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The oldest corps still existing today was founded in 1789. Its members are referred to as '''corps students''' (''Corpsstudenten''). The corps belong to the tradition of student fraternities which wear [[couleur]] and practice [[academic fencing]]. Most corps are organized in two federations, the ''[[Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband]]'' (''KSCV'') and the ''[[Weinheimer Senioren-Convent]]'' (''WSC''). Together, they comprise 162 Corps throughout [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Hungary]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Lithuania]]. The German Student Corps were traditionally recruited from the nobility, royalty, and social elite, and are traditionally viewed as more aristocratic and elitist than other German student fraternities such as the Catholic [[Cartellverband]] and the [[Burschenschaft]]en. They consider [[wikt:tolerance|tolerance]] and [[individuality]] to be key tenets and are rooted in [[German idealism]]. By and large, they are generally [[conservatism|conservative]] in political outlook, but less right-wing and less nationalist than the Burschenschaften. The corps are open to students of all nationalities and religions, unlike many other student fraternities. Although distinct, the corps are in some aspects similar to and serve many of the same purposes as [[college]] [[fraternities]] found in the [[United States]]. ==Characterization== Corps are built upon the principle of [[Toleration|tolerance]]: No corps may endorse a certain political, scientific, or religious viewpoint. In addition, all members are solely chosen by their personal character. Neither national, ethnic, nor social provenance play a role. ''Corpsstudenten'' (corps students) wear ''[[couleur]]'' (colored stripes and caps) and practice ''[[Academic fencing|Mensuren]]'', academic fencing with razor-sharp blades that can result in bleeding face wounds, ''[[Dueling scars|Schmisse]]''. The corps usually bear names that reflect their former origin from certain German regions, such as ''Saxonia'' (Saxony) or ''Guestphalia'' (Westphalia). Formerly, when a distance of a few hundred kilometres between a student's home town and his university meant weeks of travel, students from the same part of Germany traveled together and formed some kind of "new family". The distance, plus the fact that they carried the money for a complete semester with them in a bag, might also explain why students began fencing, simply for self-defense, for students, military officers, and aristocrats were the only people allowed to carry arms. Like all ''Studentenverbindungen'', corps consist of two bodies: The active part consists of all members, that still study and have duties for the fraternity, and the so-called ''Altherrenschaft'' (alumni organization), comprising all those who graduated and thus provide the bear share of the monetary stimulus for the fraternity. A fundamental idea is that older students should help their younger fellows, and this principle dominates the relationship between the two bodies. The former keeps the everyday business of the corps alive, organizes gatherings, and keeps the ''Corpshaus'' (Corps House) in order. The ''Altherrenschaft'', graduates with regular incomes, provide financial support. This usually means quite cheap housing for the younger members among other things. The ''Altherrenschaft'' has the power to intervene in the business of the active members, typically to ensure the principles and spirit of their corps. The active body is headed by a panel of three ''Chargierte'' (charged persons), who are elected by all active, full members at the beginning of each semester (or at the end of the former one). Their functions are called ''Senior'', ''Consenior'' and ''Drittchargierter'' (meaning ''third charged person'', also named ''Subsenior'' in some corps).: *The ''Senior'' is responsible for all corps affairs in general, but leading and heading gatherings and events in special; he supplements his signature with a single cross (x) (in some corps with three crosses (xxx)) as an external sign of his duties. *The ''Consenior'' teaches fencing to all members of the inner corps and assures the execution of the Mensuren in coordination with the Conseniors of other corps; his signature is enhanced by two crosses (xx). *The ''Drittchargierter'' (also known as ''Sekretär'', Secretary) has administrative tasks like paperwork and often the task of a treasurer; his sign is three crosses (xxx) (in some corps one cross (x)). Being the oldest of their kind, the corps tend to treat all other forms of German Studentenverbindungen with contempt; corps despise all posturing and affectation (e.g. the overly use of [[Latinism]]s) that other kinds of ''Studentenverbindungen'', esp. Catholic corporations and [[Burschenschaften]] show. Even with the principle of tolerance being a central aspect in each corps' self-image, every corps student is urged to develop his own viewpoints, to stand for them and to strongly participate in society, whether in politics, economy, or social affairs. This encouragement for ethics and self-confidence on one hand, and the absence of a limitation to certain views on the other, let Corps students often show up as the leading figures of the most diverse political directions. The emphasis on individuality brought many corps students in opposition to [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regimes, such as the National Socialist dictatorship. {{Quote|The 'bject and purpose of the Corps was and still is solely the education of students to become a strong, free and cosmopolitan personality who is not held back by religious, racist, national, scientific or philosophical limitations of the mind. Three primary institutions within the fraternity aid with achieving this aim; including the Corpsconvent [regular council meetings of the Corps Brothers], the Kneipe [celebratory get-together of Corps Brothers with speeches, beer and songs], and today's Bestimmungsmensur [the event of academic fencing with sharp blades for the first or one of the first times], where the ones to fence are chosen on the basis of placing two equal opponents in front of each other. [...] This experience, and the intertwined need to overcome one's own fear, dedicated to the union of his Corps, and the connected strengthening of the sense of community aids the personal growth just as does taking a hit without losing one's stand and accepting the assessment of the Mensur by the own Corps Brothers.|[[:de:Hermann Rink]]<ref>Hermann Rink: ''Die Mensur, ein wesentliches Merkmal des Verbandes.'' In: Rolf-Joachim Baum (Hg.), ''"Wir wollen Männer, wir wollen Taten!" Deutsche Corpsstudenten 1848 bis heute''. Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1998, {{ISBN|3-88680-653-7}}, S. 383 f.</ref>}} The Weinheimer Student Corps also maintain a confederation with [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity, a college Fraternity with over 270 chapters in the United States and Canada. ==History== The Corps sprang from the older ''[[Landsmannschaft (Studentenverbindung)|Landsmannschaft]]''. The name Corps came into use in 1810 at the [[University of Heidelberg]] and soon displaced the older name of ''Landsmannschaft'' at all the universities. The oldest still active Corps are the 1789 founded [[Corps Guestphalia Halle|Guestphalia]] at the [[University of Halle]], the 1798 founded Onoldia at the [[University of Erlangen]] who are both members of the KSCV and as a member of the WSC the Saxo-Montania founded also 1798 at the [[Bergakademie Freiberg]] today at the [[RWTH Aachen University]]. After the [[Carlsbad Decrees]] of 1819, the Corps were exposed to harsh persecution by university and state officials just like their rivals as at the universities in Germany the [[Burschenschaft]]en. After 1848, they were officially approved.<ref>This article incorporates text from a work in the [[public domain]]: {{Cite book|title=Lebenserinnerungen Bis zum Jahre 1850: Selections|author=Carl Schurz|author-link=Carl Schurz|editor=Edward Manley|others=With notes and vocabulary|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|location=[[Norwood, Massachusetts]]|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/lebenserinnerung00schuiala/page/n225 204]|url=https://archive.org/details/lebenserinnerung00schuiala}} A [[German language|German]] reader. The notes are in English for the most part. The copy at archive.org is missing some pages of the notes.</ref> ==Corps== {{Main|Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband#Member corps}} ==Notable members== {{Main|List of German student corps members}} Following is a select list of members of German students corps ===Politics=== *[[Sir William Beale, 1st Baronet]], M.P. Ayrshire, [[Corps Rhenania Heidelberg]] *[[Otto von Bismarck]], Chancellor of [[Prussia]], later of the [[German Empire]], "architect" of Germany's unification, [[Corps Hannovera Göttingen]] *[[Bruno Claußen]], German lawyer, civil servant and business executive, [[State Secretary]] in the Prussian Ministry of Economics and Labor, Corps Franconia [[Tübingen]] *[[Max von Forckenbeck]], German politician, founder of the [[German Progress Party]] and [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberal Party]], mayor of [[Berlin]] and President of the Reichstag, Corps Teutonia [[Giessen]] *[[Erich Gritzbach]], Chief of the staff office of the Prussian State Ministry, Berliner Burschenschaft Gothia *[[Ulrich von Hassell]], German ambassador in [[Belgrade]] and [[Rome]], resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, executed by the Nazis after the failed [[July 20 Plot]], Corps Suevia Tübingen *[[Friedrich Hecker]], German revolutionary, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg *[[Johannes Krohn]], German lawyer and civil servant, State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Labor, Leipziger Burschenschaft Germania *[[Friedrich Landfried]], German lawyer and civil servant, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Finance and the Reich Ministry of Economics, Corps Rhenania [[Straßburg]] and Corps Vandalia [[Heidelberg]] *[[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], co-founder of the German [[Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|social-democratic party]], chief editor of the "''Vorwärts''"-Paper, Corps Hasso-Nassovia [[Marburg]], Corps Rhenania [[Gießen]] *[[Karl Marx]], socialist author and theoretician, proponent of [[communism]], Corps Palatia [[Bonn]] *[[Kurt Melcher]], German lawyer and politician, Police President of [[Essen]] and [[Berlin]], Corps Suevia Tübingen *[[Hans Pfundtner]], German lawyer and civil servant, the senior State Secretary in the Reich Interior Ministry, [[Corps Masovia Königsberg zu Potsdam]] *[[Wilhelm II of Germany]], last German [[Kaiser]], [[Corps Borussia Bonn]] ===Sciences=== *[[Alois Alzheimer]], neurologist, Corps Franconia [[Würzburg]] *[[Emil von Behring]], physician, [[Nobel prize]] laureate, Corps Suevo-Borussia [[Hamburg]] *[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], physicist, [[Nobel prize]] laureate, inventor of the [[cathode-ray tube]] Corps Teutonia [[Marburg]] *[[Alfred Brehm]], naturalist and author (zoological encyclopedia ''Brehms Tierleben''), Corps Saxonia [[Jena]] *[[Vincenz Czerny]] (1842-1916), surgeon, [[Corps Austria]] [[Frankfurt]]. *[[Paul Güssfeldt]], geologist, mountaineer and explorer, Corps Vandalia [[Heidelberg]]. *[[Justus von Liebig]], chemist, founder of organic and agricultural chemistry, Corps Rhenania [[Erlangen]]. *[[Joseph von Lindwurm]], physician and dermatologist, Corps Bavaria [[Würzburg]]. *[[Alfred Pribram]] (1841-1912), internist, Corps Austria. *[[Philipp Franz von Siebold]], physician, emerged as the first European to teach Western medicine in [[Japan]], Corps Moenania [[Würzburg]] *[[Eckard Wimmer]], virologist, synthesized a virus chemically, Corps Teutonia-Hercynia Göttingen. ===Economy and Engineering=== * [[Gottlieb Daimler]], engineer, Corps Stauffia [[Stuttgart]] * [[Rudolph Hering]], American engineer, [[Corps Altsachsen Dresden|Corps Altsachsen]] * [[Alfred Herrhausen]], CEO of the [[Deutsche Bank]], murdered by [[Red Army Faction]]-terrorists in 1989, Corps Hansea [[Cologne|Köln]] * [[Ludwig Mond]], chemist and industrialist, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg * [[Wilhelm von Opel]], engineer, Corps Franconia [[Darmstadt]] * [[Hanns-Martin Schleyer]], board member of [[Daimler-Benz]], formerly leading member of the National Socialist Student Association, later head of the employer's confederation and of West Germany's federal industry confederation, murdered by Red Army Faction terrorists in 1977, Corps Suevia [[Heidelberg]] * [[Max Wirth]], journalist and economist, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg ===Fine Arts and Culture=== *[[Heinrich Heine]], German poet and journalist, Corps Guestphalia [[Göttingen]] *[[Georg Heym]], poet, most important exponent of early [[expressionism]], Corps Rhenania [[Würzburg]] *[[Egon Erwin Kisch]], Czech-German author und journalist, corps student in [[Prague|Prag]] *[[Robert Schumann]], composer and pianist, Corps Saxo-Borussia [[Heidelberg]] *[[Ludwig Thoma]], author, publisher and editor, Corps Suevia [[Munich]] *[[Richard Wagner]], composer, Corps Saxonia Leipzig ==Further reading== * [[Sir Lees Knowles, 1st Baronet|Lees Knowles]]: ''A day with corps-students in Germany''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/daywithcorpsstud00knowrich#page/n7/mode/2up |title=A day with corps-students in Germany |access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> *Martin Biastoch: ''Duell und Mensur im Kaiserreich (am Beispiel der Tübinger Corps Franconia, Rhenania, Suevia und Borussia zwischen 1871 und 1895)''. SH-Verlag, Vierow 1995, {{ISBN|3-89498-020-6}} *Martin Biastoch: ''Tübinger Studenten im Kaiserreich. Eine sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchung'', Sigmaringen 1996 (Contubernium - Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte Bd. 44) {{ISBN|3-515-08022-8}} *Martin Biastoch: Die Corps im Kaiserreich – Idealbild einer Epoche?. In: "Wir wollen Männer, wir wollen Taten" – Deutsche Corpsstudenten 1848 bis heute, hrg. v. Rolf Joachim Baum, Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1998, S. 111–132. * R.G.S. Weber: ''The German Corps in the Third Reich'' Macmillan London * Stephen Klimczuk, [[Gerald Warner]]: ''[[Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries]]: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies'', Sterling Publishing Company, 2009, p.&nbsp;224-232 (''The German University Corps'') ===In English=== *[[Mark Twain]] describes his encounters<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtwain.com/A_Tramp_Abroad/3.html|title = A Tramp Abroad - Chapter IV by Mark Twain}}</ref> with German corps students in chapters IV to VII of his travelogue ''[[A Tramp Abroad]]''. *Journalist [[Jonathan Green (journalist)|Jonathan Green]] published an article<ref>[http://www.jonathan-green.com/articles/report_a03/report_a03.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314065009/http://www.jonathan-green.com/articles/report_a03/report_a03.htm|date=March 14, 2008}}</ref> in the ''[[Financial Times]] Magazine'', covering both the traditions and the current role of the Corps at length. * Updated Journalist Jonathan Green article<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jonathan-green.com/images/Dueling/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117032925/http://www.jonathan-green.com/images/Dueling/|archive-date=2006-01-17|title=Daily Internet}}</ref> in the ''[[Financial Times]] Magazine'', covering both the traditions and the current role of the Corps at length. * Secondary Journalist Jonathan Green article<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jonathan-green.com/images/BL-Dueling/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050907063739/http://jonathan-green.com/images/BL-Dueling/|archive-date = 2005-09-07|title = Daily Internet}}</ref> in the ''[[Best Life (magazine)|Best Life]] Magazine'', covering more fencing. * [[Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband]] * [[Weinheimer Senioren-Convent]] ===In German=== *[[:de:Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://die-corps.de |title=die-corps.de |publisher=die-corps.de |date=2009-05-15 |access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> *[[:de:Weinheimer Senioren-Convent]] ===In the Netherlands=== *[[Algemene Senaten Vergadering]]<ref>[http://corps.nl corps.nl]</ref> ===In Belgium=== * {{Interlanguage link multi|Corps Flaminea Leuven|nl}}<ref>[http://www.flaminea.com/ flaminea.com]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Student corps of Germany|German Student Corps}} {{Portal bar|Germany|Schools|Society}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Corps students]] [[Category:Student societies in Germany|Corps]] [[fr:Corps#Société]] [[lv:Studentu korporācijas]] [[nl:Studentencorps]] [[ja:ステューデント・コーポレーション]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority 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