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Dioscorides — Wikipèdia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encastre_istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Encastre istoric</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Encastre_istoric-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Encastre istoric</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Encastre_istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma_e_l&#039;Asia_grèga_de_Dioscorides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_e_l&#039;Asia_grèga_de_Dioscorides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roma e l'Asia grèga de Dioscorides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_e_l&#039;Asia_grèga_de_Dioscorides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_predecessors_de_Dioscorides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_predecessors_de_Dioscorides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Los predecessors de Dioscorides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_predecessors_de_Dioscorides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L’òbra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L’òbra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>L’òbra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L’òbra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció L’òbra</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L’òbra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_contengut_de_l’òbra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_contengut_de_l’òbra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lo contengut de l’òbra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_contengut_de_l’òbra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metòde_d&#039;analisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metòde_d&#039;analisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metòde d'analisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metòde_d&#039;analisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estructura_del_manuscrit_grèc_original" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura_del_manuscrit_grèc_original"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Estructura del manuscrit grèc original</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructura_del_manuscrit_grèc_original-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_recepcion_de_l’òbra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_recepcion_de_l’òbra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>La recepcion de l’òbra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_recepcion_de_l’òbra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Bibliografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traduccions_modèrnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traduccions_modèrnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traduccions modèrnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traduccions_modèrnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estudis_sus_Dioscorides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estudis_sus_Dioscorides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Estudis sus Dioscorides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estudis_sus_Dioscorides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Articles connèxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nòtas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dioscorides</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 47 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ديسقوريدوس - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديسقوريدوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ديسقوريدوس - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسقوريدوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Педаний Диоскурид - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педаний Диоскурид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="পেডানিয়াস ডায়োস্কোরাইডস - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেডানিয়াস ডায়োস্কোরাইডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorid" title="Dioskorid - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B2rides_Pedaci" title="Dioscòrides Pedaci - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dioscòrides Pedaci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pedanius Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Dioskurides" title="Pedanios Dioskurides - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pedanios Dioskurides" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διοσκουρίδης ο Πεδάνιος - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοσκουρίδης ο Πεδάνιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pedanius Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorido" title="Dioskorido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dioskorido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="دیوسکوریدس - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوسکوریدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride" title="Dioscoride - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioscoride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1" title="פדניוס דיוסקורידס - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדניוס דיוסקורידס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanije_Dioskorid" title="Pedanije Dioskorid - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pedanije Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedaniosz_Dioszkorid%C3%A9sz" title="Pedaniosz Dioszkoridész - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pedaniosz Dioszkoridész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Դիոսկորիդես - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիոսկորիդես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioskorides" title="Pedanius Dioskorides - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedanius Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride_Pedanio" title="Dioscoride Pedanio - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioscoride Pedanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9" title="ペダニウス・ディオスコリデス - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペダニウス・ディオスコリデス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="დიოსკორიდე - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიოსკორიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Diosk%C3%BBr%C3%AEd%C3%AAs" title="Pedanios Dioskûrîdês - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pedanios Dioskûrîdês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диоскорид - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диоскорид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പെഡാനിയസ് ഡയസ്ക്കോറിഡ്സ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെഡാനിയസ് ഡയസ്ക്കോറിഡ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pedanius Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Dioskurydes" title="Pedanios Dioskurydes - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pedanios Dioskurydes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride" title="Dioscoride - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dioscoride" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диоскорид - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоскорид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="डयोस्कोरिडीस् - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="डयोस्कोरिडीस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorid" title="Dioskorid - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanije_Dioskorid" title="Pedanije Dioskorid - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pedanije Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioskorides" title="Pedanius Dioskorides - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pedanius Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81" title="Дисқуридус - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дисқуридус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="พีดาเนียส ไดออสคอริดีส - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีดาเนียส ไดออสคอริดีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Dioskurides" title="Pedanios Dioskurides - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pedanios Dioskurides" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Діоскорид - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діоскорид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="迪奥斯科里德斯 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迪奥斯科里德斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q297776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d&#039;aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dioscorides"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d&#039;aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d&#039;aquesta pagina. 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p><br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2444490">.mw-parser-output .infobox{background:#f9f9f9;color:#000;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em;float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;width:23.7em;border:1px solid #c2c2c1;border-spacing:5px}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:super;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #c2c2c1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #e7e7e7}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton 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.mergedbottomrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-text{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> </p> <table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3.8px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color:#ceceb5">Dioscorides</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dioscorides_Vienna_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dioscorides_Vienna_%28portrait%29.jpg/295px-Dioscorides_Vienna_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Dioscorides_Vienna_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Naissença</th><td class="" style="">≈40<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anazarb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anazarb (la pagina existís pas)">Anazarb</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Mòrt</th><td class="" style="">≈90</td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span style="color:#555;">modificar</span></a></span>&#160;<span title="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Infodoc" title="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl"><img alt="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dioscorides</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèc">grèc</a> ancian Πεδάνιος Διοσκορίδης <i>Pedanios Dioskoridês</i>), nasquèt entre los ans <a href="/wiki/20" class="mw-redirect" title="20">20</a> e <a href="/wiki/40" class="mw-redirect" title="40">40</a> ApC., a Anazarbe en <a href="/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia">Cilíciia</a> (una província romana situada al sud-èst de l'actuala <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>) e mòrt vèrs <a href="/wiki/90" class="mw-redirect" title="90">90</a> ApC.. Es un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tge" title="Mètge">mètge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmacologia" title="Farmacologia">farmacològ</a> e <a href="/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica">botanista</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grèc</a> que l'òbra foguèt una font de coneissenças màger en matèria de medecinas de natura vegetala, animala o minerala, pendent 1 500&#160;ans que cobrisson las epòcas de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri roman</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">Empèri bizantin</a>, del periòde arab classic e de l'Edat Mejana al començament de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mod%C3%A8rna" title="Edat Modèrna">epòca modèrna</a> en Euròpa<sup id="cite_ref-john_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Es l'autor de <i>Peri hulês iatrikês</i> (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς), «&#160;Al subjècte de la matèria medicala&#160;», òbra redigida en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c_(lenga)" title="Grèc (lenga)">grèc</a> mas mai coneguda jol nom latin de <i>De Materia Medica</i>. Considerat coma una de referéncia dins lo domèni de la <a href="/wiki/Farmacologia" title="Farmacologia">farmacologia</a> europèa e musulmana, se servèt e propaguèt pendent tota l'Antiquitat e l'Edat Mejana, per de còpias du tèxte grèc sus papir, pergamin e papièr e mejans sas traduccions en latin, siriac, arabi, persan e lengas europèas. </p><p>Fins al començament del sègle XVI, l'obratge foguèt fòrça recopiat (e mai o mens retocada) e l'objècte d'unas exegèsis, sens que siá portaire d'un progrès notable dins l'analisi botanica o terapeutica<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup>. Lo cambiament se realiza a la <a href="/wiki/Renaissen%C3%A7a" title="Renaissença">Renaissença</a>, quand los rics comentaris del mètge Mattioli balha una contribucion novèla a la matèria medicala e anonciant d'autres que siá dins les prescripcions medicalas o en botanica, coma foguèt lo cas dels estudis de terren precises fachs als sègles seguents, pels botanistas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (la pagina existís pas)">Tournefort</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sibthorp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sibthorp (la pagina existís pas)">John Sibthorp</a>. </p><p>Mai tard, lo tèxte de Dioscorides foguèt pauc a pauc abandonat coma obratge de referéncia de la matèria medicala. Alara que los desvelopaments de las sciéncias biologicas e de la quimia donan un nòu paradigme de l'evaluacion de las medecinas, l'objècte de la recerca passa de la <a href="/wiki/Farmacognosia" title="Farmacognosia">matèria medicala</a> als principis actius, de las rusca de quinquina a la <a href="/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina">quinina</a>, del pavòt a la morfina, etc. </p><p>D'autras grandas tradicions medicalas apareguèt dins l'Antiquitat a l'entorn del sègle, d'obratge fondators de lor matèrias medicalas respectivas (lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shennong_bencao_jing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shennong bencao jing (la pagina existís pas)">Shennong bencao jing</a> en China, e lo Caraka samhita en Índia). Pasmens, las medecinas tradicionalas chinesa o <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">indiana</a> aguèron una evolucion contrastada amb la medecina europèa. Al contacte de la medecina modèrna, se racionalizèron e abandonèron las nocions magicas e religiosas, mens acceptables uèi. Mas realizèron pas las trencaduras epistemologicas amb los concèptes de las ancianas medecinas sabentas<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, e en mai d'aver pas estat espotidas per la bioquimia coma o foguèt la medecina grecolatina, contunhèron d'èsser exercida e quitament eissamar dins fòrça regions del mond. </p><p>Al subjècte de las ancianas matèrias medicalas, que sián d'origina chinesa o indiana, l'analisi quimic e las evaluacions clinicas modèrnas acaban de segur a d'òbras de <a href="/wiki/Farmacognosia" title="Farmacognosia">farmacognosia</a>, identics a aqueles realizat pertot pel mond (veire par exemple l'obratge <i>Pharmacognosie</i> de Jean Bruneton, de valor totalament universala, tractant de totas las plantas medicinalas quina que siá lor origina). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Biografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avem pauc d'elements sus la vida de Dioscorides. Segon los escrichs del mètge grèc <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> del sègle II, Dioscorides seriá nascut a Anazarbe, dins la <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_romana" title="Província romana">província romana</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia">Cilícia</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> miègjornala, près de <a href="/wiki/Tars" title="Tars">Tars</a>. Tanpauc se sap sa data de naissença o aquela de sa mòrt. Comparant los passatges parallèls de l'<i>Istòria naturala</i> de <a href="/wiki/Plini_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Plini lo Vièlh">Plini lo Vièlh</a> e de <i>Materia medica</i> de Dioscorides, John Scarborough ne conclutz qu'aquel darrièr seriá nascut a l'epòca del règne de <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A8ri" title="Tibèri">Tibèri</a> (14-37) o de <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (37-41). Mai precís, Alain Touwaide<sup id="cite_ref-pallas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> avança l'an 25. Plini, son contemporanèu, consacrèt dos libres (los XXVI e XXVII) de son <i>Istòria naturala</i> a las plantas medicinalas. Los dos deguèron aver redigit lors obratges sus de remèdis naturals pendent gaireben lo meteis periòde mas sens se conéisser, que sens jamai citar lors òbras respectivas<sup id="cite_ref-guy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Dioscorides descriu son trabalh a Areius, un ensenhaire respectat de Tars que l'encoratgèt dins son trabalh. Mas se sap pas s'èra son escolan e quina èra sa formacion medicala. Pasmens, Marie Cronier<sup id="cite_ref-cronier_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pensa que Areius fuguèt benlèu son mèstre. Auriá fach sos estudis medicals a Tars o per unes especialistas a <a href="/wiki/Pergam" title="Pergam">Pergam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alex%C3%A0ndria" title="Alexàndria">Alexàndria</a><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dioscorides indica dins sa prefàcia<sup id="cite_ref-beck_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beck-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que dempuèi son enfança, sempre manifestèt lo mai viu interés per la matèria medicala e ditz a Areius «&#160;percorriguèri fòrça territòris - que sabètz que menèri una vida militar - per recampar, amb vos encoratjaments, la matèria de cinc libres&#160;». Se'n pòt conclure qu'èra un mètge militar coma sovent foguèt afirmat? Res de mens segur pels istorians contemporanèus. Benlèu l'allusion a sa «&#160;vida militara&#160;» seriá pas qu'un mejan retoric per indicar la vida rufa del viatjaire qu'anava pels monts e vals per recampar los sabers medicinals. Benlèu viviá fasent l'exercici la medecina, seguent lo modèl d'<a href="/wiki/Ipocrates" title="Ipocrates">Ipocrates</a> que curava los pacients anant de vilas en vilas, tot apregondissent sas coneissenças medicalas. Benlèu tanben, percorriguèt los camp per culhir las plantas medicinalas, los servar e las vendre? Aquelas doas activitats èran conegudas dins l'antiquitat jols noms de <i>rhizotomos</i> ριζοτομος «&#160;copaire de raiç&#160;» (recampaire de plantas, erborista) e de <i>pharmakopôlês</i> φαρμακοπώλης «&#160;vendeire de drògas&#160;». Le rizotòma se carga de la culhida de las plantes que dona al farmacopòl qu'a la responsabilitat de la composicion dels remèdis e de la venda<sup id="cite_ref-samama_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samama-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Per escriure son obratge sus la matèria medicala <i>Peri hulês iatrikês</i>, deguèt beneficiar de las òbras realizadas per diferents autors precedents. Mas pauc d'aqueles nos parvenguèron. Comparant le contengut de l’òbra amb aquela de son contemporanèu <a href="/wiki/Plini_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Plini lo Vièlh">Plini lo Vièlh</a> <i>Istòria naturala</i>, sul meteis subjècte, Marie Cronier pensa que la redaccion datariá dels tresen quart del sègle I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encastre_istoric">Encastre istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Encastre istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Encastre istoric"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roma_e_l'Asia_grèga_de_Dioscorides"><span id="Roma_e_l.27Asia_gr.C3.A8ga_de_Dioscorides"></span>Roma e l'Asia grèga de Dioscorides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Roma e l&#039;Asia grèga de Dioscorides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Roma e l&#039;Asia grèga de Dioscorides"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png/220px-EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png/330px-EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png/440px-EMPIRE_ROMAIN_116.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Empèri roman a la fin del sègle I<br /> La Cilícia, la patria de Dioscorides, se trapa a la periferia orientala de l'empèri</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Romanizacion e ellenizacion</b></li></ul> <p>Al sègle II AbC, los Romans consolidavan pauc a pauc lor preséncia en Grècia, fins a que en -146, un cònsol roman prenga d'assalt <a href="/wiki/Corint" title="Corint">Corint</a> e faga de la peninsula un protectorat roman. La <a href="/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia">Cilícia</a>, la region natala de Dioscorides, es una region costièra al sud èst de l'<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatòlia</a> qu'après aver estat jos la dominacion de la Siria dels Seleucids fuguèt integrada a l'Empèri roman per Pompèu. Vèrs -27, jos <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A8ri" title="Tibèri">Tibèri</a>, après son incorporacion a la <a href="/wiki/Siria_(prov%C3%ADncia_romana)" title="Siria (província romana)">província romana de Siria</a>, deguèt subir una assimilacion culturala accelerada. Dioscorides deguèt frequentar lo mitan del poder roman local. L'Asia grèga, sostracha a la zona d'influéncia dels Seleucids, possedís d'escòlas de medecina a Pergam, <a href="/wiki/Esmirna" title="Esmirna">Esmirna</a>, Efès o dins l'illa de Cos (bèrç de la medecina ipocratica), que van poder prosperar sens subir lo mendre damatge dels generals romans victorioses<sup id="cite_ref-andre_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Las vastas conquèstas romanas se traduson per de fenomèns d’acculturacions contrastats<span></span>: d'un costat una fòrta presa del latin e del drech roman en Occident alara que de l'autre, en Orient, una presa que demòra marginala. Esquematicament, gaireben totas las regions europèas conqueridas son romanizadas alara que dins la Granda Grècia, son los conquerents romans que s'ellenizèron al contacte dels Grècs. Segon lo vèrs celèbre d'<a href="/wiki/Oraci" title="Oraci">Oraci</a> «&#160;la Grècia conquerida conqueriguèt son ferotge venceire e portèt sos arts al Laci...» (<i>Epistòla</i>, II, 1, 156). Per escalons, Roma assimilèt l'ellenisme cultural non sens desrevelhar la reaccion d'unes «&#160;vièlhs Romans&#160;» per defendre l'identitat culturala romana. </p><p>Longtemps, los elèits romans manifestèron de reaccions d'atraccion-repulsion al respècte de la pensada especulativa grèga. Al sègle II AbC de decrèts provòcan l'expulsion de tres filosòfs grècs qu’Atenas aviá enviat al Senat roman en -155. Tant espavantèron Caton que los faguèt lèu caçar<sup id="cite_ref-carlo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. L. Mummi qu'aviá rudament pilhat <a href="/wiki/Corint" title="Corint">Corint</a>, mai, la metropòli de l'art, fa enviar a Roma, los caps d'òbra de l'estatuariá e de la pintura e jonh a la presa, d'esclaus erudits, de pedagògs e de mètges- (Polibi, <i>Ist.</i> IX, 10). </p> <ul><li><b>La medecina del <i>paterfamilias</i> resistís a l'ipocratisme grèc</b></li></ul> <p>A Roma, tradicionalament, las curas ostalencas se n'ocupava lo <i>paterfamilias</i> e se basava sus les vertuts del caulet<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, sobeiran sos totas sas formas contra la gota, la melancolia, las palpitacions e unas incantacions contra las luxacions e fracturas, lo rèste èra pas mai que messorgas dels Grècs<sup id="cite_ref-dachez_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dachez-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Lo pòble roman jamai balhèt a l'art medical una fòrça granda dignitat. Lo pauc d'estima per aqueles qu'execissián aquela activitat faguèt que pendent longtemps, de grandas familhas possedián un mètge esclau per lor usatge privat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plini_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Plini lo Vièlh">Plini lo Vièlh</a> qu'èra pas mètge mas un enciclopedista roman contemporanèu de Dioscorides, consacrèt mai d'un libres de sa monumentala <i>Istòria naturala</i> a la medecina. Comença lo libre XXIX<sup id="cite_ref-pline_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> afirmant qu'es lo primièr a tractar dins la lenga latina de l'art medicalDona enseguida un requisitòri sens pietat contra los mètges grècs. </p><p>Los prejutjats antimedicals venon del fach que los primièrs professionals de la medecina èran pas de Romans autentics, que girgonejavan dins una lenga incomprensibla, qu'èran vists coma avids que fasián pagar de servicis que fin alara èran pas retribuits. </p><p>La medecina èra jutjada coma un art estrangièr, incompatible amb la «&#160;gravetat romana&#160;», lo seriós d'un pòble fòrt e perfièchament san. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Los_predecessors_de_Dioscorides">Los predecessors de Dioscorides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Los predecessors de Dioscorides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Los predecessors de Dioscorides"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per se sonhar, los ancians Grècs podavan utilizar a la medecina costumièra dels medecinaires o ensajar los secors de la medecina religiosa que se realizavan dins los santuaris d'Apollon puèi d'<a href="/wiki/Ascl%C3%A8pi" title="Asclèpi">Asclèpi</a> (coma a Épidaure). A costat d'aquelas practicas, se desvolòpan a partir del sègle VI AbC, de centres medical ont se reliza una medecina basada sus l'observacion e l'analisi racionala. Es lo cas a Crotona en Itàlia del Sud o dins l'illa de Cos, celèbre a causa de l'ensenhament d'<b>I<a href="/wiki/Ipocrates" title="Ipocrates">pocrates</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-pierre_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierre-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (-460, -370). </p><p>La tradicion medicala a sa font dins lo Corpus ipocratic, que rebuta tota intervencion divina dins las malautiás presica l'observacion dels simptòmas per establir lo pronostic. Las malautiás an de causas naturala e deven èsser tractadas racionalament sens far de preguièras, sortilègis e operacions magicas. </p><p>Los remèdis, <i>pharmaka</i>, agisson al contrari dels procediments patologics identificats segon lor quita qualitat<sup id="cite_ref-alain_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alain-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Lo <i>Corpus ipocratic</i> recampa pas mens de 300 plantas diferentas per tractar fòrça afeccions<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Teofrast</b> (-371, -288), inspirat pel caminament d'<a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tel" title="Aristòtel">Aristòtel</a> que preferissiá l'observacion dirècta del mond a la reflexion filosofica <i>a priori</i>, ofrís amb son obratge <i>Recercas sus las plantas</i>, una descripcion metodica dels vegetals se basant sus lor morfologias e lor abitat. Fonda alara una sciéncia botanica <i>autonòma</i> de la medecina. Aquel trabalh davancièr demorèt sens equivalent pendent de sègles, pertot pel mond. Mai, la botanica vendrà pendent aquel fòrça long periòde, sinimim d'estudis de las plantas medicinalas. Foguèt sonque en Itàlia, al sègle XVI, qu'aquelas òbras botanicas teoricas seràn utilizada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Ghini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Ghini (la pagina existís pas)">Ghini</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulisse_Aldrovandi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi (la pagina existís pas)">Aldrovandi</a> (Amigues<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, 2010). </p><p>Lo libre IX de <i>Recercas sus las plantas</i> concebut independentament del còrs de l'obratge e titolat <i>Las vertuts de las simplas</i>, tracta de las substàncias vegetalas aromaticas e de plantas medicinalas. Es lo primièr obratge europèu sus las plantas medicinalas integralament conservat. Dona las cresenças dels <i>rhizotomos</i>, los «&#160;copaires de raices&#160;», que combinan d'observacions precisan amb de practicas magicas. Dins una autra seccion, dona lo nom e la descripcion de fòrça espècias de plantas medicinalas, associada amb lo metòde de culhida e de preparacion, las indicacions medicalas e o biais d'administracion. Dioscorides cita tres còps aquel obratge. </p><p>Pendent los quatre sègles que separan Teofrast de Dioscorides<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fòrça autors escriguèron sus la medecina per las plantas. Dioscorides menciona dins la prefàcia de son obratge mai d'un d'aqueles autors. Unes èran coneguts de Plini. Un dels mai ancians, datant del sègle IV, es Diocles de Caristos que donèt de descripcions de plantas, acompanhadas de l'indicacion de lors proprietats medicinalas. Un autre, Mantias (sègle III AbC), lausat per <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, es autor d'un obratge contenent fòrça remèdis a basa de plantas. Ducortial cita atal una seguida d'autors avent pogut influenciar Dioscoride. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L’òbra"><span id="L.E2.80.99.C3.B2bra"></span>L’òbra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : L’òbra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L’òbra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dioscorides,_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg/220px-Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg/330px-Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg/440px-Dioscorides%2C_Codex_Julianae_Aniciae._Wellcome_M0006393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="3742" /></a><figcaption>Lo Dioscorides de Viena o <i>codex Anicia Juliana</i> es un dels mai ancians manuscrits grècs de <i>Peri hulês iatrikês</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_contengut_de_l’òbra"><span id="Lo_contengut_de_l.E2.80.99.C3.B2bra"></span>Lo contengut de l’òbra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo contengut de l’òbra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo contengut de l’òbra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lo tractat de matèria medicala</i> descriu l'utilizacion medicala de mai de 800&#160;substàncias, que son dins una fòrta majoritat son de vegetals, lo rèste d'<a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animals</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerals</a>. Aquela matèria medicala es escricha dins una notícia, donant metodicament las informciions permetent de la reconéisser e de n'apreciar las proprietats. Atal, son donats lo nom popular de cada espècia de planta, quand es possible la distribucion geografica, una descripcion brèva de la partida utilizada, puèi lo procediment de culhida, de preparacion e de presa. Las indicacions terapeuticas son enseguida presentadas e la posologia. </p><p>La <i>Materia Medica</i> es importanta per la coneissença de las plantas e dels remèdis utilizats pels grècs, romans, e d'autres anatolians, per aqueles de Siria, Judèa, Egipte e Arabia. L'Egipte es citada coma luòc de prevenéncia d'al mens 40 substàncias<sup id="cite_ref-marganne_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marganne-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Aquelas òbras transmetèron tanben los noms d'unas plantas de Dàcia e de <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A0cia" title="Tràcia">Tràcia</a> que, autrament, serián estats perduts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metòde_d'analisi"><span id="Met.C3.B2de_d.27analisi"></span>Metòde d'analisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Metòde d&#039;analisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Metòde d&#039;analisi"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dins <i>De Materia Medica</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, Dioscorides après aver recampat las principalas coneissença de son temps sus las simplas<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, las classe e las analisa s’apiejant sus son experiéncia personala de <i>rhizomatos</i> e de mètge. Es del mens çò que daissa entendre sa prefàcia, ont repròcha a las fonts de son temps d'èsser incomplètas, de charrar sus las causas, de donar de coneissenças pas que purement livrescas e d'aver pas una experiéncias dels remèdis, o quitament de los confondre (<i>M.M., Prefàcia</i>, 2). Preferís l'observacion dirècta a la repeticion çò que s’ausís e critica los obratges de sos predecessors levat pasmens aqueles de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cratevas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cratevas (la pagina existís pas)">Cratevas</a>. Afirma aver pogut far d'observacions personalas su gaireben totas las drògas e de poder los arengar «&#160;seguent las proprietats naturalas de caduna d'ela&#160;». (<i>M.M., Prefàcia</i>, 4). </p><p>Dioscorides utiliza una extension de la teoria de Diocles del biais d'accion dels <i>pharmaka</i> per de <i>dynameis</i>, per justificar las vertuts medicinalas de las drògas. Tota substància possedissent de proprietats especificas δύναμις/δυνάμεις <i><b>dinamis/dinameis</b></i> son capables de tractar las malautiás. Aquelas quita proprietats van per parelhs antagonistas, per exemple <i>thermantikos</i> «&#160;escalfant&#160;» / <i>psyktikos</i> «&#160;refregissent&#160;», <i>stryptikos</i> «&#160;astringent&#160;» / <i>lytikos</i> «&#160;destibant&#160;», provocant / levant de flatuléncias, etc.(Beck, 2011). Tanben pòdon èsser unicas<span></span>: <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/escarotique">escaroticas</a> (causticas), adesivas, <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/détersif">detersivas</a> (lavantas), diureticas, etc. </p><p>L'òbre es d'en primièr un obratge de farmacologia. Dioscorides dona tanben d'informacions sus la talha, la forma de las raices, l'aspècte de las flors, de las fuèlhas e dels fruchs, e tanben las particularitats de lor abitat. Mas son paucas per identificar de segur la planta. Pasmens fòrça versions istoricas de l’òbras son provesidas d'illustracions de plantas, per facilitar l'identificacion. Dioscorides concentra son interès sus la matèria medicala que descriu precisament, dins un estil simple, dins una lenga grèga que Scarborough (un traductor de <i>Materia medica</i> en 1982) qualifica de «&#160;limpida e cristallina&#160;». Se ten alunhat de la pensada magica e de las cresença naïvas; los rares còp ont ne fa mencion, la introduch per «&#160;se dich ..., unes creson...». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estructura_del_manuscrit_grèc_original"><span id="Estructura_del_manuscrit_gr.C3.A8c_original"></span>Estructura del manuscrit grèc original</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Estructura del manuscrit grèc original" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Estructura del manuscrit grèc original"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se coneis pas exactament l'estructura originala del tèxte grèc de <i>Peri hulês iatrikês</i>. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wellmann" class="extiw" title="de:Max Wellmann">Max Wellmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-max_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> s'esforcèt de la donar entre 1906 e 1914. L'edicion critica que ne faguèt, sens traduccion e amb de notas en latin, s'impausèt fins ara. </p><p>Lo tèxte grèc de Dioscorides, rebastit per Wellmann, es divisat en cinc libres d'egala longor. Aquela division per matièra poiriá tanben aver estat impausada per la longor dels rotlèus de papirs qu'èran lo supòrt d'escritura. Que que siá, dins cada grop, las substàncias son ordonadas per òrdre d'activitat. </p><p>L'obratge (dins la traduccion de Beck de la restitucion de Wellmann) es fach de 827 fichas descriptivas de substàncias naturalas (simplas o compausadas) amb lors proprietats terapeuticas. Levant los 71 vins aromatizats amb de substàncias endacòm mai descrichas (libre V), demòra 756 substàncias medicinala de basa. D'entre aqueles, i a 583 plantas (soit 77,1&#160;%), 84 animals o produccion animalas (11,1&#160;%) e 89 mineralas e substàncias inorganicas (soit 11,8&#160;%). </p><p>L'obratge amassa las substàncias de proprietats similaras çò que favoriza la memorizacion e permet al metge de trobar de substituts aisidament. Se divisa en cinc libres<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gaireben totas las plantas (o de classas de plantas) estudiadas per Dioscorides se trapan dins la <a href="/wiki/Farmacognosia" title="Farmacognosia">farmacognosias</a> modèrnas per contra las matèrias animalas e mineralas desapareguèron. </p> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; width:99%; border-style:solid; border-radius:0; border-color:#AAAAAA; background-color:#FFFFFF;" title="&#91;afichar&#93;/&#91;amagar&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; height:1.6em; background-color:#EFEFEF; color:black;"><i>De materia medica</i> en cinc libres</div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0px; background:white; display:block; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b>Lo libre I</b>, tracta de</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>las plantas aromaticas: rizòma d'Iris, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardam%C3%B2m&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardamòm (la pagina existís pas)">cardamòm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeriana" title="Valeriana">valeriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can%C3%A8la" class="mw-redirect" title="Canèla">canèla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">safran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inula_helenium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inula helenium (la pagina existís pas)">luna campana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigola" title="Frigola">frigola</a>, etc. 29 espècias (<i>M.M.</i>, libre I,1 a I,29)</li> <li>las òlis: <a href="/wiki/%C3%92li_d%27oliva" title="Òli d&#39;oliva">òli d'oliva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%92li_de_ricin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Òli de ricin (la pagina existís pas)">de ricin</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8tla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amètla">amètla</a>... 12 òlis diferentas (I,30 a I,42)</li> <li>los enguents de ròsas, de codonhs, d'inflorescéncias de vinhas... 20 enguents diferents</li> <li>los chucs e resinas: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balme_de_la_M%C3%A8ca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balme de la Mèca (la pagina existís pas)">balme de la Mèca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calambac&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calambac (la pagina existís pas)">calambac</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Est%C3%ADrax&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estírax (la pagina existís pas)">estírax</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirra (la pagina existís pas)">Mirra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boswellia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boswellia (la pagina existís pas)">arbre d'encens</a>... lo <a href="/wiki/Bitum" title="Bitum">bitum</a> (idrocarbur natural)</li> <li>los arbres: <a href="/wiki/Pin" title="Pin">pin</a> (per sa rusca, sas agulhas, sos pinhons), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terebint&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terebint (la pagina existís pas)">terebint</a> (per sas fuèlhas, fruchs, rusca e resina), <a href="/wiki/Lentiscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentiscle">lentiscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cipr%C3%A8s" title="Ciprès">ciprès</a>...15 arbres diferents (I,69 a I,84), e tanben los arbrilhons: <a href="/wiki/Tamar%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarís">tamarís</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhamnus_cathartica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhamnus cathartica (la pagina existís pas)">Rhamnus cathartica</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moja (la pagina existís pas)">moja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosi%C3%A8r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosièr (la pagina existís pas)">rosièr</a>...</li> <li>los fruchs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milgrana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Milgrana (la pagina existís pas)">milgrana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceri%C3%A8ra" title="Cerièra">cerièra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poma" title="Poma">poma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pera" title="Pera">pera</a> ...</li></ul></dd> <dd>Lo libre I compta 129 fichas de matèrias medicalas.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Lo libre II</b> tracta sus las proprietats de</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>unes animals: eriç, ipocamp, muscle, caragòl, vipèra, cuca<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>... en tot 69 espècias animals. La ficha es mai sovent brèva.</li> <li>lo lach (γαλα <i>gala</i>), lo formatge, lo burre, la presura, los grases, la bila, la sang, lo mièl e quitament la bosa e l'urina son estudiadas per lors efièch sus la santat. En tot, 15 produchs d'origina animala son presentats (II, 70 a II, 84)</li> <li>las cerealas, leguminosas: lo blat («&#160;excellent per la santat s'es novèl, plan madur, de color jaune&#160;»), òrdi, civada, ris, milhet, sesam, iraga... cese, fava, lentilhas... 24 fichas</li> <li>las plantas d'òrts e de condiment: nap, rafe, caulet, baselic, ceba, alh, pebre...</li></ul></dd> <dd>Lo libre II compta 186 fichas subretot al subjècte dels aliments d'origina animala o vegetala.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Lo libre III</b> tracta de:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>las raices: la rebarba, genciana, regalícia, centaurèa, cardons, panicaut... 21 espècias</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloe vera (la pagina existís pas)">Aloe vera</a> (III, 22)</li> <li>plantas aromaticas, toxicas: aussent, espic, marjolena, farigola, menta, sàlvia, ruda, comin, nigèla, melissa, camomilha, peuna, cannabís... siá 135 plantas amb las plantas d'òli essenciala de la region mediterranèa.</li></ul></dd> <dd>Lo libre III compta 158 fichas descriptivas.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Lo libre IV</b> tracte de</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>betonica, pervenca, consòuda, cabrifuèlh, borratge, romec, potentilha...</li> <li>plantas soporificas e toxicas: efedra, rosèla, pavòt d'òpi, jusquiama, datura, mandragora, ciguda, tuèis, laurièr ròsa, colquic...</li> <li>parietària, ortiga, lòtus, lauriòla, varaire, ricin, ellebor, eufòrbia, sambuc...</li></ul></dd> <dd>Lo libre IV compta 192 fichas descriptivas amb fòrça plantas toxicas.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Libre V</b> tracta</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>la vinha, lo rasim, vin, idromèl, vinagre, vins aromatizats amb diferents fruchs, vin resinat... en tot 73 articles</li> <li>minerals, metals: calamina, verdet, rovilh, antimòni, lapis, cinabre, mercuri, sal... 89 substàncias inorganicas</li></ul></dd> <dd>Lo libre V compta 162 fichas descriptivas.</dd></dl> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <p>Lo succès excepcional d'aquela òbra pendent tant de sègles te per Cronier&#160;: </p> <ol><li>al caractèr enciclopedic de l'òbra</li> <li>al racionalisme marcat de l'analisi.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_recepcion_de_l’òbra"><span id="La_recepcion_de_l.E2.80.99.C3.B2bra"></span>La recepcion de l’òbra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : La recepcion de l’òbra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La recepcion de l’òbra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stavros Lazaris, "L’illustration des disciplines médicales dans l’Antiquité&#160;: hypothèses, enjeux, nouvelles interprétations", in: <i>La Collezione di testi chirurgici di Niceta (Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 74.7). Tradizione medica classica a Bisanzio</i>, M. Bernabò (ed.), Roma, 2010, p.&#160; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/stavrosLazaris/Papers/1433121/Lillustration_des_disciplines_medicales_dans_lAntiquite_hypotheses_enjeux_nouvelles_interpretations">[2]</a></li> <li>Stavros Lazaris, "L’image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d’Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride", <i> Pallas, 93 (2013), p.&#160; </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.academia.edu/10055661/L_image_paradigmatique_des_Sch%C3%A9mas_anatomiques_d_Aristote_au_De_materia_medica_de_Dioscoride">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traduccions_modèrnas"><span id="Traduccions_mod.C3.A8rnas"></span>Traduccions modèrnas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Traduccions modèrnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Traduccions modèrnas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Scarborough2011">John Scarborough, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Introduction&#160;»</cite>, dans Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus, translated by Lily Y. Beck, <cite class="italique">De materia medica</cite>, Olms - Weidmann, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<span class="nowrap">978-3-487-14719-2</span>)</small></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Chapitre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Chapitre (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Chapitre</a></li> <li>R.T. Gunther, ed. <i>The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides</i> (Oxford University Press, 1933).</li> <li>Duane Isely, <i>One hundred and one botanists</i> (Iowa State University Press, 1994), p.&#160;10-13.</li> <li>Bonne traduction espagnole en 1998 (due à Manuela Garcia Valdes).</li> <li><i>Dioscorides. De materia medica. Five books in one volume</i>, trad. T.A. Osbaldeston, introd. R.P. Wood, Johannesbourg (Afrique du Sud), Ibidis Press, 2000.</li> <li><i>Pedanius Dioscorides of Anarzarbus, De materia medica</i>, trad. Lily Y. Beck (<i>Altertumswissenschaftlichen Texte und Studien</i>, 38), Hildesheim, Olms, 2005. -- Traduction de référence.</li> <li><i>Les Six Livres de Pedacion Dioscoride d'Anazarbe de La Matiere Medicinale: Translatez de Latin en Francois</i>, Lyon, 1553</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estudis_sus_Dioscorides">Estudis sus Dioscorides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Estudis sus Dioscorides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Estudis sus Dioscorides"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marie Cronier, <i>Recherches sur l’histoire du texte du De materia medica de Dioscoride</i>, Thèse, 2007.</li> <li>Alain Touwaide, «&#160;La botanique entre science et culture au Ier siècle de notre ère&#160;», G. Wöhrle (éd.), <i>Geschichte der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften in der Antike, t. 1&#160;: Biologie</i>, Stuttgart&#160;: Steiner, 1999, p.&#160;.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connèxes"><span id="Articles_conn.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles connèxes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles connèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles connèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofrast&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofrast (la pagina existís pas)">Teofrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plini_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Plini lo Vièlh">Plini lo Vièlh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmacognosia" title="Farmacognosia">Farmacognosia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas"><span id="N.C3.B2tas"></span>Nòtas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">per exemple en Euròpa, ont «&#160;los mètges contunhan d'utilizar, sens pas cap de sens critica, las ancians versions erronèas dels erbièrs classics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per la medecina chinesa: teoria del buf vital qi 気, <a href="/wiki/Yin_e_Yang" title="Yin e Yang">Yin e Yang</a> 阴阳, las cinc fasas <a href="/wiki/Cinc_elements_(Wuxing)" title="Cinc elements (Wuxing)">wuxing</a> 五行, teoria dels <i>zangfu</i> 脏腑 organs e entralhas, etc. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caton, dins son <i>Tractat d'agricultura</i> presica las vertuts preventivas e curativas del caulet, «&#160;lo rei dels legums&#160;»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">entre la naissença de Tepfrast en -371 e aquela de Dioscorides vèrs +30, se passèt gaireben 400 ans</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">dempuèi la Reneissença, l'usatge en filologia vòl designar <i>Peri hulês iatrikês</i> Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς «&#160;Tractat de matèria medicala&#160;» l'òbra de Dioscorides, escricha en grèc, per aquel nom latin, que se referís a la version grèga originala o a una traduccion dins quian autra lenga que siá. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">es a dire las substàncias vegetalas, animalas e mineralas, non mescladas a d'autras substàncias, utilizadas coma remèdis (per oposicion als remèdis compausat)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">las identificacions de las espècias son aquelas donadas per Lyli Beck, la traductritz de l'obratge de referéncia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«&#160;σιλφη cuca: l'interior de las cucas de fornariá, espotit amb d'òli o bolhit e plaça dins l'aurelha, arrèsta lo mal d'aurelhas&#160;».</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referéncias"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-john-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-john_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Chapitre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Chapitre (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Chapitre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pallas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pallas_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="ouvrage" id="CITEREFAlain_Touwaide"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Touwaide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Touwaide (la pagina existís pas)">Alain Touwaide</a>, </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-guy_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="ouvrage" id="CITEREFGuy_Ducourthial"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Ducourthial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Ducourthial (la pagina existís pas)">Guy Ducourthial</a>, </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cronier-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cronier_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;{{{títol}}}.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;{{{títol}}}.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beck-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-beck_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pedanius_Dioscorides_of_Anazarbus2011"><span class="indicateur-langue">(<abbr class="abbr" title="Langue : anglais">en</abbr>)</span> Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus, <cite class="italique" lang="en">De materia medica (translated by Lily Y. Beck)</cite>, Olms - Weidmann, <time>2011</time>, 630&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Dioscoride&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Dioscoride (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Dioscoride</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samama-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-samama_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id=".C3.89velyne_Samama2006">Évelyne Samama, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;<i>Thaumatipoioi pharmackopôlai</i> La singulière image des préparateurs et vendeurs de remèdes dans les textes grecs&#160;»</cite>, dans Franck Collard, Évelyne Samama (dir.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andre-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-andre_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;{{{títol}}}.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-carlo_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carlo_Natali1996">Carlo Natali, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Lieux et école du savoir&#160;»</cite>, dans J. Brunschwig, G. Lloyd, P. Pellegrin, <cite class="italique">Le savoir grec</cite>, Flammarion, 1996, réd. 2011</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Chapitre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Chapitre (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Chapitre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dachez-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dachez_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;{{{títol}}}.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pline-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pline_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pline_l.27Ancien2013">Plini lo Vièlh, <cite class="italique">Histoire naturelle (traduit, présenté et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt)</cite>, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, nrf, Gallimard, <time>2013</time>, 2131&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Pline&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Pline (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Pline</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pierre-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pierre_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Pellegrin1996">Pierre Pellegrin, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Médecine&#160;»</cite>, dans J. Brunschwig, G. Lloyd, P. Pellegrin, <cite class="italique">Le savoir grec</cite>, Flammarion, 1996, réd. 2011</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Chapitre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Chapitre (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Chapitre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alain-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-alain_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Touwaide1995">Alain Touwaide, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Stratégie thérapeutiques&#160;: les médicaments&#160;»</cite>, dans Mirko. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;{{{títol}}}.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Suzanne_Amigues2010">Suzanne Amigues, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Introduction&#160;»</cite>, dans Théophraste, <cite class="italique">Recherches sur les plantes, À l'origine de la botanique</cite>, Paris, Belin, <time>2010</time></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Chapitre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Chapitre (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Chapitre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marganne-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-marganne_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="M-H._Marganne2006">M-H. Marganne, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Étiquettes de médicaments, listes de drogues, prescriptions et réceptaires dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine et byzantine&#160;»</cite>, dans Franck Collard, Évelyne Samama (dir.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-max-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-max_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">&#160;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="Default"><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www2.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/livanc/?intro=dioscoride&amp;statut=charge&amp;fille=o&amp;cotemere=65865">[1]</a></span></span>.</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </li> </ol> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐648bd44df8‐nhmcw Cached time: 20241116133855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.242 seconds Real time usage: 0.287 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2234/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8410/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1057/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16062/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.005/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 635743/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 206.501 1 -total 61.53% 127.067 1 Modèl:Infobox_Identitat 60.01% 123.918 1 Modèl:Infotaula 13.83% 28.550 6 Modèl:Cite_book 6.28% 12.961 1 Modèl:Infodoc 4.28% 8.846 2 Modèl:Revista 3.05% 6.304 1 Modèl:Dièsi_color_web 2.89% 5.969 1 Modèl:Bóstia_desenrotlanta/debuta 1.11% 2.285 1 Modèl:Colors_genericas 1.05% 2.164 1 Modèl:Ligam_cap_a_modèl --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ocwiki:pcache:idhash:164079-0!canonical and timestamp 20241116133855 and revision id 2108903. 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