CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134b2c31febfd3a',cH: 'Hy_.7K28FXQOZyvvzy.8Aa9Gmd5rby2r1Y1aP84fBt4-1739783992-1.2.1.1-D2uveDh9VyKISkGb77pTrfYzmzgExiCk2M8f24QwbN4ppgXJNDUwPe0Oq.DONLQB',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=underwater&__cf_chl_tk=xHguWkzhE3YN8Mqbt7ig5zqr.8Z0H2CGRVXlLL7QvDA-1739783992-1.0.1.1-xRfHakZA007m.dAzwnhKxlo4GyitMnDqxlHSiD.lN14",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783992',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=underwater&__cf_chl_f_tk=xHguWkzhE3YN8Mqbt7ig5zqr.8Z0H2CGRVXlLL7QvDA-1739783992-1.0.1.1-xRfHakZA007m.dAzwnhKxlo4GyitMnDqxlHSiD.lN14",md: "RGGyC_KMP67SkGN4ZfTQ1DYP1d9O0sdVUIVSri7t77c-1739783992-1.2.1.1-YNeNVGB.bjdP5JAoVc1zM9yimhek65wLAJ4lahyhTL6hZMF0Fma9WTrwFz_2u2OxOtoTBF59nAdQ9Jt4la7v0vj5aVW9uaWPfnb7sxZ23IHapMK6gM0nq0Evadd7hi9aWoOExlmwkMrGLCOiQTo_WSltxET9KSJ2vL1IyiRIh9Jmtb3J3_t.F564xG9Npg4b0HS4DQ9UMSOi6Fov8XNpBcr5idQuN03gA0fE2U.tVEvCid0CV.NDjBJ6tKC6hfh.4UQ6F3ZEYjJpl36YoCiVA7iWNlpoWFFouDBitat7kQzMuKVrVMmkKi2hX3L1c58vmDolPkSI.vdZBdEc6mNQDFtJE7RTOj04GikFCRN_lRfQtyV7QhVAT99PYRqlyNdbzzjNqQYFzF_y.i.rEhq.SGvS3vB8Kq99ab7U6Itx0D5VSspTzv0mV4mf08enYW4PyU959IMlLBBBverIACHTkvBKwYkn_VUoDg4tlFUtN5q4jxUt4RGhIL30VSDBXMXqcX2TVHUwS.D6BsLKz9dvwTDHMzAEUj9PQWyNxrtC8n9hrAOYd24g.RZ8E7MWBOyyCEgPLnTvj.z_OvrgZ0cYFjYsZ3j0oCmnJYQawQBIUNH_cni.Ukp52zjy52XVRJZn8Pg1drzYMKJ.SYZwCwTd52Y_ACxrvGzPdJWzapyNKogs83plpXG3x4SAMTLjqyH_0jIdV.OIAYjBowo1fZyu0clCF1UiRP2BQYO_C7vZ_bBQGrcqhEHwM3lTsh5lXAqc2K97GEyBWYdg5.Bu.LyVfvR.XGDX1FHm9DmQyktd9mEWL7_SHNky7GWRopU.M48oFM0IYWxZK04MMR3VqzbWnymn33SJpobPJSjVby4Xy2ATxbKAS.nxJ_T5AbUyELWUxns4S0T.W7PFLEQ7c73tIN1F9.YQ9xr9DrEqOtF5usX8fhMgThawAXU.zeNFm_wzhvc4eImLxsfeuhfiIaIwylpun.DzB3_ATmLKLpdyp1DGnFaY3wqQxy0t_JUy4iQWIz1uDYPqS2lWiQYDFYhHz9o71N_6iCsGbZydM31tQZkm4lRSAuL0.CV7VxoywuBGa1OB6w2dTkttCv.4SmDcA2550ighpl_.GfCv.4jhyAgv7FQiNAeMtE95j78jZF3.zMy6Kz2crjC17QwY9C_LrgomnnJCLpf7h9nmJq8Rww4Q3_DVBKbYxSrGAn0VAhAtoI8v6NK.n1RC8P8N.hk69VG0NXtR821eBq4r7ZjbXfyjCfyAWTWf.Zp.p0d45v_HGJ7IJu68I6K1EStnV3TRPcTxv2iwTo.zzgtS0uI_2TjfI8wIZJk0jRpgKu.sLsw_mCEUttmDqOW2tQ_6uUnuCOZkbv52UcFsgsPC7XrggboZsU5pV675z7ZtJxyZrw68Vjc17wRElJFpHpknoOquSvaUYm98vX3bpH5vYGCWQRmkUDpZ.axBlFZRiTZp2ePBZQXlEZ5wsfi5eOPT5JYFUw4khrLgyqTl1qY1e1coV9oMsNLBg68qz9QFOuZm5IKsAhr4G1VqYm9UzctYg9bHgQ_UD_8o3X2rS7gKR8UVD3rraEZkoPUo1SRuIX2eVg6uPVJcC_cEXQIVLwI_P5amL7BEvd8EqI18mozSC3aRqSvMHNs.B9Jy6q0WO5wCgODbyPRfOKpTG6KEzQZe6z63uVkbZxKCK_nsvmfrtL_bgoEN2OWaywVopAbbm0TZNcT4buFzSyHbTbeqFYZFI9sTRSrtsX738nHYRQO_JF1aGHGnv1u7QM4eajl3qRnBFcZ8G0T9sMw0GWgevb2nnvtjbMKGTQVYfx6SVJG_qYnthZU8hz9AAlCV59TDe3x.chSuFXS7nXE6j7p0MBm.9COZBEWg0I5BtnmajmRUysJblXu7x2kHtOJr7tPeaDVno6uHAWtqzMFKXdazsdw0_etXdw",mdrd: "PzXP.C0Zpo4tDsIQoq_gF2b0H6Jwjny4X5AltVca1pE-1739783992-1.2.1.1-JTzb7FKZOBAYla2if07DVFfE.JfRZ3ZJQZYKfubtAbq6fbmFvocB9Xf8x07huO0Nyjvo1.xkaX0ZieKXfKeqK2dB3H8jKQydqXFuITVtF7ky1.qxNvhinDYU9D6xHwkwUFKvP0Kt2.926cmHaP9QUygZKhy18TtysZrbCiqq4Yj81fX_UZI5KoRkB5ZhvNNnf0.7HypJG3N3VlRBIcvIK8lrvB_aZ.xqXfnSEUUqvLTdX0ErzvFNnKotNaLWjMOW2PSaoe6n1dKvr8_.yCLAln0532E96WT035fGFBh4_x1PYD18TnbxRhjEAF.wyWKU5pB2wbz4dty9727Q9W2AcWgfKHAIiBPVsLsAFFEymvssGMrhRSmoH10dBhu84yT_Raulc9bVvMMDlLJx9RcTJoDTpFjwYsgSyke7kC4quK4Iqk3R7ox.8yZQFdOwYSaEZLDabwFpdpCOu3wNc3MY0cmBpuLiWi4tFYi0tO19NGkfVserLLBY1dmj.uQM1HUPFBrAHIebN0Brp3QS5e9S2X5a0O6lOZHdb7oKnKkXHzf3qFbMiFI.IfGNyjRd6VjFJov0dcylPDKNfXNx_ycaUJ4Nb3C0JE.vtVNM.Fvl7G2slBHCGF4mZb4_bdjpSGxcZozJRzB1DKCN4xamrgNelRYqnatKhZtYodJOOSPcPW.Vuo2w2QSVC0iDdx_dF3aJNX4Wh8U8pAjKgCCYSRHY10k6KttnfoSgqH9zixyFJqaxa2Lq3K1Y59n2IslQ7QOlob5HyaBPDdOkTKFsYFn9fnMfiL453Bt.RD2w99X3LLeFpYQfUzMrcG4oSyt_F9xIbIZYmzwovaGa9L9l0dGSkteJAW3GJMB8_9HTeHeWjQzuGp7UdoGY8f6MnvTDA3l.FbM0wWr3emAUhbltOWuta6xO55oj5SZleZhOlJCp3Q3jdBBwh22rJjdZ2pvwTN2U4pCAQua2H8C9sZU1hRThC2j1Kete4YX8MT4lba.CnP_v6F0rY4tdc5tpus_p5LSMh.JLPzKqMVVlsmBP1LjeFSsSXRlv_TvICUcC3S6yPncytrwGN9AyllVnmt1.m0feyIOc.9v25TX3nmyyo3I9y9rGWaYwVQ.MHg_XabkinQ0gLBAHsrWCY47.LgMNeI0gs6izOXMWiCS0nzzHWs6hqgeYS_dMS3Ead7n79Dbs.1Z0Pb1igvjzJRLcUvo6G66kgClM7ryo53iarr8vQ2lrBB1GOATwu66qqL3dhbMiSC9neuqR_uh6srcHv4.OnjgJfRJ.Vms9Fb.tCGDDVoa.b3Mab.JyNjuhCmfqDXwgDHHAat6y6AVwp7TNpuI_6dO444qNVtbhcght32BrkyQd6HTKhqntUWu.3A_z3fFJ6d0VFXjtX17zeWyxmx90XbpSesJURoHqe.dfwgtRC2f2nhqlEAjfoA3Xo_7mQIUfq3ykTNRKUGfvjsl31KXQxyXuMLvemPizQTyI8YxqjUdwUCtpj4FZe4.QWfAdrTZTt5x6SbFtgOaYcZ.6.X7tNBbe2x7rHfdFEjn941Doh08y7dpJz0kSJOd20rGlHgo5uiwLa0WExhr27CBntoTYdFOLYMZP.7iZHcWitrDqQKw_4DysjPMsJntXN_lzJBQsTd7QhC7UjdNcwZD6FJ8Zs.miM4xnIBNFL1HfCGY5ocqKp1yaHYfQO9M7TbKSNUA_bi.fT2R3rgf72.5.WfVqLowP0Z2h4XWUFuejIERiO82Wd06Qpjlbid5TD2ZUWIdv0eNlkWTCIEBjk40AwnqpUSbj9IC5EHXJMXAEzXi17PlInlmJlj.8Nb9yLPBLQJOn4cJ0p606ON8Q_ma.iJ9h5B1j93I_6dg8hs0ytJ_Mi4Iikt1tES_2z_Lj0JqxFYPZM4gJfwHAYdg914ppF25YvCAR4Kp19yMsZ8xKeInJUnE.cuN.PFlUM2P0mGOGz4oy8bwVB3HEZh.8XVhMd5Xko8Gd"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134b2c31febfd3a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=underwater&__cf_chl_rt_tk=xHguWkzhE3YN8Mqbt7ig5zqr.8Z0H2CGRVXlLL7QvDA-1739783992-1.0.1.1-xRfHakZA007m.dAzwnhKxlo4GyitMnDqxlHSiD.lN14" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>