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class="mw-page-title-main">Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_(satellite)" title="AIM (satellite) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="AIM (satellite)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="AIM (人工衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="AIM (人工衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere – Polish" lang="pl" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA satellite of the Explorer program</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIM_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AIM_spacecraft_model.png/300px-AIM_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AIM_spacecraft_model.png/450px-AIM_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AIM_spacecraft_model.png/600px-AIM_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="545" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">AIM (Explorer 90) spacecraft</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer 90<br />AIM<br />SMEX</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Atmospheric research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-015A">2007-015A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381602#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">31304</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aim.hamptonu.edu">aim<wbr />.hamptonu<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">26 months (planned)<br />15 years and 11 months <br /> <i>(final)</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer XC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data">Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">Bus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Star_Bus" title="Star Bus">LEOStar-2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">197 kg (434 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">1.4 × 1.1 m (4 ft 7 in × 3 ft 7 in)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 2007, 20:26:03 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus-XL</a> (F38)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(aircraft)" title="Stargazer (aircraft)">Stargazer</a></i><br />Runway 12/30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">2007</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">March 13, 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 19, 2024</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">552 km (343 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">559 km (347 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97.90°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95.63 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE)<br />Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS)<br />Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b>Explorer program</b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a> (Explorer 86-89)</div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> (Explorer 91) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere</b> (<b>AIM</b> or <b>Explorer 90</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite launched in 2007 to conduct a planned 26-month study of <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent clouds</a> (NLCs).<sup id="cite_ref-NASAAIM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAAIM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the ninetieth <a href="/wiki/Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Explorer program</a> mission and is part of the NASA-funded <a href="/wiki/Small_Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Explorer program">Small Explorer program</a> (SMEX). </p><p>In March 2023, NASA announced that battery power on the spacecraft had declined below the level needed to sustain operation. The spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere in August 2024<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg/220px-Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg/330px-Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg/440px-Northpoleclouds_AIMData_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Noctilucent clouds as seen by AIM</figcaption></figure> <p>The scientific purpose of the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) mission is focused on the study of <a href="/wiki/Polar_mesospheric_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar mesospheric clouds">polar mesospheric clouds</a> (PMCs) that form about 80 km (50 mi) above the surface of Earth in summer and mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions of Earth</a>. The overall goal is to resolve why PMCs form and why they vary. AIM expected lifetime was at least two years. AIM measures PMCs and the thermal, chemical and dynamical environment in which they form. This will allow the connection to be made between these clouds and the meteorology of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_mesospheric_summer_echoes" title="Polar mesospheric summer echoes">polar mesospheric summer echoes</a>. This connection is important because a significant variability in the yearly number of <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent ("glow in the dark") clouds</a> (NLCs), one manifestation of PMCs, has been suggested as an indicator of global change. The body of data collected by AIM will provide the basis for a rigorous study of PMCs that can be reliably used to study past PMC changes, present trends and their relationship to global change. In the end, AIM will provide an expanded basis for the study of long-term variability in the climate of Earth. The AIM scientific objectives will be achieved by measuring near simultaneous PMC abundances, PMC spatial distributions, cloud particle size distributions, gravity wave activity, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a> influx to the atmosphere needed to study the role of these particles as <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> sites and precise, vertical profile measurements of temperature, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000010-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">OH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">NO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>. AIM carries three instruments: an infrared solar occultation differential absorption <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometer</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Space Dynamics Laboratory">Space Dynamics Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a> (Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment - SOFIE); a panoramic ultraviolet imager (Cloud Imaging and particle Size Experiment - CIPS); and, an <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> dust detector (Cosmic Dust Experiment - CDE), both designed and built by the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Atmospheric_and_Space_Physics" title="Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics">Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace & Technologies</a> Corporation constructed the spacecraft bus and GATS, Inc., <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, led the data management effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Display_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Display-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Notilucent_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notilucent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First seen in 1885, two years after the powerful eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> volcano <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a>, scientists originally thought PMC's formed from the plumes of ash propelled into the sky during that eruption. But the clouds have persisted long after the effects of Krakatoa were felt. These days, some scientists think they are caused by space dust, while others believe that modern-day PMC's are indicators of changing climate of Earth. One thing is for certain: PMC's are shaped by the meteorology of the mesosphere, which does appear to be changing.<sup id="cite_ref-Krakatoa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakatoa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIM_in_clean_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AIM_in_clean_room.jpg/220px-AIM_in_clean_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AIM_in_clean_room.jpg/330px-AIM_in_clean_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AIM_in_clean_room.jpg/440px-AIM_in_clean_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>AIM in clean room</figcaption></figure> <p>The AIM satellite is a 197 kg (434 lb), 1.4 × 1.1 m (4 ft 7 in × 3 ft 7 in) spacecraft, powered by two <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a>, carrying three instruments:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Illustration </th> <th scope="col" style="width:135px;">Instrument Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Abbr. </th> <th>Description and scientific objective </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cde.jpg/100px-Cde.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cde.jpg/150px-Cde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cde.jpg/200px-Cde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Cosmic Dust Experiment</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>CDE</b></div> </td> <td>The instrument records impacts from cosmic dust particles as they enter Earth's <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a>. The instrument uses fourteen <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">polyvinylidene fluoride</a> detectors, which emit a pulse of charge when impacted by a hypervelocity dust particle (velocity 1 km/s (0.62 mi/s)). A measurement of the value and variability of the cosmic dust input will allow scientists to determine the role the particles have in PMC (Polar Mesospheric Cloud) formation. CDE is a nearly identical replica to the Student Dust Counter on the <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-CDE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cips-AIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cips-AIM.jpg/100px-Cips-AIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cips-AIM.jpg/150px-Cips-AIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cips-AIM.jpg/200px-Cips-AIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Cloud Imaging and Particle Size</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>CIPS</b></div> </td> <td>The instrument has four <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a> positioned at different angles, which provide multiple views of the clouds from different angles and will allow a determination of the sizes of the ice particles that make up the cloud,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be used to infer gravity waves in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie-AIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sophie-AIM.jpg/100px-Sophie-AIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sophie-AIM.jpg/150px-Sophie-AIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sophie-AIM.jpg/200px-Sophie-AIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="356" /></a></span> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>SOFIE</b></div> </td> <td>The SOFIE uses solar occultation to measure cloud particles, temperature and atmospheric gases involved in forming the clouds. The instrument will reveal the mixture of chemicals that prompt NLC's formation, as well as the environment in which the clouds form.<sup id="cite_ref-SOFIE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOFIE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch">Launch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 April 2007, AIM was launched into a circular 550 km (340 mi) <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus-XL</a> launch vehicle, which was <a href="/wiki/Air-launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-launch">air-launched</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(aircraft)" title="Stargazer (aircraft)">Lockheed L-1011 <i>Stargazer</i></a> aircraft operated by <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a> (OSC).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Explorer program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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GATS INC. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar+Occultation+For+Ice+Experiment&rft.pub=GATS+INC.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofie.gats-inc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeronomy+of+Ice+in+the+Mesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/launch/launch-index.html">"AIM Mission - Launch"</a>. NASA. 4 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316191155/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/launch/launch-index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM+Mission+-+Launch&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Faim%2Flaunch%2Flaunch-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeronomy+of+Ice+in+the+Mesosphere" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aim.hamptonu.edu/">AIM home</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513075315/http://sofie.gats-inc.com/">SOFIE</a> Instrument and science description, view or download data</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/index.html">AIM Mission Profile</a> by NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/taking-aim-at-night-shining-clouds-10-years-10-science-highlights">Taking AIM at 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Explorers_Program" title="Template:Explorers Program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Explorers_Program" title="Template talk:Explorers Program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers_Program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers Program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Explorers_Program494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Explorers_Program_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Explorers Program missions">List of Explorers Program missions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1958–1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_2" title="Explorer 2">2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_3" title="Explorer 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_4" title="Explorer 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_5" title="Explorer 5">5</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-1 (satellite)">S-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">6 (S-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_7" title="Explorer 7">7 (S-1A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-46A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-46A">S-46A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_8" title="Explorer 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-56_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-56 (satellite)">S-56</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_9" title="Explorer 9">9 (S-56A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-45_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-45 (satellite)">S-45</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_10" title="Explorer 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">11 (S-15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-45A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-45A">S-45A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-55_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-55 (satellite)">S-55</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_12" title="Explorer 12">12 (EPE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_13" title="Explorer 13">13 (S-55A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_14" title="Explorer 14">14 (EPE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_15" title="Explorer 15">15 (EPE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_16" title="Explorer 16">16 (S-55B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_17" title="Explorer 17">17 (AE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_18" title="Explorer 18">18 (IMP-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_19" title="Explorer 19">19 (AD-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-66A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-66A">S-66A (BE-A)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_20" title="Explorer 20">20 (IE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_21" title="Explorer 21">21 (IMP-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_22" title="Explorer 22">22 (BE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_23" title="Explorer 23">23 (S-55C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_24" title="Explorer 24">24 (AD-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injun_(satellite)" title="Injun (satellite)">25 (Injun 4, IE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_26" title="Explorer 26">26 (EPE-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_27" title="Explorer 27">27 (BE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_28" title="Explorer 28">28 (IMP-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_29" title="Explorer 29">29 (GEOS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 8">30 (Solrad 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_31" title="Explorer 31">31 (DME-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_32" title="Explorer 32">32 (AE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_33" title="Explorer 33">33 (IMP-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_34" title="Explorer 34">34 (IMP-F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">35 (IMP-E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_36" title="Explorer 36">36 (GEOS-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 9">37 (Solrad 9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_38" title="Explorer 38">38 (RAE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_39" title="Explorer 39">39 (AD-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injun_(satellite)" title="Injun (satellite)">40 (Injun 5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_41" title="Explorer 41">41 (IMP-G)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_43" title="Explorer 43">43 (IMP-I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 10">44 (Solrad 10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_45" title="Explorer 45">45 (SSS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_46" title="Explorer 46">46 (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_47" title="Explorer 47">47 (IMP-H)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">48 (SAS-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49 (RAE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">50 (IMP-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_51" title="Explorer 51">51 (AE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_52" title="Explorer 52">52 (Hawkeye 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">53 (SAS-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_54" title="Explorer 54">54 (AE-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_55" title="Explorer 55">55 (AE-E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="DADE-A">DADE-A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="DADE-B">DADE-B</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">56 (ISEE-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">57 (IUE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">58 (HCMM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">59 (ICE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_60" title="Explorer 60">60 (SAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Magsat">61 (Magsat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">62 (DE-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">63 (DE-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">64 (SME)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_Composition_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge Composition Explorer">65 (CCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">66 (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">67 (EUVE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Medium class<br />(since 1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">69 (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">71 (ACE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">77 (FUSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAGE_(spacecraft)" title="IMAGE (spacecraft)">78 (IMAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">80 (WMAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">FAME</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">84 (Swift)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">85–89 (THEMIS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">92 (WISE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">95 (TESS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer" title="Ionospheric Connection Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">96 (ICON)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multi-slit_Solar_Explorer" title="Multi-slit Solar Explorer">MUSE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Small class<br />(since 1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">68 (SAMPEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Auroral_Snapshot_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer">70 (FAST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">73 (TRACE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">74 (SWAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">75 (WIRE)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">81 (RHESSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">83 (GALEX)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">90 (AIM)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">91 (IBEX)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">93 (NuSTAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">94 (IRIS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">GEMS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">97 (IXPE)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">University-class/<br />Missions of opportunity/<br />International missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nitric_Oxide_Explorer" title="Student Nitric Oxide Explorer">72 (SNOE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TERRIERS" class="mw-redirect" title="TERRIERS">76 (TERRIERS)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">79 (HETE-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">INTEGRAL</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">82 (CHIPSat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CINDI" title="CINDI">CINDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWINS" title="TWINS"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">TWINS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">NICER</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global-scale_Observations_of_the_Limb_and_Disk" title="Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">GOLD</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">XRISM</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUSTO_(telescope)" title="GUSTO (telescope)">GUSTO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Waves_Experiment" title="Atmospheric Waves Experiment">AWE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Radio_Interferometer_Space_Experiment" title="Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment">SunRISE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">EZIE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contribution_to_ARIEL_Spectroscopy_of_Exoplanets" title="Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets">CASE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_(transparent_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/225px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/300px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere-Space_Transition_Region_Explorer" title="Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer">ASTRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme-ultraviolet_Stellar_Characterization_for_Atmospheric_Physics_and_Evolution" title="Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and Evolution">ESCAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_for_Heteroscale_Magnetosphere-Ionosphere_Coupling" title="Observatory for Heteroscale Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling">OHMIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">Green titles</span> indicates active current missions</li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">Grey titles</span> indicates cancelled missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2006Orbital_launches_in_20072008_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2006Orbital_launches_in_20072008_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">← 2006</a></div><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2007</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight">2008 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">Cartosat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapan-TUBsat" title="Lapan-TUBsat">Lapan-TUBsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pehuensat-1" title="Pehuensat-1">Pehuensat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-59" title="Progress M-59">Progress M-59</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NSS-8" title="NSS-8">NSS-8</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beidou-1D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beidou-1D (page does not exist)">Beidou-1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS A</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS B</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS C</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS D</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS_Radar_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS Radar 2 (page does not exist)">IGS Radar 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS_Optical_3V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS Optical 3V (page does not exist)">IGS Optical 3V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO_(satellite)" title="ASTRO (satellite)">ASTRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFESat" title="CFESat">CFESat</a>, <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT#Satellites" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/MidSTAR-1" title="MidSTAR-1">MidSTAR-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXTSat" title="NEXTSat">NEXTSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program#2007" title="Space Test Program">STPSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5A" title="Skynet 5A">Skynet 5A</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">INSAT-4B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">Soyuz TMA-10</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_F3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik F3">Anik F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Yang_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hai Yang 1B (page does not exist)">Hai Yang 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compass-M1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compass-M1 (page does not exist)">Compass-M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_1" title="EgyptSat 1">EgyptSat 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudisat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudisat-3 (page does not exist)">Saudisat-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-3 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-4 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-5 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-6 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-7 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-7</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-3_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-3 (satellite) (page does not exist)">CP-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-4 (page does not exist)">CP-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAPE-1" title="CAPE-1">CAPE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertad_1" title="Libertad 1">Libertad 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AeroCube_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AeroCube 2 (page does not exist)">AeroCube 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CSTB-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSTB-1 (page does not exist)">CSTB-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-Application_Survivable_Tether" title="Multi-Application Survivable Tether">MAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Avionics_Module" title="Advanced Avionics Module">AAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Field_Infrared_Experiment" title="Near Field Infrared Experiment">NFIRE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1L" title="Astra 1L">Astra 1L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_17" title="Galaxy 17">Galaxy 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-60" title="Progress M-60">Progress M-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NigComSat-1" title="NigComSat-1">NigComSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheda_PiXing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheda PiXing 1 (page does not exist)">Zheda PiXing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 65 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 65</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 69 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 69</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 71 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 71</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 72 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosat-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinosat-3">Sinosat-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2427 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-1" title="COSMO-1">COSMO-1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS S3/4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-7">Ofek-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-194&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-194 (page does not exist)">USA-194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">Genesis II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2428 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2428</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR-Lupe 2">SAR-Lupe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 6B (page does not exist)">Zhongxing 6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T10_(satellite)" title="T10 (satellite)">DirecTV-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-61" title="Progress M-61">Progress M-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS S5</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceHab" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceHab">SpaceHab LSM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceway-3" title="Spaceway-3">Spaceway-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSAT-3a" title="BSAT-3a">BSAT-3a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">INSAT-4CR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-11" title="JCSAT-11">JCSAT-11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2429&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2429 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">Kaguya</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Okina_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okina (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Okina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouna_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouna (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Ouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton-M_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton-M No.3 (page does not exist)">Foton-M No.3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldView-1" title="WorldView-1">WorldView-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBERS-2B" title="CBERS-2B">CBERS-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_11" title="Intelsat 11">Intelsat 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus D2">Optus D2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">Soyuz TMA-11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-195" title="USA-195">USA-195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-196" title="USA-196">USA-196</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 66 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 66</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 67 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 67</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_78&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 78 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 78</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 70 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2430" title="Kosmos 2430">Kosmos 2430</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2431" title="Kosmos 2431">Kosmos 2431</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2432" title="Kosmos 2432">Kosmos 2432</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2433" title="Kosmos 2433">Kosmos 2433</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe_3" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR-Lupe 3">SAR-Lupe 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin-7 (page does not exist)">Rubin-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-197" title="USA-197">USA-197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5B" title="Skynet 5B">Skynet 5B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_C1" title="Star One C1">Star One C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius 4">Sirius 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus-1M_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus-1M No.11L (page does not exist)">Globus-1M No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COSMO-2">COSMO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-198" title="USA-198">USA-198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-199" title="USA-199">USA-199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizons-2" title="Horizons-2">Horizons-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rascom-QAF_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rascom-QAF 1">Rascom-QAF 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-62" title="Progress M-62">Progress M-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2434" title="Kosmos 2434">Kosmos 2434</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2435" title="Kosmos 2435">Kosmos 2435</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2436" title="Kosmos 2436">Kosmos 2436</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&oldid=1246883276">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere&oldid=1246883276</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_observation_satellites_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Earth observation satellites of the United States">Earth observation satellites of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_satellites" title="Category:NASA satellites">NASA satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_satellites_orbiting_Earth" title="Category:NASA satellites orbiting Earth">NASA satellites orbiting Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_2007" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 2007">Spacecraft launched in 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_Program" title="Category:Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Pegasus_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Pegasus rockets">Spacecraft launched by Pegasus rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geospace_monitoring_satellites" title="Category:Geospace monitoring satellites">Geospace monitoring satellites</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use American English from October 2021">Use American English from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 17:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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