CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913675f46b0bfd73',cH: 'BGkFgFuBLnLqQFiEKSTpYpJ51oMfPvdfl3kFXgT4iWI-1739802473-1.2.1.1-NET46Bn_eks7ZKPyF0MTzxc6E023vVbBUeW7CkAKhKsrtYIL3IQzt2r9ga7Ygvmp',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=expanded%20glass&__cf_chl_tk=ouDdWv_CVqwX6XpohCrvydqbB_LlMo2qrTeBNytCR1M-1739802473-1.0.1.1-r1qmrFeWk31tPM0H_v4usZJXhNPG_j03nIfbe5tyOVQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739802473',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=expanded%20glass&__cf_chl_f_tk=ouDdWv_CVqwX6XpohCrvydqbB_LlMo2qrTeBNytCR1M-1739802473-1.0.1.1-r1qmrFeWk31tPM0H_v4usZJXhNPG_j03nIfbe5tyOVQ",md: "ypliNnB0kdUi_9XJpMKlcSuBhCOtz1BkUz3kfCbfJm0-1739802473-1.2.1.1-I9YBa6T6yZAp31phXKd7XSKHKVetIKWEdE4d8wFv6SE6qX6RBPvXPDZAx5prUbKIwK1aurkyvbgli02DWmYnFUQKBfdw7.gJ2QCzIlic.7F2iCiJ2HRHlw4s3gwmJh1SzX4PcJgTEQHkjPGffBMFPobgXPIIqdmo.2F0PKGpXwqFcbs0MKek_b3cbx5ZHUIO.iclGgaKKi0f8rcKKLEfHz_Qdi3.zO1.DGb6QtB5dH92FhxFkUJnk4C7E2_eGmiiIrFEUxGwTRqqFl3cwMbEDqoyIaZEWzUWmMDOCzbgMom2HLzkDP3tUt41BEnN5Lf16tlyDkvOuKPEpNVEnVas4ybBhw6rgKBSF2Ui1aDOxhobHiyFWrnZRVyxk1mpUSwOGzV8SuyHxFkTMcROWvzCvn5kg_IdWljhgiLY8S0mrZgSo8Puo1nA3Be4W0YXG7R0SFLXAzVfZK459cE2SZKpYgK38UdA3TVFsVGFnI6Hl9VGVddLpi5_JhE3JRaFdlTrdtQAIm6sH29CNYyUXRi8VcsanPqLq11elKCiSuFppYdIg5Zbw9Wvf60JFjUpAEqGX_JPLaE4dDKekqao8UezeepbF7PF071Tt4C6U2ZUDapP_gMEoGMpM7_rskj7J6oql5.AMWQgIhfqIWL4dhziyuCWSbPOWS4JhFpob6f3D3WHjK.HcyxuQ8YtEnNKzzxzZQEy3paxOhCICxTHkgPaqc0npwfNAzeZ1hz3ylb.kDAQNKNKBYyjiJ9BoVowVA6r8u08nIdf5HUCFmmqB86dRCLFY5jXL5fq3rbhuDk1M0F34Oa63W3aXYhvYhOc5nLe0_Osue1IYoew35cSmnMMiHMIi44hQUVHsvkmgMTy38NgEIyujjjX_GHgTVTyEto38fd7tC3KeQskB21L3tAjCORWl2nyjdbQQcIB5KLntoiKi24edYg99DLnvqLnAdfvpUAPre44cWrh50x7wB6zp5l4v_96Lra0oLBZ167UIIhqHWcVcHgzFeSHBbYkJBRpF_geYexyzwrzdDhEdM5RIuZZspc0lrOuRUOICC22NDJAxtNAQp95KaOG35cDrl_iNmeqV0qgISedyR5XPO3KDtGDsiZlDIhwyGaoEUFRxj_DGNYs0dS46kRy5Ra47rVj0JR7WV7sXOghbf_zv6YcNAc14ovwTNqAnj_.sFM3s4IMWs2NiZt977shFvCWqOfvbHGV5GdcvZb2bxAmGEgsm6uch9iTbYAav5F1cDO425Uq_m9yAE5ep7WzqU7pg96HpPFh0JnS1homjufpw5ttVjI0PtWd9U406RaPfyw9N0yuiUgn8YZRH3SX0.wmd0QQFGT3x4WlphUQ6OxKwlCsJTYrNIXV3Mb9EaTj44_b44XEzqaYGb3.HhpC7NgtzlY4quQiyQklNykut42hOppD.FzcBXfy7CxpR3M_OCTBpIPxpXHLmDIvrfFS03eWyB3zkjiXi5EtUAa3imQ4WEoF4UiMkjmWfeA2O6uca2n60BZtBdC45qZZfNngQckWhnZx0SFuJldR6WAkiLBvEGkNOTtLr4f6a981a5oA_2U0i1Yxo8V4ClDTmZs3mzmujJCWOcZOY5_Zxfh3u_4JFxt7oaShEShOTXxL3aj27UkhXYGBlde11g.nbko4xIS0onBet6lMjVyi7TFz5FFW6tgaxWBjIEI5GSPtaApovW057YAf7lXc54SesmqVAMfh.YX9Op0hLf9b._djbMsBLVYwLImFZsSjJ0hSOC2aSd9QkChLhR7aIyYCsajtCU5msSRRXMN_L7jBjZL8yC3Ye66AYiDU2y6ZgTSjIiNKZDwTkFqNWky7E5b8IjX7VTr2XmpHVV.Yrt3tiQlbU7mkn57pAey2wJ1iBzkO7VNh.6iz3SOvwb_tYrujO.LRfJVJpEvK2fZwXmvFw5SdiisieOxAZKHB7cIcCoB4NOBM4pDXLmI",mdrd: "eBBitG.ACGe_VWmE.tW8dX3Dm9S4EekUrQz33OGdXQk-1739802473-1.2.1.1-Uiq1hU8hvuzJYrR.ZvzUVTnK9t3PpnMOibzm8A3lHyMeVQlmiIBEJ2i.p6eBjtzYCfZbKwk2sF_98hgWyZBAALiFmehN5NgHIUsBaASE_120A6on7LC5izaQsjkpa.REhNBPE0BiInHrdsjgDBmJ2VsX1BjprTzIK0Fe22pqephybUPQNZ3hmVUNm.rqTPagKoMH8weQkQhtPDFrYgX0zfTDhK13wWUmzTITtLrarUNozBjdKre3vnO38w0YV29wSOSeWn7UIr41UQbrpAnhm9VY0c6SMMatifAs8k9BheqgjWZ2pYvpJkmO_oxcNm5MJ4hdEHDpWYawionBoZbuquc36CqYue0uMnNfrP.t9eysQs_CDVG.qKFKnPY98Y0X1cIY5MH_ZS2wzt1N4XAhvr4H7MXobTnP3gKuDc4gjpGVDk8sYtaomlQVs6DmB4ijj_q9UU079MYv5Z.CkGQbcUCUEz75kurVpfFiljeTIgGvhDOLLvqZj0R1eSSxQTUQ00JMSX3SDJLY._aAp4byqSuTgMwp7Oh5YZlxpltdgHpgbtwJkNINFmccFbR3_tIrBjKXY_G3upx0MYVUmzY2PbRpJ5xcPqvgO6e985voOPEIV3IefflmP5sHOlXsL0c.AfvFths.dt37iuSMc28Pii2kLy8DVhwlXFLkGo6IULv0UP19XsBIF8Qa2Du6BhCwWq2NzQ3NU2SeEnEzE0_fU0ZhUXdTL9yP2Fwrw3fMwvxokVfkEz5QXI77Z6N9C8cPJhJ7Wmnd03l58rkP9DvuYI8Wi9yWKEfECuqJMJdfmg8rW7m7ChP77nPKFlJO1chjL8sGnHK_uZKpz_ZMMJWkO0_JIBu0Ym65u7vePnebnGfP3FA9DX0kCtkpvvjHtzX4DmDe93jWF_iLDNL5GnxdBoN2CbDKQFK1qcAsFfTBtrmYo6_7yQM7UD7l3J98pjVhjoOF3mANnMLqZVoYvZD3AdjQlBofpf5knbDH0pGuXH5HYVB.gWAVHsQNNcFjEgXqAAUuJxC9NI366UlCpYY1slt2I5UQQ28cpDcSiUTH1mFZBabLVkpUHOejj_F10hb0MIwdpouLkPV_CcP6WK2J6pxpYrDwtVDFJxLPyZNw2KNjGFj4zElj3J0lB3I4On6OndV65jpw9MUqX2bR1UGFIzhXulwd4wwQFv0LcLBZDSc16hJfP26agNwCRc127CZX7Iu4.XaBRoZcH8Ca1eAgY5sPdIMvXF0aL0Mdq9t2zMfEgGdQPyfySRy2MvouOYwRRPeyNh2uUTDSYTHFEPQiD.MsJDirpYOFh.rVBBarOC7TdeG8TGG4LELOl8_nd7hE4YTX9ikZjYlNhwPMp3avs0Bp99ST.u8bbEjuZahaCoFbHEiJUnMx9C91ZTF5k701_4Zn6bt_jf9fmIEYR40ex9TFVVdmQuNplOp9eh3TltbATAFmG8AYLcZ3IkBsod72ESz9D6s1uROBAQYDs0nCe3YuYf2agkst_DUehaVJl7gtqVRcobtLuOpKBUKPoYNVNCjVgYTNZYgYlsJnuijyV6ftHYysPXLaBWFSb8qCyXrqUxl.FR1H4QmNx49PAkXMm.f1QJXZDhUN0D0flV9KoeNw0n4RN18Z.G9R3klXaBz1xshW3ZzLBmVVX22NPu1YNoUNcGtU0Bzi9oIdUmgE22fN9VYt4ULh7xr4WfVoqMqSy54dSM0YyKsd7_dFoLBX_yTRD.vNM2ivSlSOfrVlWwzTSBn2LCUDOTUc3hPcP7kxVoDzr_YJ1iCpN6OtZkRDVzJoIm_PqHPSwVKzU3W2VmZTAp09tmsHdPgw08mIVZyvdoEwsl5kgHim4aSgwjAswN6CGrV2hA5Z2UHlEy4QqQIwMqExiL0_rcoHdoDsqrCKs9SipdiW80vSeUhKnCl91vvroDrgJukBzg.1ga6Lg4H94jd00SP0nbnLk6UpfDMWVR0bKiBsGJNwk9VqfWQQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913675f46b0bfd73';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=expanded%20glass&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ouDdWv_CVqwX6XpohCrvydqbB_LlMo2qrTeBNytCR1M-1739802473-1.0.1.1-r1qmrFeWk31tPM0H_v4usZJXhNPG_j03nIfbe5tyOVQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>