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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Methane in Earth's atmosphere</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH4_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/350px-CH4_mm.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/525px-CH4_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/700px-CH4_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) concentrations in the atmosphere measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (<a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>) at stations around the world. Values are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts-per-billion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p><b>Atmospheric methane</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> present in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>, and is causing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane is one of the most potent <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR4_SYR_2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR4_SYR_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Methane's radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and it is the second largest contributor to human-caused climate forcing in the historical period.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Methane is a major source of water vapour in the stratosphere through oxidation;<sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and water vapour adds about 15% to methane's radiative forcing effect.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) for methane is about 84 in terms of its impact over a 20-year timeframe, and 28 in terms of its impact over a 100-year timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-EDF_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunnar2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnar2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> (around 1750), the methane concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 160%, and human activities almost entirely caused this increase.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1750 methane has contributed 3% of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) emissions in terms of mass<sup id="cite_ref-Saunois_Bousquet_2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunois_Bousquet_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is responsible for approximately 23% of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative or climate forcing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Etminan_Myhre_2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etminan_Myhre_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Summary_2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Summary_2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_Roser_2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie_Roser_2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, global methane concentrations had risen from 722 parts per billion (ppb) in pre-industrial times to 1866 ppb.<sup id="cite_ref-ESRL_trend_annual_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESRL_trend_annual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an increase by a factor of 2.6 and the highest value in at least 800,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_Synthesis_20230319_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_Synthesis_20230319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Methane increases the amount of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O<sub>3</sub>) in the troposphere (4 miles (6 km) to 12 miles (19 km) from the Earth's surface) and also in the stratosphere (from the troposphere to 31 miles (50 km) above the Earth's surface).<sup id="cite_ref-Wuebbles_1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuebbles_1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both water vapour and ozone are GHGs, which in turn add to climate warming.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2018_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_climate_change">Role in climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role in climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Methane_in_Earth.27s_atmosphere"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Methane_as_a_greenhouse_gas"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/300px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/450px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/600px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The warming influence (called <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>) of long-lived greenhouse gases has nearly doubled in 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_AGGI_2023_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_AGGI_2023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/300px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/450px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/600px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a> (warming influence) of different contributors to climate change through 2019, as reported in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth IPCC assessment report</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) in the Earth's atmosphere is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) 84 times greater than CO<sub>2</sub> over a 20-year time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane is not as persistent as CO<sub>2</sub>, and tails off to about 28 times greater than CO<sub>2</sub> over a 100-year time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnar2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnar2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative or climate forcing</a> is the scientific concept used to measure the <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per square meter (W/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the "difference between <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a> absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct radiative greenhouse gas forcing effect of methane was estimated to be an increase of 0.5 W/m<sup>2</sup> relative to the year 1750 (estimate in 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR4_Syn_2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR4_Syn_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38 (Figure 2.3)">: 38 (Figure 2.3) </span></sup> </p><p>In their 2021 "Global Methane Assessment" report, the UNEP and CCAC said that their "understanding of methane's effect on radiative forcing" improved with research by teams led by M. Etminan in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-Etminan_Myhre_2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etminan_Myhre_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and William Collins in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2018_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in an "upward revision" since the 2014 <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a> (AR5). The "improved understanding" says that prior estimates of the "overall societal impact of methane emissions" were likely underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Shindell_UNEP_2021_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shindell_UNEP_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>Etminan et al. published their new calculations for methane's radiative forcing (RF) in a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a> journal article which incorporated the shortwave bands of CH<sub>4</sub> in measuring forcing, not used in previous, simpler IPCC methods. Their new RF calculations which significantly revised those cited in earlier, successive IPCC reports for <a href="/wiki/IPCC_list_of_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC list of greenhouse gases">well mixed greenhouse gases</a> (WMGHG) forcings by including the shortwave forcing component due to CH<sub>4</sub>, resulted in estimates that were approximately 20–25% higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Etminan_Myhre_2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etminan_Myhre_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collins et al. said that CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation that reduces atmospheric methane by the end of the century, could "make a substantial difference to the feasibility of achieving the Paris climate targets", and would provide us with more "allowable carbon emissions to 2100".<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2018_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the direct heating effect and the normal feedbacks, the methane breaks down to carbon dioxide and water. This water is often above the tropopause, where little water usually reaches. Ramanathan (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that both water and ice clouds, when formed at cold lower stratospheric temperatures, are extremely efficient in enhancing the atmospheric greenhouse effect. He also notes that there is a distinct possibility that large increases in methane in future may lead to a surface warming that increases nonlinearly with the methane concentration. </p><p>Mitigation efforts to reduce short-lived climate pollutants like methane and <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> would help combat "near-term climate change" and would support <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCAC_2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCAC_2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/400px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/600px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/800px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Main sources of global methane emissions (2008–2017) according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Carbon_Project" title="Global Carbon Project">Global Carbon Project</a><sup id="cite_ref-Saunois_2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunois_2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Carbon cycle</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/160px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/240px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/320px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">Terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">Deep carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests" title="Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests">Boreal forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry_of_carbon" title="Geochemistry of carbon">Geochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">In the atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_measurements_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide">Satellite measurements</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of carbon">Forms of carbon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_carbon" title="Total carbon">Total carbon</a> (TC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_organic_carbon" title="Total organic carbon">Total organic carbon</a> (TOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_inorganic_carbon" title="Total inorganic carbon">Total inorganic carbon</a> (TIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">Dissolved organic carbon</a> (DOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_inorganic_carbon" title="Dissolved inorganic carbon">Dissolved inorganic carbon</a> (DIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulate_organic_matter" title="Particulate organic matter">Particulate organic carbon</a> (POC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulate_inorganic_carbon" title="Particulate inorganic carbon">Particulate inorganic carbon</a> (PIC)</li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathways</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle" title="Reverse Krebs cycle">Reverse Krebs cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_respiration" title="Carbon respiration">Carbon respiration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration" title="Ecosystem respiration">Ecosystem respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_ecosystem_production" title="Net ecosystem production">Net ecosystem production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">Soil respiration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon pump">Carbon pumps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_curve" title="Martin curve">Martin curve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_pump" title="Solubility pump">Solubility pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_pump" title="Lipid pump">Lipid pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly-falls" title="Jelly-falls">Jelly pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_feces" title="Whale feces">Whale pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_pump" title="Continental shelf pump">Continental shelf pump</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">pelagic sediment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Wetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_methane_production" title="Aerobic methane production">Aerobic production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">Clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_clathrate" title="Carbon dioxide clathrate">Carbon dioxide clathrate</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_compensation_depth" title="Carbonate compensation depth">Carbonate compensation depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Calcite_Belt" title="Great Calcite Belt">Great Calcite Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_ratio" title="Redfield ratio">Redfield ratio</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Climate reconstruction proxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-to-nitrogen_ratio" title="Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio">Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Carbon_Observatory" title="Deep Carbon Observatory">Deep Carbon Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Carbon_Project" title="Global Carbon Project">Global Carbon Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle_re-balancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cycle re-balancing">Carbon cycle re-balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorialisation_of_carbon_governance" title="Territorialisation of carbon governance">Territorialisation of carbon governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Carbon_Column_Observing_Network" title="Total Carbon Column Observing Network">Total Carbon Column Observing Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4MIP" title="C4MIP">C4MIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2SYS" title="CO2SYS">CO2SYS</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbon_cycle" title="Category:Carbon cycle">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbon_cycle" title="Template:Carbon cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Carbon_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Carbon cycle (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Any process that results in the production of methane and its release into the atmosphere can be considered a "source". The known sources of methane are predominantly located near the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunois_Bousquet_2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunois_Bousquet_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two main processes that are responsible for methane production include <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobically</a> converting organic compounds into methane (<a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>), which are widespread in <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> animals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Methane is also released in the Arctic</a> for example from <a href="/wiki/Permafrost_thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Permafrost thaw">thawing permafrost</a>. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_emissions&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> are a major contributor to the rising concentration of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term <a href="/wiki/Global_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Global heating">global heating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Methane_emissions_Initiative_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methane_emissions_Initiative-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Methane_emissions_IPCCforce_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methane_emissions_IPCCforce-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2019, about 60% (360 million tons) of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> released globally was from human activities, while natural sources contributed about 40% (230 million tons).<sup id="cite_ref-Methane_emissions_ieasources_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methane_emissions_ieasources-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Methane_emissions_carbpro_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methane_emissions_carbpro-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing methane emissions by capturing and utilizing the gas can produce simultaneous environmental and economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Methane_emissions_Initiative_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methane_emissions_Initiative-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Industrial Revolution, concentrations of methane in the atmosphere have more than doubled, and about 20 percent of the warming the planet has experienced can be attributed to the gas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one-third (33%) of <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic greenhouse gases">anthropogenic</a> emissions are from gas release during the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">extraction</a> and delivery of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>; mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Gas_venting" title="Gas venting">gas venting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">gas leaks</a> from both active fossil fuel infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">orphan wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia is the world's top methane emitter from oil and gas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a> is a similarly large source (30%); primarily because of <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant livestock</a> such as cattle and sheep. According to the Global Methane Assessment published in 2021, methane emissions from livestock (including cattle) are the largest sources of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">agricultural emissions</a> worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single cow can make up to 99 kg of methane gas per year.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_techniques">Measurement techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Measurement techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane was typically measured using <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a>. Gas chromatography is a type of <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> used for separating or analyzing chemical compounds. It is less expensive in general, compared to more advanced methods, but it is more time and labor-intensive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic methods">Spectroscopic methods</a> were the preferred method for atmospheric gas measurements due to its sensitivity and precision. Also, spectroscopic methods are the only way of remotely sensing the atmospheric gases. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a> covers a large spectrum of techniques, one of which detects gases based on <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectroscopy</a>. There are various methods for spectroscopic methods, including <a href="/wiki/Differential_optical_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Differential optical absorption spectroscopy">Differential optical absorption spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_fluorescence" title="Laser-induced fluorescence">Laser-induced fluorescence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy">Fourier Transform Infrared</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Cavity_ring-down_spectroscopy" title="Cavity ring-down spectroscopy">cavity ring-down spectroscopy</a> was the most widely used IR absorption technique of detecting methane. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Laser_absorption_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser absorption spectroscopy">laser absorption spectroscopy</a> which determines the mole fraction to the order of parts per trillion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_monitoring">Global monitoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Global monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions#Global_methane_emissions_monitoring" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions § Global methane emissions monitoring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png/400px-Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png/600px-Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png/800px-Mlo_ch4_ts_obs_03437.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><small>Methane concentration at NOAA's Mauna Loa observatory through July 2021: A record-high of 1912 ppb was reached in December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></figcaption></figure><p>CH<sub>4</sub> has been measured directly in the environment since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch5_2021_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch5_2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased 160% since preindustrial levels in the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long term atmospheric measurements of methane by <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> show that the build up of methane nearly tripled since pre-industrial times since 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPC2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPC2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 and 1998 there was a sudden growth rate of methane representing a doubling of growth rates in previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPC2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPC2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">June 15, 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a>, measuring <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a>-6—was the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 it was reported that unprecedented warm temperatures in 1998—the warmest year since surface records were recorded—could have induced elevated methane emissions, along with an increase in wetland and rice field emissions and the amount of biomass burning.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from 2007 suggested methane concentrations were beginning to rise again.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was confirmed in 2010 when a study showed methane levels were on the rise for the 3 years 2007 to 2009. After a decade of near-zero growth in methane levels, "globally averaged atmospheric methane increased by [approximately] 7 nmol/mol per year during 2007 and 2008. During the first half of 2009, globally averaged atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> was [approximately] 7 nmol/mol greater than it was in 2008, suggesting that the increase will continue in 2009."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2015 to 2019 sharp rises in levels of atmospheric methane have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, methane levels in the Arctic were measured at 1850 nmol/mol which is over twice as high as at any time in the last 400,000 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the IPCC AR5, since 2011 concentrations continued to increase. After 2014, the increase accelerated and by 2017, it reached 1,850 (parts per billion) ppb.<sup id="cite_ref-Nisbet_2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nisbet_2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual average for methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) was 1866 ppb in 2019 and scientists reported with "very high confidence" that concentrations of CH<sub>4</sub> were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Summary_2021_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Summary_2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest annual increase occurred in 2021 with current concentrations reaching a record 260% of pre-industrial—with the overwhelming percentage caused by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2013, IPCC scientists said with "very high confidence", that concentrations of atmospheric methane CH<sub>4</sub> "exceeded the pre-industrial levels by about 150% which represented "levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years."<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Summary_2021_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Summary_2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The globally averaged concentration of methane in Earth's atmosphere increased by about 150% from 722 ± 25 ppb in 1750 to 1803.1 ± 0.6 ppb in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESRL_trend_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESRL_trend-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, methane contributed <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> of 0.62 ± 14% Wm<sup>−2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Etminan_Myhre_2016_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etminan_Myhre_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnar2013_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnar2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmospheric methane concentration has continued to increase since 2011 to an average global concentration of 1911.8 ± 0.6 ppb as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ESRL_trend_annual_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESRL_trend_annual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May 2021 peak was 1891.6 ppb, while the April 2022 peak was 1909.4 ppb, a 0.9% increase.<sup id="cite_ref-ESRL_trend_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESRL_trend-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch4_gr_gl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ch4_gr_gl.png/400px-Ch4_gr_gl.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ch4_gr_gl.png/600px-Ch4_gr_gl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ch4_gr_gl.png/800px-Ch4_gr_gl.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><small>Annual atmospheric methane concentrations from 1990 to 2021.</small></figcaption></figure><p> The Global Carbon Project consortium produces the Global Methane Budget. Working with over fifty international research institutions and 100 stations globally, it updates the methane budget every few years.<sup id="cite_ref-GCB_2022_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCB_2022-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the balance between sources and sinks of methane was not yet fully understood. Scientists were unable to explain why the atmospheric concentration of methane had temporarily ceased to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschke2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschke2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focus on the role of methane in anthropogenic climate change has become more relevant since the mid-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunois_Jackson_2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunois_Jackson_2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_sinks_or_removal_of_atmospheric_methane">Natural sinks or removal of atmospheric methane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural sinks or removal of atmospheric methane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of methane in the atmosphere is the result of a balance between the production of methane on the Earth's surface—its source—and the destruction or removal of methane, mainly in the atmosphere—its sink— in an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">atmospheric chemical</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major natural sink is through oxidation by <a href="/wiki/Methanotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanotrophic">methanotrophic</a> or methane-consuming bacteria in Earth's soils. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtmosphericMethane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AtmosphericMethane.png/400px-AtmosphericMethane.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/AtmosphericMethane.png 1.5x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption><small>NASA computer models from 2005, calculated based on information available at that time, show the amount of methane (parts per million by volume) at the surface (top) and in the stratosphere (bottom)</small><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2005_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>These 2005 NASA computer model simulations—calculated based on data available at that time—illustrate how methane is destroyed as it rises. </p><p>As air rises in the tropics, methane is carried upwards through the troposphere—the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere which is 4 miles (6.4 km) to 12 miles (19 km) from the Earth's surface, into the lower stratosphere—the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>—and then the upper portion of the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2005_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This atmospheric chemical process is the most effective methane sink, as it removes 90% of atmospheric methane.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschke2013_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschke2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This global destruction of atmospheric methane mainly occurs in the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschke2013_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschke2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane molecules react with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl radicals">hydroxyl radicals</a> (OH)—the "major chemical scavenger in the troposphere" that "controls the atmospheric lifetime of most gases in the troposphere".<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_Holland_2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_Holland_2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation process, atmospheric methane is destroyed and water vapor and carbon dioxide are produced. </p><p>While this decreases the concentration of methane in the atmosphere, it is unclear if this leads to a net positive increase in <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> because both water vapor and carbon dioxide are more powerful GHGs factors in terms of affecting the warming of Earth. </p><p>This additional water vapor in the stratosphere caused by CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation, adds approximately 15% to methane's radiative forcing effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnar_2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnar_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1980s, the global warming problem had been transformed by the inclusion of methane and other non-CO<sub>2</sub> trace-gases—CFCs, N<sub>2</sub>O, and O<sub>3</sub>— on global warming, instead of focusing primarily on carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan_1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_IPCC_AR4_1988_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan_IPCC_AR4_1988-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both water and ice clouds, when formed at cold lower stratospheric temperatures, have a significant impact by increasing the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Large increases in future methane could lead to a surface warming that increases nonlinearly with the methane concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_1998_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan_1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_IPCC_AR4_1988_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan_IPCC_AR4_1988-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer—the lowest layer of the stratosphere from about 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, just above the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA researchers in 2001, had said that this process was enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. Their climate models based on data available at that time, had indicated that carbon dioxide and methane enhanced the transport of water into the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Shindell_NASA_2001_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shindell_NASA_2001-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atmospheric methane could last about 120 years in the stratosphere until it is eventually destroyed through the hydroxyl radicals oxidation process.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohs_2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohs_2006-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mean_lifespan">Mean lifespan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mean lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/300px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/450px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/600px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Estimated atmospheric methane lifetime before the industrial era (shaded area); changes in methane lifetime since 1850 as simulated by a climate model (blue line), and the reconciled graph (red line).<sup id="cite_ref-Arora2018_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arora2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are different ways to quantify the period of time that methane impacts the atmosphere. The average time that a physical methane molecule is in the atmosphere is estimated to be around 9.6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmes2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arora2018_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arora2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the average time that the atmosphere will be affected by the emission of that molecule before reaching equilibrium – known as its 'perturbation lifetime' – is approximately twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-CCAC_2013_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCAC_2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_2012-01-16_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_2012-01-16-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reaction of methane and chlorine atoms acts as a primary sink of Cl atoms and is a primary source of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) in the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Warneck_2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warneck_2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CH<sub>4</sub> + Cl → CH<sub>3</sub> + HCl </p><p>The HCl produced in this reaction leads to catalytic <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> destruction in the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohs_2006_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohs_2006-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methanotrophs_in_soils_and_sediments">Methanotrophs in soils and sediments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methanotrophs in soils and sediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puglini_2020_laptev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Puglini_2020_laptev.png/220px-Puglini_2020_laptev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Puglini_2020_laptev.png/330px-Puglini_2020_laptev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Puglini_2020_laptev.png/440px-Puglini_2020_laptev.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>Methane releases in the <a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a> are typically consumed within the sediment by <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophs</a>. Areas with high <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> (top) subject their microbial communities to continual disturbance, and so they are the most likely to see active fluxes, whether with (right) or without active upward flow (left). Even so, the annual release may be limited to 1000 tonnes or less.<sup id="cite_ref-Puglini2020_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puglini2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Soils act as a major sink for atmospheric methane through the methanotrophic bacteria that reside within them. This occurs with two different types of bacteria. "High capacity-low affinity" methanotrophic bacteria grow in areas of high methane concentration, such as waterlogged soils in wetlands and other moist environments. And in areas of low methane concentration, "low capacity-high affinity" methanotrophic bacteria make use of the methane in the atmosphere to grow, rather than relying on methane in their immediate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-SoilSink_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoilSink-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane oxidation allows methanotrophic bacteria to use methane as a source of energy, reacting methane with oxygen and as a result producing carbon dioxide and water. </p> <dl><dd>CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Forest soils act as good sinks for atmospheric methane because soils are optimally moist for methanotroph activity, and the movement of gases between soil and atmosphere (soil diffusivity) is high.<sup id="cite_ref-SoilSink_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoilSink-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a lower water table, any methane in the soil has to make it past the methanotrophic bacteria before it can reach the atmosphere. Wetland soils, however, are often sources of atmospheric methane rather than sinks because the water table is much higher, and the methane can be diffused fairly easily into the air without having to compete with the soil's methanotrophs.<sup id="cite_ref-SoilSink_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoilSink-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methanotrophic bacteria also occur in the underwater <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>. Their presence can often efficiently limit emissions from sources such as the underwater <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> in areas like the Laptev Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Puglini2020_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puglini2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_technologies">Removal technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Removal technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane_removal" title="Atmospheric methane removal">Atmospheric methane removal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane_removal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane_removal" title="Atmospheric methane removal">Atmospheric methane removal</a> is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> that is in the atmosphere, for the purpose of mitigating some of the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atmospheric_methane_removal_:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_methane_removal_:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With concentrations of atmospheric methane increasing twice as fast as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a> since 1750, methane is the second most impactful <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-emissions-agriculture_(OWID_0666).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/220px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/330px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/440px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide methane emissions from agriculture in 2019.</figcaption></figure> Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2010 to 2019, <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> caused 0.5 °C (about 30%) of observed <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global methane emissions approached a record 600 Tg CH<sub>4</sub> per year in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Atmospheric_methane_removal_:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_methane_removal_:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methane_concentrations_in_the_geologic_past">Methane concentrations in the geologic past</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Methane concentrations in the geologic past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png/300px-Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png/450px-Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png/600px-Atmospheric_Concentrations_of_Methane_Over_Time.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Compilation of <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a> data of methane</figcaption></figure><p>From 1996 to 2004, researchers in the <a href="/wiki/European_Project_for_Ice_Coring_in_Antarctica" title="European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica">European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica</a> (EPICA) project were able to drill and analyze gases trapped in the ice cores in Antarctica to reconstruct GHG concentrations in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years".<sup id="cite_ref-BernU_2019_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BernU_2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that prior to approximately 900,000 years ago, the cycle of ice ages followed by relatively short warm periods lasted about 40,000 years, but by 800,000 years ago the time interval changed dramatically to cycles that lasted 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-BernU_2019_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BernU_2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were low values of GHG in ice ages, and high values during the warm periods.<sup id="cite_ref-BernU_2019_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BernU_2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This 2016 EPA illustration above is a compilation of <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a> showing methane concentrations over time based on analysis of gas bubbles from<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_2016_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_2016-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPICA <a href="/wiki/Dome_C" title="Dome C">Dome C</a>, Antarctica—approximately 797,446 BCE to 1937 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-EPICA_2008_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPICA_2008-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Law_Dome" title="Law Dome">Law Dome</a>, Antarctica—approximately 1008 CE to 1980 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Etheridge_2002_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etheridge_2002-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Grim" title="Cape Grim">Cape Grim</a>, Australia—1985 CE to 2015 CE<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, Hawaii—1984 CE to 2015 CE<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_MaunaLoa_2016_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_MaunaLoa_2016-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, Scotland: 1993 CE to 2001 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_2002_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_2002-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg/300px-Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg/450px-Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg/600px-Graph_CO2_CH4_and_Temperature_Graph_in_English_15_June_2015_by_Reg_Morrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The impact of CH<sub>4</sub> atmospheric methane concentrations on global temperature increase may be far greater than previously estimated.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://regmorrison.edublogs.org/files/2013/02/METHANE-2-1sca3tx.pdf">[2]</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The massive and rapid release of large volumes of methane gas from such sediments into the atmosphere has been suggested as a possible cause for rapid <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> events in the Earth's distant past, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowen2014_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowen2014-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dying" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Dying">Great Dying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2003_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2003-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Climate_Systems_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Climate Systems Research">Center for Climate Systems Research</a> scientists confirmed that other greenhouse gases apart from carbon dioxide were important factors in climate change in research presented at the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> (AGU).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2001_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2001-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offered a theory on the 100,000-year long <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> that occurred approximately 55 million years ago. They posited that there was a vast release of methane that had previously been kept stable through "cold temperatures and high pressure...beneath the ocean floor". This methane release into the atmosphere resulted in the warming of the earth. A 2009 journal article in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, confirmed NASA research that the contribution of methane to global warming had previously been underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>Early in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's history">Earth's history</a> carbon dioxide and methane likely produced a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>. The carbon dioxide would have been produced by volcanoes and the methane by early microbes. During this time, Earth's earliest life appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2003 article in the journal <i>Geology</i>, these first, ancient bacteria added to the methane concentration by converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water. Oxygen did not become a major part of the atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms evolved later in Earth's history. With no oxygen, methane stayed in the atmosphere longer and at higher concentrations than it does today.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavlov2003_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlov2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_methane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agage.mit.edu/data/agage-data">"AGAGE Data & Figures | Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment"</a>. <i>agage.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920580-6"><bdi>978-0-19-920580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrobiology+of+Earth%3A+the+emergence%2C+evolution%2C+and+future+of+life+on+a+planet+in+turmoil&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920580-6&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64zn0nxDVUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtmospheric+methane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlov2003-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlov2003_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPavlovHurtgenKastingArthur2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pavlov, Alexander A.; et al. (January 2003). "Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere?". <i>Geology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geo....31...87P">2003Geo....31...87P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0087%3AMRPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0087:MRPA>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Methane-rich+Proterozoic+atmosphere%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0087%3AMRPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Geo....31...87P&rft.aulast=Pavlov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft.au=Hurtgen%2C+Matthew+T.&rft.au=Kasting%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Arthur%2C+Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtmospheric+methane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multi-breadbasket failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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