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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гесция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гесция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C5%99ik%C3%A1zan%C3%A9_jednatelstv%C3%AD" title="Nepřikázané jednatelství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepřikázané jednatelství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesch%C3%A4ftsf%C3%BChrung_ohne_Auftrag" title="Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_d%27affaires_en_droit_civil_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Gestion d'affaires en droit civil français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion d'affaires en droit civil français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="사무관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사무관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestione_di_affare_altrui" title="Gestione di affare altrui – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestione di affare altrui" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaakwaarneming" title="Zaakwaarneming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaakwaarneming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="事務管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="事務管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowadzenie_cudzych_spraw_bez_zlecenia" title="Prowadzenie cudzych spraw bez zlecenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowadzenie cudzych spraw bez zlecenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Действия в чужом интересе без поручения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Действия в чужом интересе без поручения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezvano_vr%C5%A1enje_tu%C4%91ih_poslova" title="Nezvano vršenje tuđih poslova – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nezvano vršenje tuđih poslova" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Negotiorum gestio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="การจัดการงานนอกสั่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดการงานนอกสั่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%9B%A0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="无因管理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无因管理" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_Flat_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/150px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/225px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/300px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds" title="Meeting of the minds">Meeting of the minds</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_principle_(law)" title="Abstraction principle (law)">Abstraction principle</a><sup><small>4,5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_rule" title="Posting rule">Posting rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_image_rule" title="Mirror image rule">Mirror image rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">Invitation to treat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">Firm offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">Consideration</a><sup><small>1,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implication-in-fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">Collateral contract</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_(contract_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress (contract law)">Threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">unequal bargaining power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">public policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo" title="Culpa in contrahendo">Culpa in contrahendo</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose" title="Frustration of purpose">Frustration of purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibility_of_performance" title="Impossibility of performance">Impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impracticability" title="Impracticability">Impracticability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract#Hardship" title="Contract">Hardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-off_(law)" title="Set-off (law)">Set-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_est_factum" title="Non est factum">Non est factum</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Unclean hands</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction" title="Accord and satisfaction">Accord and satisfaction</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_clause" title="Exculpatory clause">Exculpatory clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">Contract of adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_clause" title="Integration clause">Integration clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Choice_of_Court_Convention" title="Hague Choice of Court Convention">Hague Choice of Court Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards" title="Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards">New York Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Convention" title="Singapore Mediation Convention">Singapore Mediation Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Judgments_Convention" title="Hague Judgments Convention">Hague Judgments Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of third parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity of contract</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_(law)" title="Delegation (law)">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">Novation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">Third-party beneficiary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">Anticipatory repudiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(law)" title="Cover (law)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_breach" title="Efficient breach">Efficient breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_breach" title="Fundamental breach">Fundamental breach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Money damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated, stipulated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_damages" title="Penal damages">penal damages</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_meruit" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negotiorum gestio</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Duties of parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_of_honest_contractual_performance" title="Canadian contract law">Duty of honest contractual performance</a> (or doctrine of abuse of rights)<sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">Duty of good faith</a> (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)<sup><small>7</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_A_and_Contract_B_in_Canadian_contract_law" title="Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law">Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contract_law" title="Australian contract law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">China (mainland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Contract law in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_contract_law" title="Scots contract law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>1 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions</li> <li>2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions</li> <li>3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions</li> <li>4 Specific to the German <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> and other civil codes based on the <a href="/wiki/Pandectist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandectist">pandectist</a> tradition</li> <li>5 Explicitly rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a> of International Commercial Contracts</li> <li>6 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canadian contract law</a> both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces</li> <li>7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_to_negotiate_in_good_faith" title="Canadian contract law">contractual and pre-contractual negotiation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contract_law" title="Template:Contract law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law" title="Template talk:Contract law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contract_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contract law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Negotiorum gestio</b></i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nəˌgō.shē-ˈȯr-əm-ˈgestēˌō]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "management of business") is a form of spontaneous voluntary <a href="/wiki/Agency_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (law)">agency</a> in which an intervenor or intermeddler, the <i>gestor</i>, acts on behalf and for the benefit of a <a href="/wiki/Principal_(commercial_law)" title="Principal (commercial law)">principal</a> (<i>dominus negotii</i>), but without the latter's prior consent. The gestor is only entitled to reimbursement for expenses and not to remuneration, the underlying principle being that <i>negotiorum gestio</i> is intended as an act of generosity and friendship and not to allow the gestor to profit from his intermeddling. This form of intervention is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">quasi-contract</a> and found in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil-law</a> jurisdictions and in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed legal system">mixed systems</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Louisiana" title="Law of Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_law" class="mw-redirect" title="South African law">South African</a>, and Philippine laws). </p><p>For example, while you are traveling abroad, a typhoon hits your home town and the roofing of your house is in danger. To avoid the catastrophic situation, your neighbour does something urgently necessary. You are the 'principal' and your neighbour here is the 'gestor', the act of which saved your house is the <i>negotiorum gestio</i>. </p><p>It originated as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> institution in which an individual acted on behalf of another, without his asking and without <a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">remuneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was considered a part of <i>officium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>), for instance, to defend a friend's or <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbour's</a> interests while the friend or neighbour was away.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal, or <i>dominus negotii</i> (or rarely <i>dominus negotiorum dominus rei gestae</i>), is bound to indemnify the gestor for the expenses and liabilities incurred. If the principal fails to do so, there is <a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">unjust enrichment</a>, and the gestor then has a claim to bring an action for <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>. In Napoleonic jurisdictions, as well as others like <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, the action takes the form of the <i>actio de in rem verso</i>. In South Africa, on the other hand, multiple restitutionary actions lie for <i>negotiorum gestio</i>, namely: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condictio_indebiti" title="Condictio indebiti">condictio indebiti</a></i>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Condictio_causa_data_causa_non_secuta" title="Condictio causa data causa non secuta">condictio causa data causa non secuta</a></i>;</li> <li><i>condictio ob turpem vel iniustam causam</i>;</li> <li><i>condictio sine causa specialis</i></li></ol> <p><i>Negotiorum gestio</i> is not recognised at <a href="/wiki/Common_law_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law system">common law</a>, despite certain English <a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">salvage</a> cases, as well as some cases in <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> where trustees were on occasion remunerated for services voluntarily rendered.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the concept is known in English legal theory as ‘necessitous intervention’. </p><p>It is variously known as follows: </p> <ul><li>Belgium: "agency of necessity" in Dutch and "management of affairs" in French (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">zaakwaarneming</i> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">gestion d'affaires</i>) under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Civil_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgian Civil Code (page does not exist)">Belgian Civil Code</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: "uncommanded agency" (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">nepřikázané jednatelství</i>) under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_Civil_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech Civil Code (page does not exist)">Czech Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France: "management of affairs" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">gestion d'affaires</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Code">French Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Germany: "agency without specific authorisation" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/German_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="German Civil Code">German Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italy: "management of another's affairs" (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">gestione di affare altrui</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Italian_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian civil code">Italian Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japan: "management of business" (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">事務管理</span>, <i>jimu kanri</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Civil Code">Japanese Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Louisiana: "management of affairs" under the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Civil_Code" title="Louisiana Civil Code">Louisiana Civil Code</a></li> <li>Netherlands: "agency of necessity" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">zaakwaarneming</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Civil Code">Dutch Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scotland: <i>Negotiorum gestio</i> (sometimes rendered 'benevolent intervention', though generally the phrase <i>negotiorum gestio</i> is used even in modern statutes).</li> <li>South Africa: <i>negotiorum gestio</i> (sometimes "management of affairs") under <a href="/wiki/South_African_law" class="mw-redirect" title="South African law">South African law</a></li> <li>Sweden: <i>negotiorum gestio</i> and "services without assignment" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">tjänster utan uppdrag</i>)</li> <li>Switzerland: "business management without authority" in German and "management of affairs" in French (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag</i> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">gestion d'affaires</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland: "management of another's business without an order" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Prowadzenie cudzych spraw bez zlecenia</i>) under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Civil_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Civil Code (page does not exist)">Polish Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portugal: "management of business" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>gestão de negócios</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_Code" title="Portuguese Civil Code">Portuguese Civil Code</a> (Articles 464 to 472)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Russia: "action in the interest of another (without instruction)" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">действия в чужом интересе (без поручения)</span>) under the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Russia" title="Civil Code of Russia">Russian Federation Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taiwan: "management of affairs without mandate" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">無因管理</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wú yīn guǎnlǐ</span></i>) under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Civil_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiwanese Civil Code (page does not exist)">Taiwanese Civil Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thailand: "management of affairs without mandate" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">จัดการงานนอกสั่ง</span>; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">chat kan ngan nok sang</i></span>) under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_and_Commercial_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil and Commercial Code (page does not exist)">Civil and Commercial Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turkey: "management of affairs without mandate (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Vekaletsiz işgörme</i>) under the Turkish Code of Obligations (Articles 526-531)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negotiorum_gestio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">Law of agency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negotiorum_gestio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> * <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaha_Yiğit_Sayın2023" class="citation web cs1">Baha Yiğit Sayın (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0309EEC3E0F04FBB8320B70889970370">"Negotiorum Gestio as a Source of Obligation: From Roman Law to Modern Codes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Istanbul University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negotiorum+Gestio+as+a+Source+of+Obligation%3A+From+Roman+Law+to+Modern+Codes&rft.pub=Istanbul+University&rft.date=2023-11&rft.au=Baha+Yi%C4%9Fit+Say%C4%B1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.istanbul.edu.tr%2Ffile%2FJTA6CLJ8T5%2F0309EEC3E0F04FBB8320B70889970370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Crook, <i>Law and Life of Rome</i> (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press), 236–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeroen Kortmann, <i>Altruism in Private Law: Liability for Nonfeasance and Negotiorum Gestio</i> (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2012-89#cast4-hlava4-dil2">Czech Civil Code, Part 4, Chapter IV, Title 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=22&r=492">FCC - Book 3 - Title 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060530025954/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=22&r=492">Archived</a> 2006-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangenscheidt_Translation_Service2011" class="citation web cs1">Langenscheidt Translation Service (2011-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#p2924">"Civil Code, Book 2, Title 13"</a>. Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Code%2C+Book+2%2C+Title+13&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Justice+and+Consumer+Protection&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.au=Langenscheidt+Translation+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fenglisch_bgb%2Fenglisch_bgb.html%23p2924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/obiter_dictum/codciv/Lib4.htm">ICC - Book IV - Title VI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?ft=2&re=02&dn=1&yo=civil+code&x=-730&y=-319&ky=&page=4">"Civil Code, Part III, Chapter 3"</a>. Japanese Ministry of Justice. 2009-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Code%2C+Part+III%2C+Chapter+3&rft.pub=Japanese+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.date=2009-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp%2Flaw%2Fdetail%2F%3Fft%3D2%26re%3D02%26dn%3D1%26yo%3Dcivil%2Bcode%26x%3D-730%26y%3D-319%26ky%3D%26page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._L._Hendrikse2008" class="citation book cs1">M. L. Hendrikse; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3Bhy7B3ve8C&q=zaakwaarneming+agency&pg=PA340"><i>Aspects of Maritime Law: Claims Under Bills of Lading</i></a>. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041126238" title="Special:BookSources/9789041126238"><bdi>9789041126238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Maritime+Law%3A+Claims+Under+Bills+of+Lading&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789041126238&rft.au=M.+L.+Hendrikse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3Bhy7B3ve8C%26q%3Dzaakwaarneming%2Bagency%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/220/a38.html">"Swiss Civil Code, Part Five, Division One, Title One, Section One, Article 38"</a>. Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation. 2013-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+Civil+Code%2C+Part+Five%2C+Division+One%2C+Title+One%2C+Section+One%2C+Article+38&rft.pub=Federal+Authorities+of+the+Swiss+Confederation&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fch%2Fe%2Frs%2F220%2Fa38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/Download?id=WDU19640160093&type=3">K.c. - Book 3 - Title XXII</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/147103599/202011041116/73905977/diploma/indice">"Código Civil"</a>. <i>Diário da República Eletrónico</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+Eletr%C3%B3nico&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3digo+Civil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Flegislacao-consolidada%2F-%2Flc%2F147103599%2F202011041116%2F73905977%2Fdiploma%2Findice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/popular/gkrf2/4_57.html#p4937">RF CC - Part III - Chapter 50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.lawbank.com.tw/Eng/FLAW/FLAWDAT0201.asp">"Civil Code, Part II, Chapter I, Section 1, Sub-section 3"</a>. Law and Regulations Database of ROC. 2012-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Code%2C+Part+II%2C+Chapter+I%2C+Section+1%2C+Sub-section+3&rft.pub=Law+and+Regulations+Database+of+ROC&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.lawbank.com.tw%2FEng%2FFLAW%2FFLAWDAT0201.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamol_Sandhikshetrin2007" class="citation book cs1">Kamol Sandhikshetrin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040253/http://www.oja.go.th/doc/Lists/doc1/DispForm.aspx?ID=419"><i>Civil and Commercial Code, Books I–VI, and Glossary</i></a> (8th ed.). Bangkok: Nitibannakan. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789744473493" title="Special:BookSources/9789744473493"><bdi>9789744473493</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oja.go.th/doc/Lists/doc1/DispForm.aspx?ID=419">the original</a> on 2014-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+and+Commercial+Code%2C+Books+I%E2%80%93VI%2C+and+Glossary&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Nitibannakan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789744473493&rft.au=Kamol+Sandhikshetrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oja.go.th%2Fdoc%2FLists%2Fdoc1%2FDispForm.aspx%3FID%3D419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negotiorum_gestio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeland_H._Ayres_&_Robert_E._Landry1988" class="citation web cs1">Leland H. Ayres & Robert E. Landry (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5143&context=lalrev">"The Distinction Between Negotiorum Gestio and Mandate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Louisiana State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Distinction+Between+Negotiorum+Gestio+and+Mandate&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University&rft.date=1988-09&rft.au=Leland+H.+Ayres+%26+Robert+E.+Landry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5143%26context%3Dlalrev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegotiorum+gestio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Niall R. Whitty & Deon van Zyl. ‘Unauthorized Management of Affairs (Negotiorum Gestio)’, in <i>Mixed Legal Systems in Comparative Perspective: Property and Obligations in Scotland and South Africa</i>. Eds. Reinhard Zimmermann, Kenneth Reid, & Daniel Visser. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005.</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>20 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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