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<span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Istorija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinetička_energija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetička_energija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kinetička energija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetička_energija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toplotna_energija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toplotna_energija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Toplotna energija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toplotna_energija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekvivalentnost_toplote_i_rada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekvivalentnost_toplote_i_rada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ekvivalentnost toplote i rada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekvivalentnost_toplote_i_rada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korelacija_fizičkih_sila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korelacija_fizičkih_sila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Korelacija fizičkih sila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korelacija_fizičkih_sila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prvi_zakon_termodinamike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Prvi zakon termodinamike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prvi_zakon_termodinamike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neterina_teorema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neterina_teorema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Neterina teorema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neterina_teorema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ekvivalentnost mase i energije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantna_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantna_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Kvantna teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantna_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zakon očuvanja energije</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 102 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behoud_van_energie" title="Behoud van energie — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Behoud van energie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieerhaltungssatz" title="Energieerhaltungssatz — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Energieerhaltungssatz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_d%27a_enerch%C3%ADa" title="Conservación d'a enerchía — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Conservación d'a enerchía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="حفظ الطاقة (فيزياء) — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حفظ الطاقة (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87" title="بقاء الطاقه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بقاء الطاقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="শক্তিৰ সংৰক্ষণশীলতা — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শক্তিৰ সংৰক্ষণশীলতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltenimientu_de_la_enerx%C3%ADa" title="Caltenimientu de la enerxía — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caltenimientu de la enerxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerjinin_saxlanmas%C4%B1_qanunu" title="Enerjinin saxlanması qanunu — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enerjinin saxlanması qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="انرژی‌نین ساخلانماسی قانونو — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انرژی‌نین ساخلانماسی قانونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Энергия һаҡланыу законы — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энергия һаҡланыу законы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Закон захавання энергіі — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Закон захавання энергіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Закон захаваньня энэргіі — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Закон захаваньня энэргіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Закон за запазване на енергията — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Закон за запазване на енергията" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="শক্তির নিত্যতা — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শক্তির নিত্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije" title="Zakon očuvanja energije — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zakon očuvanja energije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3_de_l%27energia" title="Conservació de l'energia — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conservació de l'energia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%95" title="یاسای پاراستنی وزە — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای پاراستنی وزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kon_zachov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_energie" title="Zákon zachování energie — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zákon zachování energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Энерги сыхланнин саккунĕ — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энерги сыхланнин саккунĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwraeth_egni" title="Cadwraeth egni — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadwraeth egni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energibevarelse" title="Energibevarelse — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Energibevarelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieerhaltungssatz" title="Energieerhaltungssatz — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energieerhaltungssatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αρχή διατήρησης της ενέργειας — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχή διατήρησης της ενέργειας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Conservation of energy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principo_de_konservado_de_energio" title="Principo de konservado de energio — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Principo de konservado de energio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_de_la_energ%C3%ADa" title="Conservación de la energía — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conservación de la energía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_j%C3%A4%C3%A4vuse_seadus" title="Energia jäävuse seadus — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Energia jäävuse seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiaren_kontserbazioaren_printzipioa" title="Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="پایستگی انرژی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایستگی انرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energian_s%C3%A4ilymislaki" title="Energian säilymislaki — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energian säilymislaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Conservation de l'énergie — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conservation de l'énergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_imchoime%C3%A1d_an_fhuinnimh" title="Dlí imchoimeád an fhuinnimh — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlí imchoimeád an fhuinnimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_da_enerx%C3%ADa" title="Conservación da enerxía — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conservación da enerxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="חוק שימור האנרגיה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק שימור האנרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊर्जा संरक्षण का नियम — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊर्जा संरक्षण का नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Conservation of energy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije" title="Zakon očuvanja energije — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zakon očuvanja energije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwa_kons%C3%A8vasyon_en%C3%A8ji" title="Lwa konsèvasyon enèji — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lwa konsèvasyon enèji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiamegmarad%C3%A1s" title="Energiamegmaradás — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Energiamegmaradás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Էներգիայի պահպանման օրենք — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էներգիայի պահպանման օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_de_energia" title="Conservation de energia — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Conservation de energia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekekalan_energi" title="Kekekalan energi — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekekalan energi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkuvar%C3%B0veisla" title="Orkuvarðveisla — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orkuvarðveisla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_di_conservazione_dell%27energia" title="Legge di conservazione dell'energia — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge di conservazione dell'energia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="エネルギー保存の法則 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エネルギー保存の法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენერგიის შენახვის კანონი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენერგიის შენახვის კანონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B" title="Энергияның сақталу заңы — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энергияның сақталу заңы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="에너지 보존 법칙 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지 보존 법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Энергия сакълауну закону — Karačaj-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Энергия сакълауну закону" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karačaj-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Энергиянын сакталуу мыйзамы — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энергиянын сакталуу мыйзамы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatio_energiae" title="Conservatio energiae — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conservatio energiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservazzion_de_l%27energia" title="Conservazzion de l'energia — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Conservazzion de l'energia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijos_tverm%C4%97s_d%C4%97snis" title="Energijos tvermės dėsnis — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Energijos tvermės dėsnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ener%C4%A3ijas_nez%C5%ABdam%C4%ABbas_likums" title="Enerģijas nezūdamības likums — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Enerģijas nezūdamības likums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Закон за зачувување на енергијата — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Закон за зачувување на енергијата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ഊർജ്ജ സം‌രക്ഷണ നിയമം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊർജ്ജ സം‌രക്ഷണ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Энерги хадгалагдах хууль — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энерги хадгалагдах хууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keabadian_tenaga" title="Keabadian tenaga — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keabadian tenaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99" title="စွမ်းအင် တည်မြဲမှု နိယာမ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွမ်းအင် တည်မြဲမှု နိယာမ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieprinzip" title="Energieprinzip — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Energieprinzip" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_van_behoud_van_energie" title="Wet van behoud van energie — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wet van behoud van energie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiprinsippet" title="Energiprinsippet — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Energiprinsippet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiprinsippet" title="Energiprinsippet — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Energiprinsippet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservacion_de_l%27energia" title="Conservacion de l'energia — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conservacion de l'energia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitaa%E2%80%99ummaa_Anniisaa" title="Gitaa’ummaa Anniisaa — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gitaa’ummaa Anniisaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਲ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasada_zachowania_energii" title="Zasada zachowania energii — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zasada zachowania energii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsipi_%C3%ABd_conservassion_%C3%ABd_l%27energ%C3%ACa" title="Prinsipi ëd conservassion ëd l'energìa — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Prinsipi ëd conservassion ëd l'energìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="انرجی بچت دا قنون — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انرجی بچت دا قنون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8D_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="د انرژۍ پایښت — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انرژۍ پایښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_da_conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_energia" title="Lei da conservação da energia — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei da conservação da energia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_conserv%C4%83rii_energiei" title="Legea conservării energiei — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea conservării energiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Закон сохранения энергии — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон сохранения энергии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%97" title="Закон всокочіня енерґії — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Закон всокочіня енерґії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ශක්ති සංස්ථිති නියමය — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශක්ති සංස්ථිති නියමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conservation of energy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kon_zachovania_energie" title="Zákon zachovania energie — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zákon zachovania energie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohranitev_energije" title="Ohranitev energije — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ohranitev energije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligji_i_ruajtjes_s%C3%AB_energjis%C3%AB" title="Ligji i ruajtjes së energjisë — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligji i ruajtjes së energjisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Закон очувања енергије — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Закон очувања енергије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiprincipen" title="Energiprincipen — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Energiprincipen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifadhi_ya_nishati" title="Hifadhi ya nishati — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hifadhi ya nishati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஆற்றல் காப்பு — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆற்றல் காப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="శక్తి నిత్యత్వ నియమం — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శక్తి నిత్యత్వ నియమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="กฎทรงพลังงาน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎทรงพลังงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerjinin_korunumu" title="Enerjinin korunumu — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enerjinin korunumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Энергия саклану кануны — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Энергия саклану кануны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Энергияның кадагалаттынарының хоойлузу — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Энергияның кадагалаттынарының хоойлузу" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Закон збереження енергії — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон збереження енергії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="قانون بقائے توانائی — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قانون بقائے توانائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiyaning_saqlanish_va_aylanish_qonuni" title="Energiyaning saqlanish va aylanish qonuni — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Energiyaning saqlanish va aylanish qonuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijan_varadusen_k%C3%A4skuz" title="Energijan varadusen käskuz — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Energijan varadusen käskuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_to%C3%A0n_n%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Bảo toàn năng lượng — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảo toàn năng lượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserbasyon_han_enerhiya" title="Konserbasyon han enerhiya — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konserbasyon han enerhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恒定律 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="能量守恒定律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენერგიაშ კონსერვაციაშ კანონი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენერგიაშ კონსერვაციაშ კანონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאנסערווירונג פון ענערגיע — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנסערווירונג פון ענערגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" 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Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/220px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/330px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/440px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vlak_smrti" title="Vlak smrti">Vlak smrti</a> doseže maksimalnu <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičku energiju</a> na dnu staze. Kada počne da se uspinje, kinetička energija se pretvara u gravitacionu <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential energy">potencijalnu energiju</a>. Suma kinetičke i potencijalne energije u sistemu ostaje konstantna, ako izuzmemo gubitke usled <a href="/wiki/Trenje" title="Trenje">trenja</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width:190px; float: right; clear: right; text-align:center; margin-top:1em;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehanika_kontinuuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehanika kontinuuma (stranica ne postoji)">Mehanika kontinuuma</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png/160px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png/240px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png/320px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><i>Ključne stavke</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%; line-height: 160%;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navier%E2%80%93Stokesove_jedna%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navier–Stokesove jednačine (stranica ne postoji)">Navier–Stokesove jednačine</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><i>Zakoni</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;line-height: 155%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_mase" title="Zakon održanja mase">Zakon održanja mase</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_koli%C4%8Dine_kretanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon održanja količine kretanja (stranica ne postoji)">Zakon održanja količine kretanja</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_energije" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakon održanja energije">Zakon održanja energije</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clausius-Duhemova_nejednakost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clausius-Duhemova nejednakost (stranica ne postoji)">Nejednakost entropije</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehanika_%C4%8Dvrstih_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehanika čvrstih tela (stranica ne postoji)">Mehanika čvrstih tela</a></i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;line-height: 155%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_agregatno_stanje" title="Čvrsto agregatno stanje">Čvrsta tijela</a> · <a href="/wiki/Napon_(mehanika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napon (mehanika)">Napon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Deformacija_(mehanika)" title="Deformacija (mehanika)">Deformacija</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_kona%C4%8Dnih_deformacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija konačnih deformacija (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija konačnih deformacija</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_infinitezimalnih_napreazanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija infinitezimalnih napreazanja (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija infinitezimalnih napreazanja</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elasti%C4%8Dnost_(fizika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elastičnost (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Elastičnost</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linearna_elasti%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linearna elastičnost (stranica ne postoji)">Linearna elastičnost</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasti%C4%8Dnost_(fizika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastičnost (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Plastičnost</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viskoelastici%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viskoelasticičnost (stranica ne postoji)">Viskoelasticičnost</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hukov_zakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukov zakon">Hukov zakon</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reologija (stranica ne postoji)">Reologija</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mehanika_fluida" title="Mehanika fluida">Mehanika fluida</a></i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%; line-height: 155%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Te%C4%8Dno_agregatno_stanje" title="Tečno agregatno stanje">Tečnosti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statika_fluida" title="Statika fluida">Statika fluida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dinamika_fluida" title="Dinamika fluida">Dinamika fluida</a> · <a href="/wiki/Viskoznost" title="Viskoznost">Viskoznost</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Njutonov_fluid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njutonov fluid (stranica ne postoji)">Njutonov fluid</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nenjutnov_fluid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nenjutnov fluid (stranica ne postoji)">Nenjutnov fluid</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Povr%C5%A1inski_napon" title="Površinski napon">Površinski napon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavFrame" style="font-size: 90%; background:#FFFFFF; border-style: none; text-align: center; padding: 0px;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 90%; background:#DCF0FF"><i>Naučnici</i></div> <div class="NavContent" style="background:#FFFFF;font-size: 80%; line-height: 155%; display: none;"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">Stokes</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude-Louis Navier (stranica ne postoji)">Navier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a>· <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zna%C4%8Dajni_doprinosi_iz_oblasti_Mehanika_kontinuuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Značajni doprinosi iz oblasti Mehanika kontinuuma (stranica ne postoji)"><i>Ostali</i></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; color: #000; white-space:nowrap;">Ova kutijica: <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Mehanika_kontinuuma" title="Šablon:Mehanika kontinuuma"><span title="Pogledaj ovaj šablon">pogledaj</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Mehanika_kontinuuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Mehanika kontinuuma (stranica ne postoji)"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="Razgovor o ovom šablonu">razgovor</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Mehanika_kontinuuma&action=edit"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="Možete da uredite ovaj šablon.">uredi</span></a></div></center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zakon očuvanja energije</b> je <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dki_zakon" title="Fizički zakon">fizički zakon</a> koji kaže da ukupna količina <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> u izolovanom sistemu ostaje konstantna tokom vremena.<sup id="cite_ref-Feynman2Ch1S2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feynman2Ch1S2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iz toga proizilazi da se energija ne može uništiti, niti ni iz čega stvoriti, već samo može prelaziti iz jednog oblika u drugi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ajn%C5%A1tajn" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ajnštajn">Ajnštajnova</a> <a href="/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">teorija relativnosti</a> pokazuje da su energija i <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije" title="Ekvivalentnost mase i energije">ekvivalentni</a> i da se ne pojavljuju jedna bez druge. U zatvorenim sistemima masa i energija čuvaju se odvojeno, kako se smatralo i u predrelativističkoj fizici.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nova karakteristika relativističke fizike jeste da se <a href="/wiki/Subatomske_%C4%8Destice" title="Subatomske čestice">čestice</a> „materije“ mogu pretvoriti u nematerijalne oblike energije, poput <a href="/wiki/Svetlost" title="Svetlost">svetlosti</a>, kinetičke ili <a href="/wiki/Potencijalna_energija" title="Potencijalna energija">potencijalne energije</a>. Međutim, pretvaranje ne utiče na ukupnu masu sistema jer ove vrste nematerijalne energije zadržavaju svoju masu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danas se očuvanje „energije“ odnosi na očuvanje ukupne energije sistema tokom vremena. Ova energija uključuje energiju zajedno sa masom mirovanja čestica i drugim oblicima energije u sistemu. Osim toga, masa mirovanja sistema čestica takođe je očuvana tokom vremena za bilo kojeg pojedinačnog posmatrača i ima jednaku vrednost za sve posmatrače (za razliku od ukupne energije). Prema tome, u izolovanom sistemu, iako se materija (čestice sa masom mirovanja) i „čista energija“ (toplota i svetlost) mogu pretvoriti jedna u drugu, ukupna količina energije i ukupna masa ostaju očuvane tokom vremena. Ako se energiji bilo koje vrste dozvoli da „pobegne“ iz ovakvih sistema, masa sistema smanjivaće se u skladu sa količinom gubljenja energije. </p><p>Posledica ovog zakona je da tzv. <i><a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">perpetuum mobile</a></i> može raditi neprekidno samo ako ne ispušta energiju u okruženje. Ako takve mašine proizvode više energije od one uložene u njih, one moraju gubiti masu i nakon određenog vremena prestaju postojati, pa, prema tome, nisu ni moguće.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antika" title="Antika">Antički</a> filozofi, još od <a href="/wiki/Tales_iz_Mileta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tales iz Mileta">Talesa</a> (oko 550 p. n. e.), govorili su o očuvanju onoga od čega je sve sastavljeno. <a href="/wiki/Empedokle" title="Empedokle">Empedokle</a> (490–430 p. n. e.) je pisao da u njegovom kosmosu, sastavljenom od <a href="/wiki/Osnovni_elementi" title="Osnovni elementi">četiri elementa</a> (zemlja, vazduh, voda, vatra), „ništa ne nastaje, niti nestaje“,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nego ti elementi prolaze kroz kontinuirana preuređenja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinetička_energija"><span id="Kineti.C4.8Dka_energija"></span>Kinetička energija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Kinetička energija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kinetička energija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">Kinetička energija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Simple_pendulum_height.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Simple_pendulum_height.png/220px-Simple_pendulum_height.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Simple_pendulum_height.png/330px-Simple_pendulum_height.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Simple_pendulum_height.png/440px-Simple_pendulum_height.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Zakon očuvanja energije se koristi za opisivanje kretanja <a href="/wiki/Klatno" title="Klatno">klatna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilej" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilej">Galilej</a> je <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>. godine objavio svoju analizu nekih situacija - uključujući i proslavljeno „isprekidano klatno“ - koje se modernim jezikom može opisati kao konzervativno pretvaranje potencijalne u kinetičku energiju i obrnuto. Tek je <a href="/wiki/Gotfrid_Vilhelm_Lajbnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic">Lajbnic</a> u periodu od <a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>. do <a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>. godine prvi pokušao <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematički</a> formulirati vrstu energije koja je povezana sa <i><a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">kretanjem</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetička energija</a>). Lajbnic je uočio da je u mnogim mehaničkim <a href="/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sistemima</a> (sa nekoliko masa <i>m<sub>i</sub></i>, svaka sa <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinom</a> <i>v<sub>i</sub></i>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0369647e33f4ff129034584a5fa0a68e6bf7f6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:8.764ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bio očuvan onoliko dugo koliko mase nisu međusobno delovale. On je ovu količinu nazvao <i>vis viva</i> (<i>živom silom</i>) sistema. Princip predstavlja tačnu tvrdnju o približnom očuvanju kinetičke energije u situacijama gde nema <a href="/wiki/Trenje" title="Trenje">trenja</a>. Mnogi fizičari tog vremena smatrali su da je očuvanje <a href="/wiki/Impuls" title="Impuls">količine kretanja</a>, koja ostaje ista u sistemima sa trenjem, kao što je definisano momentom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\!\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\!\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f65f200cf7464201fda2401734841db799d5f9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:8.509ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\!\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bilo ta očuvana <i>živa sila</i>. Kasnije je dokazano da se pod odgovarajućim uslovima obe količine simultano sačuvaju, kao npr. u elastičnim sudarima. </p><p>Inženjeri Džon Smiton, Piter Evart, Karl Hocman, Gistav-Adolf Hirn i Mark Segin su primetili da samoočuvanje količine kretanja nije adekvatno za praktična izračunavanja, pa su iskoristili Lajbnicov princip. Taj princip su koristili i neki <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemičari</a>, kao što je Vilijam Hajd Volaston. Akademici, poput Džona Plejfera, istakli su da kinetička energija očigledno nije sačuvana. To je vidljivo u savremenim analizama zasnovanim na <a href="/wiki/Drugi_princip_termodinamike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugi princip termodinamike">drugom zakonu termodinamike</a>, ali u <a href="/wiki/18._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="18. vek">18.</a> i <a href="/wiki/19._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="19. vek">19. veku</a> sudbina izgubljene energije još uvek nije bila poznata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toplotna_energija">Toplotna energija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Toplotna energija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Toplotna energija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">Toplota</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Postepeno se počelo sumnjati da je toplota, koja neizbežno nastaje tokom kretanja kao posledica trenja, još jedan oblik <i>žive sile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Antoan_Lavoazje" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoan Lavoazje">Antoan Lavoazje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pjer_Simon_Laplas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjer Simon Laplas">Pjer Simon Laplas</a> su ponovo <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>. godine proučili dve teorije o <i>živoj sili</i> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalorijska_teorija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalorijska teorija (stranica ne postoji)">kalorijsku teoriju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zapažanja Bendžamina Tompsona iz <a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>. o stvaranju toplote prilikom proširivanja <a href="/wiki/Top" title="Top">topovskih</a> cevi potvrdila su tezu da se mehaničko kretanje može pretvoriti u toplotu, da je to pretvaranje kvantitativno i da može biti predviđeno (dozvoljavajući univerzalnu konstantu pretvaranja između kinetičke energije i toplote). <i>Živa sila</i> se počela nazivati <i>energijom</i>, nakon što je termin prvi put u tom smislu upotrebio <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas Jang">Tomas Jang</a> <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>. godine. </p><p>Rekalibrisanje <i>žive sile</i> u </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fcae198c9fadd4eeffe75d891e4a05b6e5b95cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.15ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>koje se može razumeti kao traženje tačne vrednosti za konstantu za pretvaranje kinetičke energije u <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehanički rad">rad</a>, uglavnom je bilo rezultat rada <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Gistav_Koriolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Gistav Koriolis">Koriolisa</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDan_Viktor_Ponsle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žan Viktor Ponsle (stranica ne postoji)">Ponslea</a> u periodu od <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>. do <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>. godine. Koriolis je količinu nazivao <i>količinom rada</i> (<a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">fr.</a> <i>quantité de travail</i>), a Ponsle <i>mehaničkim radom</i> (<a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">fr.</a> <i>travail mécanique</i>) i obojica su zagovarali njihovu upotebu u inženjerskim proračunima. </p><p>U radu pod naslovom <i>O prirodi toplote</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dki_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemački jezik">nem.</a> <i>Über die Natur der Wärme</i>), objavljenom u <i>Časopisu za fiziku</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dki_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemački jezik">nem.</a> <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>) <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Fridrih_Mor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Fridrih Mor (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Fridrih Mor</a> dao je jednu od najranijih opštih tvrdnji doktrine o očuvanju energije: „Pored 54 poznata hemijska elementa u fizičkom svetu postoji samo jedan agens i on se zove <i>Kraft</i> (energija ili rad). On se, u zavisnosti od okolnosti, može pojaviti kao kretanje, hemijski afinitet, <a href="/wiki/Kohezija" title="Kohezija">kohezija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektricitet" title="Elektricitet">elektricitet</a>, svetlost i <a href="/wiki/Magnetizam" title="Magnetizam">magnetizam</a> i iz bilo kojeg od ovih oblika može se pretvoriti u bilo koji od preostalih.“ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekvivalentnost_toplote_i_rada">Ekvivalentnost toplote i rada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Ekvivalentnost toplote i rada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekvivalentnost toplote i rada"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ključna etapa u razvoju modernog principa očuvanja bila je demonstracija <i>ekvivalencija toplote i mehaničkog rada</i>. Kalorijska teorija tvrdila je da se toplota ne može ni stvoriti ni uništiti, ali očuvanje energije nameće suprotan princip po kojem su toplota i mehanički rad međusobno zamenjivi. </p><p>Princip mehaničke ekvivalencije prvi je u modernoj formi postavio <a href="/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemačka">nemački</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirurgija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirurgija">hirurg</a> Julius Robert fon Majer <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On je do ovog zaključka došao na putovanju u Holandsku Istočnu Indiju (današnju <a href="/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija">Indoneziju</a>, gde je otkrio da <a href="/wiki/Krv" title="Krv">krv</a> njegovih pacijenata ima tamniju crvenu boju, jer su trošili manje <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonika</a>, a samim tim i manje energije da održe telesnu <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturu</a>. Takođe je otkrio da su i mehanički rad i toplota oblici energije, a zatim je, nakon ličnog usavršavanja u fizici, izračunao kvantitativni odnos između njih.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Joule%27s_Apparatus_(Harper%27s_Scan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/220px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/330px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/440px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Džulova sprava za merenje mehaničkog ekvivalenta toplote</figcaption></figure> <p>U međuvremenu, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEejms_D%C5%BEul" class="mw-redirect" title="Džejms Džul">Džejms Džul</a> je <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>. godine u seriji eksperimenata otkrio mehanički ekvivalent toplote. U najpoznatijem, koji se danas naziva <i>Džulova sprava</i>, teg na konopcu dovodi do rotacije lopatica, koje su potopljene u vodu. Pokazao je da je <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">gravitaciona</a> potencijalna energija, izgubljena zbog tega koji visi, jednaka termalnoj energiji (toploti) koju dobije voda zbog trenja lopatica. </p><p>U periodu od <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>. do <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>. sličnu stvar uradio je i inženjer Ludvig A. Kolding, iako je to bilo malo poznato izvan njegove rodne <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">Danske</a>. </p><p>I Džulov i Majerov rad bili su predmet osporavanja i zanemarivanja, ali je na kraju Džulov rad ipak dobio šire priznanje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korelacija_fizičkih_sila"><span id="Korelacija_fizi.C4.8Dkih_sila"></span>Korelacija fizičkih sila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Korelacija fizičkih sila" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Korelacija fizičkih sila"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vilijam Robert Grouv je <a href="/wiki/1844" title="1844">1844</a>. godine postulirao vezu između mehanike, toplote, svetlosti, elektriciteta i magnetizma, tretirajući ih sve kao manifestacije jedne „sile“ (<i>energije</i> u modernom smislu reči). Grouv je svoje teorije objavio u knjizi <i>Korelacija fizičkih sila</i> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i><span lang="en">The Correlation of Physical Forces</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oslanjajući se na radove Džula, <a href="/wiki/Mari_Fransoa_Sadi_Karno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Fransoa Sadi Karno">Karnoa</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Klapejron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Klapejron (stranica ne postoji)">Klapejrona</a>, Herman fon Helmholc je <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a>. godine došao do zaključaka sličnih Grouvovim i iste godine je objavio svoje teorije u knjizi <i>O očuvanju sile</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dki_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemački jezik">nem.</a> <i>Über die Erhaltung der Kraft</i>). Opšte moderno prihvatanje ovog principa potiče iz ove knjige.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine 1850, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_John_Macquorn_Rankine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William John Macquorn Rankine (stranica ne postoji)">Vilijam Renkin</a> je bio prvi koji je koristio frazu <i>zakon konzervacije energije</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prvi_zakon_termodinamike">Prvi zakon termodinamike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Prvi zakon termodinamike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prvi zakon termodinamike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike">Prvi zakon termodinamike</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnotov</a> <a href="/wiki/Toplinski_stroj" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinski stroj">toplinski stroj</a> prenosi <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energiju</a> iz toplijeg (ogrjevnog) spremnika <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> <i>T</i><sub>H</sub> u hladniji (rashladni) spremnik temperature <i>T</i><sub>C</sub>, te pritom dio te <a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">toplinske energije</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">topline</a>) pretvara u <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehanički rad">mehanički rad</a> <i>W</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike">Prvi zakon termodinamike</a> izveo je <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">H. L. F. von Helmholtz</a> (1847.) na temelju <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Jouleovih</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnotovih</a> radova. Prema tom je zakonu zbroj <a href="/wiki/Koli%C4%8Dina_topline" class="mw-redirect" title="Količina topline">količina topline</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rad_(fizika)" title="Rad (fizika)">mehaničkoga rada</a> u zatvorenom sustavu stalan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=\mathrm {d} U+p\cdot \mathrm {d} V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=\mathrm {d} U+p\cdot \mathrm {d} V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71c18d6643d1cf1159095c842da9e40152af9dac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.073ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=\mathrm {d} U+p\cdot \mathrm {d} V}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Količina topline d<i>Q</i> predana nekomu sustavu troši se samo na povećanje njegove unutarnje energije <i>U</i> (zagrijavanje) i na svladavanje vanjskoga <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaka</a> <i>p</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlak</a> se protivi povećanju obujma (<a href="/wiki/Volumen" title="Volumen">volumena</a>) sustava <i>V</i>. Prvi zakon termodinamike može se poopćiti u zakon očuvanja energije, prema kojem je u svakom zatvorenom sustavu zbroj svih oblika <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> stalan. Drugim riječima to se može iskazati kao:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41558719">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Energija zatvorenog sustava ne može nestati niti ni iz čega nastati, energija može samo prelaziti iz jednog oblika u drugi, i ona je konstantna</b>.</p></blockquote> <p>Ovaj zakon simbolički se može zapisati kao: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U=\ W+\ Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>W</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U=\ W+\ Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/567b601aabb5a293b2227db05f8f0c7a6eee2de0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.092ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U=\ W+\ Q}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Dakle: porast unutarnje energije sustava = rad sustava + količina topline dovedena u sustav. </p><p>Prvi zakon termodinamike često se izražava kao: Nije moguć <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">Perpetuum mobile</a> prve vrste, odnosno uređaj koji bi u nekom procesu proizvodio energiju <i>ni iz čega</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neterina_teorema">Neterina teorema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Neterina teorema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Neterina teorema"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Noetherin_teorem" title="Noetherin teorem">Noetherin teorem</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Sa matematičke tačke gledišta, očuvanje energije se shvata kao posledica <a href="/wiki/Neterina_teorema" class="mw-redirect" title="Neterina teorema">Neterine teoreme</a> (nazvanoj po nemačkoj matematičarki <a href="/wiki/Emi_Neter" class="mw-redirect" title="Emi Neter">Emi Neter</a>) po kojoj svaka <a href="/wiki/Simetrija_(fizika)" title="Simetrija (fizika)">simetričnost</a> delovanja fizičkog sistema ima odgovarajući <a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja" title="Zakon očuvanja">zakon očuvanja</a>. Očuvanje energije implicirano je empirijskom činjenicom da se zakoni fizike ne menjaju kroz vreme. Filozofski, za ovo bi se moglo reći da „ništa ne zavisi od vremena <i>per se</i>“. Drugim rečima, ako je teorija nepromenjiva u uslovima stalne simetričnosti translacije vremena, onda je njena energija očuvana. Obrnuto, teorije koje nisu nepromenjive u uslovima promene u vremenu (npr. sistemi sa potencijalnom energijom koja zavisi od vremena) ne pokazuju očuvanje energije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije">Ekvivalentnost mase i energije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Ekvivalentnost mase i energije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekvivalentnost mase i energije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije" title="Ekvivalentnost mase i energije">Ekvivalentnost mase i energije</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ajnštajn je utvrdio <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentnost_energije_i_mase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekvivalentnost energije i mase">ekvivalentnost energije i mase</a> čuvenom jednačinom <b><i>E = mc</i><sup>2</sup></b>. Jednačina kaže da svako <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(fizika)" title="Tijelo (fizika)">tijelo</a> koje miruje ima <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energiju</a> koja je jednaka umnošku <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a> toga tijela i kvadrata <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzine svjetlosti</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumu</a>. Masa i energija mogu se posmatrati kao dva imena (i dve merne jedinice) za istu osnovnu, održivu fizičku veličinu.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoga su, zakoni očuvanja energije i <a href="/wiki/Masa_po_teoriji_specijalnog_relativiteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa po teoriji specijalnog relativiteta">ukupne mase</a> ekvivalentni, i oba su validna.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajnštajn je u eseju iz 1946. godine naveo da se: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41558719"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>„princip očuvanja mase [...] pokazao neadekvatnim u pogledu specijalne teorije relativnosti. Zbog toga je spojen sa principom <a href="/wiki/Conservation_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation law">očuvanja</a> energije - baš kao što je pre oko 60 godina, princip <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Mehanička energija">očuvanja mehaničke energije</a> bio je kombinovan sa principom očuvanja <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">toplote</a> (toplotne energije). Može se reći da je princip očuvanja energije, nakon što je prethodno progutao princip očuvanja toplote, sada napredovao da proguta i princip očuvanje mase - i da sam vlada poljem.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ako se zakon očuvanje mase tumači kao očuvanje <a href="/wiki/Masa_po_teoriji_specijalnog_relativiteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa po teoriji specijalnog relativiteta">mase <i>mirovanja</i></a>, on ne važi u specijalnoj relativnosti. Energija <i>mirovanja</i> (ekvivalentno masi mirovanja) čestice se može pretvoriti, ne „u energiju” (to već <i>jeste</i> energija ili masa), već u druge oblike energije (mase) za čije postojanje je neophodno kretanje, poput <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic energy">kinetičke energije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toplotna_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotna energija">toplotne energija</a>, ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiant_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiant energy (stranica ne postoji)">energije zračenja</a>. Slično tome, kinetička ili radijaciona energija može se pretvoriti u druge vrste čestica koje imaju energiju mirovanja (masu mirovanja). U procesu transformacije ne menja se ni ukupna količina mase, niti ukupna količina energije, jer su oba svojstva povezana jednostavnom konstantom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A._Wheeler,_1992._pp._248_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Wheeler,_1992._pp._248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovo gledište nalaže da ako bilo koja energija ili (ukupna) masa nestane iz sistema, uvek se nalazi da su se one jednostavno preselile na drugo mesto, gde su obe merljive kao porast energije i mase, koji odgovara gubitku u prvom sistemu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvantna_teorija">Kvantna teorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Kvantna teorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvantna teorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnoj mehanici</a>, energija se definiše kao proporcionalna izvodu vremena <a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Talasna funkcija">talasne funkcije</a>. Nedostatak <a href="/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost">komutativnosti</a> operatora izvoda vremena sa samim operatorom vremena matematički rezultuje <a href="/wiki/Relacije_neodre%C4%91enosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Relacije neodređenosti">principom neodređenosti</a> za vreme i energiju: što je duži vremenski period, može se preciznije odrediti energija (energija i vreme postaju konjugovani Furijeov par). </p><p>Energija kvantnog sistema se opisuje pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-adjoint_operator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-adjoint operator (stranica ne postoji)">samopridodatog</a> (ili hermitijanskog) operatora zvanog <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonijan#Hamiltonijan_u_kvantnoj_mehanici" title="Hamiltonijan">hamiltonijan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-QuantumPhysics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuantumPhysics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koji deluje na <a href="/wiki/Hilbertov_prostor" title="Hilbertov prostor">Hilbertovom prostoru</a> (ili prostoru <a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Talasna funkcija">talasnih funkcija</a>) sistema.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ako je hamiltonijan vremenski-nezavisan operator, pojavna verovatnoća rezultata merenja se ne menja u vremenu tokom evolucije sistema. Stoga je očekivana vrednost energije takođe nezavisna od vremena. Lokalna energija konzervacije u teoriji kvantnog polja je osigurana kvantnim <a href="/wiki/Neterina_teorema" class="mw-redirect" title="Neterina teorema">Neterinom teoremom</a> za energetsko-momentni tenzorski operator.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treba imati u vidu da usled nedostatka (univerzalnog) vremenskog operatora u kvantnoj teoriji, odnosi neizvesnosti za vreme i energiju nisu fundamentalni u kontrastu sa principom neizvesnosti pozicije-momenta, i samo važe u određenim slučajevima (pogledajte <a href="/wiki/Relacije_neodre%C4%91enosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Relacije neodređenosti">relacije neodređenosti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sen2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Energija u svakom fiksiranom vremenu može u principu da bude precizno izmerena bez bilo kakvog kompromisa u preciznosti uslovljenog vremensko-energetskim relacijama neodređenosti. Stoga je očuvanje energije u datom vremenu dobro definisan koncept čak i u kvantnoj mehanici. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formule">Formule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Formule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Formule"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:4-Stroke-Engine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/4-Stroke-Engine.gif" decoding="async" width="154" height="334" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motor_sa_unutra%C5%A1njim_sagorevanjem" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem">Motor sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem</a> pretvara <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska energija">hemijsku energiju</a> u <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehanički rad">mehanički rad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>U mehanici, očuvanje energije obično se izražava formulom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=T+V,\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=T+V,\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ead918d50b9b19c81f4ef9c7f3f92329d9b68a61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.753ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=T+V,\ }"></span></dd></dl> <p>gde su: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,T=\!{\frac {1}{2}}\!\cdot \sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot v_{i}^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mo>⋅</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,T=\!{\frac {1}{2}}\!\cdot \sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot v_{i}^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4310dac13aaec23920fcca6314c43ab7c829a1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.115ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,T=\!{\frac {1}{2}}\!\cdot \sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot v_{i}^{2},}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,(1)V=\!\sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot g\cdot h_{i},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,(1)V=\!\sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot g\cdot h_{i},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af77c85ed4366753f137602c54c3d33e30017661" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:21.699ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,(1)V=\!\sum _{i}m_{i}\cdot g\cdot h_{i},}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2)V={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \sum _{k}^{N}q_{k}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {r} _{k}),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2)V={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \sum _{k}^{N}q_{k}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {r} _{k}),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3901517927ffe1301e3fda4c1ef2329a6284278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.407ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2)V={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \sum _{k}^{N}q_{k}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {r} _{k}),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gde je </p> <dl><dd><i>T</i> - zbir <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičkih energija</a> svih tela unutar sistema,</dd> <dd><i>V</i> - <a href="/wiki/Potencijalna_energija" title="Potencijalna energija">potencijalna energija</a> istog sistema.</dd></dl> <p>Jednačina (1) predstavlja potencijalnu energiju tela unutar gravitacionog polja, a (2) potencijalnu energiju sistema. U zavisnosti od fizičkog polja u kojem se sistem nalazi koriste se odgovarajuće formule. Iz zakona očuvanja energije sledi da je energija <i>E</i>, predstavljena kao funkcija vremena <i>E(t)</i>, uvek <a href="/wiki/Konstanta" title="Konstanta">konstantna</a>. </p><p>Zapravo, ovo je poseban slučaj jednog opštijeg zakona o očuvanju: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i=1}^{N}p_{i}{\dot {q}}_{i}-L=const}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i=1}^{N}p_{i}{\dot {q}}_{i}-L=const}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/033bfc19a434ea30e9ae9600fdb50abd9365e720" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.031ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i=1}^{N}p_{i}{\dot {q}}_{i}-L=const}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4533a9bc2c7bb8e286d802f9484dc472860af676" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.135ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gde je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDozef_Luj_Lagran%C5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Žozef Luj Lagranž">Lagranžova</a> funkcija. Da bi ovaj poseban oblik bio validan, sledeće stvari moraju biti tačne: </p> <ul><li>sistem je <i>skleronoman</i> (ni kinetička ni potencijalna energija nisu eksplicitne funkcije vremena)</li> <li>kinetička energija je kvadratna forma s obzirom na brzine</li> <li>potencijalna energija ne zavisi od brzina.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Feynman2Ch1S2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feynman2Ch1S2_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Feynman, Richard (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_04.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol I</i></a>. Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-201-02115-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-201-02115-8">978-0-201-02115-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics+Vol+I&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Feynman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=1970&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.isbn=978-0-201-02115-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_04.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Witten, Edward (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044504/https://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/%5B32%5DCMP_80_1981.pdf">„A new proof of the positive energy theorem”</a>. <i>Communications in Mathematical Physics</i> <b>80</b> (3): 381–402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981CMaPh..80..381W">1981CMaPh..80..381W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01208277">10.1007/BF01208277</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3616">0010-3616</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/%5B32%5DCMP_80_1981.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2016-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2020-09-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+proof+of+the+positive+energy+theorem&rft.jtitle=Communications+in+Mathematical+Physics&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Witten%2C%26%2332%3BEdward&rft.date=1981&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381%E2%80%93402&rft_id=info:bibcode/1981CMaPh..80..381W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01208277&rft.issn=0010-3616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161125044504%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.sns.ias.edu%2Fckfinder%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2F%255B32%255DCMP_80_1981.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Taylor, Edwin F.; Wheeler, John A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0"><i>Spacetime Physics</i></a>. W. H. Freeman and Co., NY. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0/page/248">248</a>-9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-7167-2327-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-7167-2327-1">978-0-7167-2327-1</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacetime+Physics&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft.au=Taylor%2C%26%2332%3BEdwin+F.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+A.&rft.date=1992&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacetimephysics00edwi_0%2Fpage%2F248+248%5D-9&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Co.%2C+NY&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2327-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacetimephysics00edwi_0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Diskusija o zadržavanju konstantne mase nakon detonacije <a href="/wiki/Nuklearno_oru%C5%BEje" title="Nuklearno oružje">nuklearnih bombi</a>, dok se toploti ne dozvoli da „pobegne“.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Planck, M. (1923/1927). <i>Treatise on Thermodynamics</i>, third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London. str. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Janko, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancphil.lsa.umich.edu/-/downloads/faculty/janko/empedocles-nature.pdf">„Empedocles, "On Nature"”</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i> <b>150</b>: 1–26.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Empedocles%2C+%22On+Nature%22&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.aulast=Janko&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Janko%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9326&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancphil.lsa.umich.edu%2F-%2Fdownloads%2Ffaculty%2Fjanko%2Fempedocles-nature.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavoisier, A. L. & Laplace, P. S. (<a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>), "Memoir on Heat", <i>Académie Royale des Sciences</i>, <i>pp</i> 4-355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">von Mayer, J. R. (<a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>), "Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature" in <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>, <b>43</b>, 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, J.R. (1845). <i>Die organische Bewegung in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel. Ein Beitrag zur Naturkunde</i>, Dechsler, Heilbronn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Grove, W. R. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correlationphys06grovgoog"><i>The Correlation of Physical Forces</i></a> (6th edition izd.). London: <i>Longmans</i>, <i>Green</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correlation+of+Physical+Forces&rft.aulast=Grove%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Grove%2C+W.+R.&rft.date=1874&rft.edition=6th+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=%27%27Longmans%27%27%2C+%27%27Green%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrelationphys06grovgoog&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/30/125.html">„On the Conservation of Force”</a>. Bartleby<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 6. 4. 2014</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=On+the+Conservation+of+Force&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Bartleby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F30%2F125.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William John Macquorn Rankine (1853) "On the General Law of the Transformation of Energy," <i>Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow</i>, vol. 3, no. 5, pages 276-280; reprinted in: (1) <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, series 4, vol. 5, no. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ov22-gFMnEC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false">pages 106-117</a> (February 1853); and (2) W. J. Millar, ed., <i>Miscellaneous Scientific Papers: by W. J. Macquorn Rankine</i>, ... (London, England: Charles Griffin and Co., 1881), part II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneoussci00rank#page/203/mode/1up">pages 203-208</a>: "The law of the <i>Conservation of Energy</i> is already known—viz. that the sum of all the energies of the universe, actual and potential, is unchangeable."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>termodinamika</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=60967">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Einstein was unequivocally against the traditional idea of conservation of mass. He had concluded that mass and energy were essentially one and the same; 'inert[ial] mass is simply latent energy.'[ref...]. He made his position known publicly time and again[ref...]...", Eugene Hecht, "Einstein on mass and energy." Am. J. Phys., Vol. 77, No. 9, September 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.physik.uni-potsdam.de/~pikovsky/teaching/stud_seminar/einstein.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"There followed also the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy, with the laws of conservation of mass and energy becoming one and the same.", Albert Einstein, "Considerations Concerning the Fundaments of Theoretical Physics", Science, Washington, DC, vol. 91, no. 2369, May 24th, 1940 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promo.aaas.org/kn_marketing/pdfs/Science_1940_0524.pdf">scanned image online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Einstein, Albert (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYPbH6xCbUMC&pg=PA14"><i>The Theory of Relativity (And Other Essays)</i></a>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780806517650" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780806517650">9780806517650</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Relativity+%28And+Other+Essays%29&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Einstein%2C%26%2332%3BAlbert&rft.date=1950&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.isbn=9780806517650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYPbH6xCbUMC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In F. Fernflores. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equivME/#2.1">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Wheeler,_1992._pp._248-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-A._Wheeler,_1992._pp._248_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. F. Taylor and J. A. Wheeler, <i>Spacetime Physics</i>, W.H. Freeman and Co., NY. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7167-2327-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7167-2327-1">0-7167-2327-1</a>, see pp. 248–9 for discussion of mass remaining constant after detonation of nuclear bombs, until heat is allowed to escape.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuantumPhysics-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-QuantumPhysics_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles (2nd Edition), R. Resnick, R. Eisberg. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Page1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Page1 (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:Page1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quanta: A handbook of concepts, P.W. Atkins. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Page1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Page1 (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:Page1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Physics of Atoms and Molecules, B.H. Bransden, C.J.Joachain, Longman. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-582-44401-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-582-44401-0">978-0-582-44401-0</a>. pp. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvette_Kosmann-Schwarzbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvette Kosmann-Schwarzbach (stranica ne postoji)">Kosmann-Schwarzbach, Yvette</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noethertheoremsi0000kosm"><i>The Noether theorems: Invariance and conservation laws in the twentieth century</i></a>. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-87867-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-87867-6">978-0-387-87867-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noether+theorems%3A+Invariance+and+conservation+laws+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.aulast=Kosmann-Schwarzbach&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft.au=Kosmann-Schwarzbach%2C%26%2332%3BYvette&rft.date=2010&rft.series=Sources+and+Studies+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpringer+Science%2BBusiness+Media%7CSpringer-Verlag%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-387-87867-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoethertheoremsi0000kosm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardanashvily2016">Sardanashvily 2016</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSardanashvily2016 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sen2014_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sen, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/02/0203.pdf">„The uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics”</a>. <i>Current Science</i> <b>107</b> (2): 203–218.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+uncertainty+relations+in+quantum+mechanics&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Sen%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203%E2%80%93218&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FVolumes%2F107%2F02%2F0203.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_mase" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakon očuvanja mase">Zakon očuvanja mase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja" title="Zakon očuvanja">Zakon očuvanja</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conservation_of_energy" title="commons:Category:Conservation of energy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a 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<span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tromost" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromost">Tromost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valno-%C4%8Desti%C4%8Dni_dualizam" title="Valno-čestični dualizam">Valno-čestični dualizam</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Prostorvreme" title="Prostorvreme">Prostorvreme</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">Entropija</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Podru%C4%8Dja_fizike" title="Kategorija:Područja fizike">Područja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">Astronomija</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija">Kosmologija</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">Optika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">Mehanika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">Elektrostatika</a>  <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_fizika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantna fizika">Kvantna fizika</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pokusi_iz_fizike" title="Kategorija:Pokusi iz fizike">Pokusi</a> i <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Otkri%C4%87a_u_fizici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Otkrića u fizici (stranica ne postoji)">otkrića</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Antička</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Teorija atoma</a> <b>•</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/O_veli%C4%8Dini_i_udaljenosti_Sunca_i_Mjeseca" title="O veličini i udaljenosti Sunca i Mjeseca">Udaljenost Sunca i Meseca</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arhimedov_zakon" title="Arhimedov zakon">Arhimedov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eratosten#Određivanje_obima_Zemlje" title="Eratosten">Obim zemlje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_impetusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija impetusa (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija impetusa</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Knjiga_o_optici" title="Knjiga o optici">Alhazenova optika</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_fizika" title="Klasična fizika">Klasična</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrizam" title="Heliocentrizam">Kopernikov sustav</a> <b>•</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Snellov_zakon" title="Snellov zakon">Snellov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Keplerovi_zakoni_planetarnog_kretanja" title="Keplerovi zakoni planetarnog kretanja">Keplerovi zakoni planetarnog kretanja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Slobodni_pad" title="Slobodni pad">Slobodni pad</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kretanje_hica" title="Kretanje hica">Kretanje hica</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Galileijeva_relativnost" title="Galileijeva relativnost">Galileijeva relativnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pascalov_zakon" title="Pascalov zakon">Pascalov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hookeov_zakon" title="Hookeov zakon">Hookeov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Boyle-Mariotteov_zakon" title="Boyle-Mariotteov zakon">Boyleov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">Brzina svjetlosti</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (stranica ne postoji)">Njutnova teorija boja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_kretanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja">Newtonovi zakoni kretanja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Newtonov_zakon_gravitacije" title="Newtonov zakon gravitacije">Newtonov zakon gravitacije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Huygensov_princip" title="Huygensov princip">Huygensov princip</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_mase" title="Zakon održanja mase">Zakon održanja mase</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">Kulonov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Svetlost#Valna_teorija" title="Svetlost">Valna teorija svetla</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Atomska_teorija" title="Atomska teorija">Atomska teorija</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8reov_zakon_kru%C5%BEenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampèreov zakon kruženja">Ampèreov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ohmov_zakon" title="Ohmov zakon">Ohmov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Faradayev_zakon_indukcije" title="Faradayev zakon indukcije">Faradayev zakon indukcije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gaussov_zakon_elektri%C4%8Dnoga_polja" title="Gaussov zakon električnoga polja">Gaussov zakon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zakon očuvanja energije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Dopplerov_efekat" title="Dopplerov efekat">Dopplerov efekat</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Drugi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Drugi zakon termodinamike">Drugi zakon termodinamike</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Foucaultovo_klatno" title="Foucaultovo klatno">Foucaultovo klatno</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe">Maxwellove jednadžbe</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morleyjev_eksperiment" title="Michelson–Morleyjev eksperiment">Michelson–Morleyjev eksperiment</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">Elektromagnetsko zračenje</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">Moderna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lorentzove_transformacije" title="Lorentzove transformacije">Lorentzove transformacije</a> <b>•</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">Kvant</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt">Fotoelektrični efekt</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Brownovo_kretanje" title="Brownovo kretanje">Brownovo kretanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/X-zrake" title="X-zrake">X-zrake</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Specijalna_teorija_relativnosti" title="Specijalna teorija relativnosti">Specijalna relativnost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije" title="Ekvivalentnost mase i energije">ekvivalentnost mase i energije</a>) <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">Foton</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">Atomsko jezgro</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opšta teorija relativnosti">Opšta relativnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valovi_tvari" title="Valovi tvari">Valovi tvari</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0irenje_svemira" title="Širenje svemira">Širenje svemira</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0redingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Šredingerova jednačina">Šredingerova jednačina</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_neodre%C4%91enosti" title="Načelo neodređenosti">Načelo neodređenosti</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">Nuklearna fisija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">fuzija</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvark</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Standardni_model_%C4%8Destica" title="Standardni model čestica">Standardni model čestica</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Efekt_staklenika" title="Efekt staklenika">Efekt staklenika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dko_pozadinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Kozmičko pozadinsko zračenje">Kozmičko pozadinsko zračenje</a>  <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsov bozon</a>  <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gravitacijski_val" title="Gravitacijski val">Gravitacijski valovi</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Fizičari">Fizičari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Empedokle" title="Empedokle">Empedokle</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aristarh" title="Aristarh">Aristarh</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arhimed" title="Arhimed">Arhimed</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten">Eratosten</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Filopon" title="Jovan Filopon">Filopon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haitam" title="Ibn al-Haitam">Al Haitam</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kopernik" title="Nikola Kopernik">Kopernik</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galilei</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Torricelli</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lomonosov" title="Mihail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm" title="Georg Simon Ohm">Ohm</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Doppler" title="Christian Doppler">Doppler</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Foucault</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Thomson</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a>  <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Historija_fizike" title="Kategorija:Historija fizike">Kategorija</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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