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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Romanization standards and systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanization_standards_and_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanization standards and systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanization_standards_and_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mixed digraphic and diacritical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fully_diacritical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fully_diacritical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fully diacritical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fully_diacritical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>ASCII-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Romanization issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanization_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanization issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanization_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration_vs._transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration_vs._transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transliteration vs. transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration_vs._transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arabic alphabet and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arabic alphabet and nationalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanization of Arabic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رومنة العربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة العربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzlizherennadur_arabek" title="Treuzlizherennadur arabek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzlizherennadur arabek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umschrift_der_arabischen_Schrift" title="Umschrift der arabischen Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umschrift der arabischen Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_del_%C3%A1rabe" title="Romanización del árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización del árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لاتین‌نویسی عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27arabe" title="Romanisation de l'arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation de l'arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="아랍어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_aksara_Arab-Latin" title="Alih aksara Arab-Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih aksara Arab-Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traslitterazione_dell%27arabo" title="Traslitterazione dell'arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traslitterazione dell'arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_arabi" title="Transcrive de arabi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de arabi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Македонска транскрипција на арапскиот јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонска транскрипција на арапскиот јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അറബി ഭാഷയുടെ റോമൻവൽക്കരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ഭാഷയുടെ റോമൻവൽക്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_bahasa_Arab" title="Perumian bahasa Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_av_arabisk" title="Romanisering av arabisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering av arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_yozuvini_lotinlashtirish" title="Arab yozuvini lotinlashtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab yozuvini lotinlashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_%C3%A1rabe" title="Romanização do árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização do árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Романизация арабского письма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романизация арабского письма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Гарәп теленең латин әлифбасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп теленең латин әлифбасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน/การทับศัพท์ภาษาอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน/การทับศัพท์ภาษาอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7an%C4%B1n_romanizasyonu" title="Arapçanın romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arapçanın romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯語羅馬化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2349106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/File:Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/400px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/600px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/800px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>ـُ]]] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |transl= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) between the 19th and 20th centuries, using <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُسْلِم</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>) and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَمَّد</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) as examples.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the systematic rendering of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">written</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken</a> Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, <a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">cataloging</a> Arabic language works, <a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">language education</a> when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>. These formal systems, which often make use of <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a>. </p><p>Different systems and strategies have been developed to address the inherent problems of rendering various Arabic varieties in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> that do not exist in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages; the means of representing the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">Arabic definite article</a>, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually <i>i u</i> or <i>e o</i>, accounting for variations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>/Moslem</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a>/Muhammad/Mohamed</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></i> is the direct representation of foreign <i>letters</i> using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually <i><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">transcription</a></i> systems, which represent the <i>sound</i> of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, do not usually appear in Arabic writing. As an example, the above rendering <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah</i></span></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مناظرة الحروف العربية</span> is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example transliteration would be <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization_standards_and_systems">Romanization standards and systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Romanization standards and systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Romanization">Early Romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/220px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/330px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/440px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Art to lightly learn the Arabic language</i> (1506) by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcalá">Pedro de Alcalá</a> uses an innovative system for transcribing <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> that has been called "the first Western system of Arabic scientific transcription" by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Corriente" title="Federico Corriente">Federico Corriente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It transcribed the four arabic letters that the latin alphabet couldn't represent as: ḧa (خ), ḋil (ذ), c̈̇e (ث) and a͑y (ع).</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Romanization of the Arabic language was standardized in the various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_dictionaries#Bilingual_dictionaries" title="List of Arabic dictionaries">bilingual Arabic-European dictionaries</a> of the 16–19th centuries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcalá">Pedro de Alcalá</a>, <i>Arabic vocabulary in the Castillian language</i> (<i>Vocabulista</i>), 1505. A Spanish-Arabic glossary with its own system of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Art to lightly learn the Arabic language</i>, 1506. An Arabic grammar written in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Martín Pérez de Ayala">Martín Pérez de Ayala</a>, <i>Doctrina Cristiana</i>, 1556. Valencia. Prayers with an Arabic conventions and pronunciation annex.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Schindler" title="Valentin Schindler">Valentin Schindler</a>, <i>Lexicon Pentaglotton: Hebraicum, Chaldicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum, et Arabicum</i>, 1612. Arabic lemmas were printed in Hebrew characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Raphelengius" title="Franciscus Raphelengius">Franciscus Raphelengius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_84yAEE271K8C"><i>Lexicon Arabicum</i></a>, Leiden 1613. The first printed dictionary of the Arabic language in Arabic characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius">Jacobus Golius</a>, <i>Lexicon Arabico-Latinum</i>, Leiden 1653. The dominant Arabic dictionary in Europe for almost two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Freytag" title="Georg Freytag">Georg Freytag</a>, <i>Lexicon Arabico-Latinum</i>, praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzubadiique et aliorum libris confectum I–IV, Halle 1830–1837<sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="Arabic–English Lexicon">Arabic–English Lexicon</a></i>, 8 vols, London-Edinburgh 1863–1893. Highly influential, but incomplete (stops at Kaf)<sup id="cite_ref-Lipiński_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipiński-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical">Mixed digraphic and diacritical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixed digraphic and diacritical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraph (orthography)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></b> romanization (1956).<sup id="cite_ref-BGN-PCGN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-PCGN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a></b> (1972). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, or "Variant A of the Amended Beirut System". Adopted from BGN/PCGN.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Géographique National">IGN</a> System 1973</b> or "Variant B of the Amended Beirut System", that conforms to the French orthography and is preferred to the Variant A in French-speaking countries as in Maghreb and Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><abbr title="Arab delegations to the Eighth UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in Berlin (2002)">ADEGN</abbr></b> romanization (2007) is different from UNGEGN in two ways: (1) ظ is d͟h instead of z̧; (2) the cedilla is replaced by a sub-macron (_) in all the characters with the cedilla.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a></b> (first published 1991), from the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA-LC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA-LC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This romanization is close to the romanization of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr" title="Hans Wehr">Hans Wehr</a>, which is used internationally in scientific publications by <a href="/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist">Arabists</a>. <ul><li><b>IJMES</b>, used by <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>, very similar to ALA-LC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EI</b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> (1st ed., 1913–1938; 2nd ed., 1960–2005).<sup id="cite_ref-EI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fully_diacritical">Fully diacritical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fully diacritical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>DMG</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a></i></span>, 1935), adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-DGM1935_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGM1935-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a></b> (1982), developed by the German Institute for Standardization (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a></i></span>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Hans Wehr transliteration</a></b> (1961, 1994), a modification to DIN 31635.</li> <li><b>EALL</b>, <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i> (edited by Kees Versteegh, Brill, 2006–2009).<sup id="cite_ref-EALL_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EALL-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spanish romanization, identical to DMG/DIN with the exception of three letters: ǧ > ŷ, ḫ > j, ġ > g.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a></b> (1984), letter-to-letter; vowels are transliterated only if they are shown with diacritics, otherwise they are omitted. <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_233-2" class="extiw" title="fr:ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a> (1993), simplified transliteration; vowels are always shown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_4280&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 4280 (page does not exist)">BS 4280</a> (1968), developed by the <a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">British Standards Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII-based">ASCII-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ASCII-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> (since 1992) has been modelled closely after the transliteration standards <a href="/wiki/ISO/R_233" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/R 233">ISO/R 233</a> and DIN 31635.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwalter_Transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckwalter Transliteration">Buckwalter Transliteration</a> (1990s), developed at ALPNET by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Buckwalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Buckwalter (page does not exist)">Tim Buckwalter</a>; does not require <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic <b>chat</b> alphabet</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-EALL_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EALL-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ad hoc solution for conveniently entering Arabic using a Latin keyboard.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison <a href="/wiki/Table" class="mw-disambig" title="Table">table</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/<br />PCGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Standardization_of_Geographical_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">EI</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Wehr</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup> </th> <th><abbr title="Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics">EALL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="British Standard">BS</abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabizi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">2</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egyptian_Romanized_Arabic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_Romanized_Arabic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">3</a></sup> </th> <td><code>0621</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span title="Modifier letter apostrophe" style="font-size:160%">ʼ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">4</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʾ</span> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter apostrophe" style="font-size:160%">ʼ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">4</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʾ</span> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter apostrophe" style="font-size:160%">ʼ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">4</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʾ</span> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter vertical line" style="font-size:160%">ˈ</span>, <span title="Modifier letter low vertical line" style="font-size:160%">ˌ</span> </td> <td><span title="Apostrophe" style="font-size:140%">'</span> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ا</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0627</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="8">ā </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʾ</span> </td> <td>A </td> <td>a/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ب</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0628</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">b </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ت</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>062A</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">t </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ث</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>062B</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">thā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">th<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>t͟h </td> <td colspan="5">ṯ </td> <td>_t </td> <td>s/th/t </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ج</span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_12"><a href="#endnote_12">12</a></sup> </th> <td><code>062C</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">jīm</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">j </td> <td>d͟j </td> <td colspan="2">j<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_6"><a href="#endnote_6">6</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3">ǧ </td> <td>^g </td> <td>j/g/dj </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ح</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>062D</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">ḩ<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_7"><a href="#endnote_7">7</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="7">ḥ </td> <td>.h </td> <td>7/h </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خ</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>062E</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">khā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">kh<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>k͟h </td> <td>ḵ<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_6"><a href="#endnote_6">6</a></sup> </td> <td>x </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḫ </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>_h </td> <td>kh/7'/5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">د</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>062F</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dāl</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">d </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذ</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0630</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhāl</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">dh<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>d͟h </td> <td colspan="5">ḏ </td> <td>_d </td> <td>z/dh/th/d </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ر</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0631</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">rā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">r </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ز</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0632</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">zayn/zāy</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">z </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">س</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0633</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sīn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">s </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0634</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">shīn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">sh<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>s͟h </td> <td colspan="5">š </td> <td>^s </td> <td>sh/ch/$ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ص</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0635</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣād</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">ş<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_7"><a href="#endnote_7">7</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="7">ṣ </td> <td>.s </td> <td>s/9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ض</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0636</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍād</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">ḑ<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_7"><a href="#endnote_7">7</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="7">ḍ </td> <td>.d </td> <td>d/9'/D </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ط</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0637</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">ţ<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_7"><a href="#endnote_7">7</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="7">ṭ </td> <td>.t </td> <td>t/6/T </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0638</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ẓā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a></span> </td> <td>z̧<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_7"><a href="#endnote_7">7</a></sup> </td> <td>d͟h<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3">ẓ </td> <td>ḏ̣/ẓ<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_11"><a href="#endnote_11">11</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3">ẓ </td> <td>.z </td> <td>z/dh/6'/th </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0639</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><big>ʻ</big>ayn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span title="Modifier letter turned comma" style="font-size:160%">ʻ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">4</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter left half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʿ</span> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter reversed comma" style="font-size:160%">ʽ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">4</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Modifier letter left half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʿ</span> </td> <td><span title="Grave accent" style="font-size:140%">`</span> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غ</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>063A</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3">gh<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>g͟h </td> <td>ḡ<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_6"><a href="#endnote_6">6</a></sup> </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td colspan="2">ġ </td> <td>.g </td> <td>gh/3'/8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_8"><a href="#endnote_8">8</a></sup> </th> <td><code>0641</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">f </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_8"><a href="#endnote_8">8</a></sup> </th> <td><code>0642</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td colspan="10">q </td> <td>2/g/q/8/9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ك</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0643</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kāf</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">k </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ل</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0644</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">l </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">م</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0645</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">mīm</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">m </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ن</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0646</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">nūn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">n </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ه</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0647</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td colspan="11">h </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">و</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0648</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">wāw</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td colspan="9">w; ū </td> <td>w; U </td> <td>w/ou/oo/u/o </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_9"><a href="#endnote_9">9</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064A</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">yā<big>ʼ</big></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td colspan="9">y; ī </td> <td>y; <span style="font-family:'Droid Sans', Tahoma, Verdana, serif">I</span> </td> <td>y/i/ee/ei/ai </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0622</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maddah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔaː</span> </td> <td colspan="5">ā, <span title="Modifier letter apostrophe" style="font-size:140%">ʼ</span>ā </td> <td colspan="3"><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:140%">ʾ</span>ā </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:140%">ʾ</span>â </td> <td><span title="Apostrophe"><big>'</big></span>A </td> <td>2a/aa </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ة</span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0629</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tā<big>ʼ</big> marbūṭah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td colspan="4">h; t </td> <td>—; t </td> <td colspan="3">h; t </td> <td>ẗ </td> <td>T </td> <td>a/e(h); et/at </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">ال</a></span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0627</code><code>0644</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif lām</i></span> </td> <td><small><i>(var.)</i></small> </td> <td colspan="8">al-<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_10"><a href="#endnote_10">10</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:140%">ʾ</span>al </td> <td>al- </td> <td>el/al </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_9"><a href="#endnote_9">9</a></sup> </th> <td><code>0649</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maqṣūrah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="3">á </td> <td colspan="5">ā </td> <td>ỳ </td> <td>_A </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Vocalization </th></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَ</a></i></span></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td colspan="10">a </td> <td>a/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـِ</a></i></span></big> </th> <td><code>0650</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kasrah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td colspan="10">i </td> <td>i/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـُ</a></i></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_13"><a href="#endnote_13">13</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064F</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍammah</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td colspan="10">u </td> <td>ou/o/u </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَا</a></span></span></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>0627</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah alif</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="8">ā </td> <td>aʼ </td> <td>A/aa </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـِي</a></span></span></big> </th> <td><code>0650</code><code>064A</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kasrah yāʼ</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="8">ī </td> <td>iy </td> <td>I/iy </td> <td>i/ee </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـُو</a></span></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_13"><a href="#endnote_13">13</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064F</code><code>0648</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍammah wāw</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="8">ū </td> <td>uw </td> <td>U/uw </td> <td>ou/oo/u </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَي</a></span></span></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>064A</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah yāʼ</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aj</span> </td> <td colspan="10">ay </td> <td>ay/ai/ey/ei </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَو</a></span></span></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>0648</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah wāw</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aw</span> </td> <td colspan="10">aw </td> <td>aw/aou </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـً</a></i></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_14"><a href="#endnote_14">14</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064B</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥatān</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">an</span> </td> <td colspan="2">aⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">an </td> <td>á </td> <td>aN </td> <td>an </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـٍ</a></i></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_14"><a href="#endnote_14">14</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064D</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kasratān</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">in</span> </td> <td colspan="2">iⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">in </td> <td>í </td> <td>iN </td> <td>in/en </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـٌ</a></i></span></big> ‎<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_14"><a href="#endnote_14">14</a></sup> </th> <td><code>064C</code> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍammatān</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">un</span> </td> <td colspan="2">uⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">un </td> <td>ú </td> <td>uN </td> <td>oun/on/oon/un </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> Hans Wehr transliteration does not capitalize the first letter at the beginning of sentences nor in proper names.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> The <i>chat</i> table is only a demonstration and is based on the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken varieties</a> which vary considerably from <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> on which the IPA table and the rest of the transliterations are based.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><b><a href="#ref_3">^3</a></b></span> Review <i><a href="/wiki/Hamzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamzah">hamzah</a></i> for its various forms.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><b><a href="#ref_4">^4</a></b></span> Neither standard defines which <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> to use for <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzah</i></span></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻayn</i></span></a></i>. Appropriate Unicode points would be <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">modifier letter apostrophe</a> ⟨<span title="Modifier letter apostrophe" style="font-size:160%">ʼ</span>⟩ and <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_turned_comma" title="Modifier letter turned comma">modifier letter turned comma</a> ⟨<span title="Modifier letter turned comma" style="font-size:160%">ʻ</span>⟩ (for the UNGEGN and BGN/PCGN) or <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_reversed_comma" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifier letter reversed comma">modifier letter reversed comma</a> ⟨<span title="Modifier letter reversed comma" style="font-size:160%">ʽ</span>⟩ (for the Wehr and Survey of Egypt System (SES)), all of which Unicode defines as letters. Often right and left single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> ⟨<span title="Right single quotation mark" style="font-size:160%">’</span>⟩, ⟨<span title="Left single quotation mark" style="font-size:160%">‘</span>⟩ are used instead, but Unicode defines those as punctuation marks, and they can cause compatibility issues. The glottal stop (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzah</i></span></i>) in these romanizations is not written word-initially.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><b><a href="#ref_5">^5</a></b></span> The UNGEGN 1972 <i>z̧</i> was replaced by the underlined d͟h following AGEGN in 2017. In <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> digraphs are underlined, that is t͟h, d͟j, k͟h, d͟h, s͟h, g͟h. In BGN/PCGN on the contrary the sequences <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ـتـهـ, ـكـهـ, ـدهـ, ـسهـ</span></span> may be romanized with <a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a> as <i>t·h</i>, <i>k·h</i>, <i>d·h</i>, <i>s·h</i> respectively.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_6"><b><a href="#ref_6">^6</a></b></span> In the original German edition of his dictionary (1952) Wehr used ǧ, ḫ, ġ for j, ḵ, ḡ respectively (that is all the letters used are equal to DMG/<a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a>). The variant presented in the table is from the English translation of the dictionary (1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_7"><b><a href="#ref_7">^7</a></b></span> BGN/PCGN allows use of <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Underdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">underdots</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_8"><b><a href="#ref_8">^8</a></b></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʼ</i></span></i> and <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> are traditionally written in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Northwestern Africa</a> as <big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ڢ</span></span></big> and <big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ</span></span></big>, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_9"><b><a href="#ref_9">^9</a></b></span> In Egypt, Sudan, and sometimes in other regions, the standard form for final-<i><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yāʼ"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">yāʼ</i></span></a></i> is only <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ى</span></span> <small>(without dots)</small> in handwriting and print, for both final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-iː/</span> and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aː/</span>. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a></span></span> for the latter pronunciation, is called <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ألف لينة</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif layyinah</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ]</a></span>, 'flexible alif'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_10"><b><a href="#ref_10">^10</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">sun and moon letters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamza#Hamzat_al-waṣl_(_ٱ_)" title="Hamza">hamzat waṣl</a> pronunciation rules apply, although it is acceptable to ignore them. The UN system and ALA-LC prefer lowercase <i>a</i> and hyphens: <i>al-Baṣrah, ar-Riyāḍ</i>; BGN/PCGN prefers uppercase <i>A</i> and no hyphens: <i>Al Baṣrah, Ar Riyāḍ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_11"><b><a href="#ref_11">^11</a></b></span> The EALL suggests ẓ "in proper names" (volume 4, page 517).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_12"><b><a href="#ref_12">^12</a></b></span> <i>BGN/PCGN</i>, <i>UNGEGN</i>, <i>ALA-LC</i>, and <i>DIN 31635</i> use a normal <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ج</span></span>⟩</span> when romanizing Egyptian names or toponyms that are expectedly pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_13"><b><a href="#ref_13">^13</a></b></span> <i>BGN/PCGN</i>, <i>UNGEGN</i>, <i>ALA-LC</i>, and <i>DIN 31635</i> use the French-based <span class="nowrap">⟨ou⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u(:)</a>/</span> in Francophone Arabic speaking countries in names and toponyms.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_14"><b><a href="#ref_14">^14</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> is ignored in all romanizations in names and toponyms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization_issues">Romanization issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romanization issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system has to make a number of decisions which are dependent on its intended field of application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One basic problem is that written Arabic is normally <a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">unvocalized</a>; i.e., many of the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> are not written out, and must be supplied by a reader familiar with the language. Hence unvocalized <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Arabic writing</a> does not give a reader unfamiliar with the language sufficient information for accurate pronunciation. As a result, a pure <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, e.g., rendering <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قطر</span></span> as <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qṭr</i></span></b>, is meaningless to an untrained reader. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a> are generally used that add vowels, e.g. <b><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qaṭar</i></span></b>. However, unvocalized systems match exactly to written Arabic, unlike vocalized systems such as Arabic chat, which some claim detracts from one's ability to spell.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration_vs._transcription">Transliteration vs. transcription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transliteration vs. transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most uses of romanization call for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: Instead of transliterating each written letter, they try to reproduce the sound of the words according to the orthography rules of the target language: <i>Qaṭar</i>. This applies equally to scientific and popular applications. A pure transliteration would need to omit vowels (e.g. <i>qṭr</i>), making the result difficult to interpret except for a subset of trained readers fluent in Arabic. Even if vowels are added, a transliteration system would still need to distinguish between multiple ways of spelling the same sound in the Arabic script, e.g. <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-family:serif; font-size:large">ا</span></span></span> vs. <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maqṣūrah</i></span></i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ى</span></span> for the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ā</i></span></i>, and the six different ways (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ء إ أ آ ؤ ئ</span></span>) of writing the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>, usually transcribed <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʼ </i></span></i>). This sort of detail is needlessly confusing, except in a very few situations (e.g., typesetting text in the Arabic script). </p><p>Most issues related to the romanization of Arabic are about transliterating vs. transcribing; others, about what should be romanized: </p> <ul><li>Some transliterations ignore <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">al-</a></i> before the "<a href="/wiki/Sun_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun letters">sun letters</a>", and may be easily misread by non-Arabic speakers. For instance, "the light" <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النور</span></span> <i>an-nūr</i> would be more literally transliterated along the lines of <i>alnūr</i>. In the transcription <i>an-nūr</i>, a hyphen is added and the unpronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> removed for the convenience of the uninformed non-Arabic speaker, who would otherwise pronounce an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, perhaps not understanding that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in <i>nūr</i> is <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>. Alternatively, if the <a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">shaddah</a> is not transliterated (since it is strictly not a letter), a strictly literal transliteration would be <i>alnūr</i>, which presents similar problems for the uninformed non-Arabic speaker.</li> <li>A transliteration should render the "closed tāʼ" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta' marbuta">tāʼ marbūṭah</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ة</span></span>) faithfully. Many transcriptions render the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> as <i>a</i> or <i>ah</i> and <i>t</i> when it denotes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/at/</span>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> has a unique symbol, ẗ.</li></ul></li> <li>"Restricted alif" (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maqṣūrah</i></span></i>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ى</span></span>) should be transliterated with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, <i>á</i>, differentiating it from regular alif <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ا</span></span>, but it is transcribed in many schemes like alif, <i>ā</i>, because it stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a>: what is true elsewhere is also true for nunation: transliteration renders what is seen, transcription what is heard, when in the Arabic script, it is written with diacritics, not by letters, or omitted.</li></ul> <p>A transcription may reflect the language as spoken, typically rendering names, for example, by the people of Baghdad (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Baghdad Arabic</a>), or the official standard (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>) as spoken by a <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">preacher</a> in the mosque or a TV newsreader. A transcription is free to add phonological (such as vowels) or morphological (such as word boundaries) information. Transcriptions will also vary depending on the writing conventions of the target language; compare English <i><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></i> with German <i>Omar Chajjam</i>, both for <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمر خيام</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕumar xajjaːm/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈʕomɑr xæjˈjæːm]</a></span> (unvocalized <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿmr ḫyām</i></span></i>, vocalized <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻUmar Khayyām</i></span></i>). </p><p>A transliteration is ideally fully reversible: a machine should be able to transliterate it back into Arabic. A transliteration can be considered as flawed for any one of the following reasons: </p> <ul><li>A "loose" transliteration is ambiguous, rendering several Arabic phonemes with an identical transliteration, or such that digraphs for a single phoneme (such as <i>gh</i> rather than <i>ġ</i>) may be confused with two adjacent consonants—but this problem is resolved in the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> romanization system, where the <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime symbol</a> <span title="Prime symbol" style="font-size:140%">ʹ</span> is used to separate two consonants when they do not form a digraph;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَكْرَمَتْها</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">akramatʹhā</i></span></i> ('she honored her'), in which the <i>t</i> and <i>h</i> are two distinct consonantal sounds.</li> <li>Symbols representing phonemes may be considered too similar (e.g., <span title="Grave accent" style="font-size:140%">ʻ</span> and <span title="Apostrophe" style="font-size:140%">'</span> or <span title="Modifier letter left half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʿ</span> and <span title="Modifier letter right half ring" style="font-size:170%">ʾ</span> for <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʻayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamzah">hamzah</a>);</li> <li>ASCII transliterations using capital letters to disambiguate phonemes are easy to type, but may be considered unaesthetic.</li></ul> <p>A fully accurate transcription may not be necessary for native Arabic speakers, as they would be able to pronounce names and sentences correctly anyway, but it can be very useful for those not fully familiar with spoken Arabic and who are familiar with the Roman alphabet. An accurate transliteration serves as a valuable stepping stone for learning, pronouncing correctly, and distinguishing phonemes. It is a useful tool for anyone who is familiar with the sounds of Arabic but not fully conversant in the language. </p><p>One criticism is that a fully accurate system would require special learning that most do not have to actually pronounce names correctly, and that with a lack of a universal romanization system they will not be pronounced correctly by non-native speakers anyway. The precision will be lost if special characters are not replicated and if a reader is not familiar with Arabic pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </th> <td style="font-size:larger"><span title="Standard Arabic-language text"><span lang="arb" dir="rtl">أمجد كان له قصر</span></span></td> <td style="font-size:larger"><span title="Standard Arabic-language text"><span lang="arb" dir="rtl">إلى المملكة المغربية</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a><br /><small>(normally omitted)</small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger"><span title="Standard Arabic-language text"><span lang="arb" dir="rtl">أَمْجَدُ كَانَ لَهُ قَصْر</span></span></td> <td style="font-size:larger"><span title="Standard Arabic-language text"><span lang="arb" dir="rtl">إِلَى الْمَمْلَكَةِ الْمَغْرِبِيَّة</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔamdʒadu<span class="wrap"> </span>kaːna<span class="wrap"> </span>lahuː<span class="wrap"> </span>qasˤr]</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔila‿l.mamlakati‿l.maɣribij.jah]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC Romanization">ALA-LC</a> </th> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">Amjad kāna lahu qaṣr</i></span></td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">Ilá al-mamlakah al-Maghribīyah</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Hans Wehr</a> </th> <td><span title="Hans Wehr transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">amjad kāna lahū qaṣr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hans Wehr transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">ilā l-mamlaka al-maḡribīya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a> </th> <td><span title="DIN transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">ʾAmǧad kāna lahu qaṣr</i></span></td> <td><span title="DIN transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">ʾIlā l-mamlakah al-Maġribiyyah</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a> </th> <td><span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">Amjad kāna lahu qaşr</i></span></td> <td><span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">Ilá al-mamlakah al-maghribiyyah</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> </th> <td><span title="ISO transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">ʾˈamǧad kāna lahu qaṣr</i></span></td> <td><span title="ISO transliteration"><i lang="arb-Latn">ʾˈilaỳ ʾˈalmamlakaẗ ʾˈalmaġribiȳaẗ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> </th> <td><span title="Standard Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arb-Latn">am^gad kAna lahu qa.sr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Standard Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arb-Latn">il_A almamlakaT alma.gribiyyaT</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>Amjad had a palace</td> <td>To the Moroccan Kingdom </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism">Arabic alphabet and nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arabic alphabet and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many instances of national movements to convert <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic script</a> into Latin script or to romanize the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg/300px-Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><i>LEBNAAN</i> in proposed <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a> alphabet (issue #686)</figcaption></figure> <p>A Beirut newspaper, <i>La Syrie</i>, pushed for the change from Arabic script to <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic#Said_Akl's_orthography" title="Lebanese Arabic">Latin script</a> in 1922. The major head of this movement was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at romanization failed as the Academy and the population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. Sa'id Afghani, a member of the Academy, asserted that the movement to romanize the script was a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> plan to dominate Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and reemphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> in which the formal Arabic and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">colloquial Arabic</a> would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also the idea of finding a way to use <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphics">hieroglyphics</a> instead of the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scholar, <a href="/wiki/Salama_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salama Musa">Salama Musa</a>, agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Egyptian Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in script, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Azmi" title="Muhammad Mustafa Azmi">Muhammad Azmi</a>, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for romanization.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed and desired to implement romanization in a way that allowed words and spellings to remain somewhat familiar to the Egyptian people. However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet, particularly the older generation.<sup id="cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic names">Arabic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Glottal stop (letter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a>-based alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> in 1928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Romanization of Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic_Technical_Transliteration_System" title="Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System">Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System</a> (SATTS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdegokeAbdulraheem2017" class="citation journal cs1">Adegoke, Kazeem Adekunle; Abdulraheem, Bashir (7 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TARBIYA%3A+Journal+of+Education+in+Muslim+Society&rft.atitle=Re-Thinking+Romanization+of+Arabic-Islamic+Script&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-31&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15408%2Ftjems.v4i1.5549&rft.issn=2442-9848&rft.aulast=Adegoke&rft.aufirst=Kazeem+Adekunle&rft.au=Abdulraheem%2C+Bashir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinjkt.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Ftarbiya%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriente1988" class="citation book cs1">Corriente, Francisco (1988). <i>El léxico árabe andalusí según Pedro de Alcalá</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+Morphological+Analyzer%2FThe+Buckwalter+Transliteration&rft.pub=Xerox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.xerox.com%2FServices%2Farabic-morphology%2FPages%2Fbuckwalter-about&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Sullivan, Natalie (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2152/72420"><i>Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic on Twitter</i></a> (Plan II Honors Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15781%2FT2W951823">10.15781/T2W951823</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F72420">2152/72420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Writing+Arabizi%3A+Orthographic+Variation+in+Romanized+Lebanese+Arabic+on+Twitter&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F72420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15781%2FT2W951823&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2152%2F72420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egyptian_Romanized_Arabic-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egyptian_Romanized_Arabic_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnsson2010" class="citation web cs1">Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/24250/Bjoernsson_master.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Oslo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Romanized+Arabic%3A+A+Study+of+Selected+Features+from+Communication+Among+Egyptian+Youth+on+Facebook&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rnsson&rft.aufirst=Jan+Arild&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F24250%2FBjoernsson_master.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Elhija2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Elhija, Dua'a (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17586801.2013.868334">"A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media"</a>. <i>Writing Systems Research</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 190–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334">10.1080/17586801.2013.868334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6801">1758-6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219568845">219568845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+writing+system%3F+Developing+orthographies+for+writing+Arabic+dialects+in+electronic+media&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-214&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219568845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rft.aulast=Abu+Elhija&rft.aufirst=Dua%27a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/education/arabizi-sparks-concern-among-educators-1.1181529">"Arabizi sparks concern among educators"</a>. GulfNews.com. 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabizi+sparks+concern+among+educators&rft.pub=GulfNews.com&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fuae%2Feducation%2Farabizi-sparks-concern-among-educators-1.1181529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf">"Arabic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ALA-LC Romanization Tables</i>. Library of Congress. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>21. The prime (ʹ) is used: (a) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Farabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrivtiel179-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrivtiel1998" class="citation book cs1">Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998). <i>The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East</i>. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Romanisation+of+the+Script+and+The+Emergence+of+Nationalism+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=179-196&rft.pub=Mediterranean+Language+Review&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shrivtiel&rft.aufirst=Shraybom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Arabic Writing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shrivtiel, p. 188</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf">Comparative table of DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC, and Encyclopædia of Islam</a> (PDF; not normative)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> 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