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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise of the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_Ottoman_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_Ottoman_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Situation in Ottoman Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_Ottoman_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preparation for the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Second_Constitutional_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Second_Constitutional_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Impact on the Second Constitutional Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Second_Constitutional_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_elites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_elites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>New elites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_elites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_international_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_international_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural and international impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_international_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Young Turk Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="ثورة تركيا الفتاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة تركيا الفتاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երիտասարդ Թուրքերու Յեղափոխութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երիտասարդ Թուրքերու Յեղափոխութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99nc_t%C3%BCrkl%C9%99r_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Gənc türklər inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gənc türklər inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A4%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ژؤن تورک دئوریمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژؤن تورک دئوریمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="তরুণ তুর্কি বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরুণ তুর্কি বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Младатурэцкая рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Младатурэцкая рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Младотурска революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Младотурска революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladotureck%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Mladoturecká revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mladoturecká revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungtyrkiske_revolution" title="Ungtyrkiske revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ungtyrkiske revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κίνημα των Νεοτούρκων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνημα των Νεοτούρκων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_J%C3%B3venes_Turcos" title="Revolución de los Jóvenes Turcos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución de los Jóvenes Turcos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucio_de_la_Junaj_Turkoj" title="Revolucio de la Junaj Turkoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revolucio de la Junaj Turkoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انقلاب ترکان جوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ترکان جوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_Jeunes-Turcs" title="Révolution des Jeunes-Turcs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution des Jeunes-Turcs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Երիտթուրքերի հեղաշրջում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երիտթուրքերի հեղաշրջում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladoturska_revolucija" title="Mladoturska revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mladoturska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Turki_Muda" title="Revolusi Turki Muda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Turki Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungtyrkjabyltingin" title="Ungtyrkjabyltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ungtyrkjabyltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_dei_Giovani_Turchi" title="Rivoluzione dei Giovani Turchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione dei Giovani Turchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפיכת הטורקים הצעירים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיכת הטורקים הצעירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალგაზრდა თურქების რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალგაზრდა თურქების რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Жас түріктер төңкерісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жас түріктер төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_(1908)" title="Жаш түрктөр революциясы (1908) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаш түрктөр революциясы (1908)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunturku_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Jaunturku revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunturku revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Младотурска револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Младотурска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E4%BA%BA%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="青年トルコ人革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青年トルコ人革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="نوجوانان ترک انقلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوجوانان ترک انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_m%C5%82odoturecka" title="Rewolucja młodoturecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja młodoturecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Jovens_Turcos" title="Revolução dos Jovens Turcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução dos Jovens Turcos" 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data-title="Младотурска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladoturska_revolucija" title="Mladoturska revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mladoturska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorturkkilaisten_vallankumous" title="Nuorturkkilaisten vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nuorturkkilaisten vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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ýaş türkleriň hereketi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1908-1909-njy ýyllardaky ýaş türkleriň hereketi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Молодотурецька революція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молодотурецька революція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="نوجوانان ترک انقلاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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the Ottoman Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Young Turk Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">collapse of the Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png/250px-Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png/375px-Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png/500px-Declaration_of_the_1908_Revolution_in_Ottoman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="393" /></a></span><br />Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millets</a> in 1908</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 1908</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> begins</li> <li>Repromulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">Constitution</a></li> <li>Reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">General elections are called</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgaria declares independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> begins</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg/23px-%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg/35px-%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg/46px-%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki_amblemi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="961" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">CUP</a> <br /> <b>Supported by</b>:<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></span> Left-wing of <a href="/wiki/IMRO" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO">IMRO</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/23px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/35px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/45px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnak Committee</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Imperial Government</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmed Niyazi</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sabri_Akg%C3%B6l" title="Eyüp Sabri Akgöl">Eyub Sabri</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Fikri" title="Bekir Fikri">Bekir Fikri</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Salahaddin Bey<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Hasan Bey</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/23px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/35px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/46px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></span> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ferid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Ferid Pasha">Mehmed Ferid Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shemsi_Pasha_(general)" title="Shemsi Pasha (general)">Shemsi Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Tatar Osman Pasha  (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Young Turk Revolution</b> (July 1908; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Jön Türk Devrimi</i>) was a constitutionalist revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, an organization of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> movement, forced Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to restore the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">Constitution</a>, recall the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">parliament</a>, and schedule an <a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">election</a>. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>. </p><p>The revolution took place in <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Ottoman Rumeli</a> in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a> and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime. It began with CUP member <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmed Niyazi</a>'s flight into the Albanian highlands. He was soon joined by <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">İsmail Enver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sabri_Akg%C3%B6l" title="Eyüp Sabri Akgöl">Eyub Sabri</a>, and other Unionist officers. They networked with local Albanians and utilized their connections within the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a> based <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> to instigate a large revolt. A string of assassinations by Unionist <i><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen" title="Fedayeen">Fedai</a></i> also contributed to Abdul Hamid's capitulation. Though the constitutional regime established after the revolution eventually succumbed to Unionist dictatorship by 1913, the Ottoman sultanate ceased to be the base of power of the empire after 1908. </p><p>Immediately after the revolution, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgaria declared independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a>. </p><p>After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution known as the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March incident</a> in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> ascended the throne. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> was brought to the throne in August 1876 after a series of <a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">palace coups</a> by constitutionalist ministers overthrew first his uncle <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdul Aziz</a>, and then his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a>. Under duress, he promulgated a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">constitution</a> and held <a href="/wiki/First_1877_Ottoman_general_election" title="First 1877 Ottoman general election">elections</a> for a <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">parliament</a>. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">unsuccessful war with Russia</a> which ended in 1878, he suspended enforcement of the constitution and prorogued parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshwald_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further consolidating his rule he governed as an absolutist monarch for the next three decades. This left a very small group of individuals able to partake in politics in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Sage_Publications,_Ltd._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sage_Publications,_Ltd.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countering the conservative politics of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s reign was the amount of social reform that occurred during this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshwald_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire also established the background for political opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshwald_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid's political circle was close-knit and ever-changing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_opposition">Rise of the opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a></div> <p>The origins of the revolution lie within the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk movement</a>, an opposition movement which wished to see Abdul Hamid II's authoritarianism regime dismantled. Being imperialists, they believed Abdul Hamid was an illegitimate sultan for giving away territories in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Berlin Treaty</a> and for not being confrontational enough to the Great Powers. In addition to a return to <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> instead of royal arbitrary rule, they believed that a constitution would negate any motivation for non-Muslim subjects to join nationalist separatist organizations, and therefore negate any justification by the Great Powers to intervene in the Empire. Most of the Young Turks were exiled intelligentsia, however by 1906–1908 many officers and bureaucrats in the Balkans were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, the preeminent Young Turk organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Young Turks were in consensus that some reform was necessary for <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>, the idea of national unity among the ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire, they disagreed how far reform should go. The anti-Hamidians in the Ottoman Empire that joined the CUP were conservative liberal, imperialist, technocratists.<sup id="cite_ref-Sage_Publications,_Ltd._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sage_Publications,_Ltd.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To what extent they could have achieved praxis was dubious, as <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmet Rıza</a>, the exiled CUP leader, initially denounced revolution. Some Young Turks wished for a federation of nations under an Ottoman monarch, as exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Sabahaddin" title="Mehmed Sabahaddin">Prince Sabahaddin</a>'s movement, though after his failed <a href="/w/index.php?title=1903_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1903 Ottoman coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)">coup attempt in 1903</a> his faction was discredited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 20th century, the Hamidian system seemed bankrupt. Crop failures caused a famine in 1905, and wage hikes could not keep up with inflation. This led to <a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E2%80%931908_Ottoman_Empire_unrest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905–1908 Ottoman Empire unrest (page does not exist)">civil unrest</a> in Eastern Anatolia, which the CUP and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnak Committee</a> took advantage of. In December 1907 the government put down the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzurum_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzurum Revolt (page does not exist)">Erzurum Revolt</a>. Constitutionalist revolutions occurred in neighbors of the Ottoman Empire, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russia in 1905</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persia the next year</a>. In 1908, workers began to strike in the capital, which kept the authorities on edge. There were also rumors that the Sultan was in poor health on the eve of the revolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_Ottoman_Macedonia">Situation in Ottoman Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Situation in Ottoman Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the 1890s, chronic intercommunal violence took hold of Ottoman Macedonia in what came known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian struggle</a>, as well as in Eastern Anatolia. Terrorist attacks by national liberation groups were regular occurrences. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> in 1903, the Ottoman Empire capitulated to international pressure to implement <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrzsteg_Agreement" title="Mürzsteg Agreement">reforms in Macedonia</a> under Great Power supervision, offending Muslims living in Macedonia and especially army officers. In 1905, another intervention by the Great Powers for reform in Macedonia was greeted with dread amongst the Muslim population. </p><p>Throughout this period, the Ottoman Empire's weak economy and Abdul Hamid's distrust of the military meant the army was in constant pay arrears. The Sultan was weary of having the army train with live ammunition anyway, lest an uprising against the order occurred. This sentiment especially applied to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman navy</a>; once the third largest fleet in 19th century Europe, it was rotting away locked inside the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>. </p><p>The defense of their empire was a matter of great honor within the Ottoman military, but the terrible conditions of their service deeply affected morale for the worse. <i>Mektebli</i> officers, graduates of the modern military schools, were bottlenecked for promotion, as senior <i>alaylı</i> officers didn't trust their loyalties. Those stationed in Macedonia were outraged against the sultan, and believed the only way to save Ottoman presence in the region to join revolutionary secret societies. Many Unionist officers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> based in Salonika were motivated by the fear of a partition of Ottoman Macedonia. A desire to preserve the state, not destroy it, motivated the revolutionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_for_the_revolution">Preparation for the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preparation for the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1902 Congress of Ottoman Opposition, Ahmed Rıza's Unionists abandoned political evolution and formed a coalition with the Activists, which were political revolutionaries. With the fall of Prince Sabahaddin, Rıza's coalition was once again the leading Young Turk current. In 1907 a new anti-Hamidian secret society was founded in Salonica known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Freedom_Society" title="Ottoman Freedom Society">Ottoman Freedom Committee</a>, founded by figures which achieved prominence post-revolution: <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Talaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Talaat">Mehmed Talaat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m" title="Doctor Nazım">Doctor Nazım</a>. Following its merger with the CUP, the former became the Internal Headquarters of the CUP, while Rıza's Paris branch became the External Headquarters of the CUP. </p><p>In the CUP's December 1907 Congress, Rıza, Sabahaddin, and <a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Malumian" title="Khachatur Malumian">Khachatur Malumian</a> of the Dashnak Committee pledged to overthrow the regime by all means necessary. In practice, this was a tactile alliance between the CUP and Dashnaks which was unpopular in both camps, and the Dashnaks did not play a significant role in the coming revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001207,_209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001207,_209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the lead up to the revolution the CUP courted the many ethnic committee of the volatile melting pot that was Macedonia. With the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/IMRO" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO">IMRO</a>'s left-wing congress in May–June 1908, the CUP reached a deal for the <a href="/wiki/Yane_Sandanski" title="Yane Sandanski">left's</a> support and neutrality from their right, but the Macedonian-Bulgarian committee's disunity and their late decision also meant no joint operations between the two groups during the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001247_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001247-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unionists did not seriously court the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Chetnik_Organization" title="Serbian Chetnik Organization">Serbian Chetniks</a>, but did reach out to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Cheta_(armed_group)" title="Cheta (armed group)">bands</a> for support. Using more sticks than carrots, the CUP walked away with a tenuous declaration of neutrality from the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001252_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001252-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most resources were invested in attaining Albanian support. Albanian feudal lords and notables enjoyed CUP patronage. While the Unionists were less successful in recruiting bourgeois nationalists to their cause they did cultivate a relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Unity_of_the_Albanian_Language" title="Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language">Bashkimi Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001255–257_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001255–257-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CUP always held a close relationship with the non-Muslim groups of the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, their Christianity being an important propaganda asset,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259–261_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259–261-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver</a> the CUP set the date for their revolution to be sometime in August 1908, though a spontaneous one happened before August anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001262_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001262-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Young_Turk_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Young Turks: <i>Adalet, İttihat, Uhuvvet, Müsavat, Hürriyet</i>, meaning "Justice, Unity, Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom"</figcaption></figure> <p>The event that triggered the revolution was a meeting in the Baltic port of <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> between <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> of Russia on 9–12 June 1908. While "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">the Great Game</a>", had created a rivalry between the two powers, a resolution to their relationship was sought after. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a> brought shaky <a href="/wiki/Russia_%E2%80%93_United_Kingdom_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia – United Kingdom relations">British-Russian relations</a> to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified their respective control in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> (eastern border of the Empire) and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It was rumored that in this latest meeting another reform package would be imposed on the Ottoman Empire which would formally partition Macedonia. </p><p>With the newspaper reports of the meeting, the CUP's Monastir (<a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>) branch decided to act. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_CUP_memorandum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 CUP memorandum (page does not exist)">memorandum</a> was drawn up by Unionists that was distributed to the European consuls which rejected foreign intervention and nationalist activism. They also called for constitutional government and equality amongst Ottoman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With no action taken by the Great Powers or the government, the revolt began in earnest in the first week of July 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 3 Major <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmed Niyazi</a> began the revolution by raiding the Resne (<a href="/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia" title="Resen, North Macedonia">Resen</a>) garrison cache of money, arms, and ammunition and assembled a force of 160 volunteers to the mountains surrounding the city. From there he visited many villages around the predominantly Muslim Albanian area to recruit for his band and warn of impending European intervention and Christian supremacy in Macedonia. Niyazi would highlight the government's (not the sultan) weakness and corruption as the reason for this crisis, and that a constitutional framework would deliver the systematic reform necessary to negate Western intervention. Niyazi's Muslim Albanian heritage worked to his advantage in this propaganda campaign which also involved settling clan rivalries. When touring Christian Bulgarian and Serbian villages, he highlighted that the constitution would bring about equality between Christians and Muslims, and was able to recruit Bulgarians into his force.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Other Unionists, following Niyazi's example, took to the mountains of Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver Bey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tikve%C5%A1_plain" title="Tikveš plain">Tikveş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sabri_Akg%C3%B6l" title="Eyüp Sabri Akgöl">Eyub Sabri</a> in Ohri (<a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Fikri" title="Bekir Fikri">Bekir Fikri</a> in Grebene (<a href="/wiki/Grevena" title="Grevena">Grevena</a>), and Salahaddin Bey and Hasan Bey in Kırçova (<a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a>). In each post office the rebels came across, they transmitted their demands to the government in Constantinople (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>): reinstate the constitution and reconvene the parliament otherwise the rebels would march on the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki,_24_July_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png/220px-Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png/330px-Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png/440px-Proclamation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Thessaloniki%2C_24_July_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of the Constitution in <a href="/wiki/Eleftherias_Square" title="Eleftherias Square">Eleftherias Square</a>, Salonica</figcaption></figure><p>On 7 July, <a href="/wiki/Shemsi_Pasha_(general)" title="Shemsi Pasha (general)">Şemsi Pasha</a> arrived at Monastir. Abdul Hamid II dispatched him from Mitroviçe (<a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a>) with two battalions to suppress the revolt in Macedonia. An ethnic Albanian, he also recruited a pro-government band of Albanians on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser201853-54_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201853-54-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He informed the palace of his arrival in the city at the local telegraph station, and as he walked out of the building he was assassinated by a Unionist <i><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen" title="Fedayeen">fedai</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/At%C4%B1f_Kam%C3%A7%C4%B1l" title="Atıf Kamçıl">Âtıf Kamçıl</a>. His Albanian bodyguards and the pasha's <i>aide de camp</i>, who was his son, were also CUP members. Tatar Osman Pasha, Şemsi's replacement, was captured soon after. On July 22, Monastir fell to the rebels, and Niyazi proclaimed the constitution to the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu274_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu274-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ferid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Ferid Pasha">Mehmed Ferid Pasha</a> was sacked for <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Said Pasha</a>. </p><p>Elsewhere, Hayri Pasha, field marshal of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a>, was threatened by the committee into a passive cooperation. At this point, the mutiny which originated in the Third Army in Salonica took hold of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> based in Adrianople (<a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>) as well as Anatolian troops sent from Smyrna (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Izmir</a>). </p><p>The rapid momentum of the Unionist's organization, intrigues within the military, discontent with Abdul Hamid's autocratic rule, and a desire for the Constitution meant the sultan and his ministers were compelled to capitulate. Under pressure of being deposed, on the night of 23–24 July 1908, Abdul Hamid II issued the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0rade-i_H%C3%BCrriyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İrade-i Hürriyet (page does not exist)">İrade-i Hürriyet</a></i>, reinstating the Constitution and calling an election to great jubilation. </p><p>Celebrations were held intercommunally, as Muslims and Christians attended celebrations together in both churches and mosques. Parades were held throughout the Empire, with attendants shouting <i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Egalité! Liberté! Justice! Fraternité!</a></i> <i>Vive la constitution!</i> and <i>Padişahım çok yaşa!</i> (Long live my emperor). Armed bands of Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Cheta_(armed_group)" title="Cheta (armed group)">chetas</a></i>, one time enemies of each other and the government, took part in celebrations before ceremoniously turning in their firearms to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niyazi, Enver, and the other Unionist revolutionaries were celebrated as "heroes of liberty", and Ahmed Rıza, returning from his exile was declared "father of liberty". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> and <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Second_Constitutional_Era">Impact on the Second Constitutional Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact on the Second Constitutional Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG/220px-Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG/330px-Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG/440px-Greek_demonastration_Bitola_1908.JPG 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Greek demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Monastir</a> in favour of the constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>24 July 1908 started the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitution Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There after, a number of decrees are issued, which defined freedom of speech, press and organizations, the dismantlement of intelligence agencies, and a general amnesty to political prisoners. Importantly, the CUP did not overthrow the government and nominally committed itself to democratic ideals and constitutionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the revolution and the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March Incident</a>, the CUP's emerged victorious in a power struggle between the palace (Abdul Hamid II) and the liberated <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">December election</a>, the CUP dominated the empire in what <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Hanio%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Şükrü Hanioğlu">Şükrü Hanioğlu</a> deemed a <i><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Comité de salut public</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the revolution, many organizations, some of them previously underground, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">established political parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The several political currents expressed amongst the Young Turks lead to disagreements on what liberty meant. Among these the CUP and the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Liberty Party (Ottoman Empire)">Liberty Party</a> and later on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, were the major ones. There were smaller parties such as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Socialist_Party" title="Ottoman Socialist Party">Ottoman Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Democratic Party (page does not exist)">Democratic Party</a>. On the other end of the spectrum were the ethnic parties which included the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Federative_Party_(Bulgarian_Section)" title="People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)">People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Constitutional_Clubs" title="Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs">Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_in_Palestine_(Poale_Zion)" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)">Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a>, and Armenians organized under the <a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Hunchaks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dashnaktsutyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnaktsutyun">Dashnaks</a>. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">1908 Ottoman general election</a> took place during November and December 1908. Due to its leading role in the revolution, the CUP won almost every seat in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. The large parliamentary group and the then lax laws on party affiliation eventually whittled the delegation into a smaller and more cohesive group of 60 MPs. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate of the Ottoman Empire</a> reconvened for the first time in over 30 years on 17 December 1908 with the living members like <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Fehmi_Pasha" title="Hasan Fehmi Pasha">Hasan Fehmi Pasha</a> from the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/220px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/330px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/440px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet,_Fatih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanahmet, Fatih">Sultanahmet</a></figcaption></figure><p>While the Young Turk Revolution had promised organizational improvement, once instituted, the government at first proved itself rather disorganized and ineffectual. Although these working-class citizens had little knowledge of how to control a government, they imposed their ideas on the Ottoman Empire. The CUP had Said Pasha removed from the premiership in less than two weeks for <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a>. His quest to revive the Sublime Porte of the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> proved fruitless when CUP soon censored him with a no-confidence vote in parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995285_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995285-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a> who was more in-line with the committee's ways. </p><p>Abdul Hamid maintained his throne by conceding its existence as a symbolic position, but in April 1909 attempted to seize power (see <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>) by stirring populist sentiment throughout the Empire. The Sultan's bid for a return to power gained traction when he promised to restore the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphate</a>, eliminate <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> policies, and restore the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>-based legal system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 13 April 1909, army units revolted, joined by masses of theological students and turbaned clerics shouting, "We want Sharia", and moving to restore the Sultan's absolute power. The CUP once again assembled <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">a force</a> in Macedonia to march on the capital and restored parliamentary rule after crushing the uprising on 24 April 1909. The deposition of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> followed, and the palace ceased to be a significant player in Ottoman politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_elites">New elites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New elites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg/200px-Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg/300px-Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg/400px-Enver_bey_and_Niyazi_bey_postcard_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Niyazi Bey</a> from a postcard in 1908.</figcaption></figure><p>These developments caused the gradual creation of a new governing elite. No longer was power exercised by a small governing elite surrounding the Sultan, the Sublime Porte's independence was restored and a new young clique of bureaucrats and officers gradually took control of politics for the CUP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995287_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995287-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parliament confirmed through popular sovereignty both old elites as well as new ones. In 1909 a purge in the army demoted many "Old Turks" while elevating "Young Turk" officers. </p><p>The post-revolution CUP undertook a consolidation of itself in order to define its ideology. Those intellectual Unionists that spent years in exile, such as Ahmed Rıza, would be sidelined in favor of the new professional organizers, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talât</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m" title="Doctor Nazım">Doctor Nazım</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a>. The organization's home being Rumeli, delegations were sent to local chapters in Asia and Tripolitania to more firmly attach them to the organizations new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a>. The CUP would dominate Ottoman politics for the next ten years, save for brief interruption from 1912 to 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 of these years would be a dictatorship established in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a>'s assassination, during which they drove the empire to fight alongside Germany <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">during World War I</a> and commit <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide against Ottoman Christians</a>. </p><p>The revolution also served as a downfall for the non-Muslim elites which benefited from the Hamidian system. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnaks</a>, previously leading a guerilla resistance in the Eastern Anatolian countryside, became the main representatives of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing the urban centered pre-1908 Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Amira_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Amira (Ottoman Empire)">amira</a></i> class, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Assembly" title="Armenian National Assembly">Armenian National Assembly</a> used the moment to oust <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Malachia_Ormanian" title="Malachia Ormanian">Malachia Ormanian</a> for <a href="/wiki/Matthew_II_Izmirlian" title="Matthew II Izmirlian">Matthew II Izmirlian</a>. This served to elevate younger Armenian nationalists, overthrowing the previous communal domination by pro-imperialist Armenians. </p><p>The elite Bulgarian community of Istanbul were similarly displaced by a youthful nationalist-intellectual class involved with <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a>, as was the Albanian Hamidian elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab and Albanian elites, which were favored under the Hamidian regime, found many privileges lost under the CUP. The revolution continued to destabilize the subservient <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a> as several claimed the title until November 1908, when the CUP recognized <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali Pasha</a> as Emir. In some communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Jews#Middle_Ages:_Islamic_Europe_and_North_Africa" title="Jews">Jews in Islamic Europe and North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews in Turkey</a>), reformist groups emulating the Young Turks ousted the conservative ruling elite and replaced them with a new reformist one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social institutions like notable families and houses of worship lost influence to the burgeoning world of party politics. Political clubs, committees, and parties were now the main actors in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though these non-Turkish nationalists cooperated with the Young Turks against the sultan, they would turn on each other during the Second Constitutional Era over the question of Ottomanism, and ultimately autonomy and separatism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_international_impact">Cultural and international impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural and international impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yd-i_Mill%C3%AE" title="İyd-i Millî">İyd-i Millî</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Memoirs</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The memory is so intense that to this day, I cannot think of it unmoved. I think of it as a final embrace of love between the simple peoples of Turkey before they should be led to exterminate each other for the political advantage of foreign powers or their own leaders </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Halide_Edip" class="mw-redirect" title="Halide Edip">Halide Edip</a></cite></p> </div> <p>Two European powers took advantage of the chaos by decreasing Ottoman sovereignty in the Balkans. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <i>de jure</i> an Ottoman vassal but <i>de facto</i> all but formally independent, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">declared its independence</a> on the 5th of October. The day after, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> which used to be de jure Ottoman territory but de facto occupied by Austria-Hungary. The fall of Abdul Hamid II foiled the rapprochement between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and the Ottoman Empire which set the stage for their <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">alliance</a> with Bulgaria and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>. </p><p>Following the revolution a new found faith in Ottomanism was found in the various <i>millets</i>. Violence in Macedonia ceased as rebels turned in their arms and celebrated with citizens. An area from Scutari to Basra was now acquainted with political parties, nationalist clubs, elections, constitutional rights, and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolution and CUP's work greatly impacted Muslims in other countries. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Union_and_Progress_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian Union and Progress Committee (page does not exist)">Iranian Union and Progress Committee</a>. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Yeni_Bukharlylar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeni Bukharlylar">Young Bukhara movement</a> were deeply influenced by the Young Turk Revolution and saw it as an example to emulate. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Indian Muslims</a> imitated the CUP oath administered to recruits of the organization. Discontent in the Greek military saw a secret revolutionary organization explicitly modeled from the CUP which overthrew the government in the <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi Coup</a>, bringing <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908-mesrutiyet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/220px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/330px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/440px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Postcard for the new constitution in Ottoman Turkish and French</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2010 alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(novel)" title="Behemoth (novel)">Behemoth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Westerfeld" title="Scott Westerfeld">Scott Westerfeld</a>, the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 fails, igniting a new revolution at the start of World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a> states that the revolution had no popular support and was actually "a coup d'état by a small group of military officers and civilian activists in the Balkans".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanioğlu states the revolution a watershed moment in the late Ottoman Emire but it was not a popular constitutional movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995312_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995312-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roshwald_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoshwald2013" class="citation book cs1">Roshwald, Aviel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"</a>. In Breuilly, John (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 220–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199209194.013.0011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191750304" title="Special:BookSources/9780191750304"><bdi>9780191750304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II.+The+Emergence+of+Nationalism%3A+Politics+and+Power+%E2%80%93+Nationalism+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1876%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=220-241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199209194.013.0011&rft.isbn=9780191750304&rft.aulast=Roshwald&rft.aufirst=Aviel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlNoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sage_Publications,_Ltd.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sage_Publications,_Ltd._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sage_Publications,_Ltd._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Feroz (July 1968). "The Young Turk Revolution". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 19–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946800300302">10.1177/002200946800300302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259696">259696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150443567">150443567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Young+Turk+Revolution&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19-36&rft.date=1968-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150443567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946800300302&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatovic_Petrosyan" class="citation book cs1">Asatovic Petrosyan, Yuriy. <i>Sosyalist Açıdan Jön Türk Hareketi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sosyalist+A%C3%A7%C4%B1dan+J%C3%B6n+T%C3%BCrk+Hareketi&rft.aulast=Asatovic+Petrosyan&rft.aufirst=Yuriy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001207,_209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001207,_209_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 207, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001247-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001247_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001252-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001252_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001255–257-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001255–257_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 255–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259–261-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001259–261_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 259–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001262-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu2001262_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1566124">"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>55</b> (4): 481–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1566124">10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Young+Turk+revolution%3A+comparisons+and+connections&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-498&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1566124&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00263206.2019.1566124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1983, page 788, Volume 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201853-54-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser201853-54_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu274-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu274_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert1979" class="citation journal cs1">Quataert, Donald (July 1979). "The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Old and New Approaches". <i>Middle East Studies Association Bulletin</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 22–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002631840000691X">10.1017/S002631840000691X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41890046">41890046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157617325">157617325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+1908+Young+Turk+Revolution%3A+Old+and+New+Approaches&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=1979-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157617325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41890046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002631840000691X&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Ramsaur" class="citation book cs1">E. Ramsaur, Ernest. <i>Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilali</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B6n+T%C3%BCrkler+ve+1908+%C4%B0htilali&rft.aulast=E.+Ramsaur&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995280_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2013" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward (2013). <i>Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137362209" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137362209"><bdi>978-1137362209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottomans+and+Armenians%3A+A+Study+in+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137362209&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2003" class="citation book cs1">Somel, Selçuk Akşin (2003). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire</i>. The Scarecrow Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4332-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4332-3"><bdi>0-8108-4332-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8108-4332-3&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=Sel%C3%A7uk+Ak%C5%9Fin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995285-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995285_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995287-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995287_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapotoczny" class="citation web cs1">Zapotoczny, Walter S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725162234/http://www.wzaponline.com/TheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf">"The Influence of the Young Turks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. W zap online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wzaponline.com/TheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+the+Young+Turks&rft.pub=W+zap+online&rft.aulast=Zapotoczny&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzaponline.com%2FTheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995315_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995317_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i>"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Grigor_Suny2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_genocide">"Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=1914-1918-online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Farmenian_genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995312-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanioğlu1995312_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu1995">Hanioğlu 1995</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedross_Der_Matossian2014" class="citation book cs1">Bedross Der Matossian (2014). <i>Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9263-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-9263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+Dreams+of+Revolution%3A+From+Liberty+to+Violence+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9263-9&rft.au=Bedross+Der+Matossian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbassa1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Benbassa" title="Esther Benbassa">Benbassa, Esther</a> (1990), <i>Un grand rabbin sepharde en politique, 1892-1923</i> [<i>A great sephardic Rabbi in politics, 1892–1923</i>] (in French), Paris, pp. 27–28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+grand+rabbin+sepharde+en+politique%2C+1892-1923&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Benbassa&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2013" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward (2013). <i>Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137362209" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137362209"><bdi>978-1137362209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottomans+and+Armenians%3A+A+Study+in+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137362209&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévy-AksuGeorgeon2017" class="citation book cs1">Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (2017). <i>The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1908</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turk+Revolution+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+Aftermath+of+1908&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vy-Aksu&rft.aufirst=No%C3%A9mi&rft.au=Georgeon%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu1995" class="citation cs2">Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995), <i>The Young Turks in Opposition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509115-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509115-9"><bdi>0-19-509115-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turks+in+Opposition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-509115-9&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/M._%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Hanio%C4%9Flu" title="M. Şükrü Hanioğlu">Hanioğlu, M Şükrü</a> (2001), <i>Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513463-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513463-X"><bdi>0-19-513463-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+for+a+Revolution%3A+The+Young+Turks%2C+1902%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513463-X&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation cs2">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018), <i>Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</i>, Princeton University Press (published 2018), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7"><bdi>978-0-691-15762-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15762-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2016" class="citation cs2">McMeekin, Sean (2016), <i>The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923</i>, New York, New York: Penguin Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594205323" title="Special:BookSources/9781594205323"><bdi>9781594205323</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Endgame%3A+war%2C+revolution%2C+and+the+making+of+the+modern+Middle+East%2C+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781594205323&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakovsky1908" class="citation book cs1">Rakovsky, Christian (August 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/rakovsky/1908/08/01.htm"><i>The Turkish Revolution</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+Revolution&rft.date=1908-08&rft.aulast=Rakovsky&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Frakovsky%2F1908%2F08%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnal1998" class="citation journal cs1">Unal, Hasan (1998). "Ottoman policy during the Bulgarian independence crisis, 1908–9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the outset of the Young Turk revolution". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 135–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209808701247">10.1080/00263209808701247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F51943">11693/51943</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Ottoman+policy+during+the+Bulgarian+independence+crisis%2C+1908%E2%80%939%3A+Ottoman+Empire+and+Bulgaria+at+the+outset+of+the+Young+Turk+revolution&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=135-176&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F51943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209808701247&rft.aulast=Unal&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1590820">"Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (6): 897–913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1590820">10.1080/00263206.2019.1590820</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150573160">150573160</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1566124">10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151308653">151308653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Young+Turk+revolution%3A+comparisons+and+connections&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-498&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2019.1566124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151308653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00263206.2019.1566124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoung+Turk+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Turk_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/youngturkproclamation.htm">Proclamation of the Young Turks, 1908</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Janissary">1622 janissary revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Incident" title="Edirne Incident">Edirne Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">1730 Patrona Halil rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coups_of_1807%E2%80%931808" title="Ottoman coups of 1807–1808">1807–1808 coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 coup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1908 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">1909 countercoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">1912 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">1997 memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coup attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="1962 Turkish coup attempt">1962 attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="1963 Turkish coup attempt">1963 attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 Turkish coup attempt (page does not exist)">1969 attempt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_May%C4%B1s_1969_asker%C3%AE_m%C3%BCdahalesi" class="extiw" title="tr:20 Mayıs 1969 askerî müdahalesi">tr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Turkish coup attempt (page does not exist)">1971 attempt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Mart_1971_darbe_te%C5%9Febb%C3%BCs%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="tr:9 Mart 1971 darbe teşebbüsü">tr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">2016 attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt">purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_media_purge_after_the_failed_July_2016_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état">media purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="International reactions to the 2016 Turkish coup attempt">international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Turkish_military_asylum_incident_in_Greece" title="July 2016 Turkish military asylum incident in Greece">military asylum incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alleged plans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_alleged_Turkish_military_coup" title="1993 alleged Turkish military coup">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1k%C4%B1z,_Ay%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Yakamoz_and_Eldiven" title="Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven">Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cage_Action_Plan" title="Operation Cage Action Plan">Operation Cage Action Plan</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Sledgehammer plan</a> (2010s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents and trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nine_Officers_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nine Officers Incident (page does not exist)">Nine Officers Incident</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuz_Subay_Olay%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Dokuz Subay Olayı">tr</a>]</span> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-memorandum" title="E-memorandum">E-memorandum</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire">Rebellions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion">Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1416–20)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1404–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1443–68)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7uktepe_rebellion" title="Buçuktepe rebellion">Buçuktepe rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1446)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1550)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Şahkulu Rebellion">Şahkulu Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1511)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Ali_Halife_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ali Halife rebellion">Nur Ali Halife rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1512)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din rebellion (page does not exist)">Nasir al-Din rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1518)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1519)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1523–1524)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Z%C3%BCnnun_Rebellion" title="Baba Zünnun Rebellion">Baba Zünnun Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1526)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalender_%C3%87elebi_rebellion" title="Kalender Çelebi rebellion">Kalender Çelebi rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1527)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1700)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariovo_and_Prilep_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion">Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1564–65)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1565)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ottoman_revolts_of_1565%E2%80%931572" title="Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572">Revolts of 1565–1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574–1576)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)" title="Bua (tribe)">Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cairo Rebellion (page does not exist)">Cairo Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1586)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylerbeyi Event">Beylerbeyi Event</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1590–1610)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">Uprising in Banat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1594)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara Revolt">Himara Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597" title="Serb uprising of 1596–1597">Serb Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">First Tarnovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1598)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly_Rebellion_(1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessaly Rebellion (1600)">Thessaly Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamluk Rebellion (page does not exist)">Mamluk Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1609)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_revolt_of_1611" title="Epirus revolt of 1611">Epirus revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar" title="Battle of Anjar">Druze rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1623)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_rebellion" title="Abaza rebellion">Abaza rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1624, 1627)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1642)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmeydan%C4%B1_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmeydanı Incident">Atmeydanı Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1648)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1nar_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Çınar Incident">Çınar Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Hasan_Pasha#Second_revolt" title="Abaza Hasan Pasha">Abaza Hasan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze power struggle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1667)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="Second Tarnovo Uprising">Second Tarnovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1686)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_uprising" title="Chiprovtsi uprising">Chiprovtsi uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1688)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1789)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne event">Edirne event</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisis_Karademos" title="Zisis Karademos">Naousa uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1705)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Insurrection (page does not exist)">The Great Insurrection</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–11)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_Karamanli_coup" title="1711 Karamanli coup">Karamanli revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1711)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1717)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrona Halil Rebellion">Patrona Halil Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1730)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1737%E2%80%9339" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb Uprising of 1737–39">Serb Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1737–39)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_revolt" title="Orlov revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1770)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_frontier_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koča's frontier rebellion">Koča's frontier rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitanian_civil_war" title="Tripolitanian civil war">Tripolitanian civil war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1793–1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahije" title="Dahije">Dahije</a> in Belgrade <span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–04)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1804–13)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion">Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jančić's Rebellion">Jančić's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1809)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi-Prodan%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion">Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1815-17)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1821)">Niš Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821–29)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%A7al%C4%B1_Kel_Mehmet_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt">Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1830)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian uprising (1831–32)">Bosnian uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilmez_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilmez Rebellion (page does not exist)">Bilmez Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1832–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_rebellion_(1832%E2%80%931834)" title="Laz rebellion (1832–1834)">Laz rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1832–34)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkod%C3%ABr_Rebellion_(1833)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkodër Rebellion (1833) (page does not exist)">Shkodër Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Ma%C5%A1i%C4%87i_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Mašići Rebellion (page does not exist)">Second Mašići Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)">Syrian Peasant Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834-35)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835%E2%80%931858_revolt_in_Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="1835–1858 revolt in Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitanian revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1858)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posavina_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posavina Rebellion (1836)">Posavina Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livno_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livno Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Livno Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirot_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirot Rebellion">Pirot Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkovitsa_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836)">Berkovitsa Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belogradchik Rebellion (1836)">Belogradchik Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlora_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlora Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Vlora Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">Druze revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diber_Rebellion_(1838%E2%80%9339)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diber Rebellion (1838–39) (page does not exist)">Diber Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–39)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1841)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1841)">Niš Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843–44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">Albanian Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">Albanian Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1847)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1852%E2%80%9362)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1852–62)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1854 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecija%27s_First_Revolt" title="Pecija's First Revolt">Doljani Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1858)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">Mount Lebanon civil conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1860)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1866–69)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1867 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1866–67)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1875–77)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian April uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo Uprising">Kumanovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresna–Razlog Uprising">Kresna–Razlog Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878–79)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki" title="Battle of Mouzaki">Thessaly Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brsjak Revolt">Brsjak Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1880–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Revolt_(1896%E2%80%931897)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretan Revolt (1896–1897) (page does not exist)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896%E2%80%931897_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion">1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1897–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoubak revolt">Shoubak revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising" title="1906 Mesopotamia uprising">Mesopotamia uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1907)" title="Bitlis uprising (1907)">Bitlis uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Young Turk Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamawand_rebellion" title="Hamawand rebellion">Hamawand rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–10)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bejat_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bejat Revolution (page does not exist)">Al-Bejat Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaraniq_rebellion_(1909%E2%80%931910)" title="Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)">Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_revolt" title="Karak revolt">Karak revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Albanian revolt of 1910</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">Savior Officers</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">Raid on the Sublime Porte</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Euphrates_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1913 Euphrates rebellion">Euphrates rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1914)" title="Bitlis uprising (1914)">Bitlis uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">Uprising in Karbala</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_uprising_in_Hilla" title="1916 uprising in Hilla">Uprising in Hilla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_genocide" title="Template talk:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Young Turk Revolution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">1914 Armenian reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations" title="1914 Greek deportations">1914 Greek deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum" title="Armenian congress at Erzurum">Congress at Erzerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genocide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation" title="Temporary Law of Deportation">Tehcir Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Hunchakian_gallows" title="20 Hunchakian gallows">20 Hunchakian gallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalions_(Turkey)" title="Labour battalions (Turkey)">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Mass rape</a></li> <li>Concentration camps <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_camps" title="Deir ez-Zor camps">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn_Camps" title="Ras al-Ayn Camps">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_region" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Adana">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Aleppo (page does not exist)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Bitlis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Bitlis (page does not exist)">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum#World_War_I_and_Turkish_War_of_independence" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Harput&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Harput (page does not exist)">Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F#Modern" title="Muş">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Sivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Sivas (page does not exist)">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Trebizond" title="Armenian genocide in Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian_population" title="Ottoman Armenian population">Pre-genocide population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Casualties of the Armenian genocide">Genocide casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Post-genocide population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors" title="Armenian genocide survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vorpahavak" title="Vorpahavak">Vorpahavak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian militia</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_resistance" title="Urfa resistance"> Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Azakh" title="Defense of Azakh">Azakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Armenians_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rescue of Armenians during the Armenian genocide">Rescue of Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_opposition_to_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Turkish opposition to the Armenian genocide">Turkish opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha"> Djemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Reshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">May 1915 Triple Entente declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Germany and the Armenian genocide">Imperial Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_coverage_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Press coverage during the Armenian genocide">Press coverage</a></li> <li>Foreign aid and relief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armenian_Relief_Committee" title="National Armenian Relief Committee">National Armenian Relief Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals_after_World_War_I" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I">Prosecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Courts-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talaat_Pasha" title="Assassination of Talaat Pasha">Assassination of Talaat Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_culture" title="Armenian genocide in culture">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ravished Armenia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia" title="Ravished Armenia">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia_(film)" title="Ravished Armenia (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forty_Days_of_Musa_Dagh" title="The Forty Days of Musa Dagh">The Forty Days of Musa Dagh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2016_film)" title="The Promise (2016 film)">The Promise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_about_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Template:Works about the Armenian Genocide">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witnesses_and_testimonies_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide">Witnesses and testimonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">Recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="United States recognition of the Armenian genocide">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" title="Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day">Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide">100th anniversary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_genocide_memorials" title="List of Armenian genocide memorials">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_Tsitsernakaberd" title="List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd">notable visitors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Armenian_reference" title="Hitler's Armenian reference">Hitler's Armenian reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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