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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pendidikan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pendidikan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sekolah_menengah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekolah_menengah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sekolah menengah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekolah_menengah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuliah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuliah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kuliah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuliah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonas Salk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 76 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جوناس سولك – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوناس سولك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جوناس سولك – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوناس سولك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conas_Solk" title="Conas Solk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Conas Solk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جوناس سالک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوناس سالک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="জোনাস এডওয়ার্ড সল্ক – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোনাস এডওয়ার্ড সল্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BA" title="Τζόνας Σολκ – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόνας Σολκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جوناس سالک – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوناس سالک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="יונה סאלק – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונה סאלק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जोनास सॉल्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोनास सॉल्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Ջոնաս Սոլք – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոնաս Սոլք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ジョナス・ソーク – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョナス・ソーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%ED%81%AC" title="조너스 소크 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조너스 소크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionas_Salk" title="Ionas Salk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ionas Salk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEonass_Solks" title="Džonass Solks – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džonass Solks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Џонас Салк – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џонас Салк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോനസ് സാൽക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോനസ് സാൽക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੋਨਾਸ ਸਾਲਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਨਾਸ ਸਾਲਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جونس سالک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جونس سالک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Солк, Джонас – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солк, Джонас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="जोनास् एड्वर्ड् साक् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जोनास् एड्वर्ड् साक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝනස් සෝක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝනස් සෝක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Џонас Солк – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="யோனாசு சால்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோனாசு சால்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="జోనస్ సాల్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జోనస్ సాల్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="โจนัส ซอล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจนัส ซอล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جونس سالک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جونس سالک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔纳斯·索尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯონას სოლკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონას სოლკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="יונה סאלק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יונה סאלק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔纳斯·索尔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B" title="祖納斯沙克 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖納斯沙克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200101#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Periksaterjemahan plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Translation_to_english_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Translation arrow icon"><img alt="Translation arrow icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" class="extiw" title="en:Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></i> di en.wikipedia.org. <b>Isinya masih belum akurat</b>, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Perbaikan_Terjemahan" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan">ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan</a>.<br /> <small>(Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Panduan_dalam_menerjemahkan_artikel" title="Wikipedia:Panduan dalam menerjemahkan artikel">panduan penerjemahan artikel</a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span class="fn">Jonas Salk</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dr_Jonas_Edward_Salk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jonas Salk di <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Airport">Copenhagen Airport</a> (Mei 1959)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lahir</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span class="nickname">Jonas Salk</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1914-10-28</span>)</span>28 Oktober 1914<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">23 Juni 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-06-23)</span> (umur 80)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Jolla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Jolla (halaman belum tersedia)">La Jolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, Amerika Serikat</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tempat tinggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">New York<br /><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Jolla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Jolla (halaman belum tersedia)">La Jolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kebangsaan</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Amerika</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Almamater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University">New York University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dikenal atas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Vaksin_polio" title="Vaksin polio">Vaksin polio pertama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Suami/istri</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><div style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Donna Lindsay</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="menikah">m.</abbr> 1939⁠–⁠1968)<wbr /></div><br /> <div style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gilot" title="Françoise Gilot">Françoise Gilot</a></div> <div style="line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px;"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="menikah">m.</abbr> 1970⁠–⁠1995)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penghargaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasker_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasker Award (halaman belum tersedia)">Lasker Award</a> (1956)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><b>Karier ilmiah</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bidang</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Riset_medis" title="Riset medis">Riset medis</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">virologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">epidemiologi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institusi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salk_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salk Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Salk Institute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pembimbing_doktoral" title="Pembimbing doktoral">Pembimbing doktoral</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Francis,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Francis, Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Francis, Jr.</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Tanda tangan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jonas_Salk_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/150px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/225px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/300px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jonas Salk</b> (28 Oktober 1914 – 23 Juni 1995) adalah seorang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peneliti_medis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peneliti medis (halaman belum tersedia)">peneliti medis</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virolog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virolog (halaman belum tersedia)">virolog</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. Jonas Salk paling dikenal melalui penemuan dan pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Vaksin_polio" title="Vaksin polio">vaksin polio</a> pertama yang aman dan efektif. Dia lahir di <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>, di mana orang tuanya adalah imigran Yahudi-Rusia. Meskipun mereka tidak begitu terdidik secara formal, mereka ingin melihat putera-puteri mereka berjaya. Ketika menempuh sekolah medis di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_New_York" title="Universitas New York">Universitas New York</a>, dia keluar dari perkumpulan kawan sebayanya tidak hanya karena keunggulan akademisnya, tetapi lebih kepada keinginannya untuk melakukan penelitian medis, bukan untuk menjadi seorang dokter praktik. </p><p>Hingga 1955, ketika vaksin Salk diperkenalkan, <a href="/wiki/Polio" class="mw-redirect" title="Polio">polio</a> dipandang sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang paling menakutkan di Amerika Serikat pascaperang. <a href="/wiki/Wabah" title="Wabah">Wabah</a> tahunan selalu saja memburuk dan korbannya adalah anak-anak. Pada 1952, dilaporkan bahwa polio menjadi penyakit yang cukup membunuh dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_menular" title="Penyakit menular">penyakit menular</a> lainnya, dengan lebih dari 300.000 kasus dan 58.000 kematian, sebagian besar anak-anak. "Reaksi masyarakat kepada bencana ini," ujar sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_O%27Neill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William O'Neill (halaman belum tersedia)">William O'Neill</a>. "Penduduk perkotaan merasa ketakutan setiap musim panas tiba ketika tamu yang mengerikan ini kembali lagi." Hasilnya, para <a href="/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan">ilmuwan</a> berpacu semangat untuk menemukan media penyembuhannya. Presiden Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> ialah yang paling diakui di dunia sebagai korban penyakit ini dan mendirikan lembaga untuk mendanai dan menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Vaksin" title="Vaksin">vaksin</a>. </p><p>Pada 1947, Salk menerima perjanjian dengan Sekolah Medis <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Pittsburgh" title="Universitas Pittsburgh">Universitas Pittsburgh</a>. Sembari bekerja di sana, dengan <b>National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis</b> yang kini menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Dimes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March of Dimes (halaman belum tersedia)">March of Dimes</a>, Salk melihat peluang untuk mengembangkan vaksin yang mampu melawan polio, dan memastikan dirinya untuk melakukan pekerjaan ini delapan tahun kemudian. Pengujian-pengujian lapangan yang dilakukan Salk menurut O'Neill adalah, "program yang paling saksama dikerjakan sepanjang sejarah di bidang ini, melibatkan 20.000 <a href="/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter">dokter praktis</a> dan petugas kesehatan masyarakat, 64.000 pegawai sekolah, dan 220.000 <a href="/wiki/Sukarelawan" title="Sukarelawan">sukarelawan</a>." Ketika berita penemuan dirilis pada 12 April 1955, Salk menyambutnya sebagai "pekerja ajaib", dan hari itu hampir menjadi "hari libur nasional". Dia kemudian menunjukkan rasa cinta kasihnya kepada masyarakat dengan menolak untuk <a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">mematenkan</a> vaksin semata-mata demi keuntungan pribadinya, sebab dia berharap untuk melihat vaksin ini dapat diperbanyak secepat, seluas, dan sebanyak mungkin dan proses pematenan hanyalah akan menunda percepatan ini. Ketika ditanyakan tentang siapa yang memiliki paten ini, Salk menjawab: "Tidak ada paten. Dapatkah kalian mematenkan <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a>?" </p><p>Pada 1963, dia mendirikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Salk_untuk_Pengkajian_Biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Salk untuk Pengkajian Biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Salk untuk Pengkajian Biologi</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Jolla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Jolla (halaman belum tersedia)">La Jolla</a>, yang kini menjadi pusat penelitian medis dan sains. Dia senantiasa melakukan penelitian dan menerbitkan buku, termasuk di antaranya <i>Man Unfolding</i> (1972), <i>The Survival of the Wisest</i> (1973), <i>World Population and Human Values: A New Reality</i> (1981), dan <i>Anatomy of Reality</i> (1983). Tahun-tahun terakhir Dr. Salk dihabiskan untuk upaya pencarian vaksin yang mampu menangkal <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kehidupan_awal">Kehidupan awal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kehidupan awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kehidupan awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jonas Salk lahir di New York City pada 28 Oktober 1914. Orang tuanya, Daniel dan Dora Salk adalah imigran <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Menurut sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Oshinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Oshinsky (halaman belum tersedia)">David Oshinsky</a>, Salk tumbuh di dalam "budaya imigran Yahudi" New York. Dia memiliki dua adik laki-laki, Lee dan Herman, dan seorang paman, Bruno Salk. Keluarga ini tinggal di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harlem_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harlem Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Harlem Timur</a>, kemudian pindah ke <a href="/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx">Bronx</a> dan pada akhirnya menetap di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queens_(New_York)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queens (New York) (halaman belum tersedia)">Queens</a>. </p><p>Ayahnya, Daniel, gagal menamatkan pendidikannya di Rusia, kemudian ber<a href="/wiki/Emigrasi" title="Emigrasi">emigrasi</a> ke Amerika Serikat di mana dia bekerja di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_busana_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik busana New York (halaman belum tersedia)">distrik busana New York</a>. Lee Salk, di dalam autobiografinya, menuliskan dirinya: "Dia kadang-kadang menjadi tokoh peran <a href="/wiki/Willy_Loman" title="Willy Loman">Willy Loman</a> dari <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_a_Salesman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death of a Salesman (halaman belum tersedia)">Death of a Salesman</a></i>, gagal di dalam perniagaannya tetapi masih yakin bahwa kejayaan diraihnya." Karena jam-jamnya yang panjang di dalam pekerjaannya dia harus meninggalkan sebagian besar tugas menjaga anak-anak kepada istrinya.<sup id="cite_ref-LeeSalk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeSalk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:10</sup></span> </p><p>Ibu Jonas juga hampir tidak terdidik secara formal sama sekali dan mengikuti suaminya, ia beremigrasi ke Amerika Serikat. Menurut Jonas, "Ibuku ingin memastikan bahwa anak-anaknya maju di pentas dunia. Karena itulah kami digembleng dalam hal pendidikan kami, dan kami sangat dilindungi, bahkan secara berlebihan." Kenangan yang paling membekas dari ibuku adalah "dorongannya yang penuh belas kasih kepada tiga puteranya untuk menjadi unggul," tulis Oshinsky.<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:95</sup></span> </p><p>Pada tahun-tahun terkemudiannya, adik laki-lakinya, Herman menjadi <a href="/wiki/Dokter_hewan" title="Dokter hewan">dokter hewan</a> dan Lee menjadi <a href="/wiki/Psikolog" title="Psikolog">psikolog klinis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pendidikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendidikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekolah_menengah">Sekolah menengah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sekolah menengah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sekolah menengah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketika dia berumur 12 tahun, Salk memasuki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Townsend_Harris_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Townsend Harris High School (halaman belum tersedia)">Townsend Harris High School</a>, sebuah sekolah umum bagi para siswa yang berbakat cerdas. Dinamai sesuai dengan pendiri <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> (CCNY), beginilah tulisan Oshinsky, "sebuah papan seluncur bagi putera-putera berbakat dari para orang tua imigran yang kekurangan dana - dan keturunannya - untuk memasuki sekolah swasta terbaik." Di sekolah menengah "dia dikenali sebagai penganut kesempurnaan... yang membaca apapun yang berada di tangannya," menurut salah seorang kawannya di sekolahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para siswa pada umumnya dipaksa untuk menerima pemadatan kurikulum empat-tahun menjadi hanya tiga tahun. Hasilnya, sebagian besar terpaksa harus dikeluarkan atau mengundurkan diri, meskipun semboyan sekolah "belajar, belajar, belajar." Tetapi di antara para siswa yang berhasil lulus, sebagian besarnya mengikuti kelas-kelas itu untuk mendaftarkan diri di CCNY, tercatat sebagai lembaga pendidikan yang penuh persaingan.<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuliah">Kuliah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kuliah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kuliah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jonas mendaftar ke City College of New York pada masa puncak <a href="/wiki/Depresi_Besar" title="Depresi Besar">Depresi Besar</a> di mana dia mendapatkan gelar <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a>. Oshinsky menulis bahwa "untuk keluarga imigran kelas-pekerja, City College mempersembahkan puncak pendidikan tinggi bagi umum. Memasukinya begitu rumit, tetapi pembiayaannya gratis. Persaingan begitu ketat, tetapi aturannya diterapkan dengan adil. Tidak seorangpun keuntungan yang didasarkan pada ketaksengajaan kelahiran."<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut ibunya, Jonas pernah menuntut untuk menjadi <a href="/wiki/Pengacara" title="Pengacara">pengacara</a> daripada berkonsentrasi pada kelas-kelas yang diperlukan untuk persiapan memasuki sekolah medis. Namun, menurut Oshinsky, fasilitas di City College adalah termasuk pada "kelas kedua." Tidak ada laboratorium penelitian. Perpustakaan kekurangan buku. Fakultas memiliki sedikit pengajar. "Yang membuat tempat itu istimewa," tulisnya, "adalah raga para siswa yang berjuang keras untuk memasukinya ... dikendalikan oleh orang tua mereka ... Dari kedudukan sedemikian, pada 1930-an dan 1940-an, bangkitlah kemakmuran bakat kecerdasan, termasuk lebih banyak peraih <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel">Hadiah Nobel</a> - delapan - dan penerima gelar <a href="/wiki/Doktor_filsafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doktor filsafat">PhD</a> dibandingkan lembaga pendidikan lainnya kecuali <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_at_Berkeley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California at Berkeley (halaman belum tersedia)">University of California at Berkeley</a>." Salk memasuki City College pada umur 15 tahun, "sebuah usia bagi seseorang yang meloncati beberapa kelas. </p><p>Sebagai seorang anak, Salk tidak menunjukkan minat terhadap medis atau sains secara umum. Dia berkata di dalam wawancaranya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Achievement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Achievement (halaman belum tersedia)">Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sebagai seorang anak, saya tidak berminat terhadap sains. Saya hanya berminat terhadap kemanusiaan, sisi kemanusiaan alam, jika Anda suka, dan saya senantiasa berminat akan hal itu. Itulah yang menggerakkan semangat saya. Dan pada satu cara, adalah matra kemanusiaan yang telah menyekongkoli saya." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LeeSalk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeeSalk_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salk, Lee. <i>My Father, My Son: Intimate Relationships</i>, Univ. of California Press, dicetak ulang oleh Putnam (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oshinsky-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oshinsky, David M. <i>Polio: An American Story</i>, Oxford Univ. Press (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Bookchin</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int-1">Wawancara Jonas Salk</a> dengan Academy of Achievement</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jonas_Salk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jonas Salk"><span style="">Jonas Salk</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: <i><b><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jonas_Salk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUYF3lluPpg">"Legacy of Salk Institute"</a>, video, 30 menit, sejarah vaksin Salk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ">"Polio Vaccine" intro.</a>, Brittanica, video, 1 menit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/salk.html">Seratus Orang Terpenting pada Abad Ini versi majalah <i>Time</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205010251/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/salk.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-12-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonas-salk.org/">Kebenaran Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salk.edu/jonassalk/">Institut Salk untuk Pengkajian Biologi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305225755/http://www.salk.edu/jonassalk/">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-03-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/salkdocuments.html">Dokumen mengenai Jonas Salk dan Vaksin Polio Salk, Perpustakaan Kepresidenan Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073614/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/salkdocuments.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-05-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=open_mind&collectionid=openmind_ep1234">1985 Wawancara <i>Open Mind</i> bersama Richard D. Heffer: <i>Man Evolving...</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polio.pitt.edu/">Jonas Salk di Situs Web Resmi Universitas Pittsburgh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050215175257/http://www.polio.pitt.edu/">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-02-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05094/482468.stm">Fitur <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> tentang Jonas Salk dan upaya penyembuhan Polio 50 tahun terakhir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salkschool.org">Sekolah Sains Salk (New York)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5256767">Patent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507123558/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5256767">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-05-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Paten Amerika Serikat 5.256.767: Vaksin melawan HIV</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&oldid=23266510">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&oldid=23266510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kelahiran_1914" title="Kategori:Kelahiran 1914">Kelahiran 1914</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kematian_1995" title="Kategori:Kematian 1995">Kematian 1995</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Meninggal_usia_81" title="Kategori:Meninggal usia 81">Meninggal usia 81</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Dokter_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kategori:Dokter Amerika Serikat">Dokter Amerika Serikat</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_kesalahan_referensi" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan kesalahan referensi">Halaman dengan kesalahan referensi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_dimintakan_pemeriksaan_atas_penerjemahannya" title="Kategori:Artikel yang dimintakan pemeriksaan atas penerjemahannya">Artikel yang dimintakan pemeriksaan atas penerjemahannya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_perlu_diperiksa_terjemahannya_April_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diperiksa terjemahannya April 2023">Artikel yang perlu diperiksa terjemahannya April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_diterjemahkan_secara_kasar" title="Kategori:Artikel yang diterjemahkan secara kasar">Artikel yang diterjemahkan secara kasar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biography_with_signature" title="Kategori:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Articles_with_hCards" title="Kategori:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_orang_yang_sudah_meninggal" title="Kategori:Semua orang yang sudah meninggal">Semua orang yang sudah meninggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tanggal_kelahiran_28_Oktober" title="Kategori:Tanggal kelahiran 28 Oktober">Tanggal kelahiran 28 Oktober</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tanggal_kematian_23_Juni" title="Kategori:Tanggal kematian 23 Juni">Tanggal kematian 23 Juni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_templat_lahirmati" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan templat lahirmati">Artikel dengan templat lahirmati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_artikel_biografi" title="Kategori:Semua artikel biografi">Semua artikel biografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_biografi_April_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel biografi April 2023">Artikel biografi April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_kategori_Commons_dari_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala kategori Commons dari Wikidata">Pranala kategori Commons dari Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 16 April 2023, pukul 15.53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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