CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Religion in Iceland - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d1137f92-f70f-413f-82fd-459faf7c9bbd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Religion_in_Iceland","wgTitle":"Religion in Iceland","wgCurRevisionId":1272655705,"wgRevisionId":1272655705,"wgArticleId":3783042,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use dmy dates from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023","Religion in Iceland"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Religion_in_Iceland","wgRelevantArticleId":3783042,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1272655705,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2502316","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Religion in Iceland - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Religion_in_Iceland rootpage-Religion_in_Iceland skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+Iceland" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+Iceland" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+Iceland" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+Iceland" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-9th–10th_century:_early_Germanic_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th–10th_century:_early_Germanic_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>9th–10th century: early Germanic settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th–10th_century:_early_Germanic_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th–11th_century:_Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th–11th_century:_Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>10th–11th century: Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th–11th_century:_Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century:_Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century:_Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>16th century: Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century:_Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_century:_decline_of_Christianity_and_rise_of_new_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_century:_decline_of_Christianity_and_rise_of_new_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th–21st century: decline of Christianity and rise of new religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_century:_decline_of_Christianity_and_rise_of_new_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions,_philosophies_and_life_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions,_philosophies_and_life_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religions, philosophies and life stances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions,_philosophies_and_life_stances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions, philosophies and life stances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions,_philosophies_and_life_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heathenry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heathenry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Heathenry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heathenry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zuism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zuism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Zuism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zuism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_beliefs,_humanism_and_unaffiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_beliefs,_humanism_and_unaffiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Other beliefs, humanism and unaffiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_beliefs,_humanism_and_unaffiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Iceland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الدين في أيسلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في أيسلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="আইসল্যান্ডের ধর্মবিশ্বাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসল্যান্ডের ধর্মবিশ্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия в Исландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Религия в Исландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Island" title="Religion in Island – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religion in Island" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Islandia" title="Religión en Islandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Islandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Islande" title="Religion en Islande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Islande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրոնն Իսլանդիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնն Իսլանդիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_na_Islandu" title="Religija na Islandu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija na Islandu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yfir_skr%C3%A1%C3%B0_tr%C3%BA-_og_l%C3%ADfssko%C3%B0unarf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g_%C3%A1_%C3%8Dslandi" title="Listi yfir skráð trú- og lífsskoðunarfélög á Íslandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Listi yfir skráð trú- og lífsskoðunarfélög á Íslandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Islanda" title="Religioni in Islanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Islanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Религија во Исланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Исланд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Islandii" title="Religia w Islandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Islandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Religião na Islândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Islândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Исландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Исландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonto_Islannissa" title="Uskonto Islannissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonto Islannissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zlanda%27da_din" title="İzlanda'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzlanda'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2502316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_Iceland" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Religion_in_Iceland" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Religion_in_Iceland" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&oldid=1272655705" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Religion_in_Iceland&id=1272655705&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_Iceland"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_Iceland"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Religion_in_Iceland&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Iceland" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2502316" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Religion_in_Iceland">reviewed</a> on <i>29 January 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 190.02044331681px; border-left-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.49510169813px 10.036171485121px 0 0; border-top-color:Tomato"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Tomato"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.402970735174px 10.910976538433px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.097384329953px 13.405536877039px 0 0; border-top-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.709157933391px 16.015684190218px 0 0; border-top-color:SaddleBrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:SaddleBrown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.935966240363px 24.564577119243px 0 0; border-top-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:94.194030070879px 33.578038939258px 0 0; border-top-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:89.857971042667px 43.881032805703px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:76.81047412904px 64.032421975684px 0 0; border-top-color:LightCyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightCyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.410922165829px 67.903140625177px 0 0; border-top-color:Aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Aquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:64.609733741022px 76.325502329918px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkTurquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkTurquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:51.497823208844px 85.720325505394px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious affiliation in Iceland (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>) (58.61%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkTurquoise; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Free Lutheran Church in Reykjavík (2.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Aquamarine; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Free Lutheran Church in Hafnarfjörður (1.94%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightCyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Independent Lutheran Congregation (0.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (3.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Indigo; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other Christian denominations (1.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenism</a> (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:SaddleBrown; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Humanism</a> (1.39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Tomato; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a> (0.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:WhiteSmoke; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other and unspecified (18.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Unaffiliated (7.71%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><b>Religion in Iceland</b> has been predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> since <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">its adoption</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">king of Norway</a>, in 999/1000 CE. Until then, in the 9th and 10th centuries, the prevailing religion among the early <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> — who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> settlers fleeing <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>'s monarchical centralisation in 872–930, with some <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Norse British settlers</a> — was the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">northern Germanic religion</a>, which persisted for centuries even after the official Christianisation of the state. </p><p>Starting in the 1530s, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, originally <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> and under the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Danish crown</a>, formally switched to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Icelandic Reformation</a>, which culminated in 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> has since then remained the country's <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom of religion has been granted to Icelandic citizens since 1874; the Church of Iceland is supported by the government, but all religions officially recognised in the state's <a href="/wiki/Registers_Iceland" title="Registers Iceland">civil registry</a> receive support from a <a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">church tax</a> (<i>sóknargjald</i>) owed by their respective populations of adherents over the age of sixteen, who are counted by the state's <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">statistical office</a> on a yearly basis; citizens who declare that they are not affiliated with any religion owe an equivalent tax to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iceland" title="University of Iceland">University of Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century, and especially in the early 21st century, religious life in Iceland has become more diverse, with a decline in the main forms of Christianity, the rise of unaffiliated people, and the emergence of new religions, notably <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenism">Germanic Heathenism</a> (or Heathenry; Germanic Neopaganism) in Iceland also called <i>Ásatrú</i>, which seeks to reconstruct the Germanic folk religion; a <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">secular grouping of Humanism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Zuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Zuism">Mesopotamian Zuism</a> (Mesopotamian Neopaganism); and others.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, Christians constituted 69.55% of the Icelandic population, a marked decline from the 97.8% observed in 1990 according to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>. Within the Christian category, 58.61% identified as Lutherans belonging to the Church of Iceland. This is a significant decrease from the 92.6% who identified this way in 1990. Other minor Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a> accounted for 5.33%, Roman Catholicism for 3.83%, and other Christian denominations for 1.78%.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Catholic community has grown from 0.9% in 1990, and other Christian denominations saw growth mainly between 1990 and the 2010s, stabilizing thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The data for 2023 also indicate an increase in non-Christian religious affiliations and in those who identify as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a>. Heathenry, a polytheistic religion native to Iceland, accounted for 1.5% of the population. Humanists made up 1.39%, Buddhists 0.42%, and Muslims 0.40%. Zuists and adherents to other religions represented 0.14% and 0.16%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing segment of the population—18.73% as of 2023—adheres to religions, philosophies, or life stances not recognized in the civil registry, or did not declare any religious affiliation. This category has seen a substantial increase from 0.6% in 1990 and has tripled from 6.2% in 2010. Meanwhile, the percentage of Icelanders who declared themselves explicitly unaffiliated with any religion, philosophy, or life stance was 7.71% in 2023, up from 1.3% in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable nowrap mw-collapsible"> <caption class="nowrap">1990–2020 quinquennial statistics for major religions and philosophies yielded by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">1990 </th> <th colspan="2">1995 </th> <th colspan="2">2000 </th> <th colspan="2">2005 </th> <th colspan="2">2010 </th> <th colspan="2">2015 </th> <th colspan="2">2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td>250,501</td> <td>97.9%</td> <td>260,311</td> <td>97.2%</td> <td>268,642</td> <td>95.0%</td> <td>277,863</td> <td>92.8%</td> <td>284,146</td> <td>89.5%</td> <td>276,649</td> <td>83.2%</td> <td>273,321</td> <td>75.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">└ <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-COI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>236,959</td> <td>92.6%</td> <td>245,049</td> <td>91.5%</td> <td>248,411</td> <td>87.8%</td> <td>251,728</td> <td>84.0%</td> <td>251,487</td> <td>79.1%</td> <td>237,938</td> <td>71.5%</td> <td>231,112</td> <td>63.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">└ Other non-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a></td> <td>11,146</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>12,709</td> <td>4.7%</td> <td>15,924</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>19,684</td> <td>6.6%</td> <td>22,987</td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>26,297</td> <td>7.9%</td> <td>27,577</td> <td>7.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">└ <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Catholic Church</a></td> <td>2,396</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>2,553</td> <td>0.95%</td> <td>4,307</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>6,451</td> <td>2.15%</td> <td>9,672</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>12,414</td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>14,632</td> <td>4.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></td> <td>98</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>190</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>512</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>953</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>1,422</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>3,210</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>4,764</td> <td>1.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Humanism</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,456</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>3,507</td> <td>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>230</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td>466</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>685</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>1,090</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>1,336</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>1,495</td> <td>0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>164</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>341</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>591</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>865</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>1,281</td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,087</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1,213</td> <td>0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></td> <td>378</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>402</td> <td>0.15%</td> <td>386</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>389</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>398</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>365</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>353</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Other and unspecified<sup id="cite_ref-unspecified_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unspecified-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,505</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>2,753</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>6,325</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>11,794</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>19,647</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>26,359</td> <td>7.9%</td> <td>52,086</td> <td>14.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Unaffiliated<sup id="cite_ref-unaffiliated_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unaffiliated-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3,373</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>3,923</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>6,350</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>7,379</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>10,336</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>19,202</td> <td>5.7%</td> <td>26,114</td> <td>7.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population</th> <th>255,855</th> <th>100%</th> <th>267,809</th> <th>100%</th> <th>282,845</th> <th>100%</th> <th>299,404</th> <th>100%</th> <th>317,630</th> <th>100%</th> <th>332,529</th> <th>100%</th> <th>364,134</th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="sortable wikitable nowrap mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed"> <caption>Membership of religious and philosophical organisations in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Organisation </th> <th>Religion </th> <th>Members </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-COI_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(<i>Þjóðkirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,259 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Gainsboro;"><b>Other religions and unspecified</b><sup id="cite_ref-unspecified_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unspecified-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:Gainsboro;"><i>Various</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,631 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Gainsboro;"><b>Unaffiliated</b><sup id="cite_ref-unaffiliated_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unaffiliated-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:Gainsboro;"><i>Unknown</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,883 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Catholic Church</a><br /><small>(<i>Kaþólska kirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,869 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADkirkjan_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Fríkirkjan í Reykjavík">Free Church in Reykjavík</a><br /><small>(<i>Fríkirkjan í Reykjavík</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,953 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Free Church in Hafnarfjörður<br /><small>(<i>Fríkirkjan í Hafnarfirði</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,509 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFC0;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Asatruar Fellowship</a><br /><small>(<i>Ásatrúarfélagið</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFC0;">Heathenry </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,770 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a><br /><small>(<i>Siðmennt félag siðrænna húmanista á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0E0C0;">Secular humanism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,401 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Independent Congregation<br /><small>(<i>Óháði söfnuðurinn</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,166 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Pentecostal Church in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Hvítasunnukirkjan á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,076 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhist Fellowship of Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Búddistafélag Íslands</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,101 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a><br /><small>(<i>Rússneska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">783 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Fellowship of Muslims in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Félag múslima á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Islam </td> <td style="text-align:right;">569 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Kirkja sjöunda dags aðventista á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">598 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a><br /><small>(<i>Vottar Jehóva</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">565 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Organisation of Muslims in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Stofnun múslima á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Islam </td> <td style="text-align:right;">551 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;">Faith Fellowship of Zuism<br /><small>(<i>Zuism trúfélag</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;">Zuism<br />Mesopotamian Neopaganism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">525 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way</a> Church for You<br /><small>(<i>Vegurinn kirkja fyrir þig</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">441 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Islamic Cultural Centre of Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Menningarsetur múslima á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">Islam </td> <td style="text-align:right;">409 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a><br /><small>(<i>Serbneska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">391 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Church of Smárinn<br /><small>(<i>Smárakirkja</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">363 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;">Baháʼí Community<br /><small>(<i>Baháʼí samfélagið</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;">Baháʼí Faith </td> <td style="text-align:right;">324 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Faith Fellowship of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a><br /><small>(<i>Hjálpræðisherinn trúfélag</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">241 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Icelandic Church of Christ<br /><small>(<i>Íslenska Kristskirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">231 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Zen in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Zen á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">207 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0C0;">DíaMat </td> <td style="background:#F0E0C0;">Dialectical materialism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">192 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Catch_the_Fire_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch the Fire Toronto">Catch the Fire</a><br /><small>(<i>Catch the Fire</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">191 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">SGI</a> in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>SGI á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">158 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><br /><small>(<i>Kirkja Jesú Krists hinna síðari daga heilögu</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">141 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christian Community of Betania<br /><small>(<i>Betanía kristið samfélag</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">136 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Wat Phra Dhammakaya Buddhist Association in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Wat Phra Dhammakaya búddistasamtökin á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">131 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Church of the Annunciation<br /><small>(<i>Boðunarkirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_Ministry_of_Jesus_Christ_International" title="Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International">Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International</a><br /><small>(<i>Alþjóðleg kirkja Guðs og embætti Jesú Krists</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Free Church of Kefas<br /><small>(<i>Fríkirkjan Kefas</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;">Lakulish Yoga in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Lakulish jóga á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;">Hinduism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Home Church<br /><small>(<i>Heimakirkja</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">59 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Baptist Church of the Emmanuel<br /><small>(<i>Emmanúel baptistakirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;">Cultural Fellowship of Jews in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Menningarfélag Gyðinga á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;">Judaism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">First Baptist Church<br /><small>(<i>Fyrsta baptistakirkjan</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Tibetan Buddhist Fellowship<br /><small>(<i>Félag Tíbet búddista</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Way_Buddhism" title="Diamond Way Buddhism">Diamond Way Buddhism</a><br /><small>(<i>Demantsleið búddismans</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Heaven on Earth<br /><small>(<i>Himinn á jörðu</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFC0;">Godword of Reykjavík<br /><small>(<i>Reykjavíkurgoðorð</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFC0;">Heathenry </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Congregation of Sjónarhæð<br /><small>(<i>Sjónarhæðarsöfnuðurinn</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Theosophical Society of Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Lífspekifélag Íslands</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Theosophy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">House of Prayer<br /><small>(<i>Bænahúsið</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Fellowship of Believers<br /><small>(<i>Samfélag trúaðra</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Church of the Resurrected Life<br /><small>(<i>Kirkja hins upprisna lífs</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> in Iceland<br /><small>(<i>Eþíópíska Tewahedo rétttrúnaðarkirkjan á Íslandi</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Reborn Christian Church of God<br /><small>(<i>Endurfædd kristin kirkja af Guði</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Iceland Christian Nation<br /><small>(<i>Ísland kristin þjóð</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">World Peace Association of Families</a><br /><small>(<i>Heimsfriðarsamtök fjölskyldna</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a><br /><small>(<i>Ananda Marga</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;">Hinduism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">New Avalon Centre<br /><small>(<i>Nýja Avalon miðstöðin</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Theosophy </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Vitund<br /><small>(<i>Vitund</i>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Spirituality </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Population </th> <th> </th> <th style="text-align:right;">387,758 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100.00 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th–10th_century:_early_Germanic_settlement"><span id="9th.E2.80.9310th_century:_early_Germanic_settlement"></span>9th–10th century: early Germanic settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 9th–10th century: early Germanic settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/220px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/330px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/440px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Statue representing the god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iceland" title="National Museum of Iceland">National Museum of Iceland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></div> <p>When Iceland was first settled by <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> (but also by some <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> and people from the <a href="/wiki/Norse_activity_in_the_British_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse activity in the British Isles">Norse settlements in Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in the mid-9th century, approximately in 870,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was inhabited by a small number of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorites</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">papar</a></i> (singular <i>papi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock198855-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Scandinavians began to arrive in larger numbers</a>, the anchorites left of their own or were driven out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock198855-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of Norwegians was partly in response to the politics of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>, who was unifying <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> under a centralised monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Icelanders, though accustomed to a society in which the monarch was essential for religious life, did not establish a new monarchy in the colony, but rather a yearly assembly of free men, the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a>" were assemblies of free men who governed Germanic societies, and they were led by a holy kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Icelandic thing developed peculiar characteristics; in place of the loyalty to a holy king, the Icelanders established the loyalty to a law code, first composed by Úlfljót who studied Norwegian laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Icelandic landowners (<i>landnámsmenn</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock198855-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were organised into <i>goðorð</i> ("god-word(s)"), religio-political groups under the leadership of a <i><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">goði</a></i> ("god-man").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>goðar</i> were part-time priests who officiated ritual sacrifices at the local temple and had some qualities of the Germanic kings; they organised local things and represented them at the Althing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Úlfljót was chosen as the first lawspeaker (<i>lögsögumaðr</i>), who presided the Althing which met annually at <a href="/wiki/Thingvellir" class="mw-redirect" title="Thingvellir">Thingvellir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religio-political organisation of early Iceland has been defined as "pagan and anti-monarchic", which distinguished it from other Germanic societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning other religious practices, the Icelanders followed Scandinavian norms; they built temples enshrining images of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religion was named <i>Goðatrú</i> or <i>Ásatrú</i>, "truth of the gods (the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ases</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Icelanders worshipped <i><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">landvættir</a></i>, local land spirits, and the gods of the common <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">northern Germanic tradition</a>, within <i><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">hörgar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different social orders worshipped different divine representations: the class of poets worshipped the supreme <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, as highlighted by the poems of <a href="/wiki/Hallfre%C3%B0r_vandr%C3%A6%C3%B0ask%C3%A1ld" title="Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld">Hallfreðr Óttarsson</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i> and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a></i>; among the general population, the most worshipped deity was apparently <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, whom the Icelanders worshipped as represented by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">high pillars</a>; while the class of farmers worshipped <a href="/wiki/Frey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frey">Frey</a>, as attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADga-Gl%C3%BAms_saga" title="Víga-Glúms saga">Víga-Glúms saga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th–11th_century:_Christianisation"><span id="10th.E2.80.9311th_century:_Christianisation"></span>10th–11th century: Christianisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 10th–11th century: Christianisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(9)_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg/220px-%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg/330px-%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg/440px-%289%29_%C3%BE%C3%ADngmannakirkja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Early Icelandic churches maintained the style of <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hofs</a>, often featuring <a href="/wiki/Germanic_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic worm">dragon</a> finials on the roof, such as in the case of the old church of <a href="/wiki/Thingvellir" class="mw-redirect" title="Thingvellir">Thingvellir</a> (the current one goes back to 1859, while the steeple was rebuilt in 1907), built by initiative of King Olaf of Norway, who provided timber and the bell, to mark the official Christianisation of Iceland in the year 1000.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg/220px-Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg/330px-Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg/440px-Carved_figure_of_Christ_from_Ufsir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="4007" /></a><figcaption>Carved statue of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iceland" title="National Museum of Iceland">National Museum of Iceland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">Christianisation of Iceland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Germanic Christianity</a></div> <p>Apart from the Irish <i>papar</i>, Christianity had been present in Iceland from the beginning even among the Germanic settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Landnámabók</i> gives the names of Christian settlers, including an influential woman named Aud the Deep-Minded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelanders generally tended to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>, integrating <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> among their deities rather than converting to the Christian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Aud the Deep-Minded was amongst the baptised and devout Christians and she established a Christian cross on a hill, where she prayed; her kinsmen later regarded the site as holy, and built an <i>Ásatrú</i> temple there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first Christians were probably influenced by contact with Norse people in Britain, where Christianity already had a strong presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock1988138_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock1988138-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the first settlers, the vast majority followed the ancient Germanic religion, and organised Christianity probably died out in one or two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock1988138_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock1988138-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syncretic attitude of the Icelanders made possible for the Germanic religion to survive and intermingle with Christianity even in later periods: it is recorded in the <i>Eyrbyggja saga</i> that as Norway was being Christianised, a pagan temple was dismantled there to be reassembled in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998168_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998168-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adoption of Christianity — which at that time was still identical to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and its official doctrine — as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> (<i>kristnitaka</i>, literally the "taking of Christianity"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016481_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016481-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and therefore the formal conversion of the entire population, was decided by the Althing in 999/1000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pushed by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">king of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJochens1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJochens1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, Christianity was still a minority in Iceland, while the belief in the Germanic religion was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some Christians had acquired high positions in the <i>goðorð</i> system and therefore considerable power in the Althing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionaries began to be active in Iceland by 980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them was the Icelandic native <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Kodransson" title="Thorvald Kodransson">Thorvald Kodransson</a>, who had been baptised on the continent by the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> bishop Fridrek, with whom he preached the gospel in Iceland in 981, converting only Thorvald's father Kodran and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were unsuccessful and even had a clash with pagans at the Althing, killing two men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the event, in 986 Fridrek returned to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> while Thorvald embarked for <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expeditions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst the other proselytisers, King Olaf of Norway sent the Icelandic native <a href="/wiki/Stefnir_Thorgilsson" title="Stefnir Thorgilsson">Stefnir Thorgilsson</a> in 995–996 and the Saxon priest <a href="/wiki/Thangbrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangbrand">Thangbrand</a> in 997–999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the missions were unsuccessful: Stefnir violently destroyed temples and ancestral shrines, leading the Althing to enact a law against Christians — who were declared <i>frændaskomm</i>, a "disgrace on one's kin", and could now be denounced to authorities — and to outlaw Stefnir, who returned to Norway; Thangbrand, a learnt but violent man, succeeded in converting some important families, but he also met many opponents, and, when he killed a poet who had composed verses against him, he was outlawed and he too went back to Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, Olaf Tryggvason suspended Iceland's trade with Norway, which resulted in a concrete danger for Icelandic economy, and also threatened to execute Icelanders residing in Norway, who were for the most part sons and relatives of prominent <i>goðar</i>, as long as Iceland remained a pagan country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland sent a delegation, belonging to the Christian faction, to obtain the release of the hostages and promise the conversion of the country to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Iceland the situation was worsening, as the two religious factions had divided the country and a civil war was about to break out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the mediation of the Althing, presided by the lawspeaker <a href="/wiki/Thorgeir_Thorkelsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorgeir Thorkelsson">Thorgeir Thorkelsson</a>, thwarted the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorgeir was trusted by both the religious factions, and he was given the responsibility to decide whether the Icelanders would have converted to Christianity or would have remained faithful to the Germanic religion of their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one day and one night, he decided that, in order to keep peace, the population would be united under one law and one religion, Christianity, and all the non-Christians among the population would receive baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, it was maintained the right for people to sacrifice to the old gods in the private of their homes, although the practice was punishable if witnesses were provided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, these provisions allowing private cults were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision of the Althing was a turning point; theretofore, it was difficult for individuals to convert to Christianity, since it would have meant to abandon the traditions of one's own kin, and would have been seen as <i>ættarspillar</i> — that is to say, "destruction of kinship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the official Christianisation, the old Germanic religion persisted for long time, as it is proven by the literature produced by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> — he himself a Christian — and by other authors in the 13th century, who wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998162,_168_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998162,_168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conversion of the country, members of the <i>goðorð</i> often became Christian priests and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first consecrated bishop in Iceland was Ísleif Gizursson, who was the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a> from 1057 to his death in 1080.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with having instituted a tithe system (<i>sóknargjald</i>) which made the Icelandic church financially independent and strengthened Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century:_Protestant_Reformation">16th century: Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th century: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holar_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holar_church.jpg/220px-Holar_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holar_church.jpg/330px-Holar_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holar_church.jpg/440px-Holar_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The Lutheran <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3lar_Cathedral" title="Hólar Cathedral">Cathedral of Hólar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3lar_University_College" title="Hólar University College">Hólar University College</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Baumg1889)_Kirchliche_Einteilung_(Bist%C3%BCmer)_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg/220px-%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg/330px-%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg/440px-%28Baumg1889%29_Kirchliche_Einteilung_%28Bist%C3%BCmer%29_Islands_im_Mittelalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>1889 map showing the location in Iceland of the two major Catholic bishoprics, and of the Catholic monasteries under their jurisdiction, before the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Icelandic Reformation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></div> <p>The last two Catholic bishops of Iceland were Øgmundur Pállson of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a> and Jón Arason of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3lar" title="Hólar">Hólar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990154-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jón was a poet of some importance and was married with many children, a usual thing among the clergy in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990154-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two bishops, who were not well versed in theology but were men of great power, were in conflict with one another and threatened open conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990154-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Althing of 1526 they came with their own armed contingents, although they reconciled because of the threat posed by a new, common enemy, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990154-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lutheran pamphlets were introduced in Iceland through trade with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1533, the Althing bade that "all shall continue in the Holy Faith and the Law of God, which God has given to us, and which the Holy Fathers have confirmed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first Icelandic Lutherans was <a href="/wiki/Oddur_Gottsk%C3%A1lksson" title="Oddur Gottskálksson">Oddur Gottskálksson</a>, who had converted to Lutheranism while living in continental Europe for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he went back to Iceland, he became the secretary of the bishop of Skálholt and translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important figure in early Icelandic Lutheranism was, however, <a href="/wiki/Gissur_Einarsson" title="Gissur Einarsson">Gissur Einarsson</a>, who during a period of study in Germany learnt about the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1536, he became assistant at the Skálholt bishopric, though he did not formally embrace Lutheranism yet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lutheranism became the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and Norway under King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a>, the king tried to convert Iceland too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1538, the "Church Ordinance" was put before the two bishops Øgmundur and Jón at the Althing as a royal invitation to convert to Lutheranism, but it was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereupon, Christian III ordered the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop Øgmundur, now old and almost blind, chose Gissur Einarsson as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was examined by theologians in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and in 1540 the king appointed him as the superintendent of Skálholt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gissur was only 25 years old and it was difficult for him to maintain power, especially as he was opposed by the clergy and even by the old bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A royal emissary was sent to uphold the ordinance, and Øgmundur was arrested and died on the way to Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordinance was accepted in Skálholt, but was rejected by Jón Arason in Hólar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop Gissur, who was ordained by the Danish bishop <a href="/wiki/Peder_Palladius" title="Peder Palladius">Peder Palladius</a>, reorganised the church in his diocese according to Lutheran principles, including the suppression of Catholic ceremonies and the exhortation of priests to get married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entrusted Oddur Gottskálksson with the task of translating German sermons, and he himself translated parts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the Church Ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gissur Einarsson died in 1548, and thereupon Jón Arason took possession of the Skálholt diocese, even though the clergy opposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also imprisoned Gissur's appointed successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jón Arason was consequently outlawed by the king; he was arrested together with two of his sons, and all three were executed in November 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1552, the Hólar diocese too accepted the Church Ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutional opposition to the Reformation had now vanished completely, so that church properties were secularised and churches and monasteries were plundered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it took many decades for Lutheranism to become firmly established in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church manuals and hymnals were in bad Danish translations, and new schools had to be set up in cathedral towns in order to train the Lutheran clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danish bishop Palladius was in charge of the development of the Icelandic Lutheran church in those early years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The able and energetic Gudbrandur Thorláksson, bishop of Hólar from 1571 to 1627, devoted his energies in improving church literature, clergy training and community education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1584, the first complete Icelandic translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th–21st_century:_decline_of_Christianity_and_rise_of_new_religions"><span id="20th.E2.80.9321st_century:_decline_of_Christianity_and_rise_of_new_religions"></span>20th–21st century: decline of Christianity and rise of new religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th–21st century: decline of Christianity and rise of new religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg/220px-Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg/330px-Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg/440px-Membership_in_non-Christian_religious_organizations_in_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Membership rise in registered non-Christian religions in Iceland, 1965–2010. Red: Baháʼí Faith; green: Heathenry; dark blue; Buddhism; light blue: Islam.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuist_Church_logo_(December_2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg/220px-Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg/330px-Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg/440px-Zuist_Church_logo_%28December_2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Logo used by the 2015 board of directors of the Zuist Church.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></div> <p>Since the end of the 19th century, Iceland has been more open to new religious ideas than many other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, religious life in Iceland, still mostly within the Christian establishment, was influenced by the spread of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualist</a> beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwatosGissurarson1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwatosGissurarson1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> was introduced in Iceland around 1900, and in 1920 the Icelandic Theosophists formally organised themselves as an independent branch of the international Theosophical movement, though within the fold of the Lutheran belief and led by a Lutheran pastor, Séra Jakob Kristinsson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1999250_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1999250-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century there has been a rapid diversification of religious life in the country, with the most notable phenomenon being a decline of Christianity (from 97.8% in 1990 to 65.55% in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a rise of other religions, notably <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neopagan religions</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenry">Germanic Heathenry</a> (Germanic Neopaganism), in Iceland also called <i>Ásatrú</i>, a movement of restoration of the pre-Christian Germanic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a>'s literary tradition that predates the island's conversion to Christianity, namely the <i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i>s and the <i><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></i>s, which are well known by most Icelanders and provide an unbroken link with the pagan past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, four men proposed to create an organisation for the revitalisation of the northern Germanic religion; they founded the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></i> ("Asatruar Fellowship") and asked the Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs to given their group's high priest the same legal status as that of a Christian pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of the same year, they asked for their organisation to be recognised by the state, and the registration was completed by the spring of 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2010s, the <i>Zuism trúfélag</i> ("Faith Fellowship of Zuism") or Zuist Church was founded as an organisation of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Zuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Zuism">Mesopotamian Zuism</a> (Mesopotamian Neopaganism), and in 2013 it was recognised by the Icelandic state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202052–55_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash202052–55-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2015, the board of directors of the Zuist Church was taken over by people who were unrelated to the movement, and under the new leadership the church was turned into a medium for a protest against the state Lutheran church and the state church tax (<i>sóknargjald</i>): unlike other religious groups, the 2015 board of directors of the Zuist Church promised to redistribute the funds they received from the tax among the church's members, so that about three thousand people joined the group within a few weeks by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202056–57_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash202056–57-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a legal struggle, in late 2017 the original founders of the Zuist Church were reinstated as its board of directors, and by the end of the year, after two years of frozen activity, they were allowed to dispose of the church's funds.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2017 directors kept the principle of funds' redistribution among members, which is called <i><a href="/wiki/Amargi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amargi">amargi</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereupon, in 2019 they were accused of tax fraud, but were later acquitted of all charges in the spring of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions,_philosophies_and_life_stances"><span id="Religions.2C_philosophies_and_life_stances"></span>Religions, philosophies and life stances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religions, philosophies and life stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Sk%C3%A1lholt_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Cathedral" title="Skálholt Cathedral">Cathedral of Skálholt</a>, the first church which converted to Lutheranism in Iceland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey,_Reikiavik,_Distrito_de_la_Capital,_Islandia,_2014-08-13,_DD_093.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG/220px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG/330px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG/440px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Cristo_el_Rey%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_093.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4286" data-file-height="3541" /></a><figcaption>Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_Cathedral_(Reykjav%C3%ADk)" title="Christ the King Cathedral (Reykjavík)">Cathedral of Christ the King</a> in Reykjavík.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Catholic Church in Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Iceland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Iceland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Iceland</a></div> <p>In 2023, according to the official statistics provided by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>, 69.55% of the Icelandic population were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, most of them adherents of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, belonging to either the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> (58.61%) or minor Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a> (5.33%), namely the <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavík Free Church">Reykjavík Free Church</a> (2.57%), the Hafnarfjörður Free Church (1.94%) and the Independent Lutheran Congregation (0.82%).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> was the largest non-Lutheran form of Christianity in the country, adhered to by 3.83% of the Icelanders, many of whom belong to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> immigrant community;<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics are organised in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Reykjav%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Reykjavík">Diocese of Reykjavík</a>, led by the bishop <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1vid_Bartimej_Tencer" title="Dávid Bartimej Tencer">Dávid Bartimej Tencer</a> (1963–) of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century, Iceland had some notable converts to Catholicism, including <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sveinsson" title="Jón Sveinsson">Jón Sveinsson</a>. The latter moved to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the age of thirteen and became a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>, remaining in the Society of Jesus for the rest of his life; he became a valued author of books for children, written in German, and even appeared on postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further 1.78% of the population were adherents of other Christian denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (0.54%), <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christianity</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventism">Seventh-day Adventism</a> (0.15%), <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Christianity">Baptist Christianity</a> (0.02%), and forms of <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (0.15%) and <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints movement">Latter-day Saints</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (0.04%).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has a meetinghouse in Reykjavík and another in <a href="/wiki/Selfoss_(town)" title="Selfoss (town)">Selfoss</a>; the Reykjavík meetinghouse also hosts a family history center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Icelandic Mormon convert and missionary was <a href="/wiki/Gudmund_Gudmundson" title="Gudmund Gudmundson">Gudmund Gudmundson</a>, who converted while staying in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and went back to Iceland to establish the very first Mormon community in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iceland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iceland">Baháʼí Faith in Iceland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in Iceland was the religion of 0.08% of the population of Iceland in 2023, organised into the Baháʼí Community (<i>Baháʼí samfélagið</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí Faith was introduced in 1924 by the American <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Collins" title="Amelia Collins">Amelia Collins</a> — who was later recognised as a prominent Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Cause" title="Hands of the Cause">Hand of the Cause</a> —, and the first Icelander who converted to the religion was a woman named Hólmfríður Árnadóttir. The religion was recognised by the government in 1966, and a Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#National_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> was elected in 1972. Iceland has the highest proportion in Europe of Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#Local_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assemblies</a> in relation to the total population of the country. The Danish scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Margit_Warburg" title="Margit Warburg">Margit Warburg</a> speculated, while discussing the relatively good establishment of the Baháʼí Faith in Iceland, that the Icelanders are culturally more open than other peoples to religious innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassallFazel1998_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassallFazel1998-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iceland" title="Buddhism in Iceland">Buddhism in Iceland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was the religion of about 0.42% of the Icelanders in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelandic Buddhists are organised into a number of communities, the largest of which is the non-denominational Buddhist Fellowship of Iceland (<i>Búddistafélag Íslands</i>), followed by <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> represented by the community Zen in Iceland (<i>Zen á Íslandi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> represented by the <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a> in Iceland (<i>SGI á Íslandi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> represented by the Wat Phra Dhammakaya Buddhist Association in Iceland (<i>Wat Phra Dhammakaya búddistasamtökin á Íslandi</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> represented by the Fellowship of Tibetan Buddhists (<i>Félag Tíbet búddista</i>) and by a community of <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Way_Buddhism" title="Diamond Way Buddhism">Diamond Way Buddhism</a> (<i>Demantsleið búddismans</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heathenry">Heathenry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heathenry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%C3%9Eingbl%C3%B3t_2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Heathen ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Thingvellir" class="mw-redirect" title="Thingvellir">Thingvellir</a>, in Reykjavík.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></div> <p>From the 1970s there has been a <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> rebirth of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">northern Germanic religion</a> in Iceland, in the country known as <i>Ásatrú</i>, part of the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenry">Germanic Heathenry</a> (Germanic Neopaganism).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelandic Heathens are organised into two communities, namely the Asatruar Fellowship (<i>Ásatrúarfélagið</i>), adhered to by 1.49% of the population in 2023, and the Godword of Reykjavík (<i>Reykjavíkurgoðorð</i>), adhered to by a further 0.01% of the population in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, there was a small community of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> in Iceland, representing 0.02% of the population, and organised into two communities: <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a>, which was recognised by the state in 2019, and a community of Lakulish Yoga (<i>Lakulish jóga á Íslandi</i>) which was recognised in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a> centre and other unregistered organisations of meditation and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FistaMoskaIslandi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FistaMoskaIslandi.png/220px-FistaMoskaIslandi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FistaMoskaIslandi.png/330px-FistaMoskaIslandi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FistaMoskaIslandi.png/440px-FistaMoskaIslandi.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Grand <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a> of Iceland, in Reykjavík.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Islam in Iceland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was the religion of a minority representing 0.4% of the Icelandic population in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> might actually be larger, since many Muslims choose not to identify themselves in the Icelandic yearly count of religious populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnarsdóttir2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnarsdóttir2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim population in Iceland is organised into three communities, namely the Islamic Cultural Centre of Iceland, the Fellowship of Muslims in Iceland (<i>Félag múslima á Íslandi</i>) and the Organisation of Muslims in Iceland (<i>Stofnun múslima á Íslandi</i>), all with about the same number of members.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">History of the Jews in Iceland</a></div> <p>Iceland has a small population of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> practising <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, which was officially recognised by the state in 2021 as incorporated by the Cultural Fellowship of Jews in Iceland (<i>Menningarfélag Gyðinga á Íslandi</i>), representing 0.01% of the population as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no significant Jewish population or emigration to Iceland until the 20th century, although some Jewish merchants lived in Iceland temporarily during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Icelanders' attitude towards the Jews has mostly been neutral, although in the early 20th century the intellectual Steinn Emilsson was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> ideas while studying in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most Icelanders deplored the persecutions of Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, they usually refused entry to Jews who were fleeing Nazi Germany, so the Jewish population did not rise much during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Icelandic <a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_and_partners_of_Icelandic_presidents" title="List of spouses and partners of Icelandic presidents">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorrit_Moussaieff" title="Dorrit Moussaieff">Dorrit Moussaieff</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Bukharian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharian Jew">Bukharian Jew</a> and is likely the most significant Jewish woman in Icelandic history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zuism">Zuism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zuism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></div> <p>Zuism (Mesopotamian Neopaganism) is the religion of about 0.14% of the Icelanders.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> rebirth of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religions</a>; the Icelandic Faith Fellowship of Zuism (<i>Zuism trúfélag</i>) was founded around 2010 and officially recognised by the Icelandic state in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202052–55_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash202052–55-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zuists worship <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a> (the supreme God of Heaven), <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a> (the Earth), as well as <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> (the god of air) and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> (the god of water), <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a> (the Moon) and <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> (the Sun), <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Dumuzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_beliefs,_humanism_and_unaffiliation"><span id="Other_beliefs.2C_humanism_and_unaffiliation"></span>Other beliefs, humanism and unaffiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other beliefs, humanism and unaffiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iceland" title="Irreligion in Iceland">Irreligion in Iceland</a></div> <p>According to official statistics yielded by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>, in 2023 a very small minority of the population declared that they adhered to <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, represented by the Theosophical Society of Iceland (<i>Lífspekifélag Íslands</i>) and the New Avalon Centre (<i>Nýja Avalon miðstöðin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another very small minority is represented by followers of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, numbering about 40 individuals; the first <i><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Path" title="Akhand Path">Akhand Path</a></i> ceremony — the continued complete recitation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i> — in Iceland was completed in 2013 at the country's small <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara">gurudwara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a substantial part of the Icelandic population, that is to say 18.73%, were adherents of unspecified religions, philosophies or life stances not recognised in the <a href="/wiki/Registers_Iceland" title="Registers Iceland">Icelandic civil registry</a> or did not declare either affiliation or unaffiliation with any religion, philosophy or life stance.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 7.71% of the population were explicitly unaffiliated with any religion, philosophy or life stance.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of Icelanders declared an affiliation with secular beliefs, namely, 1.39% declared that they belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a> (<i>Siðmennt</i>), which represents <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a> and was officially recognised by the state in 2013, while 0.05% declared that they were affiliated to <i>DíaMat</i>, an organisation of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Russian Orthodox church in Reykjavík."><img alt="A Russian Orthodox church in Reykjavík." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg/169px-Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg/253px-Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg/337px-Russian_orthodox_church_Reykjav%C3%ADk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Russian Orthodox church in Reykjavík.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Reikiavik,_Reikiavik,_Distrito_de_la_Capital,_Islandia,_2014-08-13,_DD_089.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutheran cathedral of Reykjavík."><img alt="Lutheran cathedral of Reykjavík." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG/316px-Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG/474px-Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG/631px-Catedral_de_Reikiavik%2C_Reikiavik%2C_Distrito_de_la_Capital%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-13%2C_DD_089.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4905" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lutheran cathedral of Reykjavík.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Catholic church of Akureyri."><img alt="Catholic church of Akureyri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG/300px-AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG/451px-AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG/600px-AkureyriCatholicChurch2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catholic church of <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_(6571050117).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building of the Reykjavík Free Church in the foreground, and the Hallgrímskirkja in the background."><img alt="Building of the Reykjavík Free Church in the foreground, and the Hallgrímskirkja in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg/338px-Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg/507px-Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg/675px-Iceland_-_Reykjavik_115_-_Frikirkjan_Church_%286571050117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building of the <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavík Free Church">Reykjavík Free Church</a> in the foreground, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkja" title="Hallgrímskirkja">Hallgrímskirkja</a></i> in the background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theosophical_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building of the Theosophical Society in Reykjavík."><img alt="Building of the Theosophical Society in Reykjavík." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/300px-Theosophical_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/451px-Theosophical_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theosophical_Society.jpg/600px-Theosophical_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in Reykjavík.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt,_Su%C3%B0urland,_Islandia,_2014-08-16,_DD_135.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Lutheran cathedral of Skálholt."><img alt="Interior of the Lutheran cathedral of Skálholt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG/323px-Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG/485px-Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG/645px-Catedral_de_Sk%C3%A1lholt%2C_Su%C3%B0urland%2C_Islandia%2C_2014-08-16%2C_DD_135.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5012" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Lutheran cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfjords,_Iceland_(Unsplash_-qssODzn560).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden church in the Westfjords."><img alt="Wooden church in the Westfjords." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg/337px-Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg/507px-Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg/674px-Westfjords%2C_Iceland_%28Unsplash_-qssODzn560%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden church in the <a href="/wiki/Westfjords" title="Westfjords">Westfjords</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stonen church in Hvalsnes, Reykjanes."><img alt="Stonen church in Hvalsnes, Reykjanes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg/300px-Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg/451px-Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg/600px-Hvalsnes_Kirche_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stonen church in Hvalsnes, <a href="/wiki/Reykjanes" title="Reykjanes">Reykjanes</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turfen church in Víðimýri."><img alt="Turfen church in Víðimýri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg/338px-V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg/507px-V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg/675px-V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDrarkirkja_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turf" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf">Turfen</a> church in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0im%C3%BDri" title="Víðimýri">Víðimýri</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern church in Kirkjubæjarklaustur."><img alt="Modern church in Kirkjubæjarklaustur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg/451px-Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Church_of_Kirkjubaejarklaustur_-_2013.08_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern church in <a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur" title="Kirkjubæjarklaustur">Kirkjubæjarklaustur</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scandinavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Scandinavia">Christianisation of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-COI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COI_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COI_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 1550, the <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a> of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran Church (<i>Evangelíska lúterska kirkja</i>), a Christian denomination, also known simply as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> or the National Church (<i>Þjóðkirkjan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unspecified-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unspecified_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unspecified_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The category "other and unspecified" comprises citizens who declared to be affiliated with religions which are not recognised in the <a href="/wiki/Registers_Iceland" title="Registers Iceland">civil registry</a>, or who did not declare either affiliation or unaffiliation with any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unaffiliated-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unaffiliated_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unaffiliated_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The category of the "unaffiliated" comprises citizens who declared that they are not affiliated with any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StatisticsIceland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatisticsIceland_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://px.hagstofa.is/pxis/pxweb/is/Samfelag/Samfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog/MAN10001.px/">"Populations by religious and life stance organizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161703/https://px.hagstofa.is/pxis/pxweb/is/Samfelag/Samfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog/MAN10001.px/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+by+religious+and+life+stance+organizations&rft.pub=Statistics+Iceland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpx.hagstofa.is%2Fpxis%2Fpxweb%2Fis%2FSamfelag%2FSamfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog%2FMAN10001.px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacy2000166:_"The_Old_Treaty,_signed_in_1262,_that_led_to_Iceland's_being_first_under_the_Norwegian_and_later_the_Danish_kings_was_such_a_milestone,_as_was_the_Reformation_in_1550_whereby_Lutheranism_became,_and_remains,_Iceland's_state_religion"_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacy2000">Lacy 2000</a>, p. 166: "The Old Treaty, signed in 1262, that led to Iceland's being first under the Norwegian and later the Danish kings was such a milestone, as was the Reformation in 1550 whereby Lutheranism became, and remains, Iceland's state religion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/constitution/">"Constitution of the Republic of Iceland (No. 33, 17 June 1944, as amended 30 May 1984, 31 May 1991, 28 June 1995 and 24 June 1999)"</a>. Government of Iceland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122180852/http://www.government.is/constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Iceland+%28No.+33%2C+17+June+1944%2C+as+amended+30+May+1984%2C+31+May+1991%2C+28+June+1995+and+24+June+1999%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Iceland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.is%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span> Section VI deals with religion.<blockquote><p>Article 62: The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Church in Iceland and, as such, it shall be supported and protected by the State. </p><p>This may be amended by law. </p><p>Article 63: All persons have the right to form religious associations and to practice their religion in conformity with their individual convictions. Nothing may however be preached or practised which is prejudicial to good morals or public order. </p><p>Article 64: No one may lose any of his civil or national rights on account of his religion, nor may anyone refuse to perform any generally applicable civil duty on religious grounds. </p><p>Everyone shall be free to remain outside religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any personal dues to any religious association of which he is not a member. </p><p> A person who is not a member of any religious association shall pay to the University of Iceland the dues that he would have had to pay to such an association, if he had been a member. This may be amended by law.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigurbjörnsson2016_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigurbjörnsson2016">Sigurbjörnsson 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016482_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Angelo2016">D'Angelo 2016</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998160_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCusack1998">Cusack 1998</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock198855-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock198855_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByock1988">Byock 1988</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998161-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998161_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCusack1998">Cusack 1998</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock1988138-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock1988138_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock1988138_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByock1988">Byock 1988</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998168-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998168_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCusack1998">Cusack 1998</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016481-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016481_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Angelo2016">D'Angelo 2016</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJochens1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJochens1999_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJochens1999">Jochens 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Angelo2016483_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Angelo2016">D'Angelo 2016</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998167-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998167_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCusack1998">Cusack 1998</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998162,_168-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECusack1998162,_168_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCusack1998">Cusack 1998</a>, pp. 162, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990154-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990154_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1990">Elton 1990</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990155-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990155_20-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1990">Elton 1990</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1990156-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1990156_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1990">Elton 1990</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianoSwatosKivisto2002331_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristianoSwatosKivisto2002">Christiano, Swatos & Kivisto 2002</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwatosGissurarson1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwatosGissurarson1997_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwatosGissurarson1997">Swatos & Gissurarson 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1999250-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1999250_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFell1999">Fell 1999</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash202052–55-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202052–55_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202052–55_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNash2020">Nash 2020</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash202056–57-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash202056–57_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNash2020">Nash 2020</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgúst_Arnar_Ágústsson2017" class="citation web cs1">Ágúst Arnar Ágústsson (24 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220221401/http://zuism.is/2017/10/24/yfirlysing-fra-agusti-arnari-agustsssyni-forstodumanni-trufelagsins-zuism/">"Yfirlýsing frá Ágústi Arnari Ágústsssyni, forstöðumanni trúfélagsins Zuism"</a>. <i>Zuism á Íslandi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zuism.is/2017/10/24/yfirlysing-fra-agusti-arnari-agustsssyni-forstodumanni-trufelagsins-zuism/">the original</a> on 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zuism+%C3%A1+%C3%8Dslandi&rft.atitle=Yfirl%C3%BDsing+fr%C3%A1+%C3%81g%C3%BAsti+Arnari+%C3%81g%C3%BAstsssyni%2C+forst%C3%B6%C3%B0umanni+tr%C3%BAf%C3%A9lagsins+Zuism&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.au=%C3%81g%C3%BAst+Arnar+%C3%81g%C3%BAstsson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzuism.is%2F2017%2F10%2F24%2Fyfirlysing-fra-agusti-arnari-agustsssyni-forstodumanni-trufelagsins-zuism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229135343/http://zuism.is/endurgreidsla-soknargjalda/">"Amargi (Endurgreiðsla Sóknargjalda)"</a>. <i>Zuism á Íslandi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zuism.is/endurgreidsla-soknargjalda/">the original</a> on 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zuism+%C3%A1+%C3%8Dslandi&rft.atitle=Amargi+%28Endurgrei%C3%B0sla+S%C3%B3knargjalda%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzuism.is%2Fendurgreidsla-soknargjalda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjartan_Kjartansson2022" class="citation news cs1">Kjartan Kjartansson (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626203836/https://www.visir.is/g/20222246470d/oljost-hvad-verdur-um-soknargjold-zuism">"Óljóst hvað verður um sóknargjöld Zuism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is" title="Vísir.is">Vísir.is</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visir.is/g/20222246470d/oljost-hvad-verdur-um-soknargjold-zuism">the original</a> on 26 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsir.is&rft.atitle=%C3%93lj%C3%B3st+hva%C3%B0+ver%C3%B0ur+um+s%C3%B3knargj%C3%B6ld+Zuism&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.au=Kjartan+Kjartansson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visir.is%2Fg%2F20222246470d%2Foljost-hvad-verdur-um-soknargjold-zuism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenery" class="citation web cs1">Chenery, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dreyk.html">"Diocese of Reykjavik, <i>Dioecesis Reykiavikensis</i>"</a>. <i>Catholic Hierarchy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031350/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dreyk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Hierarchy&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Reykjavik%2C+Dioecesis+Reykiavikensis&rft.aulast=Chenery&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdreyk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/1_Sveinsson.htm">"Jon Sveinsson, SJ (Nonni)"</a>. Manresa, Jesuit Retreat House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217204847/http://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/1_Sveinsson.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jon+Sveinsson%2C+SJ+%28Nonni%29&rft.pub=Manresa%2C+Jesuit+Retreat+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manresa-sj.org%2Fstamps%2F1_Sveinsson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudnason2021_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGudnason2021">Gudnason 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassallFazel1998-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassallFazel1998_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHassallFazel1998">Hassall & Fazel 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attavitinn.is/samfelagid/trumal/hvad-er-hinduismi">"Hvað er hindúismi?"</a>. <i>Áttavitinn</i>. 29 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004160349/http://attavitinn.is/samfelagid/trumal/hvad-er-hinduismi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%81ttavitinn&rft.atitle=Hva%C3%B0+er+hind%C3%BAismi%3F&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attavitinn.is%2Fsamfelagid%2Ftrumal%2Fhvad-er-hinduismi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnarsdóttir2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnarsdóttir2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnarsdóttir2014">Arnarsdóttir 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsson1998_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergsson1998">Bergsson 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short description of the Faith Fellowship of Zuism and of its creed on its websites: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604061406/http://zuist.org/?page_id=2">"About Zuism"</a>. Zuist Church. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zuist.org/?page_id=2">the original</a> on 4 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+Zuism&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzuist.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116084124/http://is.zuist.org/about/our-mission/">"Kennisetningar Zuism"</a>. <i>Zuism á Íslandi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is.zuist.org/about/our-mission/">the original</a> on 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zuism+%C3%A1+%C3%8Dslandi&rft.atitle=Kennisetningar+Zuism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fis.zuist.org%2Fabout%2Four-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmat_Singh_Khalsa2013" class="citation news cs1">Himmat Singh Khalsa (4 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhdharma.org/first-akhand-path-in-iceland-completed-2/">"First Akhand Path in Iceland Completed"</a>. Sikh Dharma International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101004134/https://www.sikhdharma.org/first-akhand-path-in-iceland-completed-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Akhand+Path+in+Iceland+Completed&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.au=Himmat+Singh+Khalsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhdharma.org%2Ffirst-akhand-path-in-iceland-completed-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnarsdóttir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arnarsdóttir, Eygló Svala (2014). "To a Mosque on a Magic Carpet". <i>Iceland Review</i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Review&rft.atitle=To+a+Mosque+on+a+Magic+Carpet&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Arnarsd%C3%B3ttir&rft.aufirst=Eygl%C3%B3+Svala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsson1998" class="citation web cs1">Bergsson, Snorri G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122141725/http://notendur.centrum.is/~snorrigb/Jewicel.htm#Jews%20in%20Iceland">"Iceland and the Jewish Question until 1940"</a>. <i>notendur.centrum.is</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notendur.centrum.is/~snorrigb/Jewicel.htm#Jews%20in%20Iceland">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=notendur.centrum.is&rft.atitle=Iceland+and+the+Jewish+Question+until+1940&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bergsson&rft.aufirst=Snorri+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotendur.centrum.is%2F~snorrigb%2FJewicel.htm%23Jews%2520in%2520Iceland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByock1988" class="citation book cs1">Byock, Jesse L. (1988). <i>Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520054202" title="Special:BookSources/0520054202"><bdi>0520054202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iceland%3A+Society%2C+Sagas%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0520054202&rft.aulast=Byock&rft.aufirst=Jesse+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristianoSwatosKivisto2002" class="citation book cs1">Christiano, Kevin J.; Swatos, William H.; Kivisto, Peter (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologyofrelig0000chri"><i>Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments</i></a></span>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0759100357" title="Special:BookSources/0759100357"><bdi>0759100357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Contemporary+Developments&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0759100357&rft.aulast=Christiano&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft.au=Swatos%2C+William+H.&rft.au=Kivisto%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologyofrelig0000chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack1998" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Carole M. (1998). <i>Conversion Among the Germanic Peoples</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304701556" title="Special:BookSources/0304701556"><bdi>0304701556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+Among+the+Germanic+Peoples&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0304701556&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Angelo2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">D'Angelo, Francesco (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT725">"Althing of 1000 and the Conversion of Iceland to Christianity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a>; Holt, Andrew (eds.). <i>Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">481–</span>483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610695664" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610695664"><bdi>978-1610695664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Althing+of+1000+and+the+Conversion+of+Iceland+to+Christianity&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E483&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1610695664&rft.aulast=D%27Angelo&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouTNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1990" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (1990). <i>The Reformation, 1520-1559</i>. The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521345367" title="Special:BookSources/0521345367"><bdi>0521345367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation%2C+1520-1559&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0521345367&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFell1999" class="citation book cs1">Fell, Michael (1999). <i>And Some Fell Into Good Soil: A History of Christianity in Iceland</i>. American University Studies: Theology and Religion. Vol. 201. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820438812" title="Special:BookSources/0820438812"><bdi>0820438812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+Some+Fell+Into+Good+Soil%3A+A+History+of+Christianity+in+Iceland&rft.series=American+University+Studies%3A+Theology+and+Religion&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0820438812&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudnason2021" class="citation web cs1">Gudnason, Gerhard (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/iceland">"Iceland"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-Day+Saints&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Gudnason&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fcountry%2Ficeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassallFazel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hassall, Graham; Fazel, Seena (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/hassall_fazel_100-years_europe">"100 Years of the Baháʼí Faith in Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Studies_Review" title="Baháʼí Studies Review">Baháʼí Studies Review</a></i> (8): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith+in+Europe&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hassall&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Fazel%2C+Seena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhassall_fazel_100-years_europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugason2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hugason, Hjalti (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.hi.is/ritrodgudfraedistofnunar/article/view/2887/1632">"Aðskilnaður ríkis og kirkju: Upphaf almennrar umræðu 1878–1915"</a>. <i>Studia Theologica Islandica</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Theologica+Islandica&rft.atitle=A%C3%B0skilna%C3%B0ur+r%C3%ADkis+og+kirkju%3A+Upphaf+almennrar+umr%C3%A6%C3%B0u+1878%E2%80%931915&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hugason&rft.aufirst=Hjalti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.hi.is%2Fritrodgudfraedistofnunar%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2887%2F1632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochens1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jochens, Jenny (1999). "Late and Peaceful: Iceland's Conversion Through Arbitration in 1000". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>74</b> (74): <span class="nowrap">621–</span>655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2886763">10.2307/2886763</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2886763">2886763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162464020">162464020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Late+and+Peaceful%3A+Iceland%27s+Conversion+Through+Arbitration+in+1000&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E621-%3C%2Fspan%3E655&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162464020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2886763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2886763&rft.aulast=Jochens&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacy2000" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Terry G. (2000). <i>Ring of Seasons: Iceland, Its Culture and History</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472086618" title="Special:BookSources/0472086618"><bdi>0472086618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Seasons%3A+Iceland%2C+Its+Culture+and+History&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0472086618&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Terry+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Alexander (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karolinum.cz/data/clanek/10103/CEJCR_4_1_0051.pdf">"Zuism: History and Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central European Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Prague: <a href="/wiki/Karolinum_Press" title="Karolinum Press">Karolinum Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14712%2F25704893.2021.31">10.14712/25704893.2021.31</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617175738/https://karolinum.cz/data/clanek/10103/CEJCR_4_1_0051.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Zuism%3A+History+and+Introduction&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14712%2F25704893.2021.31&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkarolinum.cz%2Fdata%2Fclanek%2F10103%2FCEJCR_4_1_0051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigurbjörnsson2016" class="citation web cs1">Sigurbjörnsson, Sigurður Rósant (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141833/https://truryni.blog.is/blog/truryni/entry/2169036/">"Fjöldi meðlima í trúfélögum og öðrum samanburðarhópum 1990–2016"</a>. <i>Trúrýni – trúarbrögðin sneiðmynduð</i> (analysis of the official data yolden<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truryni.blog.is/blog/truryni/entry/2169036/">the original</a> on 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tr%C3%BAr%C3%BDni+%E2%80%93+tr%C3%BAarbr%C3%B6g%C3%B0in+snei%C3%B0myndu%C3%B0&rft.atitle=Fj%C3%B6ldi+me%C3%B0lima+%C3%AD+tr%C3%BAf%C3%A9l%C3%B6gum+og+%C3%B6%C3%B0rum+samanbur%C3%B0arh%C3%B3pum+1990%E2%80%932016&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Sigurbj%C3%B6rnsson&rft.aufirst=Sigur%C3%B0ur+R%C3%B3sant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftruryni.blog.is%2Fblog%2Ftruryni%2Fentry%2F2169036%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwatosGissurarson1997" class="citation book cs1">Swatos, William H.; Gissurarson, Loftur Reimar (1997). <i>Icelandic Spiritualism: Mediumship and Modernity in Iceland</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412825776" title="Special:BookSources/1412825776"><bdi>1412825776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Spiritualism%3A+Mediumship+and+Modernity+in+Iceland&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1412825776&rft.aulast=Swatos&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Gissurarson%2C+Loftur+Reimar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Iceland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iceland_articles614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics" title="Template talk:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iceland_articles614" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic_nationality" title="History of Icelandic nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Iceland">Rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish trade monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasion_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/80px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/120px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/160px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iceland" title="List of earthquakes in Iceland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Iceland" title="List of extreme points of Iceland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Iceland" title="List of fjords of Iceland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Iceland" title="List of forests in Iceland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Iceland" title="List of glaciers in Iceland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Iceland" title="List of lakes of Iceland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Iceland" title="List of rivers of Iceland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Iceland" title="List of valleys of Iceland">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland" title="Volcanism of Iceland">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Iceland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iceland" title="Counties of Iceland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthings_of_Iceland" title="Farthings of Iceland">Farthings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iceland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iceland" title="Agriculture in Iceland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iceland" title="Banking in Iceland">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Króna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Iceland" title="Nasdaq Iceland">Nasdaq Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_outvasion" title="Icelandic outvasion">Outvasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iceland" title="Tourism in Iceland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iceland" title="Category:Society of Iceland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Language">Icelandic Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_in_Iceland" title="Category:Chess in Iceland">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iceland" title="Mass media in Iceland">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iceland" title="Public holidays in Iceland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iceland" title="Television in Iceland">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iceland" title="Category:Iceland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria" title="Religion in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Iceland46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Iceland" title="Template:Religion in Iceland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Iceland" title="Template talk:Religion in Iceland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Iceland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Iceland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Iceland46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion in Iceland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Iceland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Iceland">LDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iceland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iceland">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iceland" title="Buddhism in Iceland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iceland" title="Irreligion in Iceland">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Scandinavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Scandinavia">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_in_Scandinavia" title="Theosophy in Scandinavia">Theosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&oldid=1272655705">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&oldid=1272655705</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Iceland" title="Category:Religion in Iceland">Religion in Iceland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 18:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Iceland&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Iceland</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-xxdpl","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.061","walltime":"1.275","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21741,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":195725,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28848,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":168618,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1102.616 1 -total"," 21.94% 241.889 103 Template:Sfn"," 15.23% 167.901 1 Template:Iceland_topics"," 14.91% 164.448 1 Template:Country_topics"," 14.66% 161.622 11 Template:Cite_web"," 13.62% 150.135 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.22% 112.644 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.18% 112.288 1 Template:Religion_in_Europe"," 10.04% 110.734 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 8.84% 97.509 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.554","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7715760,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArnarsdóttir2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergsson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByock1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianoSwatosKivisto2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCusack1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Angelo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudnason2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassallFazel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimmat_Singh_Khalsa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugason2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJochens1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjartan_Kjartansson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigurbjörnsson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwatosGissurarson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgúst_Arnar_Ágústsson2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Iceland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Religion in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion in Iceland\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 103,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-r7vfm","timestamp":"20250217064604","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Religion in Iceland","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_Iceland","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2502316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2502316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-01-20T11:48:02Z","headline":"religion in the country"}</script> </body> </html>