CINXE.COM
S | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 7]> <html class="ie ie7" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <html class="ie ie8" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE 7) & !(IE 8)]><!--> <html lang="en-US"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>S | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/html5.js"></script> <![endif]--> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy » Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy » Comments Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-quicklatex-format-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/css/quicklatex-format.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer{max-width:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='awsm-ead-public-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/css/embed-public.min.css?ver=2.7.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-lato-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/fonts/font-lato.css?ver=20230328' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen-child/style.css?ver=20241112' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-block-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/blocks.css?ver=20240708' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-ie-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/ie.css?ver=20140711' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/stop-user-enumeration/frontend/js/frontend.js?ver=1.6.3" id="stop-user-enumeration-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/functions.js?ver=20230526" id="twentyfourteen-script-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/js/wp-quicklatex-frontend.js?ver=1.0" id="wp-quicklatex-frontend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/363" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://iep.utm.edu/s/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://iep.utm.edu/?p=363' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fs%2F" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/manifest.json?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=XBrrnd5baw" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon.ico?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/browserconfig.xml?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css" id="twentyfourteen-header-css"> .site-title, .site-description { clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); /* IE7 */ clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute; } </style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .headimage { width:34%; 聽height:auto; } h1{text-align:left} h2{text-align:left} h3{text-align:left} h4{text-align:left} h5{text-align:left} h6{text-align:left} ol{text-align:left} li{text-align:left} /* hyphenation */ p { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, sans-serif; -moz-hyphens: auto; -ms-hyphens: auto; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; } </style> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-8636035-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="page-template-default page page-id-363 wp-embed-responsive group-blog header-image full-width singular"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="site-header"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home"> <img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/iep-logo-1.png" width="1260" height="123" alt=""> </a> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="header-main"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></h1> <div class="search-toggle"> <a href="#search-container" class="screen-reader-text">Search</a> </div> <nav id="primary-navigation" class="site-navigation primary-navigation" role="navigation"> <button class="menu-toggle">Primary Menu</button> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu-toc-container"><ul id="menu-toc" class="nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-16644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16644"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/a/">A</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16645"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/b/">B</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16646"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/c/">C</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16647"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/d/">D</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16648"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/e/">E</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16649"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/f/">F</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16650"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/g/">G</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16651"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/h/">H</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16652"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/i/">I</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16653"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/j/">J</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16654"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/k/">K</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16655"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/l/">L</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16656"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m/">M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16657"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/n/">N</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16658"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/o/">O</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16659"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/p/">P</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16660"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/q/">Q</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16661"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/r/">R</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-363 current_page_item menu-item-16662"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/s/" aria-current="page">S</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16663"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/t/">T</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16664"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/u/">U</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16665"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/v/">V</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16666"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/w/">W</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16667"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/x/">X</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16668"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/y/">Y</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16669"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/z/">Z</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="search-container" class="search-box-wrapper hide"> <div class="search-box"> <script> (function() { var cx = '001101905209118093242:rsrjvdp2op4'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> <gcse:searchbox-only></gcse:searchbox-only> </div> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-363" class="post-363 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <!-- Custom remove entry header --> <div class="entry-content"> <h1>S</h1> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sable/" title="Sabl茅, Marquise De" rel="bookmark">Sabl茅, Marquise De</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sadra/" title="Sadra" rel="bookmark">Sadra, Mulla</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/safety-c/" title="The Safety Condition for Knowledge" rel="bookmark">Safety Condition for Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/" title="Sankhya" rel="bookmark">S膩nkhya</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/santayan/" title="Santayana, George" rel="bookmark">Santayana, George</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/santideva/" title="Santideva" rel="bookmark">艢膩ntideva</a></li> <li>Sartre, Jean-Paul <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sartre-ex/" title="Sartre, Jean Paul: Existentialism" rel="bookmark">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sartre-p/" title="Sartre’s Political Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Political Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/schellin/" title="Schelling, F. W. J. von" rel="bookmark">Schelling, F. W. J. von</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/schutz/" title="Schutz, Alfred" rel="bookmark">Schutz, Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/schopenh/" title="Schopenhauer, Arthur" rel="bookmark">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/schopenhauer-logic-and-dialectic/" title="Arthur Schopenhauer: Logic and Dialectic" rel="bookmark">Logic and Dialectic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/george-berkeley-philosophy-of-science/" title="George Berkeley: Philosophy of Science" rel="bookmark">Science, Berkeley’s Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/met-scie/" title="Metaphysics of Science" rel="bookmark">Science, Metaphysics of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/pop-sci/" title="Popper, Karl: Philosophy of Science" rel="bookmark">Science, Popper’s Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sci-ideo/" title="Science and Ideology" rel="bookmark">Science and Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/soc-sci/" title="Social Science, Philosophy of" rel="bookmark">Science, Philosophy of Social </a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-change/" title="Scientific Change" rel="bookmark">Scientific Change</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/" title="Scientific Realism and Antirealism" rel="bookmark">Scientific Realism and Antirealism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sci-repr/" title="Representation, Scientific" rel="bookmark">Scientific Representation</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/john-duns-scotus/" title="Scotus, John Duns" rel="bookmark">Scotus, John Duns</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/scotuskg/" title="Scotus: Knowledge of God" rel="bookmark">Knowledge of God</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/self-con/" title="Self-Consciousness" rel="bookmark">Self-Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/eth-self/" title="Ethics and Self-Deception" rel="bookmark">Self-Deception, Ethics聽and</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sella-rw/" title="Sellars, Roy Wood" rel="bookmark">Sellars, Roy Wood</a></li> <li>Sellars, Wilfrid <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sellars/" title="Wilfrid Sellars: Philosophy of Mind" rel="bookmark">Philosophy of Mind</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/logcon-m/" title="Logical Consequence, Model-Theoretic Conceptions" rel="bookmark">Semantic Conceptions of Logical Consequence</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/s-truth/" title="Semantic Theory of Truth" rel="bookmark">Semantic Theory of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/conceptual-role-semantics/" title="Conceptual Role Semantics" rel="bookmark">Semantics, Conceptual Role</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/2d-seman/" title="Semantics, Two-Dimensional" rel="bookmark">Semantics, Two-Dimensional</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/" title="Sen鈥檚 Capability Approach" rel="bookmark">Sen’s Capability Approach</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/seneca/" title="Seneca, Lucius Annaeus" rel="bookmark">Seneca, Lucius Annaeus</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sengzhao/" title="Sengzhao (Seng-Chao)" rel="bookmark">Sengzhao (Seng-Chao)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sense-da/" title="Sense-Data" rel="bookmark">Sense-Data</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/propositional-logic-sentential-logic/" title="Propositional Logic" rel="bookmark">Sentential Logic</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/set-theo/" title="Set Theory" rel="bookmark">Set Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sexualit/" title="Philosophy of Sexuality" rel="bookmark">Sexuality, Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/" title="Shaftesbury" rel="bookmark">Shaftesbury, Earl of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/shahras/" title="Al-Shahrast膩n墨" rel="bookmark">Shahrast膩n墨, al-</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sheffers/" title="The Sheffer Stroke" rel="bookmark">Sheffer Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/shpet/" title="Shpet, Gustav" rel="bookmark">Shpet, Gustav</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sijistan/" title="Abu Ya’qub al-Sijistani" rel="bookmark">Sijistani, Abu Ya鈥榪ub al-</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/simplici/" title="Simplicity in the Philosophy of Science" rel="bookmark">Simplicity in the Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li>Skepticism <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/skept-th/" title="Skeptical Theism" rel="bookmark">Skeptical Theism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/ancient-greek-skepticism/" title="Ancient Greek Skepticism" rel="bookmark">Skepticism, Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-academic-skepticism/" title="Cicero: Academic Skepticism" rel="bookmark">Skepticism, Cicero’s Academic</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/skepcont/" title="Contemporary Skepticism" rel="bookmark">Skepticism, Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/renaissance-skepticism/" title="Renaissance Skepticism" rel="bookmark">Skepticism, Renaissance </a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/smith/" title="Smith, Adam" rel="bookmark">Smith, Adam</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/" title="Social Contract Theory" rel="bookmark">Social Contract Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/soc-sci/" title="Social Science, Philosophy of" rel="bookmark">Social Science, Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/music-sj/" title="Music and Social Justice" rel="bookmark">Social Justice, Music and</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/socialis/" title="Socialism" rel="bookmark">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/socrates/" title="Socrates" rel="bookmark">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/solipsis/" title="Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds" rel="bookmark">Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/solovyov/" title="Solovyov, Vladimir" rel="bookmark">Solovyov, Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sophists/" title="Sophists" rel="bookmark">Sophists</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/val-snd/" title="Validity and Soundness" rel="bookmark">Soundness, Validity聽and</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spencer/" title="Spencer, Herbert" rel="bookmark">Spencer, Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spinoza/" title="Spinoza, Benedict De" rel="bookmark">Spinoza, Benedict</a> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spino-ep/" title="Benedict de Spinoza: Epistemology" rel="bookmark">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spinoza-free-will-determinism/" title="Spinoza on Free Will and Freedom" rel="bookmark">Free Will and Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spinoz-m/" title="Spinoza, Benedict de: Metaphysics" rel="bookmark">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spin-mor/" title="Spinoza: Moral Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Moral Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/spin-pol/" title="Spinoza, Benedict de: Political Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Political Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/sqr-opp/" title="Square of Opposition" rel="bookmark">Square of Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/fem-stan/" title="Feminist Standpoint Theory" rel="bookmark">Standpoint Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/stanton/" title="Stanton, Elizabeth Cady" rel="bookmark">Stanton, Elizabeth Cady</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/stoicism/" title="Stoicism" rel="bookmark">Stoicism</a> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/stoicmind/" title="Stoic Philosophy of Mind" rel="bookmark">Philosophy of Mind</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/stoiceth/" title="Stoic Ethics" rel="bookmark">Ethics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m-struct/" title="Structuralism, Mathematical" rel="bookmark">Structuralism, Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/suarez/" title="Su谩rez, Francisco" rel="bookmark">Suarez, Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/substance/" title="Substance" rel="bookmark">Substance</a> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/substanc/" title="17th Century Theories of Substance" rel="bookmark">Substance, 17th Century Theories of</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/superven/" title="Supervenience and Determination" rel="bookmark">Supervenience and Determination</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/supermin/" title="Supervenience and Mind" rel="bookmark">Supervenience and Mind</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/surr-par/" title="Surrogate Parenting" rel="bookmark">Surrogate Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/surv-eth/" title="Surveillance Ethics" rel="bookmark">Surveillance Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/empathy-sympathy-in-ethics/" title="Empathy and Sympathy in Ethics" rel="bookmark">Sympathy and Empathy in Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/synesthe/" title="Synesthesia" rel="bookmark">Synesthesia</a></li> </ul> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </div><!-- #content --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #main-content --> <div id="secondary"> <h2 class="site-description">An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.</h2> <nav role="navigation" class="navigation site-navigation secondary-navigation"> <div class="menu-pages-container"><ul id="menu-pages" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-16670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16670"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/eds/">Editors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16674"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/submit/100-most-desired-articles/">Desired Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16677"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/submit/">Submissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16676"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/volunteer/">Volunteer</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div id="primary-sidebar" class="primary-sidebar widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">Stay Connected</h1> <div class="textwidget"><p>   <a href="https://www.facebook.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Facebook.png"></a>   <a href="https://twitter.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/X-1.png"></a>   <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Feed.png"></a> </p></div> </aside><aside id="categories-2" class="widget widget_categories"><h1 class="widget-title">Browse by Topic</h1><form action="https://iep.utm.edu" method="get"><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Browse by Topic</label><select name='cat' id='cat' class='postform'> <option value='-1'>Select Category</option> <option class="level-0" value="45">History of Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="49"> 17th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="50"> 18th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="51"> 19th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="53"> Ancient Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="99"> History Misc.</option> <option class="level-1" value="60"> History of Analytic</option> <option class="level-1" value="64"> Medieval Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="102"> Philosophers</option> <option class="level-1" value="48"> Renaissance Philosophy</option> <option class="level-0" value="46">Metaphysics & Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="57"> Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="65"> Metaphysics</option> <option class="level-1" value="66"> Mind & Cognitive Science</option> <option class="level-1" value="67"> Philosophy of Language</option> <option class="level-1" value="70"> Philosophy of Religion</option> <option class="level-1" value="1"> Uncategorized</option> <option class="level-0" value="47">Philosophical Traditions</option> <option class="level-1" value="52"> American Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="55"> Chinese Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="56"> Continental Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="59"> Feminist Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="61"> Indian Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="62"> Islamic Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="100"> Tradition Misc.</option> <option class="level-0" value="74">Science, Logic, & Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="63"> Logic</option> <option class="level-1" value="69"> Philosophy of Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="71"> Philosophy of Science</option> <option class="level-0" value="41">Value Theory</option> <option class="level-1" value="98"> Aesthetics</option> <option class="level-1" value="54"> Bioethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="58"> Ethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="68"> Philosophy of Law</option> <option class="level-1" value="72"> Political Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="101"> Value Misc.</option> </select> </form><script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "cat" ); function onCatChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value > 0 ) { dropdown.parentNode.submit(); } } dropdown.onchange = onCatChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div><!-- #primary-sidebar --> </div><!-- #secondary --> </div><!-- #main --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/?p=601">漏 Copyright <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> and its Authors </a> | ISSN 2161-0002 </div><!-- .site-info Custom (replaced powered by) --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <!-- TPC! Memory Usage (http://webjawns.com) Memory Usage: 12034160 Memory Peak Usage: 12082040 WP Memory Limit: 256M PHP Memory Limit: 128M Checkpoints: 9 --> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/pdfobject.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-pdf-object-js"></script> <script id="awsm-ead-public-js-extra"> var eadPublic = []; </script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/embed-public.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-public-js"></script> </body> </html>