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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maimonides (disambiguation)">Maimonides (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moses ben Maimon" redirects here. For the Moroccan kabbalist, see <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Maimon_Albas" title="Moses ben Maimon Albas">Moses ben Maimon Albas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Haifa hospital, see <a href="/wiki/Rambam_Health_Care_Campus" title="Rambam Health Care Campus">Rambam Health Care Campus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Moses ben Maimon<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/maɪˈmɒnɪdiːz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">my-MON-ih-deez</a>)<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: רמב״ם),<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> rabbi and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">philosopher</a> who became one of the most prolific and influential <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In his time, he was also a preeminent <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, serving as the personal physician of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. He was born and lived in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (now in Spain) within the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Empire</a> on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> eve 1138 or 1135,<a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a> until his family was expelled for refusing to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> Later, he lived in Morocco and Egypt and worked as a rabbi, physician and philosopher. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Maimonides</li><li>(Moshe ben Maimon)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Portrait_of_Moses_Maimonides_in_Thesaurus_antiquitatum_sacrarum.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="717"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Purported portrait of Maimonides from which all modern portraits are derived, Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1744<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">30 March<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or 6 April<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 1135 Possibly born 28 March or 4 April<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 1138 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1204 (66–69 years old) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fostat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultanate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) daughter of Nathaniel Baruch (2) daughter of Mishael Halevi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_philosophy" title="12th century in philosophy">12th-century philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides%27_rule" title="Maimonides' rule">Maimonides' rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(Judaism)" title="Golden mean (Judaism)">Golden mean</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_principles_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="13 principles of faith">13 principles of faith</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Maimonides.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Firma_de_Maimonides.svg/150px-Firma_de_Maimonides.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Firma_de_Maimonides.svg/225px-Firma_de_Maimonides.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Firma_de_Maimonides.svg/300px-Firma_de_Maimonides.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="141"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> During his lifetime, most Jews greeted Maimonides' writings on <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">ethics</a> with acclaim and gratitude, even as far away as Iraq and Yemen. Yet, while Maimonides rose to become the revered head of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jewish community in Egypt</a>, his writings also had vociferous critics, particularly in Spain. He died in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, Egypt, and, according to Jewish tradition, was buried in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Maimonides" title="Tomb of Maimonides">tomb in Tiberias</a> is a popular pilgrimage and tourist site. He was posthumously acknowledged as one of the foremost <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">rabbinic decisors</a> and philosophers in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, and his copious work comprises a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> still carries significant canonical authority as a codification of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> Aside from being revered by Jewish historians, Maimonides also figures very prominently in the history of Islamic and Arab sciences. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina</a>, and his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a>, he became a prominent philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> in both the Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic worlds</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Biography">2 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_years">2.1 Early years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Exile">2.2 Exile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death_of_his_brother">2.3 Death of his brother</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nagid">2.4 Nagid</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Physician">2.5 Physician</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Death">2.6 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Works">3 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mishneh_Torah">3.1 Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_Judaic_and_philosophical_works">3.2 Other Judaic and philosophical works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Medical_works">3.3 Medical works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_Oath_of_Maimonides">3.3.1 The Oath of Maimonides</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Treatise_on_logic">3.4 Treatise on logic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Philosophy">4 Philosophy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Thirteen_principles_of_faith">4.1 Thirteen principles of faith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Theology">4.2 Theology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Character_development">4.3 Character development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Prophecy">4.4 Prophecy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#The_problem_of_evil">4.5 The problem of evil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Skepticism_of_astrology">4.6 Skepticism of astrology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#True_beliefs_versus_necessary_beliefs">4.7 True beliefs versus necessary beliefs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Righteousness_and_charity">4.8 Righteousness and charity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Eschatology">4.9 Eschatology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#The_Messianic_era">4.9.1 The Messianic era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Resurrection">4.9.2 Resurrection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#The_World_to_Come">4.9.3 The World to Come</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Maimonides_and_Kabbalah">4.10 Maimonides and Kabbalah</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Influence_and_legacy">5 Influence and legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Maimonides_and_the_Modernists">5.1 Maimonides and the Modernists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Tributes_and_memorials">5.2 Tributes and memorials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Burial_place">6 Burial place</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Maimonides referred to himself as "Moses, son of Rabbi Maimon <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">the Spaniard</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: משה ברבי מימון הספרדי).<a href="#cite_note-e-17">[e]</a> In Medieval Hebrew, he was usually called ר״ם, short for "our Rabbi Moshe", but mostly he is called רמב״ם, short for "our Rabbi, Moshe son of Maimon" and pronounced Rambam. In Arabic, he is sometimes called "Moses '<a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">son of</a> <a href="/wiki/Amram" title="Amram">Amram</a>'<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a> son of Maimon, of Obadiah,<a href="#cite_note-19">[g]</a> the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoban</a>" (أَبُو عَمْرَان مُوسَى بْن مَيْمُون بْن عُبَيْد ٱللّٰه ٱلْقُرْطُبِيّ, Abū ʿImrān Mūsā bin Maimūn bin ʿUbaydallāh al-Qurṭubī), or more often simply "Moses, son of Maimon" (موسى بن ميمون). In Greek, the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ben_(Hebrew)" title="Ben (Hebrew)">ben</a> ('son of') becomes the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ίδης">-ides</a>, forming Μωησής Μαϊμονίδης "Moses Maimonides".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He is sometimes known as "The Great Eagle" (Hebrew: הנשר הגדול, romanized: haNesher haGadol).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt#Arab_rule_(641_to_1250)" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">History of the Jews in Egypt § Arab rule (641 to 1250)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohads1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Almohads1200.png/220px-Almohads1200.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="526"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Almohads1200.png/220px-Almohads1200.png" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Almohads1200.png/330px-Almohads1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Almohads1200.png/440px-Almohads1200.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> at its greatest extent, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200</figcaption></figure> Maimonides was born 1138 (or 1135) in Córdoba in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid Caliphate">Almoravid Caliphate</a>, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula</a> after the first centuries of Muslim rule. His father, <a href="/wiki/Maimon_ben_Joseph" title="Maimon ben Joseph">Maimon ben Joseph</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Beth_din#Officers_of_a_beth_din" title="Beth din">dayyan</a> or rabbinic judge. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a> later wrote that he had traced Maimonides' descent back to <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi">Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[13]</a> His ancestry, going back four generations, is given in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" title="Epistle to Yemen">Epistle to Yemen</a> as Moses son of Maimon the Judge, son of Joseph the Wise, son of Isaac the Rabbi, son of Obadiah the Judge.<a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a> At the end of his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, however, a longer, slightly different genealogy is given: Moses son of Maimon the Judge, son of Joseph the Wise, son of Isaac the Judge, son of Joseph the Judge, son of Obadiah the Judge, son of Solomon the Rabbi, son of Obadiah the Judge.<a href="#cite_note-e-17">[e]</a> Maimonides <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">studied Torah</a> under his father, who had in turn studied under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a>. At an early age, Maimonides developed an interest in sciences and philosophy. He read <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a> accessible via Arabic translations and was deeply immersed in the sciences and learning of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a> Maimonides, who was revered for his personality as well as for his writings, led a busy life, and wrote many of his works while travelling or in temporary accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-Americana_18_140-23">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG/170px-Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG/170px-Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG/255px-Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Maimonides_house_in_Fes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maimonides' house in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a>, according to local tradition. It is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Magana" title="Dar al-Magana">Dar al-Magana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>, conquered Córdoba in 1148 and abolished <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> status (i.e., state protection of non-Muslims ensured through payment of a tax, the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>) in some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] of their territories. The loss of this status forced the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Jewish</a> and Christian communities to choose between <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">death</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Americana_18_140-23">[16]</a> Many Jews were forced to convert, but due to suspicion by the authorities of fake conversions, the new converts had to wear identifying clothing that set them apart and made them subject to public scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-Libas-25">[18]</a> Maimonides' family, along with many other <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maimonides#Dubious" title="Talk:Maimonides">discuss</a>] chose exile. For the next ten years, Maimonides moved about in southern Spain and North Africa, eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a>. Some say that his teacher in Fez was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ha-Cohen_Ibn_Susan" title="Yehuda Ha-Cohen Ibn Susan">Yehuda Ha-Cohen Ibn Susan</a>, until the latter was killed in 1165.<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> During this time, he composed his acclaimed commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, during the years 1166–1168.<a href="#cite_note-27">[h]</a> Following this sojourn in Morocco, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> with his father and brother, before settling in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>-controlled Egypt by 1168.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a> There is mention that Maimonides first settled in Alexandria, and moved to Fustat only in 1171.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, he studied in a <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> attached to a small <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Synagogue" title="Maimonides Synagogue">synagogue</a>, which now bears his name.<a href="#cite_note-S.D.-29">[21]</a> In Palestine, he prayed at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. He wrote that this day of visiting the Temple Mount was a day of holiness for him and his descendants.<a href="#cite_note-30">[22]</a> Maimonides shortly thereafter was instrumental in helping rescue Jews taken captive during the Christian <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric of Jerusalem</a>'s siege of the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>. He sent five letters to the Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> asking them to pool money together to pay the <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a>. The money was collected and then given to two judges sent to Palestine to negotiate with the Crusaders. The captives were eventually released.<a href="#cite_note-31">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_his_brother">Death of his brother</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death of his brother" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba,_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg/200px-Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3671" data-file-height="5506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg/200px-Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg/300px-Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg/400px-Ben_Maim%C3%B3nides._C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a-eue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a></figcaption></figure> Following this success, the Maimonides family, hoping to increase their wealth, gave their savings to his brother, the youngest son David ben Maimon, a merchant. Maimonides directed his brother to procure goods only at the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> port of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAydhab" title="ʿAydhab">ʿAydhab</a>. After a long, arduous trip through the desert, however, David was unimpressed by the goods on offer there. Against his brother's wishes, David boarded a ship for India, since great wealth was to be found in the East.<a href="#cite_note-32">[i]</a> Before he could reach his destination, David drowned at sea sometime between 1169 and 1177. The death of his brother caused Maimonides to become sick with grief. In a letter discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>, he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The greatest misfortune that has befallen me during my entire life—worse than anything else—was the demise of the saint, may his memory be blessed, who drowned in the Indian sea, carrying much money belonging to me, to him, and to others, and left with me a little daughter and a widow. On the day I received that terrible news I fell ill and remained in bed for about a year, suffering from a sore boil, fever, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and was almost given up. About eight years have passed, but I am still mourning and unable to accept consolation. And how should I console myself? He grew up on my knees, he was my brother, [and] he was my student.<a href="#cite_note-33">[24]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagid">Nagid</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nagid" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg/220px-Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="2374"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg/220px-Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg/330px-Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg/440px-Maimonides_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a> of Maimonides in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></figcaption></figure> Around 1171, Maimonides was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Nagid" title="Nagid">Nagid</a> of the Egyptian Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-S.D.-29">[21]</a> Arabist <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Shelomo Dov Goitein</a> believes the leadership he displayed during the ransoming of the Crusader captives led to this appointment.<a href="#cite_note-34">[25]</a> However he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sar_Shalom_ben_Moses" title="Sar Shalom ben Moses">Sar Shalom ben Moses</a> in 1173. Over the controversial course of Sar Shalom's appointment, during which Sar Shalom was accused of <a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a>, Maimonides excommunicated and fought with him for several years until Maimonides was appointed Nagid in 1195. A work known as "Megillat Zutta" was written by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham ben Hillel">Abraham ben Hillel</a>, who writes a scathing description of Sar Shalom while praising Maimonides as "the light of east and west and unique master and marvel of the generation."<a href="#cite_note-35">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physician">Physician</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physician" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the loss of the family funds tied up in David's business venture, Maimonides assumed the vocation of physician, for which he was to become famous. He had trained in medicine in both Spain and in Fez. Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Fadil" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi al-Fadil">al-Qadi al-Fadil</a>, the chief secretary to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, then to Saladin himself; after whose death he remained a physician to the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frank-37">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-S_NS_163.57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/T-S_NS_163.57.jpg/220px-T-S_NS_163.57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="316"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/T-S_NS_163.57.jpg/220px-T-S_NS_163.57.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/T-S_NS_163.57.jpg/330px-T-S_NS_163.57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/T-S_NS_163.57.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Autograph (manuscript)">autograph</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> with words in Arabic and their Romance translations, both written in Hebrew script<a href="#cite_note-38">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> In his medical writings, Maimonides described many conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and he emphasized moderation and a healthy lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-rosner-39">[30]</a> His treatises became influential for generations of physicians. He was knowledgeable about Greek and Arabic medicine, and followed the principles of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>. He did not blindly accept authority but used his own observation and experience.<a href="#cite_note-rosner-39">[30]</a> Julia Bess Frank indicates that Maimonides in his medical writings sought to interpret works of authorities so that they could become acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-frank-37">[28]</a> Maimonides displayed in his interactions with patients attributes that today would be called <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">intercultural awareness</a> and respect for the patient's <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[31]</a> Although he frequently wrote of his longing for solitude in order to come closer to God and to extend his reflections—elements considered essential in his philosophy to the prophetic experience—he gave over most of his time to caring for others.<a href="#cite_note-41">[32]</a> In a famous letter, Maimonides describes his daily routine. After visiting the Sultan's palace, he would arrive home exhausted and hungry, where "I would find the antechambers filled with gentiles and Jews [...] I would go to heal them, and write prescriptions for their illnesses [...] until the evening [...] and I would be extremely weak."<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a> As he goes on to say in this letter, even on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> he would receive members of the community. Still, he managed to write extended treatises, including not only medical and other scientific studies but some of the most systematically thought-through and influential treatises on <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (rabbinic law) and Jewish philosophy of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-43">[j]</a> In 1172–74, Maimonides wrote his famous <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" title="Epistle to Yemen">Epistle to Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> It has been suggested that his "incessant travail" undermined his own health and brought about his death at 69 (although this is a normal lifespan).<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Maimonides" title="Tomb of Maimonides">Tomb of Maimonides</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keverambam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Keverambam.jpg/220px-Keverambam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Keverambam.jpg/220px-Keverambam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Keverambam.jpg/330px-Keverambam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Keverambam.jpg/440px-Keverambam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Maimonides" title="Tomb of Maimonides">Tomb of Maimonides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></figcaption></figure> Maimonides died on 12 December 1204 (20th of <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> 4965) in Fustat. A variety of medieval sources beginning with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qifti" title="Al-Qifti">Al-Qifti</a> maintain that his body was interred near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tiberias">Lake Tiberias</a>, though there is no contemporary evidence for his removal from Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah_ibn_Yahya_ben_Joseph" title="Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph">Gedaliah ibn Yahya</a> records that "He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> with elegies upon his gravestone. In the time of <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">[David] Kimhi</a>, when the sons of <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a> rose up to besmirch [Maimonides] . . . they did evil. They altered his gravestone, which previously had been inscribed 'choicest of the human race (מבחר המין האנושי)', so that instead it read 'the excommunicated heretic (מוחרם ומין)'. But later, after the provocateurs had repented of their act, and praised this great man, a student repaired the gravestone to read 'choicest of the Israelites (מבחר המין הישראלי)'".<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> Today, Tiberias hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Maimonides" title="Tomb of Maimonides">Tomb of Maimonides</a>, on which is inscribed "From <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> to Moses arose none like Moses."<a href="#cite_note-epitaph-47">[37]</a> Maimonides and his wife, the daughter of Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi, had one child who survived into adulthood,<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham Maimonides</a>, who became recognized as a great scholar. He succeeded Maimonides as Nagid and as court <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> at the age of eighteen. Throughout his career, he defended his father's writings against all critics. The office of Nagid was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century. A <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatua_de_Maim%C3%B3nides_(Cordoba)" class="extiw" title="es:Estatua de Maimónides (Cordoba)">statue of Maimonides</a> was erected near the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Synagogue" title="Córdoba Synagogue">Córdoba Synagogue</a>. Maimonides is sometimes said to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, although he never made such a claim.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishneh_Torah">Mishneh Torah</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mishneh Torah" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></div> With Mishneh Torah, Maimonides composed a code of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> with the widest-possible scope and depth. The work gathers all the binding laws from the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, and incorporates the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> (post-Talmudic early Medieval scholars, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>). It is also known as Yad ha-Chazaka or simply Yad (יד) which has the numerical value 14, representing the 14 books of the work. The Mishneh Torah made following Jewish law easier for the Jews of his time, who were struggling to understand the complex nature of Jewish rules and regulations as they had adapted over the years. Later codes of Jewish law, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, draw heavily on Mishneh Torah: both often quote whole sections verbatim. However, it met initially with much opposition.<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> There were two main reasons for this opposition. First, Maimonides had refrained from adding references to his work for the sake of brevity; second, in the introduction, he gave the impression of wanting to "cut out" study of the Talmud,<a href="#cite_note-52">[42]</a> to arrive at a conclusion in Jewish law, although Maimonides later wrote that this was not his intent. His most forceful opponents were the rabbis of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (Southern France), and a running critique by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> (Raavad III) is printed in virtually all editions of Mishneh Torah. Nevertheless, Mishneh Torah was recognized as a monumental contribution to the systemized writing of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>. Throughout the centuries, it has been widely studied and its halakhic decisions have weighed heavily in later rulings. In response to those who would attempt to force followers of Maimonides and his Mishneh Torah to abide by the rulings of his own <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> or other later works, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a> wrote: "Who would dare force communities who follow the Rambam to follow any other <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisor</a> [of Jewish law], early or late? [...] The Rambam is the greatest of the decisors, and all the communities of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> practice according to his word, and accepted him as their rabbi."<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> An oft-cited legal maxim from his pen is: "<a href="/wiki/Blackstone%27s_formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone's formulation">It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death</a>." He argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until defendants would be convicted merely according to the judge's caprice.<a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Judaic_and_philosophical_works">Other Judaic and philosophical works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Judaic and philosophical works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An autograph fragment of Maimonides' <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a> (Judeo-Arabic)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maimonides-mishna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maimonides-mishna.jpg/220px-Maimonides-mishna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="3760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maimonides-mishna.jpg/220px-Maimonides-mishna.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maimonides-mishna.jpg/330px-Maimonides-mishna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maimonides-mishna.jpg/440px-Maimonides-mishna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Autograph manuscript of Maimonides' Commentary to <a href="/wiki/Sukkah_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkah (tractate)">Tractate Sukkah</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">solitreo</a></figcaption></figure> Maimonides composed works of Jewish scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">rabbinic law</a>, philosophy, and medical texts. Most of Maimonides' works were written in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>. However, the Mishneh Torah was written in Hebrew. In addition to Mishneh Torah, his Jewish texts were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Commentaries" title="Mishnah">Commentary on the Mishna</a> (Arabic Kitab al-Siraj, translated into Hebrew as Pirush Hamishnayot), written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. This was the first full commentary ever written on the entire Mishnah, which took Maimonides seven years to complete. It is considered one of the most important Mishnah commentaries, having enjoyed great popularity both in its Arabic original and its medieval Hebrew translation. The commentary includes three philosophical introductions which were also highly influential: <ul><li>The Introduction to the Mishnah deals with the nature of the oral law, the distinction between the prophet and the sage, and the organizational structure of the Mishnah.</li> <li>The Introduction to Mishnah <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>, chapter ten (Pereḳ Ḥeleḳ), is an eschatological essay that concludes with Maimonides' famous creed ("the thirteen principles of faith").</li> <li>The Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, popularly called The Eight Chapters, is an ethical treatise.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Hamitzvot" title="Sefer Hamitzvot">Sefer Hamitzvot</a> (The Book of Commandments). In this work, Maimonides lists all the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 mitzvot</a> traditionally contained in the Torah (Pentateuch). He describes fourteen shorashim (roots or principles) to guide his selection.</li> <li>Sefer Ha'shamad (Letter of Martydom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a>, a philosophical work harmonising and differentiating Aristotle's philosophy and Jewish theology. Written in Judeo-Arabic under the title Dalālat al-ḥāʾirīn, and completed between 1186 and 1190.<a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] It has been suggested that the title is derived from the Arabic phrase dalīl al-mutaḥayyirin (guide of the perplexed) a name for God in a work by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghazālī">al-Ghazālī</a>, echoes of whose work can be found elsewhere in Maimonides.<a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a> The first translation of this work into Hebrew was done by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a> in 1204 just prior to Maimonides' death.<a href="#cite_note-WDL1-57">[47]</a></li> <li>Teshuvot, collected correspondence and <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a>, including a number of public letters (on resurrection and the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, on conversion to other faiths, and <a href="/wiki/The_Yemen_Epistle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yemen Epistle">Iggereth Teiman</a>—addressed to the oppressed <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Jewry of Yemen</a>).</li> <li>Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi, a fragment of a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud, identified and published by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a> in 1947.</li> <li>Commentaries to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, of which fragments survive.<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_works">Medical works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medical works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides' achievements in the medical field are well known, and are cited by many medieval authors. One of his more important medical works is his Guide to Good Health (Regimen Sanitatis), which he composed in Arabic for the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">al-Afdal</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> The work was translated into Latin, and published in Florence in 1477, becoming the first medical book to appear in print there.<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> While his prescriptions may have become obsolete, "his ideas about preventive medicine, public hygiene, approach to the suffering patient, and the preservation of the health of the soul have not become obsolete."<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> Maimonides wrote ten known medical works in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> that have been translated by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_medical_ethics" title="Jewish medical ethics">Jewish medical ethicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rosner" title="Fred Rosner">Fred Rosner</a> into contemporary English.<a href="#cite_note-rosner-39">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> Lectures, conferences and research on Maimonides, even recently in the 21st century, have been done at medical universities in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. <ul><li>Regimen Sanitatis, Suessmann Muntner (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem 1963 (translated into Hebrew by <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moses ibn Tibbon">Moshe Ibn Tibbon</a>) (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729184001">729184001</a>)</li> <li>The Art of Cure – Extracts from Galen (Barzel, 1992, Vol. 5)<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> is essentially an extract of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>'s extensive writings.</li> <li>Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (Rosner, 1987, Vol. 2; Hebrew:<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a> פירוש לפרקי אבוקראט) is interspersed with his own views.</li> <li>Medical Aphorisms<a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a> of Moses (Rosner, 1989, Vol. 3) titled Fusul Musa in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> ("Chapters of Moses", Hebrew:<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a> פרקי משה) contains 1500 aphorisms and many medical conditions are described.</li> <li>Treatise on Hemorrhoids (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1; Hebrew:<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> ברפואת הטחורים) discusses also digestion and food.</li> <li>Treatise on Cohabitation (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1) contains recipes as <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiacs</a> and anti-aphrodisiacs.</li> <li>Treatise on Asthma (Rosner, 1994, Vol. 6)<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> discusses climates and diets and their effect on asthma and emphasizes the need for clean air.</li> <li>Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1) is an early <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a> textbook that remained popular for centuries.</li> <li>Regimen of Health (in Rosner, 1990, Vol. 4; Hebrew:<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> הנהגת הבריאות) is a discourse on healthy living and the mind-body connection.</li> <li>Discourse on the Explanation of Fits advocates healthy living and the avoidance of overabundance.</li> <li>Glossary of Drug Names (Rosner, 1992, Vol. 7)<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a> represents a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacopeia">pharmacopeia</a> with 405 paragraphs with the names of drugs in Arabic, Greek, Syrian, Persian, Berber, and Spanish.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Oath_of_Maimonides">The Oath of Maimonides</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Oath of Maimonides" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Maimonides" title="Oath of Maimonides">Oath of Maimonides</a> is a document about the medical calling and recited as a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>. It is not to be confused with a more lengthy Prayer of Maimonides. These documents may not have been written by Maimonides, but later.<a href="#cite_note-frank-37">[28]</a> The Prayer appeared first in print in 1793 and has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Markus_Herz" title="Markus Herz">Markus Herz</a>, a German physician, pupil of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatise_on_logic">Treatise on logic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatise on logic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Treatise on Logic (Arabic: Maqala Fi-Sinat Al-Mantiq) has been printed 17 times, including editions in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (1527), <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (1805, 1822, 1833, 1828), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (1936) by Moïse Ventura and in 1996 by Rémi Brague, and English (1938) by Israel Efros, and in an abridged Hebrew form. The work illustrates the essentials of Aristotelian logic to be found in the teachings of the great <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Islamic philosophers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> and, above all, <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, "the Second Master," the "First Master" being <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. In his work devoted to the Treatise, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Brague" title="Rémi Brague">Rémi Brague</a> stresses the fact that Al-Farabi is the only philosopher mentioned therein. This indicates a line of conduct for the reader, who must read the text keeping in mind Al-Farabi's works on logic. In the Hebrew versions, the Treatise is called The words of Logic which describes the bulk of the work. The author explains the technical meaning of the words used by logicians. The Treatise duly inventories the terms used by the logician and indicates what they refer to. The work proceeds rationally through a lexicon of philosophical terms to a summary of higher philosophical topics, in 14 chapters corresponding to Maimonides' birthdate of 14 Nissan. The number 14 recurs in many of Maimonides' works. Each chapter offers a cluster of associated notions. The meaning of the words is explained and illustrated with examples. At the end of each chapter, the author carefully draws up the list of words studied. Until very recently, it was accepted that Maimonides wrote the Treatise on Logic in his twenties or even in his teen years.<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> Herbert Davidson has raised questions about Maimonides' authorship of this short work (and of other short works traditionally attributed to Maimonides). He maintains that Maimonides was not the author at all, based on a report of two Arabic-language manuscripts, unavailable to Western investigators in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Kafih</a> maintained that it is by Maimonides and newly translated it to Hebrew (as Beiur M'lekhet HaHiggayon) from the Judeo-Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Through <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a> and the philosophical introductions to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna, Maimonides exerted an important influence on the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> philosophers, especially on <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>. He was a Jewish Scholastic. Educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than by personal contact with Arabian teachers, he acquired an intimate acquaintance not only with Arab Muslim philosophy, but with the doctrines of Aristotle. Maimonides strove to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> and science with the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WDL1-57">[47]</a> In his Guide for the Perplexed, he often explains the function and purpose of the statutory provisions contained in the Torah against the backdrop of the historical conditions. The book was <a href="/wiki/Maimonidean_Controversy" title="Maimonidean Controversy">highly controversial</a> in its day, and was banned by French rabbis, who burnt copies of the work in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteen_principles_of_faith">Thirteen principles of faith</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thirteen principles of faith" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> In his commentary on the Mishnah (<a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Tractate Sanhedrin</a>, chapter 10), Maimonides formulates his "13 principles of faith"; and that these principles summarized what he viewed as the required beliefs of Judaism: <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.</li> <li>God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity#In_Jewish_thought" title="Divine simplicity">unity</a> and indivisibility into elements.</li> <li>God's <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incorporeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporeal">incorporeality</a>.</li> <li>God's <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism#To_God_alone_may_one_offer_prayer" title="God in Judaism">God alone</a> should be the object of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a> through God's <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>.</li> <li>The preeminence of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> among the prophets.</li> <li>That the entire Torah (both the Written and Oral law) are of Divine origin and were dictated to Moses by God on Mt. Sinai.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> given by Moses is permanent and will not be replaced or changed.</li> <li>God's awareness of all human actions and thoughts.</li> <li>Reward of righteousness and punishment of evil.</li> <li>The coming of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>.</li></ol> Maimonides is said to have compiled the principles from various Talmudic sources. These principles were controversial when first proposed, evoking criticism by Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, and were effectively ignored by much of the Jewish community for the next few centuries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> However, these principles have become widely held and are considered to be the cardinal principles of faith for <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> Two poetic restatements of these principles (<a href="/wiki/Ani_Ma%27amin" title="Ani Ma'amin">Ani Ma'amin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yigdal" title="Yigdal">Yigdal</a>) eventually became canonized in many editions of the <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> (Jewish prayer book).<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> The omission of a list of these principles as such within his later works, the Mishneh Torah and <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a>, has led some to suggest that either he retracted his earlier position, or that these principles are descriptive rather than prescriptive.<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measure_of_men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Measure_of_men.jpg/220px-Measure_of_men.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Measure_of_men.jpg/220px-Measure_of_men.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Measure_of_men.jpg/330px-Measure_of_men.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Measure_of_men.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Depiction of Maimonides teaching students about the 'measure of man' in an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> Maimonides equated the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God of Abraham</a> to what philosophers refer to as the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary being">Necessary Being</a>. God is unique in the universe, and the Torah commands that one <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God#Judaism" title="Love of God">love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_God#Judaism" title="Fear of God">fear</a> God (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deut</a> 10:12) on account of that uniqueness. To Maimonides, this meant that one ought to contemplate God's works and to marvel at the order and wisdom that went into their creation. When one does this, one inevitably comes to love God and to sense how insignificant one is in comparison to God. This is the basis of the Torah.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> The principle that inspired his philosophical activity was identical to a fundamental tenet of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>: there can be no contradiction between the truths which God has revealed and the findings of the human mind in science and philosophy. Maimonides primarily relied upon the science of Aristotle and the teachings of the Talmud, commonly claiming to find a basis for the latter in the former.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> Maimonides' admiration for the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic commentators</a> led him to doctrines which the later Scholastics did not accept. For instance, Maimonides was an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">apophatic theology</a>. In this theology, one attempts to describe God through negative attributes. For example, one should not say that God exists in the usual sense of the term; it can be said that God is not non-existent. One should not say that "God is wise"; but it can be said that "God is not ignorant," i.e., in some way, God has some properties of knowledge. One should not say that "God is One," but it can be stated that "there is no multiplicity in God's being." In brief, the attempt is to gain and express knowledge of God by describing what God is not, rather than by describing what God "is."<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-86">[76]</a> Maimonides argued adamantly that God is not corporeal. This was central to his thinking about the sin of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. Maimonides insisted that all of the <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> phrases pertaining to God in sacred texts are to be interpreted <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-86">[76]</a> A related tenet of Maimonidean theology is the notion that the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">commandments</a>, especially those pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifices</a>, are intended to help wean the Israelites away from idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-klein-87">[77]</a> Maimonides also argued that God embodied <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> and indescribable.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[78]</a> He said that science, the growth of scientific fields, and discovery of the unknown by comprehension of nature was a way to appreciate God.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_development">Character development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Character development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(Judaism)" title="Golden mean (Judaism)">Golden mean (Judaism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Maimonides taught about the developing of one's <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a>. Although his life predated the modern concept of a <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, Maimonides believed that each person has an innate disposition along an ethical and emotional spectrum. Although one's disposition is often determined by factors outside of one's control, human beings have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> to choose to behave in ways that build character.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> He wrote, "One is obligated to conduct his affairs with others in a gentle and pleasing manner."<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> Maimonides advised that those with antisocial character traits should identify those traits and then make a conscious effort to behave in the opposite way. For example, an arrogant person should practice humility.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> If the circumstances of one's environment are such that it is impossible to behave ethically, one must move to a new location.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophecy">Prophecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prophecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides agreed with "the Philosopher" (Aristotle) that the use of logic is the "right" way of thinking. He claimed that in order to understand how to know God, every human being must, by study, and meditation attain the degree of perfection required to reach the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophetic</a> state. Despite his rationalistic approach, he does not explicitly reject the previous ideas (as portrayed, for example, by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a>) that in order to become a prophet, God must intervene. Maimonides teaches that prophecy is the highest purpose of the most learned and refined individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_problem_of_evil">The problem of evil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The problem of evil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides wrote on <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> (the philosophical attempt to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil). He took the premise that an omnipotent and good God exists.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> In The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides writes that all the evil that exists within human beings stems from their individual attributes, while all good comes from a universally shared humanity (Guide 3:8). He says that there are people who are guided by higher purpose, and there are those who are guided by physicality and must strive to find the higher purpose with which to guide their actions. To justify the existence of evil, assuming God is both omnipotent and omnibenevolent, Maimonides postulates that one who created something by causing its opposite not to exist is not the same as creating something that exists; so evil is merely the absence of good. God did not create evil, rather God created good, and evil exists where good is absent (Guide 3:10). Therefore, all good is divine invention, and evil both is not and comes secondarily. Maimonides contests the common view that evil outweighs good in the world. He says that if one were to examine existence only in terms of humanity, then that person may observe evil to dominate good, but if one looks at the whole of the universe, then he sees good is significantly more common than evil (Guide 3:12). Man, he reasons, is too insignificant a figure in God's myriad works to be their primary characterizing force, and so when people see mostly evil in their lives, they are not taking into account the extent of positive Creation outside of themselves. Maimonides believes that there are three types of evil in the world: evil caused by nature, evil that people bring upon others, and evil man brings upon himself (Guide 3:12). The first type of evil Maimonides states is the rarest form, but arguably of the most necessary—the balance of life and death in both the human and animal worlds itself, he recognizes, is essential to God's plan. Maimonides writes that the second type of evil is relatively rare, and that humanity brings it upon itself. The third type of evil humans bring upon themselves and is the source of most of the ills of the world. These are the result of people's falling victim to their physical desires. To prevent the majority of evil which stems from harm one does to oneself, one must learn how to respond to one's bodily urges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skepticism_of_astrology">Skepticism of astrology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Skepticism of astrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">Jewish views on astrology</a></div> Maimonides answered an inquiry concerning astrology, addressed to him from <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> He responded that man should believe only what can be supported either by rational proof, by the evidence of the senses, or by trustworthy authority. He affirms that he had studied astrology, and that it does not deserve to be described as a science. He ridicules the concept that the fate of a man could be dependent upon the constellations; he argues that such a theory would rob life of purpose, and would make man a slave of destiny.<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_beliefs_versus_necessary_beliefs">True beliefs versus necessary beliefs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: True beliefs versus necessary beliefs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In The Guide for the Perplexed Book III, Chapter 28,<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> Maimonides draws a distinction between "true beliefs," which were beliefs about God that produced intellectual perfection, and "necessary beliefs," which were conducive to improving social order. Maimonides places anthropomorphic personification statements about God in the latter class. He uses as an example the notion that God becomes "angry" with people who do wrong. In the view of Maimonides (taken from <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>), God does not become angry with people, as God has no human passions; but it is important for them to believe God does, so that they desist from doing wrong. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Righteousness_and_charity">Righteousness and charity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Righteousness and charity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides conceived of an eight-level hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a>, where the highest form is to give a gift, loan, or partnership that will result in the recipient becoming self-sufficient instead of living upon others. In his view, the lowest form of tzedakah is to give begrudgingly.<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> The eight levels are:<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> <ol><li>Giving begrudgingly</li> <li>Giving less than you should, but giving it cheerfully</li> <li>Giving after being asked</li> <li>Giving before being asked</li> <li>Giving when you do not know the recipient's identity, but the recipient knows your identity</li> <li>Giving when you know the recipient's identity, but the recipient doesn't know your identity</li> <li>Giving when neither party knows the other's identity</li> <li>Enabling the recipient to become self-reliant</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eschatology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Messianic_era">The Messianic era</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Messianic era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Perhaps one of Maimonides' most highly acclaimed and renowned writings is his treatise on the Messianic era, written originally in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> and which he elaborates on in great detail in his Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (Introduction to the 10th chapter of <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">tractate Sanhedrin</a>, also known as Pereḳ Ḥeleḳ). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resurrection">Resurrection</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Resurrection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Religious Jews believed in immortality in a spiritual sense, and most believed that the future would include a messianic era and a resurrection of the dead. This is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a>. Maimonides wrote much on this topic, but in most cases he wrote about the immortality of the soul for people of perfected intellect; his writings were usually not about the resurrection of dead bodies. Rabbis of his day were critical of this aspect of this thought, and there was controversy over his true views.<a href="#cite_note-102">[k]</a> Eventually, Maimonides felt pressured to write a treatise on the subject, known as "The Treatise on Resurrection." In it, he wrote that those who claimed that he believed the verses of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> referring to the resurrection were only allegorical were spreading falsehoods. Maimonides asserts that belief in resurrection is a fundamental truth of Judaism about which there is no disagreement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[92]</a> While his position on the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to Come</a> (non-corporeal eternal life as described above) may be seen as being in contradiction with his position on bodily resurrection, Maimonides resolved them with a then unique solution: Maimonides believed that the resurrection was not permanent or general. In his view, God never violates the laws of nature. Rather, divine interaction is by way of <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, whom Maimonides often regards to be metaphors for the laws of nature, the principles by which the physical universe operates, or Platonic eternal forms.<a href="#cite_note-104">[l]</a> Thus, if a unique event actually occurs, even if it is perceived as a miracle, it is not a violation of the world's order.<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> In this view, any dead who are resurrected must eventually die again. In his discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">13 principles of faith</a>, the first five deal with knowledge of God, the next four deal with prophecy and the Torah, while the last four deal with reward, punishment and the ultimate redemption. In this discussion Maimonides says nothing of a universal resurrection. All he says it is that whatever resurrection does take place, it will occur at an indeterminate time before the world to come, which he repeatedly states will be purely spiritual. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_World_to_Come">The World to Come</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The World to Come" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides distinguishes two kinds of intelligence in man, the one material in the sense of being dependent on, and influenced by, the body, and the other immaterial, that is, independent of the bodily organism. The latter is a direct emanation from the universal <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">active intellect</a>; this is his interpretation of the noûs poietikós of Aristotelian philosophy. It is acquired as the result of the efforts of the soul to attain a correct knowledge of the absolute, pure intelligence of God.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The knowledge of God is a form of knowledge which develops in us the immaterial intelligence, and thus confers on man an immaterial, spiritual nature. This confers on the soul that perfection in which human happiness consists, and endows the soul with <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>. One who has attained a correct knowledge of God has reached a condition of existence, which renders him immune from all the accidents of fortune, from all the allurements of sin, and from death itself. Man is in a position to work out his own salvation and his immortality.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>'s doctrine of immortality was strikingly similar. However, Spinoza teaches that the way to attain the knowledge which confers immortality is the progress from sense-knowledge through scientific knowledge to philosophical intuition of all things sub specie æternitatis, while Maimonides holds that the road to perfection and immortality is the path of duty as described in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the rabbinic understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral law</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Maimonides describes the world to come as the stage after a person lives their life in this world as well as the final state of existence after the Messianic Era. Some time after the resurrection of the dead, souls will live forever without bodies. They will enjoy the radiance of the Divine Presence without the need for food, drink or sexual pleasures.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maimonides_and_Kabbalah">Maimonides and Kabbalah</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Maimonides and Kabbalah" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maimonides was not known as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, although a strong intellectual type of mysticism has been discerned in his philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> In The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides declares his intention to conceal from the average reader his explanations of Sod<a href="#cite_note-108">[m]</a> esoteric meanings of Torah. The nature of these "secrets" is debated. Religious Jewish rationalists, and the mainstream academic view, read Maimonides' Aristotelianism as a mutually-exclusive alternative metaphysics to <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[96]</a> Some academics hold that Maimonides' project fought against the Proto-Kabbalah of his time.<a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> Maimonides employed rationalism to defend Judaism rather than limit inquiry of Sod only to rationalism. His rationalism, if not taken as an opposition,<a href="#cite_note-111">[n]</a> also assisted the Kabbalists, purifying their transmitted teaching from mistaken <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">corporeal</a> interpretations that could have been made from <a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[o]</a> though Kabbalists held that their theosophy alone allowed human access to Divine mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/220px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/220px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/330px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/440px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The title page of <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></figcaption></figure> Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is considered by Jews even today as one of the chief authoritative codifications of Jewish law and ethics. It is exceptional for its logical construction, concise and clear expression and extraordinary learning, so that it became a standard against which other later codifications were often measured.<a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a> It is still closely studied in rabbinic yeshivot (seminaries). The first to compile a comprehensive lexicon containing an alphabetically arranged list of difficult words found in Maimonides' Mishneh Torah was <a href="/wiki/Tanhum_ha-Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi">Tanḥum ha-Yerushalmi</a> (1220–1291).<a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a> A popular medieval saying that also served as his <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> states, "From <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Mosheh</a> [of the Torah] to Mosheh [Maimonides] there was none like Mosheh." It chiefly referred to his rabbinic writings. However, Maimonides was also one of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy. His adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian thought</a> to Biblical faith deeply impressed later Jewish thinkers, and had an unexpected immediate historical impact.<a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a> Some more acculturated Jews in the century that followed his death, particularly in Spain, sought to apply Maimonides' Aristotelianism in ways that undercut traditionalist belief and observance, giving rise to an <a href="/wiki/Maimonidean_Controversy" title="Maimonidean Controversy">intellectual controversy</a> in Spanish and southern French Jewish circles.<a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a> The intensity of debate spurred Catholic Church interventions against "heresy" and a general confiscation of rabbinic texts. In reaction, the more radical interpretations of Maimonides were defeated. At least amongst Ashkenazi Jews, there was a tendency to ignore his specifically philosophical writings and to stress instead the rabbinic and halakhic writings. These writings often included considerable philosophical chapters or discussions in support of halakhic observance; <a href="/wiki/David_Hartman_(rabbi)" title="David Hartman (rabbi)">David Hartman</a> observes that Maimonides clearly expressed "the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of Talmud and in the behavior of the hasid [the pious Jew]."<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> Maimonidean thought continues to influence traditionally observant Jews.<a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[105]</a> The most rigorous medieval critique of Maimonides is <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Or_Adonai" title="Or Adonai">Or Adonai</a>. Crescas bucked the eclectic trend, by demolishing the certainty of the Aristotelian world-view, not only in religious matters but also in the most basic areas of medieval science (such as physics and geometry). Crescas' critique provoked a number of 15th-century scholars to write defenses of Maimonides. Because of his path-finding synthesis of Aristotle and Biblical faith, Maimonides had an influence on Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> who refers to Maimonides in several of his works, including the <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentary on the Sentences">Commentary on the Sentences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[106]</a> Maimonides' combined abilities in the fields of theology, philosophy and medicine make his work attractive today as a source during discussions of evolving norms in these fields, particularly medicine. An example is the modern citation of his method of determining death of the body in the controversy regarding declaration of death to permit <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">transplantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maimonides_and_the_Modernists">Maimonides and the Modernists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Maimonides and the Modernists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maimonides,_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_(square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg/220px-Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="784"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg/220px-Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg/330px-Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg/440px-Maimonides%2C_at_Rambam_Medical_Center_%28square%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plaque of Maimonides at Rambam Medical Center, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></figcaption></figure> Maimonides remains one of the most widely debated Jewish thinkers among modern scholars. He has been adopted as a symbol and an intellectual hero by almost all major movements in modern Judaism, and has proven important to philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>; and his views on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> have been taken up by modern <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> philosophers. In academia, particularly within the area of Jewish Studies, the teaching of Maimonides has been dominated by traditional scholars, generally Orthodox, who place a very strong emphasis on Maimonides as a rationalist; one result is that certain sides of Maimonides' thought, including his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>, have been obviated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are movements in some postmodern circles to claim Maimonides for other purposes, as within the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">ecotheology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[108]</a> Maimonides' reconciliation of the philosophical and the traditional has given his legacy an extremely diverse and dynamic quality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes_and_memorials">Tributes and memorials</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tributes and memorials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/220px-Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="855"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/220px-Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/330px-Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/440px-Israel_1_Sheqel_1986_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maimonides used to be on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel#Series_A_(1985%E2%80%931999)" title="Israeli new shekel">1 ILS banknote</a>.</figcaption></figure> Maimonides has been memorialized in numerous ways. For example, one of the Learning Communities at the <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Medicine">Tufts University School of Medicine</a> bears his name. There is also <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_School" title="Maimonides School">Maimonides School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides_Academy_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maimonides Academy School (page does not exist)">Maimonides Academy School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Ma%C3%AFmonide" title="Lycée Maïmonide">Lycée Maïmonide</a> in Casablanca, the Brauser Maimonides Academy in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood, Florida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center" title="Maimonides Medical Center">Maimonides Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York. <a href="/wiki/Beit_Harambam_Congregation" title="Beit Harambam Congregation">Beit Harambam Congregation</a>, a Sephardi synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a> Issued from 8 May 1986 to 1995,<a href="#cite_note-126">[111]</a> the Series A of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_New_Shekel" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli New Shekel">Israeli New Shekel</a> featured an illustration of Maimonides on the obverse and the place of his burial in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> on the reverse on its 1-shekel bill.<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a> In 2004, conferences were held at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rambam_Health_Care_Campus" title="Rambam Health Care Campus">Rambam Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel, which is named after him. To commemorate the 800th anniversary of his death, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> issued a memorial volume.<a href="#cite_note-128">[113]</a> In 1953, the Israel Postal Authority issued a <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> of Maimonides, pictured. In March 2008, during the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Mediterranean Partnership">Euromed</a> Conference of Ministers of Tourism, The Tourism Ministries of Israel, Morocco and Spain agreed to work together on a joint project that will trace the footsteps of the Rambam and thus boost religious tourism in the cities of Córdoba, Fez and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a> Between December 2018 and January 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> held a special exhibit dedicated to the writings of Maimonides.<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Burial_place">Burial place</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Burial place" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg/220px-Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg/220px-Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg/330px-Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg/440px-Tomb_marker_of_Rabbi_Moses_ben_Maimon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Burial marker at the tomb of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon in Tiberias.</figcaption></figure> He is buried in HaRambam compound in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>. Other notable rabbis also buried in HaRambam compound / complex are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Shelah HaKadosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" class="extiw" title="s:Epistle to Yemen">Iggeret Teman</a> (Epistle to Yemen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimonides Foundation">Maimonides Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מֹשֶׁה בֶּן־מַיְמוֹן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Mōše ben-Maymōn; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: موسى بن ميمون, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Mūsā bin Maymūn </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μωυσής Μαϊμωνίδης, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a> Mōusḗs Maïmōnídēs; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Moses Maimonides </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌrɑːmˈbɑːm/</a>, for Rabbēnu Mōše ben Maymōn, "Our <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> Moses, son of Maimon" </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The date of 1138 of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> is the date of birth given by Maimonides himself, in the very last chapter and comment made by Maimonides in his Commentary of the Mishnah,<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> and where he writes: "I began to write this composition when I was twenty-three years old, and I completed it in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> while I was aged thirty, which year is the 1,479th year of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a> (1168 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)." </li> <li id="cite_note-e-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_17-1">b</a> He usually left off "the Spaniard" and he sometimes added זצ"ל, short for "[let] mention of the righteous one bring a blessing." At the end of his commentary to the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> he gives a fuller lineage: אני משה ברבי מימון הדיין ברבי יוסף החכם ברבי יצחק הדיין ברבי יוסף הדיין ברבי עובדיהו הדיין ברבי שלמה הרב ברבי עובדיהו הדיין זכר קדושים לברכה, "I am Moshe son of Rabbi Maimon the Judge, son of Rabbi Joseph the Wise, son of Rabbi Isaac the Judge, son of Rabbi Joseph the Judge, son of Rabbi Obadiah the Judge, son of Rabbi Solomon the Teacher, son of Rabbi Obadiah the Judge; [let] mention of the holy ones bring a blessing." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Medieval Jews named Moses received the Arabic nickname abu Imran, in which the word abu has been inverted from its original sense of "father" to reference the biblical Moses' father Amram. Similarly, Jews named Isaac were known as abu Ibrahim, meaning: "son of Abraham". For more on the Jewish system of biblical nicknames, see <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Kunya</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ubaydallah is to be treated as Maimonides' surname; his grandfather was named Joseph. It is not always included in either Arabic or Hebrew versions of Maimonides' name. Various Hebrew manuscripts render ben Ovadyahu and ben Eved-Elohim ("descended/son of Obadiah"), but also Eved-Elohim, implying only "Moses son of Maimon, the servant of God" (cf. Josh. 1:13–15) and Latin versions follow, rendering servus dei. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-SelaHoffFarisMaimonides1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Sela A, Hoff HE, Faris E, Maimonides M (1964). "Moses Maimonides' Two Treatises on the Regimen of Health: Fi Tadbir al-Sihhah and Maqalah fi Bayan Ba'd al-A'rad wa-al-Jawab 'anha". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 54 (4). JSTOR: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005935">10.2307/1005935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005935">1005935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Moses+Maimonides%27+Two+Treatises+on+the+Regimen+of+Health%3A+Fi+Tadbir+al-Sihhah+and+Maqalah+fi+Bayan+Ba%27d+al-A%27rad+wa-al-Jawab+%27anha&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0065-9746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005935%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005935&rft.aulast=Bar-Sela&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft.au=Hoff%2C+Hebbel+E.&rft.au=Faris%2C+Elias&rft.au=Maimonides%2C+Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Seder_HaDoroth" title="Seder HaDoroth">Seder HaDoroth</a> (year 4927) quotes Maimonides as saying that he began writing his commentary on the Mishna when he was 23 years old, and published it when he was 30. Because of the dispute about the date of Maimonides' birth, it is not clear which year the work was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The "India Trade" (a term devised by the Arabist S.D. Goitein) was a highly lucrative business venture in which Jewish merchants from Egypt, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East imported and exported goods ranging from pepper to brass from various ports along the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> between the 11th–13th centuries. For more info, see the "India Traders" chapter in Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, 1973 or Goitein, India Traders of the Middle Ages, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Such views of his works are found in almost all scholarly studies of the man and his significance. See, for example, the "Introduction" sub-chapter by Howard Kreisel to his overview article "Moses Maimonides", in History of Jewish Philosophy, edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman, Second Edition (New York and London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 245–246. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> According to Maimonides, certain Jews in Yemen had sent to him a letter in the year 1189, evidently irritated as to why he had not mentioned the physical resurrection of the dead in his Hil. Teshuvah, chapter 8, and how that some persons in Yemen had begun to instruct, based on Maimonides' teaching, that when the body dies it will disintegrate and the soul will never return to such bodies after death. Maimonides denied that he ever insinuated such things, and reiterated that the body would indeed resurrect, but that the "world to come" was something different in nature. See: Maimonides' Ma'amar Teḥayyath Hamethim (Treatise on the Resurrection of the Dead), published in Book of Letters and Responsa (ספר אגרות ותשובות), Jerusalem 1978, p. 9 (Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> This view is not always consistent throughout Maimonides' work; in Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah, chapters 2–4, Maimonides describes angels that are actually created beings. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "Within [the Torah] there is also another part which is called 'hidden' (mutsnaʿ), and this [concerns] the secrets (sodot) which the human intellect cannot attain, like the meanings of the statutes (ḥukim) and other hidden secrets. They can neither be attained through the intellect nor through sheer volition, but they are revealed before Him who created [the Torah]". (Rabbi Abraham ben Asher, The Or ha-Sekhel) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Contemporary academic views in the study of Jewish mysticism, hold that 12–13th century Kabbalists wrote down and systemised their transmitted oral doctrines in oppositional response to Maimonidean rationalism. See e.g. Moshe Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The first comprehensive systemiser of Kabbalah, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a>, for example, was influenced by Maimonides. One example is his instruction to undercut any conception of a Kabbalistic idea after grasping it in the mind. One's intellect runs to God in learning the idea, then returns in qualified rejection of false spatial/temporal conceptions of the idea's truth, as the human mind can only think in material references. Cited in Louis Jacobs, The Jewish Religion: A Companion, Oxford University Press, 1995, entry on Cordovero. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz Y (31 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmmj.org.il/issues/5/131/manuscript">"The Maimonides Portrait: An Appraisal of One of the World's Most Famous Pictures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rambam_Maimonides_Medical_Journal" title="Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal">Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal</a>. 2 (3): e0052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5041%2FRMMJ.10052">10.5041/RMMJ.10052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-9172">2076-9172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678793">3678793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23908810">23908810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rambam+Maimonides+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Maimonides+Portrait%3A+An+Appraisal+of+One+of+the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Pictures&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0052&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3678793%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-9172&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23908810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5041%2FRMMJ.10052&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Yitzhack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmmj.org.il%2Fissues%2F5%2F131%2Fmanuscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Maimonides">"Moses Maimonides | Biography, Philosophy, & Teachings"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220233251/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Maimonides">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Moses+Maimonides+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Teachings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMoses-Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebcal.com/converter/?hd=14&hm=Nisan&hy=4895&h2g=1">"Hebrew Date Converter – 14th of Nisan, 4895"</a>. Hebcal Jewish Calendar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307004534/https://www.hebcal.com/converter/?hd=14&hm=Nisan&hy=4895&h2g=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebcal+Jewish+Calendar&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Date+Converter+%E2%80%93+14th+of+Nisan%2C+4895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebcal.com%2Fconverter%2F%3Fhd%3D14%26hm%3DNisan%26hy%3D4895%26h2g%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebcal.com/converter/?gd=4&gm=4&gy=1138&g2h=1">"Hebrew Date Converter – 14th of Nisan, 4898"</a>. Hebcal Jewish Calendar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307004616/https://www.hebcal.com/converter/?gd=4&gm=4&gy=1138&g2h=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebcal+Jewish+Calendar&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Date+Converter+%E2%80%93+14th+of+Nisan%2C+4898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebcal.com%2Fconverter%2F%3Fgd%3D4%26gm%3D4%26gy%3D1138%26g2h%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-Net-5"><a href="#cite_ref-H-Net_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009022604/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=227091077594594">"H-Net"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=227091077594594">the original</a> on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H-Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.cgi%3Fpath%3D227091077594594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamic_Influences-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Islamic_Influences_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPessin2016" class="citation book cs1">Pessin S (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic/">"The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209050833/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Islamic+Thought+on+Maimonides&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pessin&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmaimonides-islamic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achgut.com/dadgdx/index.php/dadgd/article/issac_newton_judaic_monotheist_of_the_school_of_maimonides/">"Isaac Newton: "Judaic monotheist of the school of Maimonides""</a>. Achgut.com. 19 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428014646/http://www.achgut.com/dadgdx/index.php/dadgd/article/issac_newton_judaic_monotheist_of_the_school_of_maimonides/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+%22Judaic+monotheist+of+the+school+of+Maimonides%22&rft.pub=Achgut.com&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achgut.com%2Fdadgdx%2Findex.php%2Fdadgd%2Farticle%2Fissac_newton_judaic_monotheist_of_the_school_of_maimonides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Commentary of the Mishnah, Maimonides (1967), s.v. Uktzin 3:12 (end) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Joel E. Kramer, "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait", p. 47 note 1. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Seeskin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Seeskin" title="Kenneth Seeskin">Kenneth Seeskin</a>, ed. (September 2005). The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52578-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Maimonides&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52578-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> 1138 in Stroumsa, Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sherwin B. Nuland (2008), Maimonides, Random House LLC, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarder2014" class="citation book cs1">Marder M (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsPQBAAAQBAJ">The Philosopher's Plant: An Intellectual Herbarium</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53813-8"><bdi>978-0-231-53813-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717215651/https://books.google.com/books?id=BsPQBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Plant%3A+An+Intellectual+Herbarium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53813-8&rft.aulast=Marder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsPQBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Joel L. Kraemer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFgCIvDv-JEC">Maimonides:The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds,</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52851-1">978-0-385-52851-1</a> p.486 n.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Iggerot_HaRambam,_Iggeret_Teiman">"Iggerot HaRambam, Iggeret Teiman"</a>. sefaria.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164402/https://www.sefaria.org/Iggerot_HaRambam%2C_Iggeret_Teiman">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Iggerot+HaRambam%2C+Iggeret+Teiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FIggerot_HaRambam%2C_Iggeret_Teiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Stroumsa, Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker, Princeton University Press, 2009, p.65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Americana_18_140-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Americana_18_140_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americana_18_140_23-1">b</a> 1954 Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 18, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Touri A, Benaboud M, Boujibar El-Khatib N, Lakhdar K, Mezzine M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT185">Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art</a> (2 ed.). Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Kingdom of Morocco & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902782-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902782-31-1"><bdi>978-3-902782-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalusian+Morocco%3A+A+Discovery+in+Living+Art&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Cultural+Affairs+of+the+Kingdom+of+Morocco+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-902782-31-1&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTbdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-Libas-25"><a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Libas_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._K._Stillman1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Y. K. Stillman, ed. (1984). "Libās". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 744. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lib%C4%81s&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=744&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> See for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23601542">Solomon Zeitlin, "MAIMONIDES", The American Jewish Year Book, Vol. 37, pp 65 – 66.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225011719/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23601542">Archived</a> 25 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Davidson, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-S.D.-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S.D._29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.D._29-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/S.D._Goitein" class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Goitein">Goitein, S.D.</a> Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, Princeton University Press, 1973 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05212-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05212-3">0-691-05212-3</a>), p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenberg2012" class="citation web cs1">Loewenberg M (October–November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/169mag/rambam_temple_mount/rambam_temple_mount.htm">"No Jew had been permitted to enter the holy city which has become a Christian bastion since the Crusaders conquered it in 1096"</a>. Jewish Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103105017/http://www.jewishmag.com/169mag/rambam_temple_mount/rambam_temple_mount.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Magazine&rft.atitle=No+Jew+had+been+permitted+to+enter+the+holy+city+which+has+become+a+Christian+bastion+since+the+Crusaders+conquered+it+in+1096&rft.date=2012-10%2F2012-11&rft.aulast=Loewenberg&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F169mag%2Frambam_temple_mount%2Frambam_temple_mount.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Cohen, Mark R. Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt. Princeton University Press, 2005 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09272-9">0-691-09272-9</a>), pp. 115–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Cohen, Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1952" class="citation book cs1">Baron SW (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E_jEhTQpGkC&q=Megillat+Zutta&pg=PA215">A Social and Religious History of the Jews: High Middle Ages, 500–1200</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08843-5"><bdi>978-0-231-08843-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225011741/https://books.google.com/books?id=0E_jEhTQpGkC&q=Megillat+Zutta&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+and+Religious+History+of+the+Jews%3A+High+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08843-5&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Salo+Wittmayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E_jEhTQpGkC%26q%3DMegillat%2BZutta%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rustow M (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/sar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250">"Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi"</a>. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618184702/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/sar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Sar+Shalom+ben+Moses+ha-Levi&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Rustow&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fsar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frank_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Bess_Frank1981" class="citation journal cs1">Julia Bess Frank (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2595894">"Moses Maimonides: rabbi or medicine"</a>. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 54 (1): 79–88. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2595894">2595894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7018097">7018097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Moses+Maimonides%3A+rabbi+or+medicine&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-88&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2595894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7018097&rft.au=Julia+Bess+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2595894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmierer-Lee2022" class="citation web cs1">Schmierer-Lee M (12 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/genizah-fragments/posts/qa-wednesday-maimonides-hiding-plain-sight-jose-martinez-delgado">"Q&A Wednesday: Maimonides, hiding in plain sight, with José Martínez Delgado"</a>. lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Q%26A+Wednesday%3A+Maimonides%2C+hiding+in+plain+sight%2C+with+Jos%C3%A9+Mart%C3%ADnez+Delgado&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Schmierer-Lee&rft.aufirst=Melonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fgenizah-fragments%2Fposts%2Fqa-wednesday-maimonides-hiding-plain-sight-jose-martinez-delgado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosner-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosner_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosner_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosner_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Rosner2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rosner" title="Fred Rosner">Fred Rosner</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305065423/http://www.aecom.yu.edu/uploadedFiles/EJBM/19Rosner125.pdf">"The Life of Moses Maimonides, a Prominent Medieval Physician"</a> (PDF). Einstein Quart J Biol Med. 19 (3): 125–128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aecom.yu.edu/uploadedFiles/EJBM/19Rosner125.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Einstein+Quart+J+Biol+Med&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Moses+Maimonides%2C+a+Prominent+Medieval+Physician&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-128&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Fred+Rosner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aecom.yu.edu%2FuploadedFiles%2FEJBM%2F19Rosner125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesundheitOrGamlielRosner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gesundheit B, Or R, Gamliel C, Rosner F, Steinberg A (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305065423/http://www.jewishmedicalethics.org/data/treatment%20of%20depression%20by%20maimonides%20rabbi%20physician%20and%20philosopher.pdf">"Treatment of depression by Maimonides (1138–1204): Rabbi, Physician, and Philosopher"</a> (PDF). Am J Psychiatry. 165 (4): 425–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2007.07101575">10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18381913">18381913</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmedicalethics.org/data/treatment%20of%20depression%20by%20maimonides%20rabbi%20physician%20and%20philosopher.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+depression+by+Maimonides+%281138%E2%80%931204%29%3A+Rabbi%2C+Physician%2C+and+Philosopher&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-428&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2007.07101575&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18381913&rft.aulast=Gesundheit&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Or%2C+R&rft.au=Gamliel%2C+C&rft.au=Rosner%2C+F&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmedicalethics.org%2Fdata%2Ftreatment%2520of%2520depression%2520by%2520maimonides%2520rabbi%2520physician%2520and%2520philosopher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Abraham Heschel, Maimonides (New York: Farrar Straus, 1982), Chapter 15, "Meditation on God," pp. 157–162, and also pp. 178–180, 184–185, 204, etc. Isadore Twersky, editor, A Maimonides Reader (New York: Behrman House, 1972), commences his "Introduction" with the following remarks, p. 1: "Maimonides' biography immediately suggests a profound paradox. A philosopher by temperament and ideology, a zealous devotee of the contemplative life who eloquently portrayed and yearned for the serenity of solitude and the spiritual exuberance of meditation, he nevertheless led a relentlessly active life that regularly brought him to the brink of exhaustion." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Responsa Pe'er HaDor, 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" class="extiw" title="s:Epistle to Yemen">Click to see full English translation of Maimonides' "Epistle to Yemen"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The comment on the effect of his "incessant travail" on his health is by Salo Baron, "Moses Maimonides", in Great Jewish Personalities in Ancient and Medieval Time, edited by Simon Noveck (B'nai B'rith Department of Adult Jewish Education, 1959), p. 227, where Baron also quotes from Maimonides' letter to Ibn Tibbon regarding his daily regime. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Shalshelet haQabbalah (Venice, 1587) f. 33b, MS Guenzberg 652 f. 76a. </li> <li id="cite_note-epitaph-47"><a href="#cite_ref-epitaph_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://he.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1187235">"Maimonides"</a>. he.chabad.org (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801223206/https://he.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1187235">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=he.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhe.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1187235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> אגרות הרמב"ם מהדורת שילת </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_E._KareshMitchell_M._Hurvitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Sarah E. Karesh, Mitchell M. Hurvitz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA305">Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Facts on File. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5457-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-5457-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225011734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5457-2&rft.au=Sarah+E.+Karesh&rft.au=Mitchell+M.+Hurvitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._J._Zimmels1997" class="citation book cs1">H. J. Zimmels (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Svzf3uUCFToC&pg=PA283">Ashkenazim and Sephardim: Their Relations, Differences, and Problems as Reflected in the Rabbinical Responsa</a> (Revised ed.). Ktav Publishing House. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-491-4"><bdi>978-0-88125-491-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225011743/https://books.google.com/books?id=Svzf3uUCFToC&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkenazim+and+Sephardim%3A+Their+Relations%2C+Differences%2C+and+Problems+as+Reflected+in+the+Rabbinical+Responsa&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-491-4&rft.au=H.+J.+Zimmels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSvzf3uUCFToC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Siegelbaum, Chana Bracha (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HVwBMI5zK0C&dq=Mishneh+Torah+met+initially+opposition&pg=PA199">Women at the crossroads : a woman's perspective on the weekly Torah portion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HVwBMI5zK0C&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=Mishneh+Torah+met+initially+opposition&source=bl&ots=p7VTtHovyS&sig=_ntA1Qo23D9AQ5MvoggZ9194Tg4&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAmoVChMIldLSte66xwIVghyQCh22dA_s#v=onepage&q=Mishneh%20Torah%20met%20initially%20opposition&f=false">Archived</a> 12 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gush Etzion: Midreshet B'erot Bat Ayin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936068098" title="Special:BookSources/9781936068098">9781936068098</a> page 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Last section of Maimonides' Introduction to Mishneh Torah </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaro" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Karo J</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=636&pgnum=70">Questions & Responsa Avqat Rokhel <bdi lang="he">אבקת רוכל</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). responsum # 32. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+%26+Responsa+Avqat+Rokhel+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%AA+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C&rft.pages=responsum+%23+32&rft.aulast=Karo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D636%26pgnum%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> (first printed in <a href="/wiki/Saloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saloniki">Saloniki</a> 1791) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Moses Maimonides, The Commandments, Neg. Comm. 290, at 269–71 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Kehot Publication Society, Chabad.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stroumsa" title="Sarah Stroumsa">Sarah Stroumsa</a>, Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15252-3">978-0-691-15252-3</a> p.25 </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3963/">"The Guide to the Perplexed"</a>. World Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723013042/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3963/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?378">here</a>; see discussion <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.otzar.org/viewtopic.php?t=15854">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Maimonides (1963), Introduction, p. XIV </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Maimonides (1963), Preface, p. VI </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Maimonides (1963), Preface, p. VII </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Volume 5 translated by Barzel (foreword by Rosner). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032218/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873411911_o.jpg">Title page</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032227/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873411923_o.jpg">TOC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155175&lang=eng">"כתבים רפואיים – ג (פירוש לפרקי אבוקראט) / משה בן מימון (רמב"ם) / ת"ש-תש"ב – אוצר החכמה"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621093314/http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155175&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%92+%28%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%29+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%AA%22%D7%A9-%D7%AA%D7%A9%22%D7%91+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otzar.org%2Fwotzar%2FBook.aspx%3F155175%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Maimonides. Medical Aphorisms (Treatises 1–5 6–9 10–15 16–21 22–25), <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155174&lang=eng">"כתבים רפואיים – ב (פרקי משה ברפואה) / משה בן מימון (רמב"ם) / ת"ש-תש"ב – אוצר החכמה"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621053920/http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?155174&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%91+%28%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%29+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%AA%22%D7%A9-%D7%AA%D7%A9%22%D7%91+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otzar.org%2Fwotzar%2FBook.aspx%3F155174%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155176&lang=eng">"כתבים רפואיים – ד (ברפואת הטחורים) / משה בן מימון (רמב"ם) / ת"ש-תש"ב – אוצר החכמה"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621120415/http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155176&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%93+%28%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%AA%22%D7%A9-%D7%AA%D7%A9%22%D7%91+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otzar.org%2Fwotzar%2FBook.aspx%3F155176%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032324/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873411740_o.jpg">Title page</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032309/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873411751_o.jpg">TOC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?155173&lang=eng">"כתבים רפואיים – א (הנהגת הבריאות) / משה בן מימון (רמב"ם) / ת"ש-תש"ב – אוצר החכמה"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629080558/http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?155173&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%90+%28%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%29+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%AA%22%D7%A9-%D7%AA%D7%A9%22%D7%91+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otzar.org%2Fwotzar%2FBook.aspx%3F155173%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032348/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873411994_o.jpg">Title page</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032352/http://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/6/6/4/2/3/0/webimg/873412019_o.jpg">TOC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629222954/http://www.library.dal.ca/kellogg/Bioethics/codes/maimonides.htm">"Oath and Prayer of Maimonides"</a>. Library.dal.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.dal.ca/kellogg/Bioethics/codes/maimonides.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oath+and+Prayer+of+Maimonides&rft.pub=Library.dal.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.dal.ca%2Fkellogg%2FBioethics%2Fcodes%2Fmaimonides.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Abraham Heschel, Maimonides. New York: Farrar Straus, 1982 p. 22 ("at sixteen") </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Davidson, pp. 313 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?149870&lang=eng">"באור מלאכת ההגיון / משה בן מימון (רמב"ם) / תשנ"ז – אוצר החכמה"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621131149/http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?149870&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D%29+%2F+%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A0%22%D7%96+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otzar.org%2Fwotzar%2Fbook.aspx%3F149870%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Jonathan Klawans,Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-39584-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-39584-6">978-0-195-39584-6</a> p.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> See, for example: <a href="/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Marc B. Shapiro</a>. The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (2011). pp. 1–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Edot_HaMizrach%2C_Additions_for_Shacharit%2C_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith.3?ven=Sefaria_Community_Translation&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Siddur Edot HaMizrach 2C, Additions for Shacharit: Thirteen Principles of Faith"</a>. sefaria.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128013032/https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Edot_HaMizrach%2C_Additions_for_Shacharit%2C_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith.3?ven=Sefaria_Community_Translation&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Siddur+Edot+HaMizrach+2C%2C+Additions+for+Shacharit%3A+Thirteen+Principles+of+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSiddur_Edot_HaMizrach%252C_Additions_for_Shacharit%252C_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith.3%3Fven%3DSefaria_Community_Translation%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landau RR (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/3998">Sefer Degel Mahaneh Reuven</a> (in Hebrew). Chernovitsi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233297464">233297464</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805233252/https://hebrewbooks.org/3998">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Degel+Mahaneh+Reuven&rft.pub=Chernovitsi&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233297464&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F3998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brown J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914730">"Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe"</a>. The Torah U-Madda Journal. 15 (2008). Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University: 112–142. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914730">40914730</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914730">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Torah+U-Madda+Journal&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Reuven+Landau+and+the+Jewish+Reaction+to+Copernican+Thought+in+Nineteenth+Century+Europe&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2008&rft.pages=112-142&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914730%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro MB (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883">"Maimonides' Thirteen Principles: The Last Word in Jewish Theology?"</a>. The Torah U-Madda Journal. 4 (1993). Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University: 187–242. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883">40914883</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004020839/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Torah+U-Madda+Journal&rft.atitle=Maimonides%27+Thirteen+Principles%3A+The+Last+Word+in+Jewish+Theology%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1993&rft.pages=187-242&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation journal cs1">Levy DB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=tcl_pubs">"Book Review: New Heavens and a New Earth: The Jewish Reception of Copernican Thought"</a>. touroscholar.touro.edu. 8(1) (2015). Journal of Jewish Identities: 218–220. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711211629/https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=tcl_pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=touroscholar.touro.edu&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+New+Heavens+and+a+New+Earth%3A+The+Jewish+Reception+of+Copernican+Thought&rft.volume=8%281%29&rft.issue=2015&rft.pages=218-220&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftouroscholar.touro.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1007%26context%3Dtcl_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown J (2013). New Heavens and a New Earth: The Jewish Reception of Copernican Thought. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199754793.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754793.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975479-3"><bdi>978-0-19-975479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Heavens+and+a+New+Earth%3A+The+Jewish+Reception+of+Copernican+Thought&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199754793.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975479-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Kraemer, 326-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Kraemer, 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_86-1">b</a> Robinson, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/maimonides-conception-of-god/">"Maimonides' Conception of God/"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501092948/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/maimonides-conception-of-god/">Archived</a> 1 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> My Jewish Learning. 30 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-klein-87"><a href="#cite_ref-klein_87-0">^</a> Reuven Chaim Klein, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/5/363/htm">Weaning Away from Idolatry: Maimonides on the Purpose of Ritual Sacrifices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029111645/https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/5/363/htm">Archived</a> 2021-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Religions 12(5), 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconBlatner2019" class="citation book cs1">Falcon T, <a href="/wiki/David_Blatner" title="David Blatner">Blatner D</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120116712">Judaism for Dummies</a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> pp. 25, 27, 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64307-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64307-4"><bdi>978-1-119-64307-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120116712">1120116712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+for+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=25%2C+27%2C+30-31&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120116712&rft.isbn=978-1-119-64307-4&rft.aulast=Falcon&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Blatner%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1120116712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Telushkin, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Commentary on The Ethics of the Fathers 1:15. Qtd. in Telushkin, 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Kraemer, 332-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> MT De'ot 6:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses_Maimonides2007" class="citation book cs1">Moses Maimonides (2007). The Guide to the Perplexed. BN Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=BN+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Moses+Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Jacobs" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joseph Jacobs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=905&letter=M&search=maimonides#ixzz1GVE5kJqV">"Moses Ben Maimon"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523165222/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=905&letter=M&search=Maimonides#ixzz1GVE5kJqV">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moses+Ben+Maimon&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Joseph+Jacobs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D905%26letter%3DM%26search%3Dmaimonides%23ixzz1GVE5kJqV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_Pines2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shlomo Pines (2006). "Maimonides (1135–1204)". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 5: 647–654.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Maimonides+%281135%E2%80%931204%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=647-654&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Shlomo+Pines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsadore_Twersky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Isadore Twersky (2005). "Maimonides, Moses". Encyclopedia of Religion. 8: 5613–5618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Maimonides%2C+Moses&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=5613-5618&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Isadore+Twersky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Joel E. Kramer, "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait," p. 45. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Seeskin2005" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Seeskin, ed. (September 2005). The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52578-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Maimonides&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52578-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudavsky2010" class="citation book cs1">Rudavsky T (March 2010). Maimonidies. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4898-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-4898-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonidies&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4898-6&rft.aulast=Rudavsky&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp164.htm">"Guide for the Perplexed, on"</a>. Sacred-texts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414043124/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp164.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+for+the+Perplexed%2C+on&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fgfp%2Fgfp164.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/45907/jewish/Eight-Levels-of-Charity.htm">"Maimonides' Eight Levels of Charity"</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maimonides%27+Eight+Levels+of+Charity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F45907%2Fjewish%2FEight-Levels-of-Charity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123182720/http://www.jtfn.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/maimonides_ladder_and_tzedakah_texts.pdf">"Maimonides Eight Degrees of Tzedakah"</a> (PDF). Jewish Teen Funders Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtfn.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/maimonides_ladder_and_tzedakah_texts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Teen+Funders+Network&rft.atitle=Maimonides+Eight+Degrees+of+Tzedakah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtfn.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Fresources%2Fmaimonides_ladder_and_tzedakah_texts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Kraemer, 422 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Commentary on the Mishna, Avot 5:6 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Repentance.9.1?lang=bi&with=Commentary&lang2=en">"Mishneh Torah, Repentance 9:1"</a>. sefaria.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801074355/https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah,_Repentance.9.1?lang=bi&with=Commentary&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishneh+Torah%2C+Repentance+9%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Repentance.9.1%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3DCommentary%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Abraham Heschel, Maimonides (New York: Farrar Straus, 1982), Chapter 15, "Meditation on God," pp. 157–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Such as the first (religious) criticism of Kabbalah, Ari Nohem, by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Modena">Leon Modena</a> from 1639. In it, Modena urges a return to Maimonidean Aristotelianism. The Scandal of Kabbalah: Leon Modena, Jewish Mysticism, Early Modern Venice, Yaacob Dweck, Princeton University Press, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Menachem Kellner, Maimonides' Confrontation With Mysticism, Littman Library, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Norman Lamm, The Religious Thought of Hasidism: Text and Commentary, Ktav Pub, 1999: Introduction to chapter on Faith/Reason has historical overview of religious reasons for opposition to Jewish philosophy, including the Ontological reason, one Medieval Kabbalist holding that "we begin where they end". </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Isidore Twersky, Introduction to the Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah), Yale Judaica Series, vol. XII (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980), passim, and especially Chapter VII, "Epilogue," pp. 515–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReif1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reif" title="Stefan Reif">Reif SC</a> (1994). Jesus Pelaez del Rosal (ed.). "Review of 'Sobre la Vida y Obra de Maimonides'". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a>. 39 (1): 124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2FXXXIX.1.123">10.1093/jss/XXXIX.1.123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Sobre+la+Vida+y+Obra+de+Maimonides%27&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2FXXXIX.1.123&rft.aulast=Reif&rft.aufirst=Stefan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> This is covered in all histories of the Jews. E.g., including such a brief overview as Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews, Revised Edition (New York: Schocken, 1970), pp. 175–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> D.J. Silver, Maimonidean Criticism and the Maimonidean Controversy, 1180–1240 (Leiden: Brill, 1965), is still the most detailed account. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> David Hartman, Maimonides: Torah and Philosophic Quest (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> On the extensive philosophical aspects of Maimonides' halakhic works, see in particular Isidore Twersky's Introduction to the Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah), Yale Judaica Series, vol. XII (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980). Twersky devotes a major portion of this authoritative study to the philosophical aspects of the Mishneh Torah itself. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The Maimunist or Maimonidean controversy is covered in all histories of Jewish philosophy and general histories of the Jews. For an overview, with bibliographic references, see Idit Dobbs-Weinstein, "The Maimonidean Controversy," in History of Jewish Philosophy, Second Edition, edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 331–349. Also see Colette Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 205–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercedes_Rubio2006" class="citation book cs1">Mercedes Rubio (2006). "Aquinas and Maimonides on the Divine Names". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquinasmaimonide00rubi">Aquinas and Maimonides on the possibility of the knowledge of god</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. 11, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aquinasmaimonide00rubi/page/n71">65</a>–126, 211, 218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-4747-9_2">10.1007/1-4020-4747-9_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4720-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-4720-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aquinas+and+Maimonides+on+the+Divine+Names&rft.btitle=Aquinas+and+Maimonides+on+the+possibility+of+the+knowledge+of+god&rft.pages=11%2C+65-126%2C+211%2C+218&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-4747-9_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4720-6&rft.au=Mercedes+Rubio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faquinasmaimonide00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Vivian McAlister, Maimonides's cooling period and organ retrieval (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Surgery" title="Canadian Journal of Surgery">Canadian Journal of Surgery</a> 2004; 47: 8 – 9) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neohasid.org/torah/rambam/">"NeoHasid.org | Rambam and Gaia"</a>. neohasid.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208213823/http://www.neohasid.org/torah/rambam/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=neohasid.org&rft.atitle=NeoHasid.org+%26%23124%3B+Rambam+and+Gaia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneohasid.org%2Ftorah%2Frambam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Morris" class="citation web cs1">David Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730212312/http://www.floridajewishnews.com/site/a/major_grant_awarded_to_maimonides/">"Major Grant Awarded to Maimonides"</a>. Florida Jewish Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridajewishnews.com/site/a/major_grant_awarded_to_maimonides/">the original</a> on 30 July 2007. 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Retrieved 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Israel+Museum&rft.atitle=Maimonides&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fmaimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_JacobsIsaac_Broydé1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Isaac Broydé</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=905&letter=M">"Moses Ben Maimon"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+Life+and+Thought&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15851-8&rft.aulast=Halbertal&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F10093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart_Green2013" class="citation book cs1">Hart Green K (2013). Leo Strauss on Maimonides: The Complete Writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Strauss+on+Maimonides%3A+The+Complete+Writings&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hart+Green&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hartman_(rabbi)" title="David Hartman (rabbi)">Hartman D</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maimonidestorahp00hart">Maimonides: Torah and Philosophic Quest</a>. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0083-6"><bdi>978-0-8276-0083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+Torah+and+Philosophic+Quest&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0083-6&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaimonidestorahp00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschel1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Heschel AJ</a> (1982). Maimonides: The Life and Times of a Medieval Jewish Thinker. New York: Farrar Straus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Medieval+Jewish+Thinker&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Heschel&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._236–311" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Husik" title="Isaac Husik">Husik I</a> (2002) [1941]. A History of Jewish Philosophy. Dover Publications, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Husik&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> Originally published by the Jewish Publication of America, Philadelphia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Kaplan A</a> (1994). "Maimonides Principles: The Fundamentals of Jewish Faith". The Aryeh Kaplan Anthology. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aryeh+Kaplan+Anthology&rft.atitle=Maimonides+Principles%3A+The+Fundamentals+of+Jewish+Faith&rft.volume=I&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner1986" class="citation book cs1">Kellner M (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogmainmedievalj0000kell">Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought</a>. London: Oxford University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-710044-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-710044-8"><bdi>978-0-19-710044-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogma+in+Medieval+Jewish+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-710044-8&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdogmainmedievalj0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler GY (2012). "Reading Maimonides' Philosophy in 19th Century Germany". Amsterdam Studies in Jewish Philosophy. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amsterdam+Studies+in+Jewish+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Reading+Maimonides%27+Philosophy+in+19th+Century+Germany&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=George+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer JL (2008). Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+The+Life+and+World+of+One+of+Civilization%27s+Greatest+Minds&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._228–378" class="citation book cs1">Leaman DH, Leaman F, Leaman O (2003). History of Jewish Philosophy (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jewish+Philosophy&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Frank&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> See especially chapters 10 through 15.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maimonides</a> (1963). Suessmann Muntner (ed.). Moshe Ben Maimon (Maimonides) Medical Works (in Hebrew). Translated by Moshe Ibn Tibbon. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729184001">729184001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moshe+Ben+Maimon+%28Maimonides%29+Medical+Works&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Mossad+Harav+Kook&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729184001&rft.au=Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maimonides</a> (1967). <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, with Maimonides' Commentary (in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810">741081810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah%2C+with+Maimonides%27+Commentary&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Mossad+Harav+Kook&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741081810&rft.au=Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosner1984–1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rosner" title="Fred Rosner">Rosner F</a> (1984–1994). Maimonides' Medical Writings. Vol. 7 Vols. Maimonides Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%27+Medical+Writings&rft.pub=Maimonides+Research+Institute&rft.date=1984%2F1994&rft.aulast=Rosner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> (Volume 5 translated by Uriel Barzel; foreword by Fred Rosner.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidenberg2005" class="citation journal cs1">Seidenberg D (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neohasid.org/torah/rambam/">"Maimonides – His Thought Related to Ecology"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208213823/http://www.neohasid.org/torah/rambam/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Nature&rft.atitle=Maimonides+%E2%80%93+His+Thought+Related+to+Ecology&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Seidenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneohasid.org%2Ftorah%2Frambam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro MB (1993). "Maimonides Thirteen Principles: The Last Word in Jewish Theology?". The Torah U-Maddah Journal. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Torah+U-Maddah+Journal&rft.atitle=Maimonides+Thirteen+Principles%3A+The+Last+Word+in+Jewish+Theology%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2008" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro MB (2008). Studies in Maimonides and His Interpreters. Scranton (PA): University of Scranton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Maimonides+and+His+Interpreters&rft.place=Scranton+%28PA%29&rft.pub=University+of+Scranton+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._131_to_344" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colette_Sirat" title="Colette Sirat">Sirat C</a> (1985). A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sirat&rft.aufirst=Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> See chapters 5 through 8.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss L</a> (1974). Shlomo Pines (ed.). How to Begin to Study the Guide: The Guide of the Perplexed – Maimonides (in Arabic). Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Begin+to+Study+the+Guide%3A+The+Guide+of+the+Perplexed+%E2%80%93+Maimonides&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss L</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persecutionartof0000stra">Persecution and the Art of Writing</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77711-5"><bdi>978-0-226-77711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+and+the+Art+of+Writing&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77711-5&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersecutionartof0000stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> reprint</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa2009" class="citation book cs1">Stroumsa S (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=26207">Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13763-6"><bdi>978-0-691-13763-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603055156/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=26207">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides+in+His+World%3A+Portrait+of+a+Mediterranean+Thinker&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13763-6&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D26207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">Telushkin J</a> (2006). A Code of Jewish Ethics. Vol. 1 (You Shall Be Holy). New York: Bell Tower. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460444264">460444264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Code+of+Jewish+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bell+Tower&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460444264&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwersky1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Twersky" title="Isadore Twersky">Twersky I</a> (1972). I Twersky (ed.). A Maimonides Reader. New York: Behrman House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Maimonides+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Twersky&rft.aufirst=Isadore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwersky1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Twersky" title="Isadore Twersky">Twersky I</a> (1980). "Introduction to the Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah)". Yale Judaica Series. XII. New Haven and London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Judaica+Series&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Code+of+Maimonides+%28Mishneh+Torah%29&rft.volume=XII&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Twersky&rft.aufirst=Isador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Maimonides: Abū ʿImrān Mūsā [Moses] ibn ʿUbayd Allāh [Maymūn] al‐Qurṭubī <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Maimonides_BEA.htm">www.islamsci.mcgill.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827111712/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Maimonides_BEA.htm">Archived</a> 27 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524172551/http://www.med.uottawa.ca/historyofmedicine/hetenyi/levinoff.htm">"History of Medicine"</a>. AIME. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.uottawa.ca/department-innovation/medicine-humanities/history-medicine">the original</a> on 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIME&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.uottawa.ca%2Fdepartment-innovation%2Fmedicine-humanities%2Fhistory-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._R._Simon1999" class="citation journal cs1">S. R. Simon (1999). "Moses Maimonides: medieval physician and scholar". Arch Intern Med. 159 (16): 1841–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.159.16.1841">10.1001/archinte.159.16.1841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10493314">10493314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Intern+Med&rft.atitle=Moses+Maimonides%3A+medieval+physician+and+scholar&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1841-5&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.159.16.1841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10493314&rft.au=S.+R.+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthar_Yawar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Athar Yawar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960365-7">"Maimonides's medicine"</a>. The Lancet. 371 (9615): 804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960365-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60365-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54415482">54415482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Maimonides%27s+medicine&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=9615&rft.pages=804&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960365-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54415482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Athar+Yawar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252808%252960365-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358539/Moses-Maimonides">"Moses Maimonides | biography – Jewish philosopher, scholar, and physician"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430003629/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358539/Moses-Maimonides">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moses+Maimonides+%7C+biography+%E2%80%93+Jewish+philosopher%2C+scholar%2C+and+physician&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F358539%2FMoses-Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Maimonides" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>About Maimonides</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=905&letter=M">Maimonides entry</a> in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358539/Moses-Maimonides">Maimonides entry in the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/judaism-biographies/maimonides">Maimonides entry</a> in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeskin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seeskin K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides/">"Maimonides"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta EN</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maimonides&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Seeskin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmaimonides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/maimonid/">"Maimonides entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2013/11/15/rabbi-moshe-ben-maimon-maimonides/">Video lecture on Maimonides</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Dr. Henry Abramson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Maimonides/YAAMAI/home.html">Maimonides, a biography</a> — book by David Yellin and Israel Abrahams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides">Maimonides as a Philosopher</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic">The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218232603/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/38243009.html">"The Moses of Cairo,"</a> Article from Policy Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neohasid.org/torah/rambam/">Rambam and the Earth: Maimonides as a Proto-Ecological Thinker</a> – reprint on neohasid.org from The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ecology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faur.derushah.com/articlesbyhakhamjosefaur.html#anti">Anti-Maimonidean Demons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720160655/http://faur.derushah.com/articlesbyhakhamjosefaur.html#anti">Archived</a> 20 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jose Faur, describing the controversy surrounding Maimonides' works</li> <li>David Yellin and Israel Abrahams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Maimonides/YAAMAI/home.html">Maimonides</a> (1903) (full text of a biography)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Tzvi_Langermann2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Y. Tzvi Langermann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Maimonides_BEA.htm">"Maimonides: Abū ʿImrān Mūsā [Moses] ibn ʿUbayd Allāh [Maymūn] al-Qurṭubī"</a>. In Thomas Hockey, et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 726–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maimonides%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFImr%C4%81n+M%C5%ABs%C4%81+%26%2391%3BMoses%26%2393%3B+ibn+%CA%BFUbayd+All%C4%81h+%26%2391%3BMaym%C5%ABn%26%2393%3B+al-Qur%E1%B9%ADub%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=726-7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.au=Y.+Tzvi+Langermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FMaimonides_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Maimonides_BEA.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li>Maimonides at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intellectualencounters.org">intellectualencounters.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720213031/http://www.intellectualencounters.org/">Archived</a> 20 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriesel2015" class="citation book cs1">Kriesel H (2015). Judaism as Philosophy: Studies in Maimonides and the Medieval Jewish Philosophers of Provence. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Studies_Press" title="Academic Studies Press">Academic Studies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt21h4xpc">10.2307/j.ctt21h4xpc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-789-2"><bdi>978-1-61811-789-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21h4xpc">j.ctt21h4xpc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+as+Philosophy%3A+Studies+in+Maimonides+and+the+Medieval+Jewish+Philosophers+of+Provence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21h4xpc%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt21h4xpc&rft.isbn=978-1-61811-789-2&rft.aulast=Kriesel&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Friedberg A (2013). Crafting the 613 Commandments: Maimonides on the Enumeration, Classification, and Formulation of the Scriptural Commandments. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Studies_Press" title="Academic Studies Press">Academic Studies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt21h4wf8">10.2307/j.ctt21h4wf8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-848-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-848-6"><bdi>978-1-61811-848-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21h4wf8">j.ctt21h4wf8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+the+613+Commandments%3A+Maimonides+on+the+Enumeration%2C+Classification%2C+and+Formulation+of+the+Scriptural+Commandments&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21h4wf8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt21h4wf8&rft.isbn=978-1-61811-848-6&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaimonides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maimonides-guide.com/">The Guide: An Explanatory Commentary on Each Chapter of Maimonides' Guide of The Perplexed</a> by Scott Michael Alexander (covers all of Book I, currently)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Maimonides' works</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rambam-Mishneh-Torah-CODEX-Hamafteach/dp/B09QP2MTMN">Steinberg The Rambam Mishneh Torah Codex on Amazon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=%22rambam+chumash%22">Steinberg The Rambam Chumash on Amazon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682956/jewish/Mishneh-Torah.htm">Complete Mishneh Torah online, halakhic work of Maimonides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/940209/jewish/Sefer-Hamitzvot-Translation.htm">Sefer Hamitzvot, English translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torahforme.com/files/Rambam/">Oral Readings of Mishne Torah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183143/http://torahforme.com/files/Rambam/">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Free listening and Download, site also had classes in Maimonides' <a href="/wiki/The_Yemen_Epistle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yemen Epistle">Iggereth Teiman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/spirituality/philosophy/Maimonides_13_Principles_-_Part_1_God_as_Creator.asp">Maimonides 13 Principles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212341/http://www.aish.com/spirituality/philosophy/Maimonides_13_Principles_-_Part_1_God_as_Creator.asp">Archived</a> 31 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intellectualencounters.org/KotarApp/BrowseBooks.aspx?ExpandNodeID=2442%242443%242446&bAsImage=False">Intellectual Encounters – Main Thinkers – Moses Maimonides</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415041817/http://www.intellectualencounters.org/">intellectualencounters.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bodleian.thejewishmuseum.org/?p=21">Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Autograph Draft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129095132/http://bodleian.thejewishmuseum.org/?p=21">Archived</a> 29 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Egypt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2020/07/autograph-responsum-of-moses-maimonides.html">British Library – Autograph responsum of Moses Maimonides, pre-eminent Jewish polymath and spiritual leader</a>, Ilana Tahan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.cjh.org/primo-explore/search?query=creator,contains,Moses%20Maimonides,AND&tab=default_tab&search_scope=LBI&vid=lbi&facet=tlevel,include,online_resources&facet=creator,include,Maimonides,%20M&mode=advanced&offset=0">Digitized works by Maimonides</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute" title="Leo Baeck Institute">Leo Baeck Institute</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Texts by Maimonides</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703012045/http://www.derushapublishing.com/siddur-mesorath-moshe.shtml">Siddur Mesorath Moshe</a>, a prayerbook based on the early Jewish liturgy as found in Maimonides' Mishne Tora</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/e0000.htm">Rambam's introduction to the Mishneh Torah (English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034621/https://mechon-mamre.org/e/e0000.htm">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/mahshevt/hakdama/tohen-m-2.htm">Rambam's introduction to the Commentary on the Mishnah (Hebrew-language full text)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/index.htm">The Guide For the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides translated into English by Michael Friedländer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212182013/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/html/rambam_l.htm">Writings of Maimonides; manuscripts and early print editions. Jewish National and University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/manus/293/">Facsimile edition of Moreh Nevukhim/The Guide for the Perplexed (illuminated Hebrew manuscript, Barcelona, 1347–48). The Royal Library, Copenhagen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811001635/http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/manus/293/">Archived</a> 11 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/maimonides-exhibition.html">University of Cambridge Library collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129195805/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/maimonides-exhibition.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Judeo-Arabic letters and manuscripts written by or to Maimonides. It includes the last letter his brother David sent him before drowning at sea.</li> <li>A. Ashur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/fotm/march-2014/">A newly discovered medical recipe written by Maimonides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103050149/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/fotm/march-2014/">Archived</a> 3 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>M.A Friedman and A. Ashur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/fotm/may-2012/">A newly-discovered autograph responsum of Maimonides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101142529/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/fotm/may-2012/">Archived</a> 1 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=2127">Works by Maimonides</a> at <a href="/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library" title="Post-Reformation Digital Library">Post-Reformation Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14982">Works by Maimonides</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&oldid=1254846426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&oldid=1254846426</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Maimonides&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 November 2024, at 00:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="موسى بن ميمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسى بن ميمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B3nides" title="Maimónides – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maimónides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymonid" title="Maymonid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maymonid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن میمون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن میمون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="মুসা বিন মৈমুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুসা বিন মৈমুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Майманід – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майманід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Моисей Маймонид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Моисей Маймонид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonidez" title="Maimonidez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maimonidez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B2nides" title="Maimònides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maimònides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маймонид – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маймонид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B3nides" title="Maimónides – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Maimónides" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="موسى بن ميمون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسى بن ميمون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μαϊμονίδης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαϊμονίδης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B3nides" title="Maimónides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maimónides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmonido" title="Majmonido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majmonido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن میمون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن میمون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Ma%C3%AFmonide" title="Moïse Maïmonide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moïse Maïmonide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B3nides" title="Maimónides – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maimónides" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%EB%8D%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="마이모니데스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이모니데스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Մայմոնիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայմոնիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="मैमोनिदेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैमोनिदेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmonid" title="Majmonid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Majmonid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_ben_Maimon" title="Moshe ben Maimon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moshe ben Maimon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_ben_Maimon" title="Moshe ben Maimon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moshe ben Maimon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_Maimonide" title="Mosè Maimonide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosè Maimonide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D" title="רמב"ם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמב"ם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაიმონიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაიმონიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маймонид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маймонид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Meym%C3%BBn" title="Îbn Meymûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Meymûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маймонид – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маймонид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_ben_Maimon_(Rambam)" title="Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam) – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam)" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" title="Moses Maimonides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moses Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonids" title="Maimonids – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maimonids" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonidas" title="Maimonidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maimonidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonid%C3%A9sz" title="Maimonidész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maimonidész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Мојсеј Мајмонид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мојсеј Мајмонид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosesy_Maim%C3%B4nida" title="Mosesy Maimônida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mosesy Maimônida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മൈമോനിഡിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈമോനിഡിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაიმონიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაიმონიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن ميمون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن ميمون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="モーシェ・ベン＝マイモーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーシェ・ベン＝マイモーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymonid" title="Maymonid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maymonid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੇਮੋਨੀਡਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੇਮੋਨੀਡਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%B0_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="موسیٰ بن میمون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موسیٰ بن میمون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن ميمون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن ميمون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmonides" title="Majmonides – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Majmonides" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maim%C3%B4nides" title="Maimônides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maimônides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Maimonide" title="Moise Maimonide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moise Maimonide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маймонид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маймонид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meimonidi" title="Meimonidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meimonidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojzes_Majmonid" title="Mojzes Majmonid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mojzes Majmonid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Мојсије Мајмонид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мојсије Мајмонид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmonid" title="Majmonid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Majmonid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_bin_Meymun" title="Musa bin Meymun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Musa bin Meymun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Маймонід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маймонід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="موسی بن میمون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسی بن میمون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="迈蒙尼德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="迈蒙尼德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D" title="רמב"ם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רמב"ם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邁蒙尼德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邁蒙尼德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Maimonides" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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