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data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>主要著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">马库斯·沃尔夫</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。37种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="يوهانس وولف – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهانس وولف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="جوهانس وولف – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوهانس وولف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Volf" title="Markus Volf – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Markus Volf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Маркус Волф – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркус Волф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86" title="Μάρκους Βολφ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρκους Βολφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="مارکوس ولف – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکوس ولف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="מרקוס וולף – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקוס וולף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="マルクス・ヴォルフ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・ヴォルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84" title="마르쿠스 볼프 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르쿠스 볼프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вольф, Маркус – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольф, Маркус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Маркус Волф – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркус Волф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F" title="มาร์คุส ว็อล์ฟ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์คุส ว็อล์ฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" 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hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Markus_Wolf" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57399" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420,_Markus_Wolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>马库斯·沃尔夫</figcaption></figure> <p><b>马库斯·沃尔夫</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Markus Johannes "Mischa" Wolf</span>、1923年1月19日—2006年11月9日）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志民主共和国">德意志民主共和国</a>国家安全部（簡稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF" title="史塔西">史塔西</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E4%BE%A6%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80" title="国家安全部侦察总局">侦察总局</a>局長。沃尔夫在史塔西是僅次於國家安全部部長的第二號人物，他在史塔西服務34年，其中有26年的時間，西方情報單位完全沒有沃尔夫的檔案照，僅知他的代號「米夏（Mischa）」，因此得到“沒有臉的人”的稱號。沃尔夫的神秘難以捉摸成為後世許多小說的題材。許多專家認為他是<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="冷戰">冷戰</a>期間最有影響力的特務首腦之一。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>沃尔夫1923年出生在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="霍亨索伦省">霍亨索伦省</a>（现在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" title="巴登-符腾堡">巴登-符腾堡</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="亨廷根">亨廷根</a>，沃尔夫是作家和医生弗里德里希·沃尔夫（Friedrich Wolf）的儿子，哥哥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康拉德·沃尔夫（页面不存在）">康拉德·沃尔夫</a>（Konrad Wolf）是一位電影導演。他的父亲是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="德国共产党">德国共产党</a>党员，并在1933年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="希特勒">希特勒</a>上台后，因为他们的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>信仰和犹太血统，被迫取道<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>辗转移居<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1945年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>结束后，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联红军">苏联红军</a>陆军中尉的身份，随<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦尔特·乌布利希">瓦尔特·乌布利希</a>小组返回德国，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="东柏林">东柏林</a>广播电台当记者。他是旁聽了整个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="纽伦堡审判">纽伦堡审判</a>的记者之一。 </p><p>1949年至1951年任<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志民主共和国">德意志民主共和国</a>驻<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟">苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟</a>使团参赞，后回德意志民主共和国协作组建德意志民主共和国国家安全机构，他是国家安全部国外情报局的创始成员之一。1952年以后，历任德意志民主共和国国家安全部對外情报局副局长、局长、安全部副部长。1955年升任少将，1966年以后升为中将、上将。身為一個情報主管，沃尔夫依靠间谍渗透西德的政界、商界，並取得巨大成果。其中最有名的事件是1974年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%BA%AA%E5%B0%A7%E5%A7%86" title="君特·纪尧姆">纪尧姆</a>間諜案，迫使西德总理<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">维利·勃兰特</a>下台。在沃尔夫大部分的职业生涯，由于他的行事謹慎，因此有“沒有臉的人”的稱號。据报道，西方情報機關直至1978年都還不知道东德情报首长的相貌。直到沃尔夫在访问瑞典期間，才被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典国家安全局（页面不存在）">瑞典国家安全局</a>（萨波）拍照；一位东德叛逃者，维尔纳·斯蒂勒（Werner Stiller）為西德反情報單位從照片中指認出沃尔夫的身份。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>沃尔夫在1986年退休，以繼續他去世的哥哥的書，內容描述他們在1930年代在莫斯科流亡的日子，这本书《三驾马车》（Troika）於1989年在东德和西德同時上市。沃尔夫在情报單位的继任者是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维尔纳·格罗斯曼（页面不存在）">维尔纳·格罗斯曼</a>（Werner Großmann）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a>前，他逃离東德，并寻求苏联和奥地利的政治庇护。当被拒絕後，他回到東德，並被警方逮捕。沃尔夫声称拒绝了“7位数”，一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局">中央情报局</a>所提供的豐厚條件以換取他投效美国－其中包含一個新身份、在加利福尼亚州的新家。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1993年，他被杜塞尔多夫州高等法院（Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf）判處<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="叛国罪">叛国罪</a>以及6年监禁。这個判決后来被<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦最高法院">德國聯邦最高法院</a>所撤销，因为沃尔夫是為當時独立的國家东德服務。1997年，他在非法拘禁、胁迫和伤害的罪名上被判有罪，并给予两年缓刑。除此以外，他還由於<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%90%E8%A6%96%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="藐視法庭">藐視法庭</a>被判处3天的监禁，原因是因為拒絕對前西德社民党政治人物弗莱米希（Paul Gerhard Flämig）作不利的證言。弗莱米希在1993年被指控為東德刺探西德的原子科技。沃尔夫说，弗莱米希不是他在回忆录中提到的代理人：弗莱米希不知不觉地在東德的一場會議中被情报人员所刺探。 </p><p>2006年11月9日，马库斯·沃尔夫在睡梦中死于柏林的家中，享年83岁。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要著作"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>主要著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：主要著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1989年《三驾马车》</li> <li>1991年《自己的使命》</li> <li>1995年《零点时刻――对二战结束和德国重建的回忆》</li> <li>1995年《俄国菜的秘诀》</li> <li>1997年《秘密战争的情报首脑――我的回忆》（中文版根据英文版译为《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E9%9D%A2%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隐面人（页面不存在）">隐面人</a>》）</li> <li>1998年《伪装的艺术》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2445679.html">Obituary: Markus Wolf</a>. The Times (London). 10 November 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-11-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610122016/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">存档</a>于2020-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Markus+Wolf&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C60-2445679.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/30984/e-german-spymaster-markus-wolf-examined-jewish-roots-in-later-years/">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-04-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115114822/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/30984/e-german-spymaster-markus-wolf-examined-jewish-roots-in-later-years/">存档</a>于2017-01-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F30984%2Fe-german-spymaster-markus-wolf-examined-jewish-roots-in-later-years%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs11tv.com/watercooler/Markus.Wolf.East.2.274305.html">Former East German Spymaster Wolf Dies In Berlin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15634347/">Former East German spymaster dies at 83</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. 9 November 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-11-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018143327/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15634347/">存档</a>于2012-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&rft.atitle=Former+East+German+spymaster+dies+at+83&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F15634347%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smee, Jess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/germany/article/0,,1944161,00.html">Markus Wolf, spy chief dubbed The Man Without a Face, dies at 83</a>. The Guardian (London). 10 November 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-11-10</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&rft.atitle=Markus+Wolf%2C+spy+chief+dubbed+The+Man+Without+a+Face%2C+dies+at+83&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft.aulast=Smee&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fgermany%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1944161%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&section=4" 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