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He was the director of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear program]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which culminated in [[Smiling Buddha]], India's first successful [[nuclear weapon]] [[Nuclear weapons testing|test]] on 18 May 1974. Ramanna obtained his bachelors in [[Physics]] at [[Madras University]] and [[PhD]] from [[King's College, London]]. He joined the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and later the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) to work on [[nuclear physics]]. Ramanna worked under [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]], whom he had met earlier in 1944. He joined the [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear program]] in 1964, and later became the director of this program in 1967. Ramanna expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was in charge of the team of scientists at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) that designed and carried out the testing of the first nuclear device in 1974. Ramanna was associated with India's nuclear program for more than four decades, and also facilitated research for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. He served in various roles such as Secretary for Defence Research, [[Government of India]] (1978–81), Scientific Adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (1978–81), Director-general of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (1978–82), Chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (1983–87) and Secretary of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (1983–87). He later became the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of state for defence]] in 1990. He served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1997 to 2003. Towards the later part of his career, he advocated against [[nuclear proliferation]] and testing. Ramanna was associated with various academic institutions. He was the founder-director of [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] and served as the chairman of board of governors at [[IIT Bombay]]. He has been awarded multiple [[honorary doctorate]]s by various universities. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian decoration, in 1975. Ramanna died in [[Mumbai]] in 2004 at the age of 79. == Early life and education == Raja Ramanna was born on 28 January 1925 to Rukmini and Ramanna in [[Tiptur]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[British India]] (now in [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]], India).<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=Raja Ramanna, 79, Indian Nuclear Scientist, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/world/asia/raja-ramanna-79-indian-nuclear-scientist-dies.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=1 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 September 2004}}</ref> His father was working in the judicial department. Ramanna claimed to have been influenced by his mother's sister Rajamma, who was a government teacher. He did his early schooling at Dalvoy School and Good Shepherd Convent in [[Mysore]] before moving to [[Bishop Cotton Boys School|Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in [[Bangalore]]. Ramanna was interested in music from a young age and began taking [[piano]] lessons at the age of six. He auditioned in front of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] at the age of 12.<ref name="Gov"/> He later attended [[Madras Christian College]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in [[physics]] from the [[University of Madras]] in 1945.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raja-Ramanna|title=Raja Ramanna|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Ramanna obtained his masters from [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.mu.ac.in/alumni.html|title=Distinguished Alumni|publisher=[[Mumbai University]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1949, he completed his [[PhD]] in [[nuclear physics]] from [[King's College London|King's College]] in [[London]] on a scholarship from [[Tata Group]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/oct/01/guardianobituaries.obituaries|title=Raja Ramanna, Scientific mastermind behind India's nuclear tests|work=Guardian|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2004}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20080421-the-energiser-735987-2008-04-10|title=The energiser|work=[[India Today]]|date=10 April 2008|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> == Career == === Early career (1949-59) === Ramanna had met [[Homi J. Bhabha]] in 1944 and was inspired his work.<ref name="Gov"/> In 1949, Ramanna joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] to work under Bhabha. In 1952, he started working on the [[Indian nuclear programme]] at the Atomic Energy Establishment in [[Trombay]] (later renamed as [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC)).<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="IT"/> In 1957, the first research [[nuclear reactor]] ''Apsara'' became operational at BARC and Ramanna was part of the team working on the same. He was working on [[neutron emission]] studies and research on [[nuclear fission]].<ref name="Gov"/> In July 1958, then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] authorized "Project Phoenix" to produce [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|weapon grade Plutonium]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> In 1957, Ramanna established a training school at BARC to facilitate training of scientists in [[nuclear physics]].<ref name="IT"/> === Heading the nuclear programme (1960-69) === In the early 1960s, he was involved in learning and development of know-how to manufacture nuclear weapons. After Bhabha's unexpected death in 1966, the design work on the [[atomic bomb]] proceeded under Ramanna, who took charge of the nuclear weapons technology research.<ref name="Program">{{cite web|title=On to Weapons Development, 1960–67|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaWDevelop.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 January 2013|date=30 March 2001}}</ref> When [[Indira Gandhi]] became the prime minister in 1966, the project for the design and manufacturing of the nuclear device proceeded secretly.<ref name="Kanavi">{{cite web|last=Kanavi|first=Shivanand|title=How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115120835/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The program employed 75 scientists with Ramanna heading the project and [[P. K. Iyengar]] serving as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|title=Purnima I-II-III|date=1 September 2003|access-date=8 September 2014|work=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004708/http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Later, the weapons programme was directed towards the production of [[Plutonium-239|plutonium]] rather than [[Uranium-237|uranium]] and in 1969, enough plutonium had been accumulated for the production of a single nuclear bomb.<ref name="Program"/> In 1968–69, a plutonium fueled [[fast breeder reactor]] named ''Purnima'' was established at BARC.<ref name="Bomb">{{cite web|title=India's First Bomb: 1967-1974|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaFirstBomb.html|date=30 March 2001|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richelson|first=Jefferey T|author-link=Jeffrey T. Richelson|title=Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea|date=March 1999|publisher=WW Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-393-05383-8|url=https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233}}</ref> === First nuclear test (1970-75) === In July 1970, physicist [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nagchaudhuri]] was appointed as the scientific adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defense Minister]] and as Director of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Nagchaudhuri and Ramanna worked together to recruit the team and set up the requirements necessary for a [[nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon test]]. In 1971, [[Homi Sethna]] succeeded [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, completing the leadership group.<ref name="Bomb"/> After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the work on building a nuclear device continued with Ramanna being appointed as the chairman of BARC in 1972.<ref name="Ramanna">{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/rammana.html|title=Dr. Ramanna, profile|publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Brit"/> The hardware for the bomb began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorized the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=G.|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=University of California Press|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|page=172}}</ref> The nuclear test was planned for May 1974 with tight control being maintained on all aspects of the preparations of the test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers, India|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7223-330-2}}</ref> The test was code named ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'' and called as a [[Peaceful nuclear explosions|Peaceful Nuclear Explosive]] (PNE).<ref name="Smiling Buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|work=India's Nuclear Weapons Program|title=Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> A [[nuclear fission]] device was successfully detonated on 18 May 1974 at 8.05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="Pahuja">{{cite book|first=Om Parkash|last=Pahuja|title=India: A Nuclear Weapon State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiI_Yt7SOA8C&pg=PT63|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-69-0|pages=63–|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702032049/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1975, Ramanna was honored with the ''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'', India's second highest civilian award.<ref name="Pause">{{cite web|title=Reaction and Long Pause|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaPause.html|publisher=Reaction and Long Pause|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> === Intermediate years (1975-87) === Ramanna served as Vice President of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] from 1977 to 1979 and as President of [[Indian National Science Academy]] in [[New Delhi]] from 1977 to 1978.<ref name="Gov"/> Post the test, Indira Gandhi authorized preliminary work to commence on the development of a [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] boosted fission bomb. Differences in opinion arose between Sethna and Ramanna, which affected the progress of the program.<ref name="Pause"/> In 1978, then Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] moved Ramanna from BARC to made him the secretary of defense research and scientific advisor to the [[Ministry of Defense (India)|Ministry of Defense]].<ref name="Pause"/> Later, he was also appointed as the Director General of DRDO.<ref name="DRDO">{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|title=Our Luminaries|publisher=DRDO|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215911/https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, then [[President of Iraq]] [[Saddam Hussein]] approached Ramanna for help in building a nuclear bomb when Ramanna visited [[Baghdad]]. Ramanna refused and returned to India.<ref name="Guardian"/> With the return of Indira Gandhi in 1980, the nuclear program gained momentum and Ramanna was re-appointed as the director of BARC.<ref name="Brit"/> She authorized Ramanna to prepare for further nuclear tests and two new shafts were constructed at the [[Pokhran|Pokhran test range]] in 1984. Ramanna pushed forward with a [[Uranium enrichment]] program and ''Dhruva'', a new reactor with a capability to produce larger quantities of weapon grade material, was constructed.<ref name="Pause"/> As a part of the nuclear programme, components for a nuclear fusion bomb were developed but no testing took place. In 1983, Ramanna was made as the secretary of Department of Atomic Energy.<ref name="DAE">{{cite web|url=https://dae.gov.in/former-secretaries/|title=Secretaries of DAE|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1984, he was made the chairman of Atomic Energy Commission, which he held for three years.<ref name="Brit"/> In the same year, Ramanna represented the South Asian and Middle Eastern bloc at the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gc/gc28or-257_en.pdf|title=28th Regular Session|publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]]|date=28 September 1984|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Later, he served as the chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Director General of IAEA and as president of the 30th General Conference in 1986.<ref name="Gov"/> In late 1985, a study group commissioned by the Prime Minister of India consisting of Ramanna and few others, outlined a plan for the production of 70 to 100 nuclear warheads and a strict no first use policy.<ref name="Pause"/> === Later years (1988-2003) === In 1990, Ramanna was made [[Minister of State (India)|Union minister of State]] for defence in the [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh administration]], but the government collapsed a short while later.<ref name="Brit"/> Later in his career, Ramanna advocated for strict policies to prevent nuclear proliferation and argued against further nuclear testing.<ref name="Momentum">{{cite web|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html|title=The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He held various academic positions including the chairman of board of Governors at [[IIT Bombay]], chairman of the governing council at [[Indian Institute of Science]] and founder director of [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/ramanna-raja/|title=Raja Ramanna|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]] from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="Rajya">{{cite report|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Nominated_%20Members_1952_2002.pdf|title=Nominated members of Rajya Sabha (1952-2002)|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> ==Death== Ramanna died on 23 September 2004 at the age of 79 due to gastronomical issues.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Scientist Raja Ramanna no more| work=Rediff.com|date=24 September 2004|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/sep/23raja.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dae.nic.in/?q=node/223|title=Dr. Raja Ramanna's death news|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy|access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Then [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] said, "The passing away of Dr. Ramanna is a deep personal loss for me as he was a mentor, guide and teacher to me over the years. A towering and multi-faceted personality Dr. Ramanna was always keen to contribute to national development with a sense of mission in any capacity, which was evident in his role as a Union Minister and a Member of Parliament. For us in the science and technology community, he was always a source of inspiration and a guide."<ref>{{cite press release|title=English Releases|work=Press Information Bureau|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=4013}}</ref> P. K. Iyengar wrote “more important legacy is his uncompromising belief in intellectual clarity and rational thinking in every facet of life, and his unwavering belief (which he inherited from Jawaharlal Nehru and Homi Bhabha) that the nation could progress only by embracing science and scientific thinking. The best way to honour his memory is not through eulogies, but by rededicating ourselves to his policies and belief.”<ref name="Gov"/> == Personal life == Ramanna had a keen interest in music and trained as a [[musician]]. He played [[musical instruments]] such as the [[piano]].<ref name="Guardian"/> In 1952, he married Malathi and the couple had three children, two daughters and a son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rrcat.gov.in/newsletter/NL/nl2006/issue1/pdf/N10.pdf|title=Dr. Raja Ramanna: A brief Bio-memoir|publisher=Raja Ramanna centre for advanced technology|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> == Positions held == * Director, [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (1972–78, 1981–83)<ref name="Brit"/> * Chairman, Board of Governors, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] (1972–78)<ref name="Gov"/> * Vice-President, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1977–79)<ref name="Gov"/> * President, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1977–78)<ref name="Gov"/> * Secretary for Defence Research, [[Government of India]] (1978–81)<ref name="Brit"/> * Scientific Adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (1978–81)<ref name="Pause"/> * Director-general, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (1978–82)<ref name="DRDO"/> * Chairman, [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (1983–87)<ref name="Brit"/> * President, General Conference of [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (1986)<ref name="Gov"/> * Secretary, [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (1983–87)<ref name="DAE"/> * [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of state for defence]] (1990)<ref name="Brit"/> * [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] (1997-2003)<ref name="Rajya"/> * Founder-Director, [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (1988–89, 1990–97)<ref name="Guardian"/> == Awards and honors == Ramanna was awarded multiple [[honorary doctorate]]s by various universities. His major awards include:<ref name="Gov"/> * [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (1963) * [[Padma Shri]] (1968) * [[Padma Bhushan]] (1973) * [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1975) * [[Indian National Science Academy|Meghnad Saha Medal]] (1984) * [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|R. D. Birla Memorial Award]] (1985–86) * [[Indian Science Congress|Asutosh Mookerjee Gold Medal]] (1996) == Books == Ramanna has authored two books:<ref name="Guardian"/> * ''Years of Pilgrimage'' (Autobiography) (1991) * ''The Structure of Music in Raga and Western Systems'' (1993) ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading == # {{cite journal|author=Valangiman Subramaniam Ramamurthy|year=2005|title=Raja Ramanna|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=58|issue=7|pages=81–82|doi=10.1063/1.2012481|bibcode = 2005PhT....58g..81R }} # Ramanna, Raja. Years of Pilgrimage: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Viking, 1991. # Srinivasan, M. R. From Fission to Fusion: The Story of India's Atomic Energy Programme. New Delhi: Viking, 2002. # Singh, Jagjit. Some Eminent Indian Scientists. New Delhi: Publications Division, Govt. of India. # Sundaram, C.V., L. V. Krishnan, and T. S. Iyengar. Atomic Energy in India: 50 Years. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy, 1998. # Parthasarathy, K. S. Ramanna: a doyen among scientists, The Hindu, September 30, 2004. # Srinivasan, M. R. Ramanna & the nuclear programme, The Hindu, September 28, 2004. # Sreekantan, B.V. Raja Ramanna–Down the Memory Lane. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp.&nbsp;1150–51, 2004. # Rao, K. R. Raja Ramanna-A Personal Tribute. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp.&nbsp;1152–54, 2004. # Profiles in Scientific Research: Contributions of the Fellows. Vol.1. pp.&nbsp;460–62. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1995. # Iyengar, P.K. Remembering Ramanna. The Hindu, September 25, 2004. # Ramanna, R., Jain, S. R., Pramana vol. 57, 263, 2001. ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041231161131/http://www.cat.ernet.in/newsletter/news/oct0101.html Interview with Raja Ramanna] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313220218/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/RRamanna.htm Biography in Vigyan Prasar Science Portal] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055056/http://www.iitk.ac.in/directions/march2005/14_RajaRamanna.pdf Raja Ramanna] {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}} {{Padma Vibhushan Awards}} {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}} {{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}} {{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}} {{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanna, Raja}} [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:2004 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of King's College London]] [[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]] [[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]] [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]] [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]] [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]] [[Category:Indian institute directors]] [[Category:People from Tumkur]] [[Category:International Atomic Energy Agency officials]] [[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]] [[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]] [[Category:University of Madras alumni]] [[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]] [[Category:Janata Dal politicians]] [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a 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