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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimothyPitkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimothyPitkin.jpg/200px-TimothyPitkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimothyPitkin.jpg/300px-TimothyPitkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimothyPitkin.jpg/400px-TimothyPitkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pitkin" title="Timothy Pitkin">Timothy Pitkin</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Opposition to the War of 1812</b> was widespread in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political, economic, and religious grounds. When the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> failed to remedy the situation with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, with Britain refusing to rescind the <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council (1807)</a> and the French continuing their decrees, certain <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republicans</a> known as <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawks</a> felt compelled to persuade the United States government to declare war on the British. A number of contemporaries called it, "The second war for independence."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John Calhoun</a> pushed a declaration of war through Congress, stressing the need to uphold American honor and independence. Speaking of the impact of the depressed cotton trade upon his fellow Southerners, Calhoun told Congress that: </p> <dl><dd>They see, in the low price of their produce, the hand of foreign injustice; they know well without the market to the continent, the deep and steady current of supply will glut that of Great Britain; they are not prepared for the colonial state to which again that Power [Great Britain] is endeavoring to reduce us. The manly spirit of that section of our country will not submit to be regulated by any foreign Power.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Vehement <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">protests</a> against "Mr. Madison's War" erupted in those parts of the country where the opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a>, held sway, especially in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. The governors of these two states, along with <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, refused to place their <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">state militias</a> under <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> control for duty outside the territory of their respective states. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1812_and_1813_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections">1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections</a>, some members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> who voted for the war paid the price. Eight sitting New England congressmen were rejected by the voters, and several others saw the writing on the wall and declined to seek re-election. There was a complete turnover of the New Hampshire delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalist_Party">Federalist Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Federalist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federalists were opposed to war with the United Kingdom before 1812, which can be seen in their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_of_1807" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo of 1807">Embargo of 1807</a>. While many Democratic-Republicans thought of the war as a "test of the Republic", Federalists denounced calls for war, with John Randolph advising <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison Jr.">Madison</a> to abandon the thought of war, as it would threaten United States commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All members of Congress that voted for war were Republicans, while twenty-two opposed declaring war, along with forty Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Madison's declaration of war, the Federalist minority in the House of Representatives released "An Address...to their constituents on the war with Great Britain", which identified the Federalists as the party of peace, rebuffing many of the points Madison made in his declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war continued, New England Federalists maintained their opposition. </p><p>This is not to say the region as a whole opposed the national war effort. Much of the financing and a substantial portion of the army and navy came from the region. In the number of recruits furnished the regular army, only New York supplied more. <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a>, the Vice President, and <a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a>, the secretary of war, hailed from Massachusetts. A distinguished U.S. general, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, came from New Hampshire, and talented naval officers such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hull" title="Isaac Hull">Isaac Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Morris_(naval_officer)" title="Charles Morris (naval officer)">Charles Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Perry</a> were New Englanders. Just as importantly, New England sent more officially sanctioned privateers to sea than other states in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, Federalists in Congress stifled bills that levied more funding for the war, and in September 1814, when Madison issued a conscription bill to increase the number of men within the professional army, Federalists publicly opposed the bill and likened it to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e-en-masse" class="mw-redirect" title="Levée-en-masse">levée-en-masse</a></i>, once again associating Republicans with the French emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists had no control of national policy, however. As the war dragged on, they grew increasingly frustrated. Eventually, some in New England began to advocate constitutional changes that would increase their diminished influence at the national level. The <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a>, with 26 delegates from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and dissident counties in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, was held in December 1814 to consider remedies. It was called to discuss proposed constitutional amendments. Many Federalists within Massachusetts believed that the Hartford Convention was the only way to save the Union from Republicans, and from civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its final report called for several Constitutional amendments. However, when convention representatives arrived in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to advocate their changes, they were greeted with news of a peace treaty with the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which essentially restored the pre-war status quo. This undercut their position, leaving them with little support. They returned home, and the decline of the Federalist Party continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_opposition">Popular opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popular opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of war, there was widespread resistance by many Americans, with many militias refusing to go to war, and bankers even refusing to back a Federal currency and relieve the government of its debt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Massachusetts paper, the <i>Salem Gazette</i>, reprinted Madison's <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">Federalist No. 46</a>, in which Madison made the argument for defending states' rights against a national government, in response to the national government trying to press the state militia into national service.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a sense of patriotism offered support for the war, outside Federalist strongholds, as the war dragged on and the U.S. suffered frequent reversals on land, opposition to the war extended beyond Federalist leaders. As a result, the pool of army volunteers dried. For example, after the British <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a>, General George McClure tried to call up the local militia to drive them back but found that most would not respond, tired of repeated drafts and his earlier failures. Even those who did appear, McClure wrote, were more interested "in taking care of their families and property by carrying them into the interior, than helping us to fight."<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hickey142"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hickey142">[1]</a></sup> There were many examples of other militias refusing to enter Canada, and either disobeying or simply refusing orders to move into Canadian territory. Political opinions even interfered with communication between officers at the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shown in national recruitment efforts as well. While Congress authorized the War Department to recruit 50,000 one-year volunteers, only 10,000 could be found, and the Army never reached half of its authorized strength. A national conscription plan was proposed in Congress, but defeated with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, though several states passed conscription policies. Even <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, the home state of the best-known war hawk Henry Clay, was the source of only 400 recruits in 1812. It was not until the war was concluded that its retrospective popularity shot up again.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hoey"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hoey">[2]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backlash">Backlash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Backlash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many members of the Democratic-Republican Party viewed opposition as treasonous or near-treasonous once the war was declared. The <i>Washington National Intelligencer</i> wrote that, "WAR IS DECLARED, and every patriot heart must unite in its support... or die without due cause." The <i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Chronicle">Augusta Chronicle</a></i> wrote that "he who is not for us is against us."<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hickey55"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hickey55">[3]</a></sup> This sentiment was especially strong in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, at the time a boomtown with a large population of recent <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a> who were eager to prove their <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>. In early 1812, several riots took place, centering on the anti-war Federalist newspaper the <i>Federal Republican</i>. Its offices were destroyed by a mob. Local and city officials, all war hawks, expressed disapproval of the violence but did little to stop it.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hickey56"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hickey56">[4]</a></sup> When the editors of <i>Federal Republican</i> tried to return, they were removed from protective custody in jail by a mob, on the night of July 27, and tortured; one <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolutionary War</a> veteran, <a href="/wiki/James_Lingan" title="James Lingan">James Lingan</a>, died of his injuries. Opponents of the war then largely ceased to openly express their opposition in Baltimore.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hickey64"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hickey64">[5]</a></sup> However, Federalists did take advantage of the incident to publicize Lingan's funeral in stories that were widely printed about around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baltimore riots were the height of violent backlash during the war, whose popularity dropped through 1813 and 1814. However, after the war, when the Hartford Convention's proceedings became public just after a peace treaty was signed with Britain, there was a longer-term backlash against the Federalist Party, which became associated with secession and treason. The party never regained national predominance, fielding its last presidential candidate in 1816 and fading away entirely by the end of the 1820s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The War of 1812 was the first war declared by the United States, and some historians see it as the first to develop widespread antiwar sentiment. (However, there was also anti-war sentiment during the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a>.) There is little direct continuity between the opponents of the War of 1812 and later antiwar movements, as the Federalist party's objections weren't based on pacifism, and as this same "antiwar" party effectually disappeared soon after peace was concluded. The end of the war also influenced the growing unpopularity of the Federalist party, as The Hartford Convention was quickly condemned by Republicans, especially in light of the American <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">victory at New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the war did result in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Peace_Society" title="New York Peace Society">New York Peace Society</a> in 1815 in an effort to prevent similar future wars. The New York Peace Society was the first <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace organization</a> in the United States, lasting in various incarnations until 1940. A number of other peace societies soon formed, including eventually the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Society" title="American Peace Society">American Peace Society</a>, a national organization that exists to the present day. The American Peace Society was formed in 1828 by the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Peace_Society" title="Massachusetts Peace Society">Massachusetts Peace Society</a> and similar societies in New York, Maine, and New Hampshire.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gale"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Gale">[6]</a></sup> The War of 1812 is less well known than 20th-century U.S. wars, but no other war had the degree of opposition by elected officials. Nevertheless, historian Donald R. Hickey has argued that "The War of 1812 was America's most unpopular war. It generated more intense opposition than any other war in the nation's history, including the war in Vietnam."<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hickey255"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States#endnote_Hickey255">[7]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">Pacifism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey54"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey54">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), pp. 54–5</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey142"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey142">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), p. 142</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hoey"><b><a href="#ref_Hoey">^</a></b></span> Hoey (2000), web</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey55"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey55">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), p. 55</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey56"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey56">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), pp. 56–58</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey64"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey64">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), pp. 64–66</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Gale"><b><a href="#ref_Gale">^</a></b></span> "Guide to the Microfilm..." (2006), web</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hickey255"><b><a href="#ref_Hickey255">^</a></b></span> Hickey (1990), p. 255</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Give Me Liberty</i> (2008) vol 1 p 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Meigs, <i>The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun</i> (1917) 1:126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1811" class="citation web cs1">Calhoun, John C. (1811-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calhouninstitute.com/review/Calhoun_SPEECH_ON_THE_RESOLUTION_OF_THE_COMMITTEE_ON_FOREIGN_RELATIONS_1811.pdf">"Speech on the Resolution of the Committee on Foreign Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Calhoun Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calhoun+Institute&rft.atitle=Speech+on+the+Resolution+of+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1811-12-12&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calhouninstitute.com%2Freview%2FCalhoun_SPEECH_ON_THE_RESOLUTION_OF_THE_COMMITTEE_ON_FOREIGN_RELATIONS_1811.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Ellis, <i>A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812</i> (New York: Algora Publishing, 2009), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation book cs1">Brown. <i>The Republic in Peril: 1812. Page 42</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+in+Peril%3A+1812.+Page+42&rft.au=Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation book cs1">Brown. <i>The Republic in Peril: 1812. Page 165</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+in+Peril%3A+1812.+Page+165&rft.au=Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuel" class="citation book cs1">Buel. <i>America on the Brink: Federalism during the Jeffersonian Ascendancy Page 157</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+on+the+Brink%3A+Federalism+during+the+Jeffersonian+Ascendancy+Page+157&rft.au=Buel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, p 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuel" class="citation book cs1">Buel. <i>America on the Brink</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+on+the+Brink&rft.au=Buel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanner" class="citation book cs1">Banner. <i>To the Hartford Convention, Page 88</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Hartford+Convention%2C+Page+88&rft.au=Banner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickam" class="citation book cs1">Bickam. <i>WEIGHT OF VENGEANCE: the United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812. Page 172</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WEIGHT+OF+VENGEANCE%3A+the+United+States%2C+the+British+Empire%2C+and+the+War+of+1812.+Page+172&rft.au=Bickam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickam" class="citation book cs1">Bickam. <i>WEIGHT OF VENGEANCE: the United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812. Page 185</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WEIGHT+OF+VENGEANCE%3A+the+United+States%2C+the+British+Empire%2C+and+the+War+of+1812.+Page+185&rft.au=Bickam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrum" class="citation book cs1">Strum. <i>New York Federalists and Opposition to the War of 1812." World Affairs, vol. 142, no. 3, 1980, pp. 169–187</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Federalists+and+Opposition+to+the+War+of+1812.%22+World+Affairs%2C+vol.+142%2C+no.+3%2C+1980%2C+pp.+169%E2%80%93187.&rft.au=Strum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickam" class="citation book cs1">Bickam. <i>WEIGHT OF VENGEANCE: the United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812. Page 187</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WEIGHT+OF+VENGEANCE%3A+the+United+States%2C+the+British+Empire%2C+and+the+War+of+1812.+Page+187&rft.au=Bickam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoltz" class="citation book cs1">Stoltz. <i>A Bloodless Victory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bloodless+Victory&rft.au=Stoltz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2009" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, James (2009). <i>A Ruinous and Unhappy War</i>. New York: Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-690-1"><bdi>978-0-87586-690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ruinous+and+Unhappy+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-690-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey1990" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald (1990) [1989]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warof1812forgo00hick"><i>The War of 1812</i></a></span>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06059-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06059-8"><bdi>0-252-06059-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-252-06059-8&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarof1812forgo00hick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hoey, John B. (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020201737/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/">"Federalist Opposition To The War Of 1812"</a>. <i>The Early America Review</i>. <b>3</b> (1). DEV Communications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-4247">1090-4247</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/">the original</a> on 2006-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Early+America+Review&rft.atitle=Federalist+Opposition+To+The+War+Of+1812&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1090-4247&rft.aulast=Hoey&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Freview%2Fwinter2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050125102311/http://www.gale.com/servlet/ItemDetailServlet?region=9&imprint=000&titleCode=SR632&type=4&id=D3575">"Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Records of the New York Peace Society 1818-1843, 1906-1940"</a>. Thomson Gale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gale.com/servlet/ItemDetailServlet?region=9&imprint=000&titleCode=SR632&type=4&id=D3575">the original</a> on 2005-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Microfilm+Edition+of+the+Records+of+the+New+York+Peace+Society+1818-1843%2C+1906-1940&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.com%2Fservlet%2FItemDetailServlet%3Fregion%3D9%26imprint%3D000%26titleCode%3DSR632%26type%3D4%26id%3DD3575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposition+to+the+War+of+1812+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&oldid=1262005270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States&oldid=1262005270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 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