CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <title>Checker Shadow Illusion – Persci</title> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Persci » Feed" href="https://persci.mit.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Persci » Comments Feed" href="https://persci.mit.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/persci.mit.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.4.5"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-block-site-logo-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded{border-radius:9999px} </style> <style id='wp-block-site-tagline-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-tagline{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);} </style> <style id='wp-block-spacer-inline-css'> .wp-block-spacer{clear:both} </style> <style id='wp-block-site-title-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-title a{color:inherit} .wp-block-site-title{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body);font-size: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.542), 1.2rem);font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;} .wp-block-site-title a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;} .wp-block-site-title a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{text-decoration: none;} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-inline-css'> .wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box} </style> <style id='wp-block-navigation-link-inline-css'> .wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__label{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__description{display:none} .is-style-arrow-link .wp-block-navigation-item__label:after { content: "\2197"; padding-inline-start: 0.25rem; vertical-align: middle; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-navigation-css' href='https://persci.mit.edu/wp-includes/blocks/navigation/style.min.css?ver=6.4.5' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-navigation-inline-css'> .wp-block-navigation{font-weight: 500;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;text-decoration: none;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{text-decoration: underline;} </style> <style id='wp-block-search-inline-css'> .wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{fill:currentColor;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;vertical-align:text-bottom}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%}.wp-block-search__input{-webkit-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:calc(100% - 100px)}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right} .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label, .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__input, .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);} .wp-block-search .wp-element-button,.wp-block-search .wp-block-button__link{border-radius: .33rem;} </style> <style id='wp-block-columns-inline-css'> .wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-top{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-center{align-items:center}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-items:flex-end}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center{align-self:center}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-self:flex-end}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-stretch{align-self:stretch}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{width:100%} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-title-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-title a{display:inline-block} .wp-block-post-title a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;} .wp-block-post-title a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{text-decoration: underline;} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-featured-image-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-featured-image{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image a{display:block;height:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignwide img{width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim{background-color:#000;inset:0;position:absolute}.wp-block-post-featured-image{position:relative}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-gradient{background-color:transparent}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-0{opacity:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-10{opacity:.1}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-20{opacity:.2}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-30{opacity:.3}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-40{opacity:.4}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-50{opacity:.5}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-60{opacity:.6}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-70{opacity:.7}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-80{opacity:.8}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-90{opacity:.9}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-100{opacity:1}.wp-block-post-featured-image:where(.alignleft,.alignright){width:100%} .wp-block-post-featured-image img, .wp-block-post-featured-image .block-editor-media-placeholder, .wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay{border-radius: var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);} </style> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}p.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-image-inline-css'> .wp-block-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius] img,.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius]>a{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-image.has-custom-border img{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-image.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-image.alignwide img{height:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-image .aligncenter,.wp-block-image .alignleft,.wp-block-image .alignright,.wp-block-image.aligncenter,.wp-block-image.alignleft,.wp-block-image.alignright{display:table}.wp-block-image .aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignright>figcaption,.wp-block-image.aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignright>figcaption{caption-side:bottom;display:table-caption}.wp-block-image .alignleft{float:left;margin:.5em 1em .5em 0}.wp-block-image .alignright{float:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em}.wp-block-image .aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-image figcaption{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-image .is-style-rounded img,.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img,.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded img{border-radius:9999px}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:0;-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-mode:alpha;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:contain;mask-size:contain}}.wp-block-image :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}.wp-lightbox-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.wp-lightbox-container img{cursor:zoom-in}.wp-lightbox-container img:hover+button{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button{align-items:center;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none;border-radius:4px;cursor:zoom-in;display:flex;height:20px;justify-content:center;opacity:0;padding:0;position:absolute;right:16px;text-align:center;top:16px;transition:opacity .2s ease;width:20px;z-index:100}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus-visible{outline:3px auto rgba(90,90,90,.25);outline:3px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:3px}.wp-lightbox-container button:hover{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:zoom-out;height:100vh;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100vw;z-index:100000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px);top:calc(env(safe-area-inset-top) + 16px);z-index:5000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .lightbox-image-container{height:var(--wp--lightbox-container-height);left:50%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform-origin:top left;width:var(--wp--lightbox-container-width);z-index:9999999999}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;margin:0;position:relative;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;z-index:3000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image img{height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width);width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image figcaption{display:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay button{background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}} .is-style-rounded.is-style-rounded.wp-block-image img,.is-style-rounded.is-style-rounded.wp-block-image .wp-block-image__crop-area,.is-style-rounded.is-style-rounded.wp-block-image .components-placeholder{border-radius: var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);} </style> <style id='wp-block-separator-inline-css'> @charset "UTF-8";.wp-block-separator{border:1px solid;border-left:none;border-right:none}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none;height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots:before{color:currentColor;content:"路路路";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em} .wp-block-separator{border-color: currentColor;border-width: 0 0 1px 0;border-style: solid;color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);} </style> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto!important;background-color:#ddd;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--base: #f9f9f9;--wp--preset--color--base-2: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--contrast: #111111;--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: #636363;--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: #A4A4A4;--wp--preset--color--accent: #cfcabe;--wp--preset--color--accent-2: #c2a990;--wp--preset--color--accent-3: #d8613c;--wp--preset--color--accent-4: #b1c5a4;--wp--preset--color--accent-5: #b5bdbc;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-1: linear-gradient(to bottom, #cfcabe 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-2: linear-gradient(to bottom, #C2A990 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-3: linear-gradient(to bottom, #D8613C 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-4: linear-gradient(to bottom, #B1C5A4 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-5: linear-gradient(to bottom, #B5BDBC 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-6: linear-gradient(to bottom, #A4A4A4 0%, #F9F9F9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-7: linear-gradient(to bottom, #cfcabe 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-8: linear-gradient(to bottom, #C2A990 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-9: linear-gradient(to bottom, #D8613C 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-10: linear-gradient(to bottom, #B1C5A4 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-11: linear-gradient(to bottom, #B5BDBC 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-12: linear-gradient(to bottom, #A4A4A4 50%, #F9F9F9 50%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 0.9rem;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 1.05rem;--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(1.39rem, 1.39rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.767), 1.85rem);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(1.85rem, 1.85rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.083), 2.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: clamp(2.5rem, 2.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.283), 3.27rem);--wp--preset--font-family--body: "Inter", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--heading: Cardo;--wp--preset--font-family--system-sans-serif: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, avenir next, avenir, segoe ui, helvetica neue, helvetica, Cantarell, Ubuntu, roboto, noto, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--system-serif: Iowan Old Style, Apple Garamond, Baskerville, Times New Roman, Droid Serif, Times, Source Serif Pro, serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol;--wp--preset--spacing--10: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--20: min(1.5rem, 2vw);--wp--preset--spacing--30: min(2.5rem, 3vw);--wp--preset--spacing--40: min(4rem, 5vw);--wp--preset--spacing--50: min(6.5rem, 8vw);--wp--preset--spacing--60: min(10.5rem, 13vw);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: 620px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1280px; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding :where(.has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(.has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block)) > .alignfull { margin-right: 0; margin-left: 0; }.has-global-padding > .alignfull:where(:not(.has-global-padding):not(.is-layout-flex):not(.is-layout-grid)) > :where([class*="wp-block-"]:not(.alignfull):not([class*="__"]),p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,ul,ol) { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding :where(.has-global-padding) > .alignfull:where(:not(.has-global-padding)) > :where([class*="wp-block-"]:not(.alignfull):not([class*="__"]),p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,ul,ol) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 1.2rem; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child:first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child:last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }body { --wp--style--block-gap: 1.2rem; }:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 1.2rem;margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 1.2rem;margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flex) {gap: 1.2rem;}:where(body .is-layout-grid) {gap: 1.2rem;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}body{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.55;--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-right: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-left: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);text-decoration: underline;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{text-decoration: none;}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--heading);font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.2;}h1{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large);line-height: 1.15;}h2{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large);}h3{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large);}h4{font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 1.1rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.767), 1.5rem);}h5{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);}h6{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);}.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);border-radius: .33rem;border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);border-width: 0;color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);font-family: inherit;font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);font-style: normal;font-weight: 500;line-height: inherit;padding-top: 0.6rem;padding-right: 1rem;padding-bottom: 0.6rem;padding-left: 1rem;text-decoration: none;}.wp-element-button:hover, .wp-block-button__link:hover{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);}.wp-element-button:focus, .wp-block-button__link:focus{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);outline-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);outline-offset: 2px;outline-style: dotted;outline-width: 1px;}.wp-element-button:active, .wp-block-button__link:active{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);}.wp-element-caption, .wp-block-audio figcaption, .wp-block-embed figcaption, .wp-block-gallery figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .wp-block-table figcaption, .wp-block-video figcaption{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body);font-size: 0.8rem;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-base-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-contrast-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-accent-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-accent-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-2) !important;}.has-accent-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-3) !important;}.has-accent-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-4) !important;}.has-accent-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-5) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-base-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-contrast-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-accent-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-accent-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-2) !important;}.has-accent-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-3) !important;}.has-accent-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-4) !important;}.has-accent-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-5) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-base-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-contrast-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-accent-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-accent-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-2) !important;}.has-accent-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-3) !important;}.has-accent-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-4) !important;}.has-accent-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent-5) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-gradient-1-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-1) !important;}.has-gradient-2-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-2) !important;}.has-gradient-3-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-3) !important;}.has-gradient-4-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-4) !important;}.has-gradient-5-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-5) !important;}.has-gradient-6-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-6) !important;}.has-gradient-7-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-7) !important;}.has-gradient-8-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-8) !important;}.has-gradient-9-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-9) !important;}.has-gradient-10-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-10) !important;}.has-gradient-11-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-11) !important;}.has-gradient-12-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--gradient-12) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}.has-body-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body) !important;}.has-heading-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--heading) !important;}.has-system-sans-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-sans-serif) !important;}.has-system-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-serif) !important;} .wp-block-calendar.wp-block-calendar table:where(:not(.has-text-color)) th{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);color:var(--wp--preset--color--base);border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2)}.wp-block-calendar table:where(:not(.has-text-color)) td{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2)}.wp-block-categories{}.wp-block-categories{list-style-type:none;}.wp-block-categories li{margin-bottom: 0.5rem;}.wp-block-loginout{}.wp-block-loginout input{border-radius:.33rem;padding:calc(0.667em + 2px);border:1px solid #949494;}.wp-block-post-comments-form{}.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea, .wp-block-post-comments-form input{border-radius:.33rem}.wp-block-post-terms{}.wp-block-post-terms .wp-block-post-terms__prefix{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2);}.wp-block-query-title{}.wp-block-query-title span{font-style: italic;}.wp-block-quote{}.wp-block-quote :where(p){margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--10) + 0.5rem);}.wp-block-quote :where(:last-child){margin-block-end:0;}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right.is-style-plain, .rtl .is-style-plain.wp-block-quote:not(.has-text-align-center):not(.has-text-align-left){border-width: 0 2px 0 0;padding-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--20) + 0.5rem);padding-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--20) + 0.5rem);}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-left.is-style-plain, body:not(.rtl) .is-style-plain.wp-block-quote:not(.has-text-align-center):not(.has-text-align-right){border-width: 0 0 0 2px;padding-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--20) + 0.5rem);padding-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--20) + 0.5rem)}.wp-block-search{}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__input{border-radius:.33rem}.wp-block-separator{}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots):not(.alignwide):not(.alignfull){width: var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)} </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-column-layout-1.wp-container-core-column-layout-1 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-1.wp-container-core-column-layout-1.wp-container-core-column-layout-1.wp-container-core-column-layout-1 > * + *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-content-1{flex-grow:1;}.wp-container-content-2{flex-grow:1;}.wp-container-core-group-layout-1.wp-container-core-group-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-group-layout-2.wp-container-core-group-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-layout-1.wp-container-core-navigation-layout-1{gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);justify-content:flex-start;}.wp-container-content-5{flex-grow:1;}.wp-container-core-group-layout-3.wp-container-core-group-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:100%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 > .alignwide{max-width:100%;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0 * -1);margin-left:calc(0 * -1);}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2.wp-container-core-column-layout-2 > * + *{margin-block-start:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-columns-layout-1.wp-container-core-columns-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 0;}.wp-container-core-group-layout-6.wp-container-core-group-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-elements-05dc21b6899e741dde450dda658d4384 a{color:var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);}.wp-container-core-group-layout-7.wp-container-core-group-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-end;} </style> <style id='wp-block-template-skip-link-inline-css'> .skip-link.screen-reader-text { border: 0; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .skip-link.screen-reader-text:focus { background-color: #eee; clip: auto !important; clip-path: none; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: auto; left: 5px; line-height: normal; padding: 15px 23px 14px; text-decoration: none; top: 5px; width: auto; z-index: 100000; } </style> <script src="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/interactivity.min.js?ver=6.4.5" id="wp-interactivity-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-includes/blocks/navigation/view.min.js?ver=e3d6f3216904b5b42831" id="wp-block-navigation-view-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/504" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://persci.mit.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.4.5" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://persci.mit.edu/gallery/checkershadow/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://persci.mit.edu/?p=504' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpersci.mit.edu%2Fgallery%2Fcheckershadow%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpersci.mit.edu%2Fgallery%2Fcheckershadow%2F&format=xml" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style id='wp-fonts-local'> @font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/persci/assets/fonts/inter/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/persci/assets/fonts/cardo/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/persci/assets/fonts/cardo/cardo_italic_400.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/themes/persci/assets/fonts/cardo/cardo_normal_700.woff2') format('woff2');} </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1-150x150.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1.jpg" /> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-504 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-32 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive"> <div class="wp-site-blocks"><header class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-layout-1 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0;flex-basis:160px"><div class="is-style-default wp-block-site-logo is-layout-flow wp-block-site-logo-is-layout-flow"><a href="https://persci.mit.edu/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="140" height="108" src="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1.jpg" class="custom-logo" alt="Persci" decoding="async" srcset="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1.jpg 540w, https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/checkershadow-540x420-1-300x233.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px" /></a></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-layout-2 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0;flex-basis:100%"> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><p style="font-size:clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class="has-text-align-right wp-block-site-tagline is-layout-flow wp-block-site-tagline-is-layout-flow">Perceptual Science Group @ MIT</p> <div class="wp-block-group wp-container-content-2 is-content-justification-right is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-1"></div> <p style="background:radial-gradient(rgb(207,202,190) 0%,rgb(249,249,249) 87%); font-size:clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.208), 1rem);font-style:normal;font-weight:200;line-height:0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.5rem;" class="has-background wp-block-site-title is-layout-flow wp-block-site-title-is-layout-flow"><a href="https://persci.mit.edu" target="_self" rel="home">Persci</a></p></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10)"><nav style="font-size:clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class="is-responsive items-justified-left wp-block-navigation is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-layout-1 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Navigation" data-wp-interactive data-wp-context='{"core":{"navigation":{"overlayOpenedBy":[],"type":"overlay","roleAttribute":"","ariaLabel":"Menu"}}}' ><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Open menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open " data-wp-on--click="actions.core.navigation.openMenuOnClick" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.core.navigation.handleMenuKeydown" ><svg width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><rect x="4" y="7.5" width="16" height="1.5" /><rect x="4" y="15" width="16" height="1.5" /></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container " style="" id="modal-3" data-wp-class--has-modal-open="selectors.core.navigation.isMenuOpen" data-wp-class--is-menu-open="selectors.core.navigation.isMenuOpen" data-wp-effect="effects.core.navigation.initMenu" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.core.navigation.handleMenuKeydown" data-wp-on--focusout="actions.core.navigation.handleMenuFocusout" tabindex="-1" > <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-close" tabindex="-1"> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog" data-wp-bind--aria-modal="selectors.core.navigation.ariaModal" data-wp-bind--aria-label="selectors.core.navigation.ariaLabel" data-wp-bind--role="selectors.core.navigation.roleAttribute" data-wp-effect="effects.core.navigation.focusFirstElement" > <button aria-label="Close menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close" data-wp-on--click="actions.core.navigation.closeMenuOnClick" ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M13 11.8l6.1-6.3-1-1-6.1 6.2-6.1-6.2-1 1 6.1 6.3-6.5 6.7 1 1 6.5-6.6 6.5 6.6 1-1z"></path></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content" id="modal-3-content"> <ul style="font-size:clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class="wp-block-navigation__container is-responsive items-justified-left wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="http://persci.mit.edu/people/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">People</span></a></li><li style="font-size: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/publications/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Publications</span></a></li><li style="font-size: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/research/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research</span></a></li><li style="font-size: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/gallery/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Gallery</span></a></li><li style="font-size: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.86), 1.5rem);" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/contact/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Contact</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></nav> <form role="search" method="get" action="https://persci.mit.edu/" class="wp-block-search__button-inside wp-block-search__icon-button wp-block-search wp-container-content-5" ><label class="wp-block-search__label screen-reader-text" for="wp-block-search__input-4" >Search</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper " style="width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: calc(100px + 4px)"><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-4" placeholder="search..." value="" type="search" name="s" required style="border-radius: 100px"/><button aria-label="Search" class="wp-block-search__button has-icon wp-element-button" type="submit" style="border-radius: 100px"><svg class="search-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24"> <path d="M13 5c-3.3 0-6 2.7-6 6 0 1.4.5 2.7 1.3 3.7l-3.8 3.8 1.1 1.1 3.8-3.8c1 .8 2.3 1.3 3.7 1.3 3.3 0 6-2.7 6-6S16.3 5 13 5zm0 10.5c-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5-2 4.5-4.5 4.5z"></path> </svg></button></div></form></div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div style="height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h1 class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-xx-large-font-size">Checker Shadow Illusion</h1> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained"> <p>The squares marked A and B are the same shade of gray.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="796" src="http://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/checkershadow_illusion4full-1024x796.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-536" srcset="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/checkershadow_illusion4full-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/checkershadow_illusion4full-300x233.jpg 300w, https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/checkershadow_illusion4full-768x597.jpg 768w, https://persci.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/checkershadow_illusion4full.jpg 1078w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <p><a href="/gallery/checkershadow/proof">Proof</a></p> <p><a href="/gallery/checkershadow/description">Explanation</a></p> <p><a href="/gallery/checkershadow/download/" data-type="page" data-id="518">Download images</a></p> <p><a href="/gallery">More illusions</a></p> <p>漏1995, <a href="/people/adelson">Edward H. Adelson</a>. These checkershadow images may be reproduced and distributed freely.</p> </div></main> <footer class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-right is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-layout-6 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="logged-out wp-block-loginout"><a href="https://persci.mit.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fpersci.mit.edu%2Fgallery%2Fcheckershadow">Log in</a></div></div> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-right is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-layout-7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> <p class="has-text-align-right has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-05dc21b6899e741dde450dda658d4384" style="font-size:0.5rem">ElmerCat 2023</p> </div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> <p class="has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size"><a href="http://accessibility.mit.edu" data-type="link" data-id="mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Accessibility</a></p> </footer></div> <script id="wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after"> ( function() { var skipLinkTarget = document.querySelector( 'main' ), sibling, skipLinkTargetID, skipLink; // Early exit if a skip-link target can't be located. if ( ! skipLinkTarget ) { return; } /* * Get the site wrapper. * The skip-link will be injected in the beginning of it. */ sibling = document.querySelector( '.wp-site-blocks' ); // Early exit if the root element was not found. if ( ! sibling ) { return; } // Get the skip-link target's ID, and generate one if it doesn't exist. skipLinkTargetID = skipLinkTarget.id; if ( ! skipLinkTargetID ) { skipLinkTargetID = 'wp--skip-link--target'; skipLinkTarget.id = skipLinkTargetID; } // Create the skip link. skipLink = document.createElement( 'a' ); skipLink.classList.add( 'skip-link', 'screen-reader-text' ); skipLink.href = '#' + skipLinkTargetID; skipLink.innerHTML = 'Skip to content'; // Inject the skip link. sibling.parentElement.insertBefore( skipLink, sibling ); }() ); </script> <script defer src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'227480879',post:'504',tz:'-5',srv:'persci.mit.edu',j:'1:12.9.4'} ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "227480879", "504" ]); </script> </body> </html>