that "the occupation authority's first acts were to disband the Iraqi army and the Ba'athist governing party, igniting what would become a lethal, long-running insurgency and eventually a multinational terrorist organization that took over most of the country".<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schlosser_2023_6–25-105">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_geopolitics">Impact on geopolitics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> From a geopolitical perspective, the war in Iraq has been interpreted as weakening the West's moral high ground and hampering its ability to effectively counter Russia and China. With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian foreign minister">Russian foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said in March 2022 that the U.S. exerted similar pressures on Iraq in 2003, which the US invaded later for no reason other than "a vial of unidentified chemicals".<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a> In March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, former British prime minister rejected comparisons between Russia's war in Ukraine and the US-led invasion of Iraq, claiming that the Iraq War cannot be used as a justification by Russia to annex Russian-speaking zones in eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism of the Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality of the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests against the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War">International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Media coverage of the Iraq War">Media coverage of the Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_misappropriations_related_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Allegations of misappropriations related to the Iraq War">Allegations of misappropriations related to the Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_World_(book)" title="The Way of the World (book)">The Way of the World (book)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_of_ramadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pic_of_ramadi.jpg/220px-Pic_of_ramadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pic_of_ramadi.jpg/330px-Pic_of_ramadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pic_of_ramadi.jpg/440px-Pic_of_ramadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>A city street in <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a> heavily damaged by the fighting in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg/220px-Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg/330px-Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg/440px-Us_troop_iraq_casualty_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>A memorial in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in December 2007; US casualty count can be seen in the background.<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a></figcaption></figure> The Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">rationale for the Iraq War</a> has faced heavy criticism from an array of popular and official sources both inside and outside the United States,<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-356">[350]</a> with many US citizens finding many parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a> For example, a former CIA officer described the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a> as a group of <a href="/wiki/Ideologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologue">ideologues</a> who were dangerous to US national security and a threat to world peace, and stated that the group lied and manipulated intelligence to further its agenda of removing Saddam.<a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's alleged threat to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> Both proponents and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">opponents</a> of the invasion have also criticized the prosecution of the war effort along with a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assailed the United States and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">post-invasion Iraq</a>, and for permitting and perpetrating human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs. In 2016, the United Kingdom published the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Inquiry" title="Iraq Inquiry">Iraq Inquiry</a>, a public inquiry which was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the aftermath of the war.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianReport-429">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphReport-430">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCReport-431">[425]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_positions_Iraq_war.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/State_positions_Iraq_war.svg/220px-State_positions_Iraq_war.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/State_positions_Iraq_war.svg/330px-State_positions_Iraq_war.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/State_positions_Iraq_war.svg/440px-State_positions_Iraq_war.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States participating in the invasion of Iraq</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States in support of an invasion</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States in opposition to an invasion</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States with an uncertain or no official standpoint</div></figcaption></figure> Criticisms include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-us-army-iran-victor-436">[430]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Human casualties</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a></li> <li>Human rights violations such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_prison_abuse_scandals" title="Iraq prison abuse scandals">Iraq prison abuse scandals</a></li> <li>Insufficient post-invasion plans, in particular inadequate troop levels (A <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> study stated that 500,000 troops would be required for success.)<a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_2003_Iraq_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial cost of the 2003 Iraq Conflict">Financial costs</a> with approximately $612 billion spent as of 4/09 the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">CBO</a> has estimated the total cost of the war in Iraq to the United States will be around $1.9 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a></li> <li>Adverse effect on US-led global "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>"<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a></li> <li>Damage to US' traditional alliances and influence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a></li> <li>Endangerment and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of religious and ethnic minorities by insurgents<a href="#cite_note-independent1-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a></li> <li>Disruption of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraqi oil production</a> and related energy security concerns (the <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">price of oil quadrupled between 2002 and 2008</a>).<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2></div> Throughout the war, many human rights abuses and war crimes were committed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Coalition_forces_and_private_contractors">By Coalition forces and private contractors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg/180px-Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg/270px-Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>This photograph from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib</a> released in 2006 shows a pyramid of abused Iraqi prisoners.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Deaths of civilians as a result of bombing and missile strikes that fail to take feasible precautions with regards to civilians casualties.<a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a> by US Army personnel,<a href="#cite_note-454">[448]</a> involving the detention of thousands of Iraqi people. Torture at Abu Ghraib included rape, sodomy and extensive sexual abuse, waterboarding, pouring <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> on detainees, sleep deprivation and physical beatings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_massacre" title="Haditha massacre">Haditha massacre</a> of 24 civilians by US soldiers.</li> <li>Widespread use of the incendiary munition <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_use_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus use in Iraq">white phosphorus</a> such as during the battle of Fallujah. The documentary <a href="/wiki/Fallujah,_The_Hidden_Massacre" title="Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre">Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre</a>, claimed that Iraqi civilians, including women and children, had died of burns caused by white phosphorus during the battle, however, US Department of Defense spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable denied that this was true but confirmed to the BBC that US forces had used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon there against enemy combatants.<a href="#cite_note-455">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a> The use of white phosphorus against civilian populations is banned by international legislation.<a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a>, where US soldiers raped and killed 14-year old Abeer Qasim Humza. They also killed 3 of her relatives.<a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[454]</a></li> <li>The torture and killing of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>, Iraqi Air Force commander, <a href="/wiki/Abed_Hamed_Mowhoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Abed Hamed Mowhoush">Abed Hamed Mowhoush</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Baha_Mousa" title="Killing of Baha Mousa">killing of Baha Mousa</a> while in British Army custody.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukaradeeb_wedding_party_massacre" title="Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre">Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre</a>, where 42 civilians were allegedly killed by coalition airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a></li> <li>Planting weapons on noncombatant, unarmed Iraqis by three US Marines after killing them.<a href="#cite_note-462">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, other similar acts have been witnessed by US soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-464">[458]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a> by Blackwater Security Consulting personnel.</li> <li>Allegations of beatings, <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mock_execution" title="Mock execution">mock executions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> by British troops were presented to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) by Public Interest Lawyers (PIL) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Center_for_Constitutional_and_Human_Rights" title="European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights">European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights</a> (ECCHR) on 12 January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_insurgent_groups">By insurgent groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">List of bombings during the Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">List of bombings during the Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency">Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg/330px-Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg/440px-Car_bomb_in_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Car bombing was a frequently used tactic by insurgents in Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Killing over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 to June 2006, according to Iraqi Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Jabr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan Jabr">Bayan Jabr</a>, giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a> The insurgents have also conducted numerous <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> on the Iraqi civilian population, mostly targeting the majority Shia community.<a href="#cite_note-467">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[462]</a> An October 2005 report from <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> examines the range of civilian attacks and their purported justification.<a href="#cite_note-469">[463]</a></li> <li>Attacks against civilians by sectarian death squads primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Iraq_(2006-07)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Iraq (2006-07)">Iraqi Civil War</a>. Iraq Body Count project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals.<a href="#cite_note-470">[464]</a></li> <li>Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top UN representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members;<a href="#cite_note-471">[465]</a> beheading several diplomats: two Algerian diplomatic envoys Ali Belaroussi and Azzedine Belkadi,<a href="#cite_note-472">[466]</a> Egyptian diplomatic envoy al-Sherif,<a href="#cite_note-473">[467]</a> and four Russian diplomats<a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a></li> <li>The February 2006 bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque">al-Askari Mosque</a>, destroying one of the holiest Shiite shrines, killing over 165 worshipers and igniting <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_strife" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian strife">sectarian strife</a> and reprisal killings<a href="#cite_note-475">[469]</a></li> <li>The publicised killing of several contractors; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Armstrong">Eugene Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hensley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Hensley">Jack Hensley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bigley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Bigley">Kenneth Bigley</a>, Ivaylo Kepov and Georgi Lazov (Bulgarian truck drivers.)<a href="#cite_note-476">[470]</a> Other non-military personnel murdered include: translator <a href="/wiki/Kim_Sun-il" title="Kim Sun-il">Kim Sun-il</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shosei_Koda" title="Shosei Koda">Shosei Koda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Quattrocchi" title="Fabrizio Quattrocchi">Fabrizio Quattrocchi</a> (Italian), charity worker <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hassan">Margaret Hassan</a>, reconstruction engineer <a href="/wiki/Nick_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Berg">Nick Berg</a>, photographer Salvatore Santoro (Italian)<a href="#cite_note-477">[471]</a> and supply worker <a href="/wiki/Seif_Adnan_Kanaan" title="Seif Adnan Kanaan">Seif Adnan Kanaan</a> (Iraqi.) Four private armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire, their bodies dragged from their vehicles, beaten and set ablaze. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.<a href="#cite_note-478">[472]</a></li> <li>Torture or killing of members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="New Iraqi Army">New Iraqi Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-479">[473]</a> and assassination of civilians associated with the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fern_Holland" title="Fern Holland">Fern Holland</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aqila_al-Hashimi" title="Aqila al-Hashimi">Aqila al-Hashimi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezzedine_Salim" title="Ezzedine Salim">Ezzedine Salim</a>, or other foreign civilians, such as those from Kenya<a href="#cite_note-480">[474]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_post-invasion_Iraqi_Government">By post-invasion Iraqi Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights in post-invasion Iraq</a></div> The post-invasion Iraqi government used torture against detainees, including children. Some techniques of torture used included beatings, electric shocks, prolonged hanging by the wrists, food and water deprivation, and blindfolding for multiple days.<a href="#cite_note-481">[475]</a> Iraqi police from the Interior Ministry were accused of forming <a href="/wiki/Death_Squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Squads">Death Squads</a> and committing numerous massacres of Sunni Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-482">[476]</a> Many of these human rights abuses were carried out by Iraqi government-sponsored Shi'ite militias.<a href="#cite_note-483">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion_on_the_war">Public opinion on the war</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Public opinion on the Iraq War">Public opinion on the Iraq War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_opinion">International opinion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg/220px-London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg/330px-London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg/440px-London_Anti-war_demo_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Protesters on 19 March 2005, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where over 150,000 marched</figcaption></figure> In a March 2003 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll, the day after the invasion, 76% of Americans had approved of military action against Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-484">[478]</a> In a March 2003 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll, 54% of Britons supported the military action against Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-485">[479]</a> A remarkable aspect was the support for invasion expressed by many left-wing intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berman" title="Paul Berman">Paul Berman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtain" title="Jean Bethke Elshtain">Jean Bethke Elshtain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-486">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[481]</a> In a February 2003 poll by the national public research institute <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">CIS</a>, 91% of Spaniards opposed any military intervention in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a> According to a January 2007 <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> poll of more than 26,000 people in 25 countries, 73% of the global population disapproved of US handling of the Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-489">[483]</a> A September 2007 poll conducted by the BBC found that two-thirds of the world's population believed the US should withdraw its forces from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a> In 2006 it was found that majorities in the UK and Canada believed that the war in Iraq was "unjustified" and – in the UK – were critical of their government's support of US policies in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a> According to polls conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_American_Institute" title="Arab American Institute">Arab American Institute</a>, four years after the invasion of Iraq, 83% of Egyptians had a negative view of the US role in Iraq; 68% of Saudi Arabians had a negative view; 96% of the Jordanian population had a negative view; 70% of the population of the United Arab Emirates and 76% of the Lebanese population also described their view as negative.<a href="#cite_note-492">[486]</a> The Pew Global Attitudes Project reports that in 2006 majorities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, France, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Russia, China, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> believed the world was safer before the Iraq War and the toppling of Saddam, while pluralities in the United States and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> believe the world is safer without Saddam Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-493">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_opinion">Iraqi opinion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleadingforfreedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pleadingforfreedom.jpg/220px-Pleadingforfreedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pleadingforfreedom.jpg/330px-Pleadingforfreedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pleadingforfreedom.jpg/440px-Pleadingforfreedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>A woman pleads with an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi army">Iraqi army</a> soldier from 2nd Company, 5th Brigade, 2nd Iraqi Army Division to let a suspected insurgent free during a raid near Tafaria, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure> Directly after the invasion, an <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a> poll of Baghdad residents reported a slight majority of respondents supported the US invasion.<a href="#cite_note-494">[488]</a> Polls conducted between 2005 and 2007 showed 31–37% of Iraqis wanted US and other Coalition forces to withdraw once security was restored and that 26–35% wanted immediate withdrawal instead.<a href="#cite_note-WorldPublicOpinion-495">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcpoll-496">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a> In 2006, a poll conducted on the Iraqi public revealed that 52% of the ones polled said Iraq was going in the right direction and 61% claimed it was worth ousting Saddam Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-WorldPublicOpinion-495">[489]</a> In a March 2007 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> poll, 82% of Iraqis expressed a lack of confidence in coalition forces based in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a> According to a 2009 poll conducted by the University of Maryland, 7 out of 10 Iraqis wanted US troops to withdraw within one year and also 78% felt that US military presence was "provoking more conflict than it is preventing".<a href="#cite_note-499">[493]</a> Despite a majority having previously been opposed to the US presence, according to a poll conducted by the Asharq Research Centre, a private Iraqi company, 60% of Iraqis had believed it was "the wrong time" for a major withdrawal of American troops prior to the withdrawal in 2011, with 51% saying withdrawal would have a negative effect.<a href="#cite_note-500">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_bombers">Suicide bombers</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Origins of suicide bombers in Iraq 2003–2007</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Nationality</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:53px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:18px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">18</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">Italy</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:7px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:4px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">* Other</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:26px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">26</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">* Three each from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>; two each from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, France, Spain; one each from Britain, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-suicide-bombers-in-iraq-502">[496]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to studies, most of the suicide bombers in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> were foreigners, especially <a href="/wiki/Saudi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi people">Saudis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suicide-bombers-in-iraq-502">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Iran">Role of Iran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Iranian involvement in the Iraq War">Iranian involvement in the Iraq War</a></div> According to two unnamed US officials, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> is examining the possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala provincial headquarters raid</a>, in which insurgents managed to infiltrate an American base, kill five US soldiers, wound three, and destroy three humvees before fleeing, was supported by Iranians. In a speech on 31 January 2007, Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> stated that Iran was supporting attacks against Coalition forces in Iraq<a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a> and some Iraqis suspect that the raid may have been perpetrated by the Quds Force in retaliation for the detention of five Iranian officials by US forces in the northern Iraqi city of <a href="/wiki/Irbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbil">Irbil</a> on 11 January.<a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> In 2014, the legacy of Iran's presence in Iraq after the invasion had been mixed with regard to the fight against regional terrorist groups. The U.S. occupation and subsequent regional instability had spawned the creation of the PMF (<a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>), an Iranian militia that effectively fought the influence of emerging caliphates in the region.<a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a> Later, a 1,300-page US Army Iraq War study, released in January 2019, concluded that "At the time of this project's completion in 2018, an emboldened and expansionist Iran appears to be the only victor" and that the outcome of the war triggered a "deep skepticism about foreign interventions" among America's public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-us-army-iran-victor-436">[430]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Israel">Role of Israel</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War#Israel" title="International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War">International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War § Israel</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraq-Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq-Israel relations">Iraq-Israel relations</a></div> Israel did not officially support or take part in the Iraq War. According to former State Department official <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wilkerson" title="Lawrence Wilkerson">Lawrence Wilkerson</a> and former <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> agent and Iran expert <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baer" title="Robert Baer">Robert Baer</a>, Israeli officials warned the Bush administration against invading Iraq, saying that it would destabilize the region and empower the much more dangerous regime in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[506]</a> However it was reported in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> that "Israel is urging United States' officials not to delay a military strike against Iraq's Saddam Hussein".<a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a> It was also reported in 2002 that Israeli intelligence provided Washington with alarming reports about Iraq's alleged program to develop weapons of mass destruction.<a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a> According to former US <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of defense">undersecretary of defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Feith" title="Douglas Feith">Douglas Feith</a>, Israeli officials did not push their American counterparts to initiate the war in Iraq. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>, Feith stated that "what you heard from the Israelis was not any kind of advocacy of war with Iraq" and that "[w]hat you heard from Israeli officials in private discussions was that they were not really focused on Iraq... [t]hey were much more focused on Iran."<a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a> At Washington's behest, Israel did not provide vocal support for the war, as the US government was concerned that Israeli support for or participation in the war would potentially alienate the Arab world. In January 2007, the Forward reported that sometime before March 2003, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> told Bush that Israel "would not push one way or the other" for or against an Iraq war. Sharon said that he believed that Iraq was a genuine threat to the Middle East and that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction, but explicitly warned Bush that if the US did go to war with Iraq that he should make sure to formulate a viable exit strategy, prepare a counterinsurgency strategy, and should not attempt to implant democracy in the Arab world. One of the sources who provided this information was Israeli Ambassador to the US <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ayalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Ayalon">Daniel Ayalon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a> Israel has also assisted the US military by sharing its expertise on counterinsurgency methods, such as utilizing drones and operating checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a> In 2003 the Israeli news magazine, the Ha'aretz, in its published story "White Man's Burden" reported that belief in the war against Iraq was disseminated by "a small group of 25 or 30 neoconservatives, almost all of them Jewish".<a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Russia">Role of Russia</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a> Before and during the invasion of Iraq, the Russian government provided intelligence to Saddam Hussein about the location of US forces and their plans.<a href="#cite_note-advances-520">[514]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/31px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/47px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/62px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Outline of the Iraq War">Outline of the Iraq War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_foreign_policy" title="Criticism of United States foreign policy">Criticism of United States foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command_Task_Force_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War">Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Network_to_End_the_War_Against_Iraq" title="National Network to End the War Against Iraq">National Network to End the War Against Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom documents">Operation Iraqi Freedom documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">United States military casualties of war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> disbanded in 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> 260 killed in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[15]</a> 67 killed in March 2009,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> 1,100 killed in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and 1,067 killed in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[18]</a> thus giving a total of 17,690 dead </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Manpower_Data_Center" title="Defense Manpower Data Center">DMDC</a> list 4,505 US fatalities during the Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> In addition to these, two service members were also previously confirmed by the DoD to have died while supporting operations in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> but have been excluded from the DoD and DMDC list. This brings the total of US fatalities in the Iraq War to 4,507. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> 33 Ukrainians,<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> 31+ Italians,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> 30 Bulgarians,<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> 20 Salvadorans,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> 19 Georgians,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> 18 Estonians,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 14+ Poles,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> 15 Spaniards,<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> 10 Romanians,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> 6 Australians,<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs,<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> 3 Filipinos,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> and 2 Thais,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> for a total of 210+ wounded </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007,<a href="#cite_note-24sunni-60">[56]</a> 4 in assassination of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Abu_Risha" title="Abdul Sattar Abu Risha">Abu Risha</a>, 25 on 12 November 2007,<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> 528 in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> 27 on 2 January 2009,<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> 13 on 16 November 2009,<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> 15 in December 2009,<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> 100+ from April to June 2010,<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> 52 on 18 July 2010,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> leaving a total of 1,002+ dead<a href="#cite_note-24sunni-60">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> 597 killed in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[15]</a> 652 killed in May 2004,<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> 45 killed in March 2009,<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> 676 killed in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> and 590 killed in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[18]</a> thus giving a total of 26,544 dead </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham2003" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Bradley (7 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Retrieved 5 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=POW+and+MIA+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan+Fast+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F10%2F30%2Fworld%2Fpow-and-mia-in-iraq-and-afghanistan-fast-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988">; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/world/middleeast/22missing.html">With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 22 May 2011, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-defensecasualty-30"><a href="#cite_ref-defensecasualty_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf">"Casualty"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fcasualty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument">"Ukraine withdraws last troops in Iraq - Iraq | ReliefWeb"</a>. 20 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+withdraws+last+troops+in+Iraq+-+Iraq+%26%23124%3B+ReliefWeb&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2FRWB.NSF%2Fdb900SID%2FDPAS-6K9H5Y%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL">"Attack on Italian police kills 26 in Iraq / Gasoline truck crashes into compound"</a>. Sfgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sfgate&rft.atitle=Attack+on+Italian+police+kills+26+in+Iraq+%2F+Gasoline+truck+crashes+into+compound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F11%2F13%2FMNGJ730QPA1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040426022123/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524">"Middle East Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524">the original</a> on 26 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D9524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3355749.stm">"Bulgaria mourns its dead soldiers"</a>. 30 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+mourns+its+dead+soldiers&rft.date=2003-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3355749.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/33103/3+Bulgarian+Soldiers+Wounded+in+Iraq">"3 Bulgarian Soldiers Wounded in Iraq"</a>. 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Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novinite.com+-+Sofia+News+Agency&rft.atitle=3+Bulgarian+Soldiers+Wounded%2C+Driver+Shot+Dead+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F33116%2F3%2BBulgarian%2BSoldiers%2BWounded%252C%2BDriver%2BShot%2BDead%2Bin%2BIraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101918/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print">"The Iraq Page: Tomasz Jura"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print">the original</a> on 12 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iraq+Page%3A+Tomasz+Jura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firaq.pigstye.net%2Farticle.php%2FJuraTomasz%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html">"Three Polish soldiers injured in patrol skirmish in Iraq - Xinhua News Agency | HighBeam Research"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Polish+soldiers+injured+in+patrol+skirmish+in+Iraq+-+Xinhua+News+Agency+%26%23124%3B+HighBeam+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-16186603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012705/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html">"FOXNews.com - Seven Spanish Intelligence Officers Killed in Iraq - U.S. & World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 29 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=FOXNews.com+-+Seven+Spanish+Intelligence+Officers+Killed+in+Iraq+-+U.S.+%26+World&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C104369%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan">http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233014/https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan">Archived</a> 2 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402224856/http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks">"Five Spanish soldiers, four US troops injured in Iraq bomb attacks | al Bawaba"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks">the original</a> on 2 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Spanish+soldiers%2C+four+US+troops+injured+in+Iraq+bomb+attacks+%26%23124%3B+al+Bawaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.albawaba.com%2Fnews%2Ffive-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200404/09/eng20040409_139905.shtml">"Three Spanish soldiers wounded in Iraq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Spanish+soldiers+wounded+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200404%2F09%2Feng20040409_139905.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090728015525/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html">"Romania's last contingent in Iraq returns home"</a>. 24 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%27s+last+contingent+in+Iraq+returns+home&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90853%2F6708832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201646/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx">"Combat troops pull out of Iraq"</a>. Canberra Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx">the original</a> on 28 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Combat+troops+pull+out+of+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fcombat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq%2F780839.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130025416/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print">"The Iraq Page: Bomb blast kills 7 Ukrainians, 1 Kazakh serving with coalition in Iraq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print">the original</a> on 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iraq+Page%3A+Bomb+blast+kills+7+Ukrainians%2C+1+Kazakh+serving+with+coalition+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firaq.pigstye.net%2Farticle.php%2F20050112090041443%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174014/http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm">"ASIAN JOURNAL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASIAN+JOURNAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianjournalusa.com%2Frp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm">"ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=ABC+News+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.date=2024-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2003%2F12%2F23%2F1015519.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0">http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-mil-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mil_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mil_52-1">b</a> Many official US tables at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm">"Military Casualty Information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303054755/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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UK Ministry of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm">Latest combined casualty and fatality tables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051608/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm">Archived</a> 4 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf">"Global War on Terrorism – Operation Iraqi Freedom March 19, 2003 Through May 31, 2011 By Casualty Category Within Service"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 13 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+conference+of+Foreign+Affairs+Minister+Dominique+de+Villepin+%28excerpts%29&rft.pub=Embassy+of+France+in+the+U.S&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-us.org%2Fnews%2Fstatmnts%2F2003%2Fvilepin012003.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Difference-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Difference_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=6067">Anti-war protests do make a difference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321084247/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=6067">Archived</a> 21 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 19 March 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett_Murphy2003" class="citation news cs1">Jarrett Murphy (30 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/">"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Administration+fends+off+demands+for+war+estimates+%E2%80%93+Mar.+3%2C+2003&rft.date=2003-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FALLPOLITICS%2F02%2F27%2Fsprj.irq.war.cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2003" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (10 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1421634/I-am-not-convinced-Fischer-tells-Rumsfeld.html">"I am not convinced, Fischer tells Rumsfeld"</a>. 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Penguin Books. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303891-7"><bdi>978-0-14-303891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiasco%3A+The+American+Military+Adventure+in+Iraq%2C+2003+to+2005&rft.pages=94-95&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303891-7&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm">"Iraq war illegal, says Annan"</a>. BBC News. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+war+illegal%2C+says+Annan&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3661134.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-operation1-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-operation1_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-operation1_148-1">b</a> Operation Hotel California, The Clandestine War inside Iraq, Mike Tucker and Charles Faddis, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-plan2004-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plan2004_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plan2004_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plan2004_149-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Woodward2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> (2004). Plan of Attack: The Definitive Account of the Decision to Invade Iraq. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743255486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743255486"><bdi>978-0743255486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plan+of+Attack%3A+The+Definitive+Account+of+the+Decision+to+Invade+Iraq&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0743255486&rft.au=Bob+Woodward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2003" class="citation news cs1">Chivers, C. J. (24 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/24/world/nation-war-second-front-allied-troops-are-flown-airfields-north-iraq.html">"A Nation at War: Second Front; Allied Troops Are Flown Into Airfields In North Iraq"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Nation+at+War%3A+Second+Front%3B+Allied+Troops+Are+Flown+Into+Airfields+In+North+Iraq&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F24%2Fworld%2Fnation-war-second-front-allied-troops-are-flown-airfields-north-iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2003" class="citation news cs1">Chivers, C. J. (30 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/world/nation-war-field-northern-front-militants-gone-caves-north-lie-abandoned.html">"A Nation at War: in the Field the Northern Front; Militants Gone, Caves in North Lie Abandoned"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iraq+War+%7C+2003%E2%80%932011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FIraq-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-surpr-153"><a href="#cite_ref-surpr_153-0">^</a> "Keeping 4th ID in the Mediterranean created element of surprise. Iraq did not expect attack to begin until 4th ID arrived in Kuwait." Rumsfeld, D., Franks, T.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/congress/rumsfeld_franks_9jul03.ppt">Summary of Lessons Learned</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131012120/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/congress/rumsfeld_franks_9jul03.ppt">Archived</a> 31 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Prepared testimony for the Senate Armed Services Committee, 9 July 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-decl-154"><a href="#cite_ref-decl_154-0">^</a> Friedman, G.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2011/03/30/what-happened-to-the-american-declaration-of-war/">What Happened To The American Declaration Of War?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729192157/https://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2011/03/30/what-happened-to-the-american-declaration-of-war/">Archived</a> 29 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Forbes, 30 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-oil-155"><a href="#cite_ref-oil_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_E._Tyler2003" class="citation news cs1">Patrick E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122056503871901333.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+St.+Journal&rft.atitle=Iraq+Seeks+F-16+Fighters&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Dreazen%2C+Yochi+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB122056503871901333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2009/01/14/re-arming-iraq/">Re-Arming Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609143536/http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2009/01/14/re-arming-iraq/">Archived</a> 9 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Center for American Progress) </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713020435/http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/iraq/articles/080708_us_surges_11_billion_in_arms_sales_to_iraq/">"Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation: U.S. Surges $11 Billion in Arms Sales to Iraq"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidANA20081204T131005ZTKH99/Iraq%20presidential%20council%20endorses%20US%20security%20pact">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+presidential+council+endorses+U.S.+security+pact&rft.pub=Zawya.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2FStory.cfm%2FsidANA20081204T131005ZTKH99%2FIraq%2520presidential%2520council%2520endorses%2520US%2520security%2520pact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcsofa-284"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcsofa_284-0">^</a> BBC News (27 November 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7752580.stm">"Iraqi parliament backs U.S. pullout"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206100202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7752580.stm">Archived</a> 6 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527195513/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">"White House: Iraq Status of Forces Agreement"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House%3A+Iraq+Status+of+Forces+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Finfocus%2Firaq%2FSE_SOFA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sofatext-286"><a href="#cite_ref-sofatext_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801061936/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/56116.html">"Status of Forces Agreement"</a>. McClatchyDC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/56116.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Status+of+Forces+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Firaq%2Fstory%2F56116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juris-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Juris_287-0">^</a> "On the other hand, Iraq has primary legal jurisdiction over off-duty soldiers and civilians who commit "major and premeditated crimes" outside of US installations. These major crimes were to be defined by a joint committee and the United States was to retain the right to determine whether or not its personnel were on- or off-duty. Iraq also maintains primary legal jurisdiction over contractors (and their employees) that have contracts with the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/iraq/articles/112408_how_comfortable_iraq_sofa/">Arms Control Center: How Comfortable is the U.S.-Iraq SOFA?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128062748/http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/iraq/articles/112408_how_comfortable_iraq_sofa/">Archived</a> 28 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMOCC-288"><a href="#cite_ref-JMOCC_288-0">^</a> "Committees assigned to deal with US-led combat operations and jurisdiction over US military personnel are among those that have not met even as Iraq moves toward sovereignty, US Army General Ray Odierno told reporters." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iraq-transition24-2008dec24,0,5731621.story">Los Angeles Times: In Iraq, transfer-of-power committees have yet to take shape</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223103138/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iraq-transition24-2008dec24%2C0%2C5731621.story">Archived</a> 23 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-289"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801061936/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/56116.html">"Status of Forces Agreement (Unofficial Translation)"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sharon+Warned+Bush&rft.date=2007-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2F9839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3702655">"MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos"</a>. NBC News. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 18 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=MSN+%E2%80%93+Outlook%2C+Office%2C+Skype%2C+Bing%2C+Breaking+News%2C+and+Latest+Videos&rft.date=2003-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3702655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2003" class="citation news cs1">Shavit, Ari (3 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4764706">"White Man's Burden"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=White+Man%27s+Burden&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4764706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/28/sprj.irq.putin/">"Putin warns on Iraq war"</a>. CNN. 28 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Putin+warns+on+Iraq+war&rft.date=2003-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F03%2F28%2Fsprj.irq.putin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-advances-520"><a href="#cite_ref-advances_520-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-gave-saddam-intelligence-on-invasion-6105665.html">"Russia 'gave Saddam intelligence on invasion'"</a>. The Independent. 25 March 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Russia+%27gave+Saddam+intelligence+on+invasion%27&rft.date=2006-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Frussia-gave-saddam-intelligence-on-invasion-6105665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellavia2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellavia, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74DRCVfzqkgC&q=House+to+House:+an+Epic+of+Urban+Warfare">House to House: An Epic Memoir of War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416574712" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416574712"><bdi>978-1416574712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+to+House%3A+An+Epic+Memoir+of+War&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1416574712&rft.aulast=Bellavia&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74DRCVfzqkgC%26q%3DHouse%2Bto%2BHouse%3A%2Ban%2BEpic%2Bof%2BUrban%2BWarfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/bitter-legacy-lessons-de-baathification-iraq">A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of Debaathification in Iraq</a> (Report). International Center for Transitional Justice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Bitter+Legacy%3A+Lessons+of+Debaathification+in+Iraq&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictj.org%2Fpublication%2Fbitter-legacy-lessons-de-baathification-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Alshaibi, Wisam H. (2024). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1086/732155" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/732155">The Anatomy of Regime Change: Transnational Political Opposition and Domestic Foreign Policy Elites in the Making of US Foreign Policy on Iraq</a>". American Journal of Sociology. 130 (3): 539–594.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2019.1551567">Butt, Ahsan. 2019. "Why did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003?" Security Studies</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDexter_Filkins2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Dexter Filkins (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/17/general-principles">"General Principles: How good was David Petraeus?"</a>. The New Yorker. pp. 76–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=General+Principles%3A+How+good+was+David+Petraeus%3F&rft.pages=76-81&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.au=Dexter+Filkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F12%2F17%2Fgeneral-principles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Gates">Gates, Robert M.</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/Duty:_Memoirs_of_a_Secretary_at_War" title="Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War">Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307959478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307959478"><bdi>978-0307959478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duty%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Secretary+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0307959478&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"> 318 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Michael R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cobraiiinsidesto00gord">Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq</a>. Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557782328" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557782328"><bdi>978-1557782328</bdi></a>. <q>michael gordon cobra II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobra+II%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Invasion+and+Occupation+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1557782328&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcobraiiinsidesto00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2008" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Luke S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLJ0dUsDjuoC&q=Senator's+Son:+An+Iraq+War+Novel">Senator's Son: An Iraq War Novel</a>. Phoenix, Arizona: Key Edition Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449969868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449969868"><bdi>978-1449969868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senator%27s+Son%3A+An+Iraq+War+Novel&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Key+Edition+Incorporated&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1449969868&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Luke+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLJ0dUsDjuoC%26q%3DSenator%27s%2BSon%3A%2BAn%2BIraq%2BWar%2BNovel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>MacDonald, Michael. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674729100">Overreach: Delusions of Regime Change in Iraq</a>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Mikulaschek, Christoph and Jacob Shapiro. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002716669808">Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars</a>. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(1): 174–202.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2009" class="citation book cs1">North, Richard (2009). Ministry of Defeat: The British War in Iraq 2003–2009. Continuum Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441169976" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441169976"><bdi>978-1441169976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Defeat%3A+The+British+War+in+Iraq+2003%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1441169976&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Payne, Andrew. 2019/2020. "Presidents, Politics, and Military Strategy:  Electoral Constraints during the Iraq War." International Security 44(3):163–203</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_R._PirnieEdward_O'Connell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruce R. Pirnie; Edward O'Connell (2008). Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003–2006). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4297-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4297-2"><bdi>978-0-8330-4297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Iraq+%282003%E2%80%932006%29&rft.place=Santa+Monica%2C+CA&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4297-2&rft.au=Bruce+R.+Pirnie&rft.au=Edward+O%27Connell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Ricks2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiascoamericanmi00rick">Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594201035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594201035"><bdi>978-1594201035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiasco%3A+The+American+Military+Adventure+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1594201035&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Ricks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiascoamericanmi00rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Robben" title="Antonius Robben">Robben, Antonius C.G.M.</a>, ed. (2010). Iraq at a Distance: What Anthropologists Can Teach Us About the War. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4203-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4203-4">978-0-8122-4203-4</a>.</li> <li>Siracusa, Joseph M., and Laurens J. Visser, "George W. Bush, Diplomacy, and Going to War with Iraq, 2001–2003." The Journal of Diplomatic Research/Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi (2019) 1#1: 1–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomasiarastirmalari.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/JDR-Vol1-No1-December-2019.pdf#page=9">online</a></li> <li>Wertheim, Stephen, "Iraq and the Pathologies of Primacy: The Flawed Logic That Produced the War Is Alive and Well", <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 102, no. 3 (May/June 2023), pp. 136–140, 142–152. "Washington is still in thrall to primacy and caught in a doom loop, lurching from self-inflicted problems to even bigger self-inflicted problems, holding up the latter while covering up the former. In this sense, the Iraq war remains unfinished business for the United States." (p. 152.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Iraq War at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Iraq War">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iraq War">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="q:Iraq War">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545449" class="extiw" title="d:Q545449">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/iraq">International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://costofwar.com/">Dollar cost of war</a>: total US cost of the Iraq War</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319190219/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2362747.ece">"Bleak Pentagon study admits 'civil war' in Iraq"</a>, by Rupert Cornwell, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, March 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219040631/http://www.gulfwarrior.org/iraq/iraq_maps.htm">High resolution maps of Iraq</a>, GulfWarrior.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html">Presidential address by George W. Bush</a> on the evening of 19 March 2003, announcing war against Iraq.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/iraqbib.html#2war">Bibliography</a>: The Second US–Iraq War (2003– )</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102175946/http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=734">1st Major Survey of Iraq</a>. Zogby International, 10 September 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm">Iraq at Polling Report.com</a>. Chronological polls of Americans 18 and older</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dyhr.com/speciale/JustWarInIraq2003.pdf">Just War in Iraq 2003</a> (PDF) – Legal dissertation by Thomas Dyhr from University of Copenhagen.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2009/apr/14/iraq-war-stories">Iraq war stories</a>, a Guardian and Observer archive in words and pictures documenting the human and political cost, The Guardian, April 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicintegrity.org/politics/white-house/iraq-war-card">Iraq: The War Card</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903114656/http://www.publicintegrity.org/politics/white-house/iraq-war-card">Archived</a> 3 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150309144301/http://www.cmaj.ca/content/181/9/576.figures-only/reply%23cmaj_el_716427">Jargin SV. "Health care in Iraq: 2013 vs. 2003"</a>. CMAJ. 17 September 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather-Cosgrove2005" class="citation web cs1">Mather-Cosgrove, Bootie (17 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-war-with-iraq-changing-views/">"The War with Iraq: Changing Views"</a>. CBS News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+War+with+Iraq%3A+Changing+Views&rft.date=2005-03-17&rft.aulast=Mather-Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Bootie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-war-with-iraq-changing-views%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_War" title="Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prelude" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">Prelude</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">British</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_attacks_against_Iran" title="Iraqi chemical attacks against Iran">Chemical attacks against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah testimony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">No-fly zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNSCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCOM">UNSCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme" title="Oil-for-Food Programme">Oil-for-Food Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Program_Hearings" title="Oil-for-Food Program Hearings">Investigations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">U.S. War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">Invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">WMD claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Yellowcake uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_aluminum_tubes" title="Iraqi aluminum tubes">Aluminum tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program" title="Iraqi biological weapons program">Biological weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">"Curveball"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iraqi_mobile_weapons_laboratories" title="Allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories">Mobile weapon labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks#Al-Qaeda_and_Iraq_blamed_for_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">Anthrax claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Ricin claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War#Oil" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Oil as a possible rationale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's UN presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Disarmament crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">UNMOVIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_Iraqi_peace_initiatives" title="Failed Iraqi peace initiatives">Failed peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="British parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq">UK parliament's support for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Media coverage of the Iraq War">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Pentagon military analyst program">Military analyst program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_rapid_response_operation" title="Pentagon rapid response operation">Rapid response operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder">Saddam's alleged shredder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">Preemptive war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Saddam Hussein and human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dossiers and memos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_memo" title="Downing Street memo">Downing Street memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Dossier" title="September Dossier">September Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_letter" title="Vilnius letter">Vilnius letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_letter_of_the_eight" title="The letter of the eight">Letter of the eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Blair_2003_Iraq_memo" title="Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo">Bush–Blair 2003 memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Dossier" title="Iraq Dossier">February Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Aznar_memo" title="Bush–Aznar memo">Bush–Aznar memo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)">2003–06 period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Anbar campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">2006 al-Askari mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Civil war (2006–08)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 U.S. troop surge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq">Preparations for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Battle of Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Fall of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Battle of Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">US public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–2011)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_Ramadi" title="American occupation of Ramadi">Occupation of Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100_Orders" title="100 Orders">100 Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_2" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2">CPA Order 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_17" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17">CPA Order 17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_installations_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military installations in Iraq">U.S. military bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(company)#Role_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Blackwater (company)">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Fund_for_Iraq" title="Development Fund for Iraq">Development Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_of_Iraq" title="Economic reform of Iraq">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Iraq" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq">UNAMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">U.S. kill or capture strategy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Replacementgovernments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law_(Iraq)" title="Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq)">Replacement governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Interim Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government" title="Iraqi Transitional Government">Transitional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">Ratification</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Combatants of the Iraq War">Participants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Australian involvement in the Iraq War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancon/Irak" title="Dancon/Irak">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Georgian involvement in the Iraq War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Iranian involvement in the Iraq War">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Italian involvement in the Iraq War">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Iraq_Reconstruction_and_Support_Group" title="Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Polish involvement in the Iraq War">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Division" title="Zaytun Division">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Humanitarian_Assistance_Task_Force_976_Thai-Iraq" title="Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Ukrainian involvement in the Iraq War">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="British involvement in the Iraq War">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurgent groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sunni groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Rashideen" title="Jaish al-Rashideen">Jaish al-Rashideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Iraqi_Resistance" title="Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance">Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Banner_Organization" title="Black Banner Organization">Black Banner Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness_and_Holy_War" title="Wakefulness and Holy War">Wakefulness and Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Theeb" title="Abu Theeb">Abu Theeb</a>'s group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Salafi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army">Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Mujahideen Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shia groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Deraa" title="Abu Deraa">Abu Deraa</a>'s militia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheibani_Network" title="Sheibani Network">Sheibani Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Heaven" title="Soldiers of Heaven">Soldiers of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Day_Brigade" title="Promised Day Brigade">Promised Day Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ba'ath loyalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Battles_and_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ancient Babylon">Ancient Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Scorpion_(Iraq_2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Scorpion (Iraq 2003)">Desert Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Thrust">Desert Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2003)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2003)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Justice" title="Operation Iron Justice">Iron Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy_Blizzard" title="Operation Ivy Blizzard">Ivy Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Delay" title="Operation Northern Delay">Northern Delay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Airborne_Dragon" title="Operation Airborne Dragon">Airborne Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panther_Squeeze" title="Operation Panther Squeeze">Panther Squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peninsula_Strike" title="Operation Peninsula Strike">Peninsula Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Planet_X" title="Operation Planet X">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Telic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulldog_Mammoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bulldog Mammoth">Bulldog Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Saber" title="Operation Iron Saber">Iron Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">New Dawn (Al Fajr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Phantom Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Linebacker" title="Operation Phantom Linebacker">Phantom Linebacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plymouth_Rock" title="Operation Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Vigilant Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warrior%27s_Rage" title="Operation Warrior's Rage">Warrior's Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Rising_Force" title="Operation Able Rising Force">Able Rising Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Warrior" title="Operation Able Warrior">Able Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2005)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2005)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Matador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Market" title="Operation New Market">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spear" title="Operation Spear">Spear (Romhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Squeeze_Play" title="Operation Squeeze Play">Squeeze Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Curtain" title="Operation Steel Curtain">Steel Curtain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Al_Majid" title="Operation Al Majid">Al Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaugamela" title="Operation Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian_Tiger_IV" title="Operation Guardian Tiger IV">Guardian Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_River_Falcon" title="Operation River Falcon">River Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinbad" title="Operation Sinbad">Sinbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Swarmer" title="Operation Swarmer">Swarmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward" title="Operation Together Forward">Together Forward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alljah" title="Operation Alljah">Alljah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arbead_II" title="Operation Arbead II">Arbead II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ardennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Eagle" title="Operation Black Eagle">Black Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Eagle" title="Operation Commando Eagle">Commando Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forsythe_Park" title="Operation Forsythe Park">Forsythe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Imposing_Law" title="Operation Imposing Law">Imposing Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leyte_Gulf" title="Operation Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Avalanche" title="Operation Marne Avalanche">Marne Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Torch" title="Operation Marne Torch">Marne Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mawtini" title="Operation Mawtini">Mawtini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Strike" title="Operation Phantom Strike">Phantom Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Thunder" title="Operation Phantom Thunder">Phantom Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Tempest" title="Operation Polar Tempest">Polar Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Purple_Haze" title="Operation Purple Haze">Purple Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saber_Guardian" title="Operation Saber Guardian">Saber Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer_(2007)" title="Operation Sledgehammer (2007)">Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stampede_3" title="Operation Stampede 3">Stampede 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hammer" title="Operation Tiger Hammer">Tiger Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valiant_Guardian" title="Operation Valiant Guardian">Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defeat_Al_Qaeda_in_the_North" title="Operation Defeat Al Qaeda in the North">Defeat Al Qaeda in the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Augurs_of_Prosperity" title="Operation Augurs of Prosperity">Augurs of Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix" title="Operation Phantom Phoenix">Phantom Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn">New Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Invasion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invasion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Qasr" title="Battle of Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Faw_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Faw (2003)">Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">Basra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_attack_on_Karbala" title="2003 attack on Karbala">Karbala I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha_Dam" title="Battle of Haditha Dam">Haditha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2003)" title="Battle of Najaf (2003)">Najaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samawah_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samawah (2003)">Samawah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">Karbala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Kut_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Kut (2003)">Al Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hillah_(2003)" title="Battle of Hillah (2003)">Hillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Karbala_Gap_(2003)" title="Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)">Karbala Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Baghdad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majar_al-Kabir" title="Battle of Majar al-Kabir">Majar al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2003)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2003)">Ramadan Offensive</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2004 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">Karbala City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City" title="Siege of Sadr City">Siege of Sadr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2004)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2004)">Ramadi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Good_Friday_ambush" title="2004 Good Friday ambush">Good Friday ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Battle of Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husaybah_(2004)" title="Battle of Husaybah (2004)">Husaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danny_Boy" title="Battle of Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2004)" title="Battle of Najaf (2004)">Najaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_CIMIC_House" title="Battle of the CIMIC House">CIMIC House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)" title="Battle of Mosul (2004)">Mosul</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar_raid" title="Lake Tharthar raid">Lake Tharthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Battle of Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hit_convoy_ambush" title="2005 Hit convoy ambush">Hit convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha" title="Battle of Haditha">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2005)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2005)">Tal Afar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2006–2008)">Baghdad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2006)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2006)">Ramadi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diwaniya" title="Battle of Diwaniya">Diwaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Rumaythah" title="Battle of Al Rumaythah">Al Rumaythah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amarah" title="Battle of Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turki" title="Battle of Turki">Turki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_Street" title="Battle of Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala provincial HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2007)" title="Battle of Najaf (2007)">Najaf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shurta_Nasir" title="Operation Shurta Nasir">Shurta Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2007)" title="Battle of Basra (2007)">Basra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baqubah" title="Battle of Baqubah">Baqubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Route_Bismarck" title="Battle of Route Bismarck">Route Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donkey_Island" title="Battle of Donkey Island">Donkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2007)" title="Battle of Karbala (2007)">Karbala III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2008 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraqi_Day_of_Ashura_fighting" title="2008 Iraqi Day of Ashura fighting">Iraqi Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nineveh_campaign" title="2008 Nineveh campaign">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Basra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_al-Qaeda_offensive_in_Iraq" title="2008 al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq">Al-Qaeda offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palm_Grove" title="Battle of the Palm Grove">Palm Grove</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_operations_in_northern_Iraq" title="List of Turkish operations in northern Iraq">Turkish incursions into northern Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Abu_Kamal_raid" title="2008 Abu Kamal raid">Abu Kamal raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">War crimes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Occupation_forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killings and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq#War_crimes_and_allegations" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">During the 2003 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2003_journalist_killings_by_the_United_States" title="April 2003 journalist killings by the United States">U.S. killings of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_killings_of_April_2003" title="Fallujah killings of April 2003">Fallujah killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nadhem_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Nadhem Abdullah">Killing of Nadhem Abdullah</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Muhamad_Husain_Kadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir">Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukaradeeb_wedding_party_massacre" title="Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre">Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street_helicopter_incident" title="Haifa Street helicopter incident">Haifa Street helicopter incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Tal_Afar_shootings" title="January 2005 Tal Afar shootings">Tal Afar shootings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">Basra prison incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_massacre" title="Haditha massacre">Haditha massacre</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaqi_massacre" title="Ishaqi massacre">Ishaqi massacre</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hatley#2006_Deployment_and_murder_allegations" title="John E. Hatley">Baghdad detainee killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdania_incident" title="Hamdania incident">Hamdania incident</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Moonen#Shooting_incident" title="Andrew J. Moonen">Iraqi bodyguard killing</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle Murders</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12,_2007,_Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike">Baghdad airstrike</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak">Iraq War Logs</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions#Use_by_US_forces_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">Use of white phosphorus by the United States</a> (2004–05)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torture and abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prison</a> (2003–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Bucca" title="Camp Bucca">Camp Bucca</a> (2003–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nama" title="Camp Nama">Camp Nama</a> (2003–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base#Structure" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a> (2003–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nagem_Hatab" title="Death of Nagem Hatab">Death of Nagem Hatab</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Baha_Mousa" title="Killing of Baha Mousa">Killing of Baha Mousa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abed_Hamed_Mowhoush" title="Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush">Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" title="Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi">Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Fashad_Mohamed" title="Death of Fashad Mohamed">Death of Fashad Mohamed</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">§ <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Other killings and bombings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_bombing_of_Jordanian_embassy_in_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 bombing of Jordanian embassy in Baghdad">Jordanian embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing" title="Canal Hotel bombing">Canal Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_mosque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali mosque bombing">Imam Ali mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings" title="27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad October 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Erbil_bombings" title="2004 Erbil bombings">Erbil 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">Ashura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_April_2004_Basra_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="21 April 2004 Basra bombings">Basra 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Mosul_bombings" title="2004 Mosul bombings">Mosul 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_attacks_on_churches_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 attacks on churches in Iraq">2004 church bombings</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">14 September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">30 September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Karbala_and_Najaf_bombings" title="2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings">Karbala and Najaf bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Baqubah_bombing" title="2004 Baqubah bombing">Baqubah 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Kufa_mosque_bombing" title="2004 Kufa mosque bombing">Kufa mosque bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2005 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Erbil_bombing" title="2005 Erbil bombing">Erbil 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Musayyib_bombing" title="2005 Musayyib bombing">Musayyib bombing</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Balad_bombings" title="2005 Balad bombings">Balad 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Khanaqin_bombings" title="2005 Khanaqin bombings">Khanaqin bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_January_2006_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="5 January 2006 Iraq bombings">Karbala and Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buratha_mosque_bombing" title="Buratha mosque bombing">Buratha mosque bombing</a></li> <li>Sadr City bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_July_2006_Sadr_City_bombing" title="1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_November_2006_Sadr_City_bombings" title="23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jihad_massacre" title="Hayy Al-Jihad massacre">Hayy Al-Jihad massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University_bombings" title="Mustansiriya University bombings">Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22_January_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="22 January 2007 Baghdad bombings">22 January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_February_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing">3 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">12 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_March_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="29 March 2007 Baghdad bombings">29 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_April_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_July_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" title="26 July 2007 Baghdad market bombing">26 July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_August_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings">1 August</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Hillah_bombings" title="2007 Al Hillah bombings">Al Hillah 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Tal_Afar_bombings_and_massacre" title="2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre">Tal Afar 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraqi_Parliament_bombing" title="2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing">Iraqi Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2007 Karbala mosque bombings</a></li> <li>Massacres of Yazidis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2007_Yazidi_massacre" title="April 2007 Yazidi massacre">April massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahtaniyah_bombings" title="Qahtaniyah bombings">Qahtaniyah bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Makhmour_bombing" title="2007 Makhmour bombing">Makhmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayda_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sayda bombing">Abu Sayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Khilani_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing">Al-Khilani mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Amirli_bombing" title="2007 Amirli bombing">Amirli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kirkuk_bombings" title="2007 Kirkuk bombings">Kirkuk 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Amarah_bombings" title="2007 Al Amarah bombings">Al Amarah bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2008_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_June_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_bombing" title="2008 Balad bombing">Balad 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karbala_bombing" title="2008 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karmah_bombing" title="2008 Karmah bombing">Al-Karmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Dujail_bombing" title="2008 Dujail bombing">Dujail bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_Ruz_bombing" title="2008 Balad Ruz bombing">Balad Ruz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_Mosul" title="2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul">Attacks on Christians in Mosul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_police_recruitment_centre_bombing" title="2009 Baghdad police recruitment centre bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="2009 Baghdad bombings">6 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2009_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2009 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="August 2009 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2009 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="December 2009 Baghdad bombings">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_Baghdad%E2%80%93Miqdadiyah_suicide_attacks" title="April 2009 Baghdad–Miqdadiyah suicide attacks">Baghdad–Miqdadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Taza_bombing" title="2009 Taza bombing">Taza bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kirkuk_bombing" title="2009 Kirkuk bombing">Kirkuk 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Tal_Afar_bombing" title="2009 Tal Afar bombing">Tal Afar 2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_May_2010_Iraq_attacks" title="10 May 2010 Iraq attacks">10 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_August_2010_Iraq_bombings" title="25 August 2010 Iraq bombings">25 August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_January_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="25 January 2010 Baghdad bombings">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2010_Baghdad_bombing" title="1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="April 2010 Baghdad bombings">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_September_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_November_2010_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baqubah_bombings" title="2010 Baqubah bombings">Baqubah 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_massacre" title="2010 Baghdad church massacre">Baghdad church massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2011_Iraq_suicide_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_2011_Iraq_attacks" title="15 August 2011 Iraq attacks">August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_January_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="27 January 2011 Baghdad bombing">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_August_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="28 August 2011 Baghdad bombing">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2011_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2011 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_January_2011_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="24 January 2011 Iraq bombings">Arba'een bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tikrit_assault" title="2011 Tikrit assault">Tikrit assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2011 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Samarra_bombing" title="2011 Samarra bombing">Samarra bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Diwaniyah_bombing" title="2011 Al Diwaniyah bombing">Al Diwaniyah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Taji_bombings" title="2011 Taji bombings">Taji bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Karbala_bombing" title="2011 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Basra_bombings" title="2011 Basra bombings">Basra 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other war crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_raid_on_Camp_Ashraf" title="2011 raid on Camp Ashraf">Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq" title="Chlorine bombings in Iraq">Chlorine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Brigade_(Iraq)#Human_rights_abuses" title="Wolf Brigade (Iraq)">Torture by the Wolf Brigade</a> (2004–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="United States and the International Criminal Court">United States and the International Criminal Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">Hague Invasion Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Prosecution for the 2003 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtan_v._Blackwater" title="Abtan v. Blackwater">Abtan v. Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_v._Bush" title="Saleh v. Bush">Saleh v. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count_project" title="Iraq Body Count project">Iraq Body Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey" title="Iraq Family Health Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">Lancet surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORB_survey_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="ORB survey of Iraq War casualties">ORB survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">Damage to Baghdad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al-Aimmah_Bridge_disaster" title="2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster">Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crises_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">2007 cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Financial cost of the Iraq War">Financial cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq#Iraq_War" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Modern_Iraq_and_Iran" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_academics_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq">Violence against Iraqi academics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WMD_conjecture_in_the_aftermath_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Post-invasion WMD conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_leak" title="Iraq leak">Iraq scandal in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks_comments_on_George_W._Bush" title="Dixie Chicks comments on George W. Bush">Dixie Chicks comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_event" title="Hood event">Hood event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)" title="David Kelly (weapons expert)">Death of David Kelly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Inquiry" title="Hutton Inquiry">Hutton Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Angelo_dela_Cruz" title="Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz">Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_document_leak" title="2004 Iraq document leak">2004 document leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_bombing_memo" title="Al Jazeera bombing memo">Al Jazeera bombing memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Thomas_Beauchamp_controversy" title="Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy">Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoveOn.org_ad_controversy" title="MoveOn.org ad controversy">MoveOn.org ad controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_in_Fallujah" title="Six Days in Fallujah">Six Days in Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Role of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">War resisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Investigations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on WMD Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Survey_Group" title="Iraq Survey Group">Duelfer Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Inquiry" title="Iraq Inquiry">Chilcot Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-war" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War">Pre-war international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuy_Voyne!" title="Khuy Voyne!">Khuy Voyne!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2003_Saddam_Hussein_interview" title="February 2003 Saddam Hussein interview">Saddam Hussein interview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Views on the invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">U.S. public opinion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Anti-war_series" title="Oprah's Anti-war series">Oprah's Anti-war series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_map_pendant" title="Iraqi map pendant">Iraqi map pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier:_Iraq_%26_Afghanistan" title="Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan">Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Op_(photomontage)" title="Photo Op (photomontage)">Photo Op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Responsible_Plan_to_End_the_War_in_Iraq" title="A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq">A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoe-throwing_incident" title="George W. Bush shoe-throwing incident">Bush shoe-throwing incident</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_2002_anti-war_protest" title="Halloween 2002 anti-war protest">Halloween 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">February 15, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_March_2003_anti-war_protest" title="20 March 2003 anti-war protest">March 20, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Them_Home_Now_Tour" title="Bring Them Home Now Tour">Bring Them Home Now Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20,_2005_counter-inaugural_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest">January 20, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24,_2005_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="September 24, 2005 anti-war protest">September 24, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 27, 2007 anti-war protest">January 27, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 17, 2007 anti-war protest">March 17, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Port_of_Tacoma_protests" title="2007 Port of Tacoma protests">2007 Port of Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15,_2007,_anti-war_protest" title="September 15, 2007, anti-war protest">September 15, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19,_2008_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 19, 2008 anti-war protest">March 19, 2008</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath in Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State#Jamāʻat_al-Tawḥīd_wa-al-Jihād_(1999–2004)" title="History of the Islamic State">The rise of ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq</a> (2013–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against ISIL</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">U.S.-led intervention in Iraq</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outposts_of_tyranny" title="Outposts of tyranny">Outposts of tyranny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saeed_al-Sahhaf" title="Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf">"Baghdad Bob"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">"Chemical Ali"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq war)">Coalition of the willing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_checking" title="Dead checking">Dead checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalism" title="Embedded journalism">Embedded journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_Unit" title="Friedman Unit">Friedman Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-43/B_MOAB" title="GBU-43/B MOAB">"Mother of All Bombs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">"Mrs. Anthrax"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_and_New_Europe" title="Old Europe and New Europe">Old Europe and New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">Regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Shock and awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries#"Sixteen_Words"_controversy_in_2003_State_of_the_Union" title="Niger uranium forgeries">"Sixteen Words"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson#Lines_attributed_to_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Ice_Cream" title="Star Spangled Ice Cream">Star Spangled Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_reset" title="Strategic reset">Strategic reset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_are_unknown_unknowns" title="There are unknown unknowns">"There are unknown unknowns"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_Death_(Iraq)" title="Triangle of Death (Iraq)">Triangle of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">"Yo, Blair"</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Critical" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_arrogance" title="Global arrogance">Global arrogance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_war,_at_the_wrong_place,_at_the_wrong_time#Iraq_War_usage" title="The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time">"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Iraqi_Freedom_Memorial" title="Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial">Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial" title="Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial">Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwood_Gratitude_and_Honor_Memorial" title="Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial">Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Memorial_Garden" title="Old North Memorial Garden">Old North Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Iraqi_Culture" title="Saving Iraqi Culture">Saving Iraqi Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinations of the Iraq War">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War">Aviation shootdowns and accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">Coalition military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraq_War_documentaries" title="List of Iraq War documentaries">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Iraq" title="List of Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq">Iraqi security forces fatality reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most-wanted_Iraqi_playing_cards" title="Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards">Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Iraq" title="List of private contractor deaths in Iraq">Private contractor deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Timeline of the Iraq War">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Iraq" title="2003 in Iraq">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Iraq" title="2005 in Iraq">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Iraq" title="2006 in Iraq">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Iraq" title="2007 in Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Iraq" title="2008 in Iraq">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Iraq" title="2009 in Iraq">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Iraq" title="2010 in Iraq">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Iraq" title="2011 in Iraq">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">"Enhanced interrogation techniques"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_States" title="Torture in the United States">Torture in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling#Petrodollar_warfare" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar warfare theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">Unilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Outline of the Iraq War">Outline</a> / <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" title="Category:Iraq War">Category</a> / <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="n:Iraq War">Wikinews</a> / <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq War">Multimedia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1802311/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39Qhp4vB9BhJhQKkFHjttcwXm">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4731075-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003003059">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144641675">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144641675">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00968613">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph200819&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX552034">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542246405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10664837">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Template:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Combatants of the Iraq War">Armed groups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq"><img alt="Ba'athist Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi government">Iraqi government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a> <ul><li>Iraqi Police Service</li> <li>National Police</li> <li>Supporting Forces</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_Protection_Service" title="Facilities Protection Service">Facilities Protection Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'athists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li>General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li> <li>New Return</li> <li>Patriotic Front</li> <li>Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party</li> <li>Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Militias</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islamic</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Mahdi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Deraa" title="Abu Deraa">Abu Deraa</a>'s Mahdi Army faction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheibani_Network" title="Sheibani Network">Sheibani Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Heaven" title="Soldiers of Heaven">Soldiers of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Forces" title="Free Iraqi Forces">Free Iraqi Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Groups_(Iraq)" title="Special Groups (Iraq)">Special Groups (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Day_Brigade" title="Promised Day Brigade">Promised Day Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_Ansar_al-Aqeeda" title="Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda">Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Jund_al-Imam" title="Kata'ib Jund al-Imam">Kata'ib Jund al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_al-Jihad" title="Saraya al-Jihad">Saraya al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_al-Abbas_Forces" title="Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces">Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Ansar_Allah_al-Awfiya" title="Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya">Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabak_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak Militia">Quwwat Sahl Ninawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Army" title="Mukhtar Army">Mukhtar Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Mu%27ammal" title="Jaysh al-Mu'ammal">Jaysh al-Mu'ammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ali_al-Akbar" title="Liwa Ali al-Akbar">Liwa Ali al-Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq (2020–present)">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Mobilization" title="Tribal Mobilization">Tribal Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq" title="Sons of Iraq">Awakening groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Rashideen" title="Jaish al-Rashideen">Jaish al-Rashideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Iraqi_Resistance" title="Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance">Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Ahrar_al-Iraq" title="Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq">Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">16Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">52nd Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">92nd Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Brigade of Imam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Bashir Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian/Syriac</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nineveh_Plains" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Protection_Units" title="Nineveh Plain Protection Units">Nineveh Plain Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Forces" title="Nineveh Plain Forces">Nineveh Plain Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh_Protection_Committee" title="Qaraqosh Protection Committee">Qaraqosh Protection Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwekh_Nawsha" title="Dwekh Nawsha">Dwekh Nawsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataib_Rouh_Allah_Issa_Ibn_Miriam" title="Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam">Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Brigade</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Alliance" title="Sinjar Alliance">Sinjar Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Insurgents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Mujahideen Army</a></li> <li>Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq</li> <li>Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Mohammad's Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafist_jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist jihadism">Salafi Jihadists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustafa_Army_in_Iraq" title="Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq">Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Banner_Organization" title="Black Banner Organization">Black Banner Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Theeb" title="Abu Theeb">Abu Theeb</a>'s group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Salafi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army">Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Basri_Brigades" title="Hassan Al-Basri Brigades">Hassan Al-Basri Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Jaysh_Ahl_al-Sunnah_wa-l-Jamaah" title="Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah">Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Islam_Brigade" title="Shield of Islam Brigade">Shield of Islam Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness_and_Holy_War" title="Wakefulness and Holy War">Wakefulness and Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Flags" title="White Flags">White Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_State" title="Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_State" title="Template talk:Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Names of the Islamic State">Names of the Islamic State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Islamic_State" title="List of leaders of the Islamic State">List of leaders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhayfah_Al-Ansari" title="Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari">Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Fatima_al-Jaheishi" title="Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi">Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusaf" title="Abu Yusaf">Abu Yusaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" title="Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habib_al-Libi" title="Abu Habib al-Libi">Abu Habib al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Masri" title="Abu Jandal al-Masri">Abu Jandal al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfi_Hoxha" title="Zulfi Hoxha">Zulfi Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajro_Ikanovi%C4%87" title="Bajro Ikanović">Bajro Ikanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ahmad_Ali_al-Zahrani" title="Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani">Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Mejjati" title="Fatiha Mejjati">Fatiha Mejjati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_al-Nasr" title="Ahlam al-Nasr">Ahlam al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abuanza" title="Issam Abuanza">Issam Abuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_al-Alwani" title="Abu Ahmad al-Alwani">Abu Ahmad al-Alwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Usamah_al-Maghrebi" title="Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi">Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi" title="Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi">Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhannad_al-Suwaydawi" title="Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi">Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_Aliza" title="Abdul Rauf Aliza">Abdul Rauf Aliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(Islamic_State_leader)" title="Abu Sayyaf (Islamic State leader)">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Awni_al-Harzi" title="Ali Awni al-Harzi">Ali Awni al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Harzi" title="Tariq al-Harzi">Tariq al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khattab_al-Tunisi" title="Abu Khattab al-Tunisi">Abu Khattab al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Meshaal" title="Maher Meshaal">Maher Meshaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani" title="Abu Muslim al-Turkmani">Abu Muslim al-Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saleh" title="Abu Saleh">Abu Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_John" title="Jihadi John">Mohammed Emwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nabil_al-Anbari" title="Abu Nabil al-Anbari">Abu Nabil al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Waheeb" title="Abu Waheeb">Abu Waheeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Aswad_al-Jiburi" title="Ali Aswad al-Jiburi">Ali Aswad al-Jiburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hassen_Ould_Khalill_Jouleibib" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib">El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Furqan" title="Abu Muhammad al-Furqan">Abu Muhammad al-Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Kuwaiti" title="Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti">Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_al-Harbi" title="Abu Bilal al-Harbi">Abu Bilal al-Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abousamra" title="Ahmad Abousamra">Ahmad Abousamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Binali" title="Turki al-Binali">Turki al-Binali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Kamleh" title="Tareq Kamleh">Tareq Kamleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavdrim_Muhaxheri" title="Lavdrim Muhaxheri">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osama_al-Masri" title="Abu Osama al-Masri">Abu Osama al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Muhajir" title="Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir">Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali" title="Abu Muhammad al-Shimali">Abu Muhammad al-Shimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yasser_al-Issawi" title="Abu Yasser al-Issawi">Abu Yasser al-Issawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Hindi">Yusuf al-Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Omar al-Muhajir">Abu Omar al-Muhajir</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Udeen_Al-Harith" title="Jamal Udeen Al-Harith">Jamal Udeen Al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aine_Davis" title="Aine Davis">Aine Davis</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanda_Kotey" title="Alexanda Kotey">Alexanda Kotey</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shafee_Elsheikh" title="El Shafee Elsheikh">El Shafee Elsheikh</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cuspert" title="Denis Cuspert">Denis Cuspert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abaaoud" title="Abdelhamid Abaaoud">Abdelhamid Abaaoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubaker_El_Hakim" title="Boubaker El Hakim">Boubaker El Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State#Name" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2018)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2019)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2021" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2022" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2023" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2024)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Specific_territorial_claims" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Libya_Province" title="Islamic State – Libya Province">Libyan Provinces (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sinai_Province" title="Islamic State – Sinai Province">Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Algeria_Province" title="Islamic State – Algeria Province">Algeria Province (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Province" title="Islamic State – Yemen Province">Yemen Province (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Bengal_Province" title="Islamic State – Bengal Province">Bengal Province (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Hind_Province" title="Islamic State – Hind Province">Hind Province (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Pakistan_Province" title="Islamic State – Pakistan Province">Pakistan Province ((Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Turkey_Province" title="Islamic State – Turkey Province">Turkey Province (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State – Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Mozambique Province (Mozambique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Omar_Hadid_Brigade" title="Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade">Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa (Philippines)</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Khilafah_Brazil" title="Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil">Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indonesia_Mujahideen" title="East Indonesia Mujahideen">East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia)</a> (2014–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorganized cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Azerbaijan" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Kurdistan" title="Islamic State in Kurdistan">Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Saudi_Arabia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Lebanon Province (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Jund al Khilafah in Tunisia (Tunisia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict (1968–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Military intervention against IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes" title="2013 Hawija clashes">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Ali_Ben_Aoun" title="Battle of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun">Sidi Ali Ben Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">Anbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah" title="Fall of Fallujah">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">N Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">N Iraq (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baiji" title="Fall of Baiji">Baiji (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">N Iraq (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Baiji (14–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Amirli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nofaliya_(2015)" title="Fall of Nofaliya (2015)">Nofaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">E al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2015)" title="Battle of Sirte (2015)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">W al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Ramadi (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs (Nov–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">E Aleppo (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Niveneh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Guerdane" title="Battle of Ben Guerdane">Ben Guerdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Hīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Tipo-Tipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Ar-Rutbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">N Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">N al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">W al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">E Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Nineveh_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Western Nineveh offensive">W Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Syrian Desert (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">S Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">C Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (17–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">E Syria (Sep–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">W Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">S Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)#Battle_of_Hajin" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">Chinagodrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danag" title="Battle of Danag">Danag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia_offensive" title="Mocímboa da Praia offensive">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_offensive" title="Al Bayda offensive">Al Bayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palma" title="Battle of Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi#Death" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Atme raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">Talataye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falagountou" title="Battle of Falagountou">Falagountou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Beheading of Copts in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corinthia_Hotel_attack" title="2015 Corinthia Hotel attack">Corinthia Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qubbah_bombings" title="Al Qubbah bombings">Al Qubbah bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">Bardo National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombings" title="March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings">Sanaa bombings (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Culwell_Center_attack" title="Curtis Culwell Center attack">Curtis Culwell Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_and_Dammam_mosque_bombings" title="Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings">Qatif & Dammam bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks" title="26 June 2015 Islamist attacks">26 June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">Kuwait mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks" title="2015 Sousse attacks">Sousse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khan_Bani_Saad_bombing" title="2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing">Khan Bani Saad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing" title="Suruç bombing">Suruç bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2015_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2015 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombing" title="September 2015 Sanaa mosque bombing">Sanaa bombing (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">Ankara bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saihat_shooting" title="2015 Saihat shooting">Saihat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">Beirut bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tunis_bombing" title="2015 Tunis bombing">Tunis bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_truck_bombing" title="Zliten truck bombing">Zliten truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ramadi_bombing" title="2016 Ramadi bombing">Ramadi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasin_mosque_attack" title="Mahasin mosque attack">Mahasin mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attack">Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mosul_massacre" title="2016 Mosul massacre">Mosul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings">Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aden_car_bombing" title="2016 Aden car bombing">Aden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandariya_suicide_bombing" title="Iskandariya suicide bombing">Iskandariya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2016 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samawa_bombing" title="2016 Samawa bombing">Samawa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Gaziantep_bombing" title="May 2016 Gaziantep bombing">Gaziantep bombing (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (11 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres" title="Real Madrid fan club massacres">Real Madrid fan club massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taji_gas_plant_attack" title="2016 Taji gas plant attack">Baghdad gas plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Yemen_police_bombings" title="May 2016 Yemen police bombings">Yemen police bombings (15 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (17 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_May_2016_Yemen_bombings" title="23 May 2016 Yemen bombings">Yemen bombings (23 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aktobe_shootings" title="2016 Aktobe shootings">Aktobe shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mukalla_attacks" title="June 2016 Mukalla attacks">Mukalla (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">Atatürk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack" title="July 2016 Dhaka attack">Dhaka (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">Karrada bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi_Mausoleum_attack" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">Normandy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">Charleroi stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2016_Aden_bombing" title="August 2016 Aden bombing">Aden bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">Syria bombings (5 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_September_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Baghdad_attacks" title="October 2016 Baghdad attacks">Baghdad bombings (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack" title="2016 Quetta police training college attack">Quetta police college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil_massacre" title="Hamam al-Alil massacre">Hamam al-Alil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing" title="2016 Khuzdar bombing">Khuzdar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samarinda_church_bombing" title="2016 Samarinda church bombing">Samarinda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Hillah_suicide_truck_bombing" title="November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing">Hillah bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Aden_suicide_bombings" title="December 2016 Aden suicide bombings">Aden bombings (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">Al-Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">Berlin truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Sefter_Ta%C5%9F_and_Fethi_%C5%9Eahin" title="Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin">Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2,_2017_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2, 2017 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing" title="Sehwan suicide bombing">Sehwan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">Kabul (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">St Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Egypt church bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">Mastung bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">Jakarta bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_bus_attack" title="2017 Minya bus attack">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faqma_ice_cream_parlor_bombing" title="Al-Faqma ice cream parlor bombing">Al-Faqma bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Brighton_siege" title="2017 Brighton siege">Brighton siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks" title="June 2017 Pakistan attacks">Pakistan attacks (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">Brussels (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nasiriyah_attacks" title="2017 Nasiriyah attacks">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (20 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">New York City truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">Sinai mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (28 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Menas_church" title="Attack on Saint Menas church">Saint Menas church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">Save The Children Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcasonne & Trèbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (22 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">Kabul bombings (30 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_High_National_Elections_Commission_in_Tripoli,_Libya" title="2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mako_Brimob_standoff" title="2018 Mako Brimob standoff">Mako Brimob standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">Paris knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">Surabaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings" title="2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings">Mastung & Bannu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="2018 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Tajikistan_tourist_attack" title="2018 Tajikistan tourist attack">Tajikistan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2018 Kabul attacks">Kabul (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Ahvaz military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Melbourne_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Melbourne stabbing attack">Melbourne stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Louisa_Vesterager_Jespersen_and_Maren_Ueland" title="Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland">Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">Sainthamaruthu shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (17 Aug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">Kabul shooting (6 Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitaxi_massacre" title="Xitaxi massacre">Xitaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Machh_attack" title="2021 Machh attack">Machh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2021_Baghdad_bombings" title="January 2021 Baghdad bombings">January Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uganda_bombings" title="2021 Uganda bombings">Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack" title="2021 Kabul hospital attack">Kabul hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Diyala_massacre" title="2022 Diyala massacre">Diyala massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack" title="2022 Peshawar mosque attack">Peshawar mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hadera_shooting" title="2022 Hadera shooting">Hadera shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_mosque_bombing" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing">Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_minivan_bombings" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings">Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourasso_and_Namissiguima_massacres" title="Bourasso and Namissiguima massacres">Bourasso and Namissiguima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje prison break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_August_2022_Kabul_bombing" title="5 August 2022 Kabul bombing">5 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="August 2022 Kabul mosque bombing">August Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Russian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul">Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shah_Cheragh_attack" title="2022 Shah Cheragh attack">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kabul_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kabul hotel attack">Kabul hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kabul_airport_bombing" title="2023 Kabul airport bombing">Kabul airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan_bombing" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing" title="2023 Khar bombing">Khar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_school_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras school stabbing">Arras school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pul-i-Khumri_bombing" title="2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing">Pul-i-Khumri bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brussels_shooting" title="2023 Brussels shooting">Brussels shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Kabul_bombing" title="November 2023 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paris_attack" title="2023 Paris attack">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman bombings">Kerman bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings" title="2024 Balochistan bombings">Balochistan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sibi_bombing" title="2024 Sibi bombing">Sibi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucojo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucojo attack">Mucojo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Karabulak_clash" title="2024 Karabulak clash">Karabulak clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kandahar_New_Kabul_Bank_bombing" title="2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing">Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tillab%C3%A9ri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tillabéri attack">Tillabéri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Guzara_Attack" title="2024 Guzara Attack">2024 Guzara Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beirut_US_embassy_shooting" title="2024 Beirut US embassy shooting">2024 Beirut US embassy shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_attack_on_the_Israeli_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade">2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Muscat_mosque_shooting" title="2024 Muscat mosque shooting">2024 Muscat mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kabul_bus_bombing" title="2024 Kabul bus bombing">2024 Kabul bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Solingen_stabbing" title="2024 Solingen stabbing">2024 Solingen stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qala_Bakhtiar_bombing" title="2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing">2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Afghanistan_bus_shooting" title="2024 Afghanistan bus shooting">2024 Afghanistan bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qusar_attack" title="2024 Qusar attack">2024 Qusar attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Finances of the Islamic State">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Ideology of the Islamic State">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_Health_Service" title="Islamic State Health Service">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Armoured warfare of the Islamic State">Armoured warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Genocide of Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Genocide of Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">Persecution of gay and bisexual men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">Killing of captives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheading incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">Occupation of Mosul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL-occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul">Executions in Mosul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Philippines and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Islamic_State" title="United Kingdom and the Islamic State">United Kingdom and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State">Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_changes_due_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Name changes due to the Islamic State">Name changes due to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_the_Islamic_State_in_American_media" title="Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media">Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Terrorist cell in Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">al-Barakah district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Second_Message_to_America" title="A Second Message to America">A Second Message to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)" title="Al-Bayan (radio station)">Al-Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_Media_Center" title="Al-Furat Media Center">Al-Furat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naba" title="Al-Naba">Al-Naba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency" title="Amaq News Agency">Amaq News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_al-Islam_Qamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawlat al-Islam Qamat">Dawlat al-Islam Qamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huroof" title="Huroof">Huroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27lam_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="I'lam foundation">I'lam foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istok_(magazine)" title="Istok (magazine)">Istok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantiniyye_(magazine)" title="Konstantiniyye (magazine)">Konstantiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumiyah_(magazine)" title="Rumiyah (magazine)">Rumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatihin_Magazine" title="Al-Fatihin Magazine">Al-Fatihin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salil_al-Sawarim" title="Salil al-Sawarim">Salil al-Sawarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS-chan" title="ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq_War&oldid=1258543043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq_War&oldid=1258543043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" title="Category:Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_conflicts" title="Category:2000s conflicts">2000s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_Iraq" title="Category:2000s in Iraq">2000s in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Category:2000s in Iraqi Kurdistan">2000s in Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_conflicts" title="Category:2010s conflicts">2010s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Iraq" title="Category:2010s in Iraq">2010s in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Category:2010s in Iraqi Kurdistan">2010s in Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Category:Presidency of George W. 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