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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_turned_down_by_Reeve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_turned_down_by_Reeve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Roles turned down by Reeve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_turned_down_by_Reeve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hospitalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rehabilitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_with_paralysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_with_paralysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Life with paralysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_with_paralysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Activism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disability_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Disability activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_problems_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_problems_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Health problems and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_problems_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christopher Reeve</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81" title="كريستوفر ريف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستوفر ريف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Riv" title="Kristofer Riv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kristofer Riv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کریستوفر ریو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستوفر ریو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD" title="ক্রিস্টোফার রিভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিস্টোফার রিভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B2" title="Кристофър Рийв – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристофър Рийв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%B2" title="Κρίστοφερ Ριβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίστοφερ Ριβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کریستوفر ریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستوفر ریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%8D%BC_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C" title="크리스토퍼 리브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스토퍼 리브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Քրիստոֆեր Ռիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոֆեր Ռիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91" title="כריסטופר ריב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטופר ריב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Reeve" title="Christophorus Reeve – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christophorus Reeve" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofers_R%C4%ABvs" title="Kristofers Rīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristofers Rīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="क्रिस्टोफर रीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर रीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81" title="كريستوفر ريف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستوفر ريف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4" title="クリストファー・リーヴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリストファー・リーヴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рив, Кристофер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рив, Кристофер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%A4" title="کریستۆفەر ڕیڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریستۆفەر ڕیڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кристофер Рив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристофер Рив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிஸ்டோபர் ரீவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்டோபர் ரீவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F" title="คริสโตเฟอร์ รีฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสโตเฟอร์ รีฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Крістофер Рів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістофер Рів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Christopher Reeve" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American actor and activist (1952–2004)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the South African knife maker, see <a href="/wiki/Chris_Reeve" title="Chris Reeve">Chris Reeve</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Christopher Reeve</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg/220px-C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg/330px-C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/C_Reeve_in_Marriage_of_Figaro_Opening_night_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="507" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Reeve after the opening of <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(play)" title="The Marriage of Figaro (play)">The Marriage of Figaro</a> in 1985</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Christopher D'Olier Reeve</div> (1952-09-25)September 25, 1952 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 10, 2004(2004-10-10) (aged 52) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kisco,_New_York" title="Mount Kisco, New York">Mount Kisco, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a>, Greenburgh, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">BFA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Actor</li><li>activist</li><li>director</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1970–2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_filmography" title="Christopher Reeve filmography">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_and_Dana_Reeve_Foundation" title="Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Reeve" title="Dana Reeve">Dana Morosini</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1992)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data">Gae Exton (1978–1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Reeve" title="Matthew Reeve">Matthew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Reeve" title="F. D. Reeve">F. D. Reeve</a> (father)</li><li>Barbara Lamb Johnson (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D%27Olier" title="Franklin D'Olier">Franklin D'Olier</a> (great-grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Mahlon Pitney</a> (great-grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Pitney_Lamb" title="Beatrice Pitney Lamb">Beatrice Pitney Lamb</a> (grandmother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Schenck_Woolman" title="Mary Schenck Woolman">Mary Schenck Woolman</a> (great-great-grandaunt)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Schureman_Schenck" title="Ferdinand Schureman Schenck">Ferdinand Schureman Schenck</a> (great-great-great-great-grandfather)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christopherreeve.org">christopherreeve.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Christopher D'Olier Reeve<a href="#cite_note-GBR-1">[1]</a> (September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, activist, director, and author. He amassed <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_filmography" title="Christopher Reeve filmography">several stage and screen credits</a> in his 34-year career, including playing the <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film_series_character)" title="Superman (1978 film series character)">title character</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Superman_in_film" title="Superman in film">Superman film series</a> (1978–1987). He won a <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Award</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen Actors Guild Award">Screen Actors Guild Award</a>. He was also known for his activism. Born in New York City and raised in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, Reeve discovered a passion for acting and theater at the age of nine. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>, making his <a href="/wiki/Broadway_debut" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway debut">Broadway debut</a> in 1976. His <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_role" title="Breakthrough role">breakthrough</a> came with playing the <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film_series_character)" title="Superman (1978 film series character)">title character</a> in <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a> (1978) and <a href="/wiki/Superman_II" title="Superman II">its</a> <a href="/wiki/Superman_III" title="Superman III">three</a> <a href="/wiki/Superman_IV:_The_Quest_for_Peace" title="Superman IV: The Quest for Peace">sequels</a> (1980–1987). Afterwards, Reeve turned down multiple roles in big-budget movies, focusing instead on <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a> and plays with complex characters. He appeared in critically successful films such as <a href="/wiki/Somewhere_in_Time_(film)" title="Somewhere in Time (film)">Somewhere in Time</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)" title="The Bostonians (film)">The Bostonians</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Street_Smart_(film)" title="Street Smart (film)">Street Smart</a> (1987), and <a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)" title="The Remains of the Day (film)">The Remains of the Day</a> (1993), and in the plays <a href="/wiki/Fifth_of_July_(play)" title="Fifth of July (play)">Fifth of July</a> on Broadway and <a href="/wiki/The_Aspern_Papers" title="The Aspern Papers">The Aspern Papers</a> in <a href="/wiki/London%27s_West_End" class="mw-redirect" title="London's West End">London's West End</a>. Beginning in the 1980s, Reeve was an activist for environmental and human-rights causes and for artistic freedom of expression. In 1995, Reeve was paralyzed from the neck down after being thrown from a horse during an equestrian competition in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>. He used a wheelchair and ventilator for the rest of his life. After his accident, he lobbied for spinal injury research, including human embryonic <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a>, and for better insurance coverage for people with disabilities. His advocacy work included leading the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_and_Dana_Reeve_Foundation" title="Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a> and co-founding the Reeve-Irvine Research Center.<a href="#cite_note-ReeveDies-2">[2]</a> Reeve later directed <a href="/wiki/In_the_Gloaming_(film)" title="In the Gloaming (film)">In the Gloaming</a> (1997), acted in the television remake of <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window_(1998_film)" title="Rear Window (1998 film)">Rear Window</a> (1998), and made two appearances in the Superman-themed television series <a href="/wiki/Smallville" title="Smallville">Smallville</a> (2003). He also wrote two autobiographical books: <a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> and Nothing Is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life. He died in 2004 from <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> at a hospital near his home in Westchester County, New York. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Reeve was born on September 25, 1952, in New York City, the son of Barbara Pitney Lamb, a journalist and <a href="/wiki/F._D._Reeve" title="F. D. Reeve">Franklin D'Olier Reeve</a> (1928–2013), a teacher, novelist, poet, and scholar. Many of his ancestors had been in America since the early 17th century, some having been aboard the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Through his mother, he was a 12th generation <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_William_Bradford_(Plymouth_governor)" title="Descendants of William Bradford (Plymouth governor)">descendant of</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a>, a pilgrim and five-time <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Plymouth_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Plymouth Colony">Governor of Plymouth Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Other ancestors of Reeve came from the <a href="/wiki/French_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="French aristocracy">French aristocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> For over 25 years his paternal grandfather, Colonel Richard Henry Reeve, was CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Prudential_Financial" title="Prudential Financial">Prudential Life Insurance Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His grand-uncle, Franklin D'Olier Jr. (1911–2000), was married to Marion Merritt Lee, the maternal aunt of <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Franklin and Barbara divorced in 1956, and she moved with Christopher and his younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, where they attended Nassau Street School and then Princeton Country Day School (today called the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Day_School" title="Princeton Day School">Princeton Day School</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Reeve's parents both remarried (he had five half-siblings). Reeve excelled academically, athletically, and onstage; he was on the <a href="/wiki/Honors_student" title="Honors student">honor roll</a> and played soccer, baseball, tennis, and hockey. The sportsmanship award at Princeton Day School's invitational hockey tournament was named in Reeve's honor.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He also played the piano and sang in the <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">soprano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Radio-11">[11]</a> Reeve had a difficult relationship with his father, Franklin. He wrote in 1998 that his father's "love for his children always seemed tied to performance"<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and he put pressure on himself to act older than he actually was in order to gain his father's approval.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Between 1988 and 1995 the two barely spoke to each other, but they reconciled after Reeve's paralyzing accident.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Reeve found his passion for acting in 1962 at age nine when he was cast in an amateur version of the <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a>; it was the first of many student plays.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> His interest was solidified when at age 15, he spent a summer as an apprentice at the <a href="/wiki/Williamstown_Theatre_Festival" title="Williamstown Theatre Festival">Williamstown Theatre Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Day_School" title="Princeton Day School">Princeton Day School</a> in June 1970, Reeve acted in plays in <a href="/wiki/Boothbay,_Maine" title="Boothbay, Maine">Boothbay, Maine</a>. He planned to go to New York City to find a career in theater. Ultimately, however, at the advice of his mother, he applied for college. He was accepted into <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>. Reeve said he chose Cornell primarily because it was distant from New York City and this would help him avoid the temptation of working as an actor immediately versus finishing college, as he had promised his mother and stepfather.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Reeve joined the theater department in Cornell and played <a href="/wiki/Pozzo_(Waiting_for_Godot)" title="Pozzo (Waiting for Godot)">Pozzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a>, Segismundo in <a href="/wiki/Life_Is_a_Dream" title="Life Is a Dream">Life Is a Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a>, and Polixenes in <a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Late in his freshman year, Reeve received a letter from Stark Hesseltine, a high-powered New York City agent who had discovered <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> and who represented actors such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain" title="Richard Chamberlain">Richard Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>. Hesseltine had seen Reeve in A Month in the Country and wanted to represent him. Reeve was very excited and kept re-reading the letter to make sure of what it said. Reeve was impatient with school and eager to get on with his career. The two met, but Reeve was surprised to find Hesseltine strongly supported his promise to his mother and stepfather to complete college. They decided instead of dropping out of school, Reeve would come to New York once a month to meet casting agents and producers to find work for the summer vacation.<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[19]</a> Reeve received favorable responses to his introductions and auditions arranged by Hesseltine but had to forgo several desirable opportunities because they began before school ended. In the summer, he toured in a production of <a href="/wiki/Forty_Carats" title="Forty Carats">Forty Carats</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parker" title="Eleanor Parker">Eleanor Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[19]</a> The next year, Reeve received a full summer contract with the San Diego Shakespeare Festival, with roles as <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a>, Fenton in <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a>, and Dumaine in <a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Globe_Theatre" title="Old Globe Theatre">Old Globe Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Before his third year of college, Reeve took a three-month leave of absence. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, and saw theatrical productions throughout the United Kingdom. He was inspired by the actors there, and often had conversations with them in bars after their performances. He helped actors at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Vic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Vic">Old Vic</a> with their American accents by reading the newspaper aloud for them. He then flew to Paris to study the French theater. Reeve spoke fluent French, having studied it from the third grade through his first year in Cornell. While there he spoke only French to immerse himself in French culture, and watched many performances before returning to New York to reunite with his girlfriend.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> After returning to the US from Europe, Reeve chose to focus solely on acting, although Cornell had several general education requirements for graduation he had yet to complete. He managed to convince theater director John Clancy and the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of the College of Arts and Sciences, as a theater major, he would achieve more at <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Juilliard_School_people" title="List of Juilliard School people">Group 4</a>, 1973–1975) in New York City than at Cornell. They agreed his first year at Juilliard would be counted as his senior year at Cornell.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1973, approximately 2,000 students auditioned for 20 places in the freshman class at Juilliard. Reeve's audition was in front of 10 faculty members, including <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>, who had just won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(film)" title="The Paper Chase (film)">The Paper Chase</a>. Reeve and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> were the only students selected for Juilliard's Advanced Program.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> They had several classes together in which they were the only students. In their <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> class with Edith Skinner, Williams had no trouble mastering all dialects naturally, whereas Reeve was more meticulous about it. Williams and Reeve developed a close friendship.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Reeve was a <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a> to Williams' eldest son Zachary.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In a meeting with Houseman, Reeve was told, "Mr. Reeve. It is terribly important that you become a serious classical actor. Unless, of course, they offer you a shitload of money to do something else."<a href="#cite_note-HoltReeve-26">[26]</a> Houseman then offered him the chance to leave school and join the Acting Company, among performers such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_LuPone" title="Patti LuPone">Patti LuPone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers" title="David Ogden Stiers">David Ogden Stiers</a>. Reeve declined, as he had not yet received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In early 1974, Reeve and other Juilliard students toured the New York City junior high school system and performed The Love Cure. In one performance, Reeve, who played the hero, drew his sword out too high and accidentally destroyed a row of lights above him. The students applauded and cheered. Reeve later said this was the greatest ovation of his career.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After completing his first year at Juilliard, Reeve graduated from Cornell in the Class of 1974 as a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_major_in_the_United_States" title="Multiple major in the United States">double major</a> in English and music theory.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2006, Cornell dedicated a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> to Reeve at the Schwartz Center and established The Christopher Reeve '74 Scholarship that provides support to students majoring in theater, film, music, and English.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early work">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, Reeve auditioned for the soap opera <a href="/wiki/Love_of_Life" title="Love of Life">Love of Life</a> to pay tuition fees at Juilliard. Initially, he was promised a schedule that would not interfere with his studies. However, his character quickly gained popularity, leading to increased screen time. When Reeve reminded the producers of their agreement, they responded that it wasn't set in writing. The following year, Reeve had to leave Juilliard to fulfill his contract with <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He received an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Doctor of Fine Arts">Doctor of Fine Arts</a> degree from Juilliard in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In late 1975, Reeve auditioned for the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> play <a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Gravity" title="A Matter of Gravity">A Matter of Gravity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> watched his audition and cast him as her character's grandson in the play. With Hepburn's influence over CBS, Reeve worked out the schedules of the soap opera and the play so he would be able to do both. Because of his busy schedule, he ate candy bars and drank coffee in place of meals and experienced exhaustion and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. At one of the performances, Reeve entered the stage, said his first line, and then promptly fainted. Hepburn turned to the audience and said, "This boy's a goddamn fool. He doesn't eat enough red meat." The <a href="/wiki/Understudy" title="Understudy">understudy</a> finished the play for Reeve, and a doctor treated him. The doctor advised Reeve to eat a healthier diet. He stayed with the play throughout its year-long run and was given very favorable reviews.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-33">[33]</a> Reeve and Hepburn became very close. She said, "You're going to be a big star, Christopher, and support me in my old age." He replied, "I can't wait that long." Some gossip columns rumored a romance between the two. Reeve said, "She was 67 and I was 22, but I thought that was quite an honor ... I believe I was fairly close to what a child or grandchild might have been to her." Reeve said his father, who was a professor of literature and came to many of the performances, was the man who most captivated Hepburn. When the play moved to Los Angeles in 1976, Reeve—to Hepburn's disappointment—dropped out. They stayed in touch for years after the play's run. Reeve later regretted not staying closer and just sending messages back and forth.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-33">[33]</a> Reeve's first role in a Hollywood film was a very small part as a junior officer in the 1978 naval submarine disaster movie <a href="/wiki/Gray_Lady_Down" title="Gray Lady Down">Gray Lady Down</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a>. He then acted in the play My Life at the <a href="/wiki/Circle_Repertory_Company" title="Circle Repertory Company">Circle Repertory Company</a> with friend <a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superman_films">Superman films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Superman films">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superman_(Christopher_Reeve_-_1980).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Superman_%28Christopher_Reeve_-_1980%29.jpg/220px-Superman_%28Christopher_Reeve_-_1980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Superman_%28Christopher_Reeve_-_1980%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Christopher Reeve as <a href="/wiki/Superman_(Salkind_films)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman (Salkind films)">Superman</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> production of My Life, Stark Hesseltine told Reeve he had been asked to audition for the leading role as <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Kent">Clark Kent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> in the big budget film <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a>, the casting director, put Reeve's picture and résumé on the top of the pile three separate times, only to have the producers throw it out each time. Through Stalmaster's persistent pleading, a meeting between director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Donner" title="Richard Donner">Richard Donner</a>, producer <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Salkind" title="Ilya Salkind">Ilya Salkind</a>, and Reeve was arranged.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The morning after the meeting, Reeve was sent a 300-page script. He was thrilled that the script took the subject matter seriously, and that Donner's motto was <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">verisimilitude</a>. Reeve flew to London for a <a href="/wiki/Screen_test" title="Screen test">screen test</a>, and on the way was told <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> was going to play <a href="/wiki/Jor-El" title="Jor-El">Jor-El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> was going to play <a href="/wiki/Lex_Luthor" title="Lex Luthor">Lex Luthor</a>. Reeve still did not think he had much of a chance. On the plane ride to London, he imagined how his approach to the role would be. He later said, "By the late 1970s, the masculine image had changed ... Now it was acceptable for a man to show gentleness and vulnerability. I felt that the new Superman ought to reflect that contemporary male image." He based his portrayal of Clark Kent on <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> in his role in <a href="/wiki/Bringing_Up_Baby" title="Bringing Up Baby">Bringing Up Baby</a>. After the screen test, his driver said, "I'm not supposed to tell you this, but you've got the part."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Portraying Superman would be a stretch for the 24-year-old actor. He was 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) tall, but his physique was slim. Reeve went through an intense two-month training regimen with former British weightlifting champion <a href="/wiki/David_Prowse" title="David Prowse">David Prowse</a> supervising. The training regimen consisted of running in the morning, followed by two hours' <a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">weightlifting</a> and 90 minutes on the <a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">trampoline</a>. He added 30-pound (14 kg) of muscle to his "thin" 189-pound (86 kg) frame. He later made even higher gains for <a href="/wiki/Superman_III" title="Superman III">Superman III</a> (1983), though for <a href="/wiki/Superman_IV:_The_Quest_for_Peace" title="Superman IV: The Quest for Peace">Superman IV: The Quest for Peace</a> (1987), he decided it would be healthier to focus more on <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> workouts.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> One of the reasons Reeve could not work out as much for Superman IV was an emergency <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">appendectomy</a> that he had in June 1986.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Reeve was never a Superman or comic book fan, though he had watched <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Superman_(TV_series)" title="Adventures of Superman (TV series)">Adventures of Superman</a> starring <a href="/wiki/George_Reeves" title="George Reeves">George Reeves</a>. Reeve found the role offered a suitable challenge because it was a dual role. He said, "there must be some difference stylistically between Clark and Superman. Otherwise, you just have a pair of glasses standing in for a character."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On the commentary track for the director's edition of <a href="/wiki/Superman_II:_The_Richard_Donner_Cut" title="Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut">Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut</a>, creative consultant <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mankiewicz" title="Tom Mankiewicz">Tom Mankiewicz</a> spoke of how Reeve had talked to him about playing Superman and then playing Clark Kent. Mankiewicz then corrected Reeve, telling him he was "always, always playing Superman" and when he was Clark Kent, he was "playing Superman who was playing Clark Kent." Mankiewicz described it to Reeve as a role within a role. The film, made without the use of computers for special effects, was the first attempt to realistically show a person flying. Roy Field, the film's optical supervisor, said, "There were many techniques used to make Superman fly, but the best special effect of all was Christopher Reeve himself. We discovered very early on he, being a <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">glider pilot</a>, could hold his body aerodynamically. So when he got into the harness, the whole shot began to come alive."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The film grossed $300.2 million worldwide (unadjusted for inflation).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Reeve received positive reviews for his performance: <ul><li>"Christopher Reeve's entire performance is a delight. Ridiculously good-looking, with a face as sharp and strong as an ax blade, his bumbling, fumbling Clark Kent and omnipotent Superman are simply two styles of gallantry and innocence." – <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></li> <li>"Christopher Reeve has become an instant international star on the basis of his first major movie role, of Clark Kent/Superman. Film reviewers—regardless of their opinion of the film—have been almost unanimous in their praise of Reeve's dual portrayal. He is utterly convincing as he switches back and forth between personae." – <a href="/wiki/Starlog" title="Starlog">Starlog</a></li></ul> For his performance, Reeve won a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer_to_Leading_Film_Roles" title="BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles">BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles</a>. Reeve described Superman as "the closest opportunity I've had to playing a classical role on film, the closest expression to something of mythical dimension."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> His co-star <a href="/wiki/Margot_Kidder" title="Margot Kidder">Margot Kidder</a> said after his death that, with the Superman films, Reeve "knew he'd done something meaningful. He was very aware of that and very happy with that role."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Superman_II" title="Superman II">Superman II</a> was filmed at the same time as the first film. In fact, the original plan had been for the film to be a single three-hour epic comprising both parts. After most of the footage had been shot, the producers had a disagreement with Donner over various matters, including money and special effects, and Donner was fired. Director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lester" title="Richard Lester">Richard Lester</a>, who had worked with the producers previously on the two-parter <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1973_live-action_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)">The Three Musketeers</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Musketeers_(1974_film)" title="The Four Musketeers (1974 film)">The Four Musketeers</a> (1974), replaced Donner. Lester had the script changed and re-shot some footage. The cast was unhappy, but Reeve later said he liked Lester and considered Superman II to be his favorite of the series.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve201203-46">[46]</a> Donner's version of Superman II, titled Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, was released on <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> in November 2006 and was dedicated in memory of Reeve. Lester directed Superman III, released in 1983, solo. Reeve believed the producers <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Salkind" title="Alexander Salkind">Alexander Salkind</a>, his son Ilya Salkind, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Spengler" title="Pierre Spengler">Pierre Spengler</a> had decreased the credibility of Superman III by turning it into a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> comedy, hence making it a not very good film. He missed Donner and believed Superman III's only really good element was the automobile <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_yard" title="Wrecking yard">junkyard</a> scene in which Evil Superman fights Good Clark Kent in an internal battle.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve201203-46">[46]</a> Reeve's portrayal of the Evil Superman was highly praised, though the film was critically panned. Any negative review for Superman III, however, was nothing compared to the totally negative reception its successor would receive. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released in 1987. After Superman III, Reeve vowed he was done with Superman.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> However, he agreed to continue the role in a fourth film on the condition he would have partial creative control over the script. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> plot was his idea. <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Films">Cannon Films</a> purchased the production rights to the character of Superman from the Salkinds, the original producers of the film series, in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Cannon Films were known for low-budget, poorly acted, poorly scripted action films.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> They cut the budget of Superman IV in half to $17 million. The film was both a critical failure and a <a href="/wiki/Box-office_bomb" title="Box-office bomb">box-office disappointment</a>, becoming the lowest-grossing Superman film to date. Reeve later said, "the less said about Superman IV the better."<a href="#cite_note-Reeve201203-46">[46]</a> Both of Reeve's children from his relationship with Gae Exton had uncredited appearances in a deleted scene in which Superman rescues a girl, played by his daughter Alexandra, and reunites her with her brother, played by his son Matthew, after Nuclear Man creates a tornado in <a href="/wiki/Smallville_(comics)" title="Smallville (comics)">Smallville</a>. Reeve would have made a fifth Superman film after the rights to the character reverted to the Salkinds and Spengler if the film had a budget of the same size as Superman: The Movie. Although there was potential for such a film in the late 1980s after Cannon Films went bankrupt, Reeve never received a script.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1993, two years before Reeve's accident, the Salkinds sold the rights to the character of Superman again, this time to <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> "There was supposed to be a fifth Superman movie titled <a href="/wiki/Superman_Reborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman Reborn">Superman Reborn</a>, but because of studio shifts, the terrible box office [Superman IV] got, and ... Reeves's [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] accident, it never saw the light of day."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> Reeve's first role after 1978's Superman was in the 1980 time-travel mystery/romantic fantasy <a href="/wiki/Somewhere_in_Time_(film)" title="Somewhere in Time (film)">Somewhere in Time</a>. Reeve as Richard Collier romanced actress Elise McKenna, a popular stage actress from the early 20th century, played by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)" title="Jane Seymour (actress)">Jane Seymour</a>. The film was shot on <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Mackinac_Island)" title="Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island)">Grand Hotel</a> in mid-1979, and was Reeve's favorite film to shoot. After the film was completed, the plan was for a limited release and to build word of mouth, but early test screenings were favorable and the studio decided on a wide release, which proved to be the wrong strategy. Early reviews savaged the film as unduly sentimental and melodramatic, and an actors' strike prevented Reeve and Seymour from doing publicity. The film quickly closed, although <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dorl%C3%A9ac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Pierre Dorléac">Jean-Pierre Dorléac</a> was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Costume Design">Academy Award for Best Costume Design</a> in 1980. The film, commercially unsuccessful, was Reeve's first public disappointment. However, almost ten years after Somewhere in Time was released, at a time when other period films were beginning to be made, it became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a> favorite, thanks to screenings on cable networks and <a href="/wiki/Video_rentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Video rentals">video rentals</a>; its popularity began to grow, vindicating the belief of the creative team. INSITE, the International Network of Somewhere in Time Enthusiasts, did fundraising to sponsor a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> in 1997 for Reeve, and raising over $20,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_and_Dana_Reeve_Foundation" title="Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Seymour became a friend of Reeve and in 1996 named one of her twin sons Kristopher in his honor (Reeve also became his godfather).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Grand Hotel and Mackinac Island has become a popular tourist site for film fans. In that same year, Reeve made a guest appearance on <a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show" title="The Muppet Show">The Muppet Show</a>, where he performed "<a href="/wiki/East_of_the_Sun_(and_West_of_the_Moon)" title="East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)">East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)</a>" on a piano for <a href="/wiki/Miss_Piggy" title="Miss Piggy">Miss Piggy</a>, who had a crush on him. Reeve denied being Superman but displayed the character's superpowers throughout the episode. He then returned to continue filming on the not yet finished production of Superman II. After finishing Superman II, Reeve and his family left London and rented a house in the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Hills" title="Hollywood Hills">Hollywood Hills</a>. Soon after, Reeve grew tired of Hollywood and took the family to Williamstown, where he played the lead in the successful play <a href="/wiki/The_Front_Page" title="The Front Page">The Front Page</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Ackerman" title="Robert Allan Ackerman">Robert Allan Ackerman</a>. Later in the year, Reeve played a disabled Vietnam veteran in <a href="/wiki/Lanford_Wilson" title="Lanford Wilson">Lanford Wilson</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Fifth_of_July_(play)" title="Fifth of July (play)">Fifth of July</a> on Broadway to excellent reviews.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve207212-56">[56]</a> To prepare for the role, he was coached by an amputee on how to walk on artificial legs.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve207212-56">[56]</a> In 1982 Reeve stretched his acting range further and played a devious novice playwright with questionable motives regarding his idol and mentor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a>'s suspenseful dark comedy film <a href="/wiki/Deathtrap_(film)" title="Deathtrap (film)">Deathtrap</a>, based on the play by <a href="/wiki/Ira_Levin" title="Ira Levin">Ira Levin</a>. The film was well received. The same year, Reeve portrayed corrupt Catholic priest John Flaherty making challenging decisions during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in director <a href="/wiki/Frank_Perry" title="Frank Perry">Frank Perry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monsignor_(film)" title="Monsignor (film)">Monsignor</a>. Reeve felt this gave him the opportunity to play "a morally ambiguous character who was neither clearly good nor clearly bad, someone to whom life is much more complex than the characters I've played previously".<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Reeve_Homepage-57">[57]</a> Reeve blamed the failure of the film on poor editing. He said "the movie is sort of a series of outrageous incidents that you find hard to believe. Since they don't have a focus, and since they aren't justified and explained, they become laughable".<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Reeve_Homepage-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg/330px-Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg/440px-Ronald_Reagan_Christopher_Reeve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>Christopher Reeve, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gifford" title="Frank Gifford">Frank Gifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> at a reception and picnic marking the 15th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> program in the Diplomatic Reception room, May 1983</figcaption></figure>Reeve was then offered the role of Basil Ransom in 1984's <a href="/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)" title="The Bostonians (film)">The Bostonians</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a>. Though Reeve ordinarily commanded over one million dollars per film, the producers could only afford to pay him one-tenth of that. Reeve had no complaints, as he was happy to be doing a role of which he could be proud. The film exceeded expectations and performed well at the box office for what was considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art house film</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called it "the best adaptation of a literary work yet made for the screen."<a href="#cite_note-Reeve207212-56">[56]</a> Katharine Hepburn called Reeve to tell him he was "absolutely marvelous" and "captivating" in the film. When he told her he was currently shooting the 1985 version of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1985_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1985 film)">Anna Karenina</a>, she said, "Oh, that's a terrible mistake."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1984, Reeve appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Aspern_Papers" title="The Aspern Papers">The Aspern Papers</a> with Vanessa Redgrave. He then played Tony in <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Family_(play)" title="The Royal Family (play)">The Royal Family</a> and the Count in a modern adaptation of the play <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(play)" title="The Marriage of Figaro (play)">The Marriage of Figaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The producers of the film <a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(1985_film)" title="The Aviator (1985 film)">The Aviator</a> approached Reeve without knowing he was a pilot and knew how to fly a <a href="/wiki/Stearman_Aircraft" title="Stearman Aircraft">Stearman</a>, the plane used in the film. Reeve readily accepted the role. The film was shot in <a href="/wiki/Kranjska_Gora" title="Kranjska Gora">Kranjska Gora</a>, and Reeve performed all his stunts.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1985, Reeve hosted the television documentary <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur!_(1985_film)" title="Dinosaur! (1985 film)">Dinosaur!</a> Fascinated with dinosaurs since he was a child, as he says in the documentary, he flew himself to New York in his own plane to shoot on location at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. Also, in 1985, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> named Reeve as one of the honorees in the company's 50th-anniversary publication <a href="/wiki/Fifty_Who_Made_DC_Great" title="Fifty Who Made DC Great">Fifty Who Made DC Great</a> for his work on the Superman <a href="/wiki/Superman_in_film" title="Superman in film">film series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1986, he was still struggling to find scripts he liked. A script named <a href="/wiki/Street_Smart_(film)" title="Street Smart (film)">Street Smart</a> had been lying in his house for years, and after re-reading it, he had <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Films">Cannon Films</a> green-light it. He starred opposite <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a>, who was nominated for his first <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for the film. The film received excellent reviews but performed poorly at the box office, possibly because Cannon Films had failed to properly advertise it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After the filming of <a href="/wiki/Superman_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman IV">Superman IV</a> in February 1987, Reeve and Exton separated and Reeve returned to New York.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In June, he appeared in the British television special charity event <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Knockout_Tournament" title="The Grand Knockout Tournament">The Grand Knockout Tournament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In a depression without his children, aged seven and three, he decided doing a comedy might be good for him. He was given a lead in <a href="/wiki/Switching_Channels" title="Switching Channels">Switching Channels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burt_Reynolds" title="Burt Reynolds">Burt Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a> had a feud during filming, which made the time even more unbearable for Reeve. Reeve later stated he made a fool of himself in the film and most of his time was spent refereeing between Reynolds and Turner. The film did poorly, and Reeve believed it marked the end of his movie star career. He spent the next years mostly doing plays. He auditioned for the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> role in <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Woman" title="Pretty Woman">Pretty Woman</a> but walked out on the audition because they had a half-hearted casting director fill in for <a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> In 1990, Reeve starred in the American Civil War film <a href="/wiki/The_Rose_and_the_Jackal" title="The Rose and the Jackal">The Rose and the Jackal</a>, in which he played <a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a>, the head of <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="President Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>'s new Secret Service. In October, Reeve was offered the part of Lewis in <a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)" title="The Remains of the Day (film)">The Remains of the Day</a>. The script was one of the best he had read, and he unhesitatingly took the part. The film was deemed an instant classic and was nominated for eight Academy Awards.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1992, Reeve played a lead role in the movie comedy <a href="/wiki/Noises_Off" title="Noises Off">Noises Off</a>, in which he played a character named Frederick Dallas. In the early 1990s, Reeve was in three roles for television in which he was cast as a villain.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Reeve_home_page-67">[67]</a> The most notable of these was <a href="/wiki/Bump_in_the_Night_(novel)" title="Bump in the Night (novel)">Bump in the Night</a>, in which Reeve played a child molester who abducts a young boy in New York City. The movie received fair to positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Reeve felt it was important for parents of young children to see the film.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Reeve_home_page-67">[67]</a> In another television movie, Mortal Sins (1992), Reeve for the second time played a Catholic priest, this time hearing the confessions of a serial murderer in a role reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Clift" title="Montgomery Clift">Montgomery Clift</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_Confess_(film)" title="I Confess (film)">I Confess</a>. In the 1990s, Reeve received scripts for <a href="/wiki/Picket_Fences" title="Picket Fences">Picket Fences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hope" title="Chicago Hope">Chicago Hope</a> and was asked by CBS if he wanted to start his own television series. This would have meant moving to Los Angeles, which would place him even further from his children, who lived in London. In Massachusetts, Reeve could take a <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> and see them at any time. He declined the offers. Reeve did not object to all long-distance journeys; he went to <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> to shoot <a href="/wiki/Speechless_(1994_film)" title="Speechless (1994 film)">Speechless</a>, co-starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a>. Reeve then went to <a href="/wiki/Point_Reyes" title="Point Reyes">Point Reyes</a> to shoot <a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter" title="John Carpenter">John Carpenter</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Village_of_the_Damned_(1995_film)" title="Village of the Damned (1995 film)">Village of the Damned</a>, a remake of a 1960 British movie of the same name, also starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Par%C3%A9" title="Michael Paré">Michael Paré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a>. Both of the films with this title were based on the 1957 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Midwich_Cuckoos" title="The Midwich Cuckoos">The Midwich Cuckoos</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wyndham" title="John Wyndham">John Wyndham</a>. Shortly before his accident, Reeve played a paralyzed police officer in the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Above_Suspicion_(1995_film)" title="Above Suspicion (1995 film)">Above Suspicion</a>. He did research at a <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> hospital in <a href="/wiki/Van_Nuys" title="Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a> "on what it would be like to be a paraplegic."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> His injury occurred less than a week after the premiere of the film. In 1995, Reeve was offered the lead in <a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(1995_film)" title="Kidnapped (1995 film)">Kidnapped</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He also planned to direct his first big screen film, a romantic comedy entitled Tell Me True.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Both plans were cancelled as a result of the horseback riding accident that left him paralyzed. In 1996, Reeve narrated the HBO film <a href="/wiki/Without_Pity:_A_Film_About_Abilities" title="Without Pity: A Film About Abilities">Without Pity: A Film About Abilities</a>. The film won the <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> for "Outstanding Informational Special". He then acted in a small role in the film <a href="/wiki/A_Step_Toward_Tomorrow" title="A Step Toward Tomorrow">A Step Toward Tomorrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biography-73">[73]</a> In 1997, Reeve made his directorial debut with the HBO film <a href="/wiki/In_the_Gloaming_(film)" title="In the Gloaming (film)">In the Gloaming</a> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sean_Leonard" title="Robert Sean Leonard">Robert Sean Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Fonda" title="Bridget Fonda">Bridget Fonda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Strathairn" title="David Strathairn">David Strathairn</a>. The film won four <a href="/wiki/Cable_Ace_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable Ace Award">Cable Ace Awards</a> and was nominated for five Emmy Awards including "Outstanding Director for a Miniseries or Special". Dana Reeve said, "There's such a difference in his outlook, his health, his overall sense of well-being when he's working at what he loves, which is creative work."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1998, Reeve produced and starred in <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window_(1998_film)" title="Rear Window (1998 film)">Rear Window</a>, a remake of Hitchcock's <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">1954 film</a>. He was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe</a> and won a <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen Actors Guild Award">Screen Actors Guild Award</a> for his performance. On April 25, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> published Reeve's autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a>. The book spent 11 weeks on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Best Seller list">New York Times Best Seller list</a>. Reeve narrated the abridged audiobook, which won him the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Audie_Award_for_Narration_by_the_Author" title="Audie Award for Narration by the Author">Audie Award for Narration by the Author</a>, and the Earphones Award from <a href="/wiki/AudioFile_(magazine)" title="AudioFile (magazine)">AudioFile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The paperback edition with a new afterword was released the following year and spent an additional two weeks on the Best Seller list.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, Reeve made guest appearances on the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a>. In September 2002, Random House published Reeve's second book, Nothing Is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life. This book is shorter than Still Me and focuses on Reeve's world views and the life experiences which helped shape them. The book spent three weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Reeve narrated an unabridged audiobook for which he received his second Grammy nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On February 25, 2003, Reeve appeared in the television series <a href="/wiki/Smallville" title="Smallville">Smallville</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Smallville_characters#Dr._Virgil_Swann" title="List of Smallville characters">Dr. Virgil Swann</a> in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Smallville_(Season_2)#Rosetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallville (Season 2)">Rosetta</a>". In the episode, Dr. Swann brings to Clark Kent (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Welling" title="Tom Welling">Tom Welling</a>) information about where he comes from and how to use his powers for the good of mankind. The scenes of Reeve and Welling feature music cues from 1978's Superman, composed by <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> and arranged by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Snow" title="Mark Snow">Mark Snow</a>. At the end of this episode, Reeve and Welling appeared in a short spot inviting people to support the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_Paralysis_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation">Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation</a>. "Rosetta" set ratings history for <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">The WB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fan community</a> met the episode with rave reviews and praised it as being among the series' best to this day.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Reeve also appeared in the Smallville episode "<a href="/wiki/Smallville_(season_3)#Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallville (season 3)">Legacy</a>", in which he met again with fellow stage actor <a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(actor)" title="John Glover (actor)">John Glover</a>, who played <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Luthor" title="Lionel Luthor">Lionel Luthor</a> in the show. In 2004, Reeve directed the <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Network">A&E</a> film <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Ellison#The_Brooke_Ellison_Story" title="Brooke Ellison">The Brooke Ellison Story</a>. The film is based on the true story of <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Ellison" title="Brooke Ellison">Brooke Ellison</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a> to graduate from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Reeve during this time was directing the animated film <a href="/wiki/Everyone%27s_Hero" title="Everyone's Hero">Everyone's Hero</a>. It was one of his dream projects and he died during the middle of production for the film. His wife Dana helped out, and his son Will was a cast member in the film. Dana and Will also had small roles in The Brooke Ellison Story.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles_turned_down_by_Reeve">Roles turned down by Reeve</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roles turned down by Reeve">edit</a>]</div> Following the first Superman movie, Reeve realized Hollywood producers wanted him to be an action star. He later said, "I found most of the scripts of the genre poorly constructed, and I felt the starring roles could easily be played by anyone with a strong physique." In addition, he did not feel he was right for the other films he was offered and turned down the lead roles in <a href="/wiki/American_Gigolo" title="American Gigolo">American Gigolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp_(film)" title="The World According to Garp (film)">The World According to Garp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Attraction" title="Fatal Attraction">Fatal Attraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone" title="Romancing the Stone">Romancing the Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapon" title="Lethal Weapon">Lethal Weapon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Body_Heat" title="Body Heat">Body Heat</a>. Hepburn recommended Reeve to <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> for the role of <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Christian" title="Fletcher Christian">Fletcher Christian</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bounty_(1984_film)" title="The Bounty (1984 film)">The Bounty</a>, a film version of Mutiny on the Bounty starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>. After considering it, Reeve decided he would be miscast, and the film was eventually made with <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationships">edit</a>]</div> Reeve's first romantic relationship was at the age of 16 with a theater actress who was seven years his senior. Eventually he began to feel that "something about it didn't feel right," and they split up.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> While filming the first two Superman movies in England, Reeve began a 10-year relationship with modeling executive Gae Exton.<a href="#cite_note-:7-87">[87]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)" title="Jane Seymour (actress)">Jane Seymour</a> revealed that Reeve and Exton had broken up prior to filming <a href="/wiki/Somewhere_in_Time_(film)" title="Somewhere in Time (film)">Somewhere in Time</a>, and during production, Reeve and Seymour fell in love.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> However, Reeve ended the relationship and returned to Exton upon learning that Exton was pregnant with their son <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Reeve" title="Matthew Reeve">Matthew Exton Reeve</a>, who was born on December 20, 1979, followed by a daughter in December 1983. Both were born in London.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In February 1987, Reeve and Exton separated amicably with joint custody of their children, and Reeve returned to New York. Matthew and Alexandra remained in London with their mother and spent their holidays with Reeve. In June 1987, Reeve met his future wife <a href="/wiki/Dana_Reeve" title="Dana Reeve">Dana Morosini</a>, a singer and actress. By 1990, they were living together but Reeve, remembering his parents' painful divorce and other failed marriages in his family, could not bring himself to commit. After they almost broke up, Reeve began about a year of therapy, primarily to talk through his fears about marriage. Then one night during dinner, he said "I just put down my fork and asked her to marry me." They were married in April 1992,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and their son <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>William Elliot "Will" Reeve was born on June 7, 1992. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit">[update]</a>, Will reports for <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WillABC-91">[91]</a> Christopher and Dana Reeve remained married until Christopher's death.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_and_sailing">Aviation and sailing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aviation and sailing">edit</a>]</div> Reeve was a licensed pilot and began reaching major milestones in his early 20s: <a href="/wiki/Private_pilot_licence" title="Private pilot licence">private</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrument_rating" title="Instrument rating">instrument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_rating" title="Class rating">multi-engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_pilot_licence" title="Commercial pilot licence">commercial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_instructor" title="Flight instructor">instructor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glider_pilot_license" title="Glider pilot license">glider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Radio-11">[11]</a> In 1976, Reeve purchased his first aircraft, a second-hand <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-28_Cherokee" title="Piper PA-28 Cherokee">Cherokee 140</a>. After his paralyzing accident, he fondly recalled sleeping under its wings during a solo trip across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Reeve also owned a <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron" title="Beechcraft Baron">Beechcraft Baron</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-31T_Cheyenne" title="Piper PA-31T Cheyenne">Cheyenne II</a>, nicknamed "Mike".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> He flew solo <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">across the Atlantic</a> twice and was a pilot for the Environmental Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-Aviation-97">[97]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> was filming <a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp_(film)" title="The World According to Garp (film)">The World According to Garp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a> recalled that Reeve would "literally swoop in, piloting his own plane, scoop Robin up, and away they would fly for the weekend."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> During the shooting of Superman III, Reeve joined The Tiger Club, a group of aviators who pilot vintage <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland Tiger Moth</a> biplanes. Reeve knew how to fly a <a href="/wiki/Stearman_Aircraft" title="Stearman Aircraft">Stearman</a> and volunteered to do his own piloting in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(1985_film)" title="The Aviator (1985 film)">The Aviator</a> to achieve a more realistic look.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> He also enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">gliding</a>; his personal record was 32,000 ft.<a href="#cite_note-Aviation-97">[97]</a> Reeve was an avid sailor. While filming <a href="/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)" title="The Bostonians (film)">The Bostonians</a>, he lived aboard his <a href="/wiki/Swan_40" title="Swan 40">Swan 40</a>, Chandelle, and would take the cast and crew sailing on the weekends. Once, <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> came for a nighttime sail; Reeve also took him flying.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1989, he sold Chandelle and bought a Cambria 46, which he named the Sea Angel. According to David Walters Yachts, "when Chris Reeve came to build a Cambria, he did not want a double entry 44. A new deck mold with a single entry was built, and was designated the new 46 model."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He sailed in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> a few times. The coast of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> is what he knew best, sailing "all over the East, Nova Scotia, and Maine." His favorite ports were <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a>, and Christmas Cove in Maine.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equestrianism_and_injury">Equestrianism and injury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Equestrianism and injury">edit</a>]</div> Reeve began his involvement in <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horse riding</a> in 1985 after learning to ride for the film <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1985_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1985 film)">Anna Karenina</a>. He was initially <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> to horses, so he took <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>. He trained on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, and by 1989, he began <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>. His allergies soon disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He had leg <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a> as a teen while skiing, and he later broke three ribs in a riding accident he described, along with the leg injuries, on <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show" title="The Tonight Show">The Tonight Show</a> in March 1987. Reeve purchased a 12-year-old American <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> horse named Eastern Express, nicknamed "Buck", while filming <a href="/wiki/Village_of_the_Damned_(1995_film)" title="Village of the Damned (1995 film)">Village of the Damned</a>. He trained with Buck in 1994 and planned to do Training Level events in 1995 and move up to Preliminary in 1996. Though Reeve had originally signed up to compete at an event in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, his coach invited him to go to the Commonwealth Dressage and Combined Training Association finals at the Commonwealth Park equestrian center in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>. Reeve finished in fourth place out of 27 in the <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, before walking his cross-country course. He was concerned about jumps 16 and 17 but paid little attention to the third jump, which was a routine one-metre-tall (3.3 ft) fence shaped like the letter "W".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On May 27, 1995, Reeve's horse made a <a href="/wiki/Refusals_and_runouts" title="Refusals and runouts">refusal</a>. Witnesses said the horse began the third fence jump and suddenly stopped. Reeve fell forward off the horse, holding on to the <a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">reins</a>. His hands became tangled in them, and the <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack#Bits" title="Horse tack">bit</a> were pulled off the horse. He landed head first on the far side of the fence, shattering his <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">second vertebrae</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">cervical spinal injury</a> <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> him from the neck down<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and halted his breathing. Paramedics arrived three minutes later and immediately took measures to get air into his lungs. He was taken first to the local hospital, before being flown by helicopter to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Health_System" title="University of Virginia Health System">University of Virginia Medical Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He had no recollection of the accident. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitalization">Hospitalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hospitalization">edit</a>]</div> After five days in which Reeve was heavily medicated and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirious</a>, he regained full consciousness. His doctor explained to him his first and second cervical vertebrae had been destroyed and his spinal cord damaged.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He was paralyzed from the neck down and unable to breathe without a <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">ventilator</a>. Reeve's first thoughts when informed about the seriousness of his injury was he had ruined his life, would be a burden on his family, and it might be best to "slip away". He mouthed to his wife Dana, "Maybe we should let me go." She tearfully replied, "I will support whatever you want to do, because this is your life and your decision. But I want you to know that I'll be with you for the long haul, no matter what. You're still you. And I love you." In what she would later describe as a "sales ploy", she also told him that if he still wanted to die in two years they could reconsider the question.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> After this conversation, and visits from his children in which he saw how much they needed him, Reeve consented to lifesaving surgery and treatment for <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a> He never considered <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> as an option again.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Reeve went through inner anguish in the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">ICU</a>, particularly when he was alone during the night. His upcoming operation to stabilize his spine in June 1995 "was frightening to contemplate. ... I already knew that I had only a fifty-fifty chance of surviving the surgery. ... Then, at an especially bleak moment, the door flew open and in hurried a squat fellow with a blue scrub hat and a yellow surgical gown and glasses, speaking in a Russian accent. He announced that he was my <a href="/wiki/Proctologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proctologist">proctologist</a>, and that he had to examine me immediately." It was Robin Williams, reprising his character from the film <a href="/wiki/Nine_Months" title="Nine Months">Nine Months</a>. Reeve wrote: "For the first time since the accident, I laughed. My old friend had helped me know that somehow I was going to be okay."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In addition to visits from friends and family, Reeve received over 400,000 letters from all over the world, which gave him great comfort during his recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve_37-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Jane" title="John A. Jane">John A. Jane</a> performed surgery to repair Reeve's neck <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a>. He put wires underneath both <a href="/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">laminae</a> and used bone from Reeve's hip to fit between the C1 and C2 vertebrae. He inserted a <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> pin and fused the wires with the vertebrae, then drilled holes in Reeve's skull and fitted the wires through to secure the skull to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve_37-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation">edit</a>]</div> After a month in the hospital, Reeve spent five months at the <a href="/wiki/Kessler_Institute_for_Rehabilitation" title="Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation">Kessler Rehabilitation Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a> to continue with his recovery and learn skills such as operating his <a href="/wiki/Sip-and-puff" title="Sip-and-puff">sip-and-puff</a> electric <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> by blowing air through a straw. In his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a>, he described initially not wanting to face the reality of his disability. Getting used to sitting strapped into a wheelchair, or taking a shower, were initially terrifying. Reeve developed a deep fondness for many of the staff at Kessler, and through conversations with the other patients gradually started to see himself as being part of the disabled community.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[a]</a> For the first few months after the accident, Reeve relied on a ventilator, which was connected to his neck through a <a href="/wiki/Tracheostomy_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheostomy tube">tracheostomy tube</a>, for every breath. With therapy and practice, he developed the ability to breathe on his own for up to 90 minutes at a time.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Reeve exercised for up to four or five hours a day, using specialized exercise machines to stimulate his muscles and prevent <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> He believed that intense physical therapy could <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerate</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, and also wanted his body to be strong enough to support itself if a cure for paralysis were found. Starting in 2000, he started to regain the ability to make small movements in his fingers and other parts of his body, and by 2002 reported that he could sense hot and cold temperatures on 65 per cent of his body. Reeve's doctors were surprised by his improvements, which they attributed to his intensive exercise regimen.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_with_paralysis">Life with paralysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Life with paralysis">edit</a>]</div> In December 1995, Reeve moved back to his home in <a href="/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York" title="Bedford (town), New York">Bedford</a>, New York. By two years after the accident, Reeve said he was "glad to be alive, not out of obligation to others, but because life was worth living".<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a> Reeve continued to require round-the-clock care for the rest of his life, with a team of 10 nurses and aides working in his home.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In the aftermath of the accident, Reeve went through intense grief. He gradually resolved to make the best of his new life, with a busy schedule of activism, film work, writing and promoting his books, public speaking, and parenting. In 1998, he said in an interview:<blockquote>Who knows why an accident happens? The key is what do you do afterwards. There is a period of shock, and then grieving, with confusion and loss. After that, you have two choices. One is to stare out the window and gradually disintegrate. And the other is to mobilize and use all your resources, whatever they may be, to do something positive. That is the road I have taken. It comes naturally to me. I am a competitive person and right now I am competing against decay. I don't want osteoporosis or muscle atrophy or depression to beat me.<a href="#cite_note-:7-87">[87]</a></blockquote>In another interview, Reeve said he drew on the self-discipline he had gained in his early years in the theater:<blockquote>Nobody wants another actor. There's too many of them now already ... To keep believing in yourself in spite of those kinds of obstacles is certainly good preparation for what I'm going through now.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> For most of his life, Reeve did not identify with any religion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[126]</a> He attended his stepfather's Presbyterian church as a young teenager.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[126]</a> In 1975, he briefly explored <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> but chose not to become a member. He subsequently voiced criticism of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Reeve described his wedding in 1992 as his "first act of faith". After his accident, many well-wishers suggested that prayer would make him feel better, but he did not find it helpful. "I wondered what was wrong with me", he later wrote. "I had broken my neck and become paralyzed, possibly forever, but still hadn't found God."<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[129]</a> In his 2002 book Nothing is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life, Reeve said that he and his wife had regularly attended <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian</a> services, starting in his late 40s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[129]</a> In the years following the accident, he had gradually come to believe that:<blockquote>Spirituality is found in the way we live our daily lives. It means spending time thinking about others. It's not so hard to imagine that there is some kind of higher power. We don't have to know what form it takes or exactly where it exists; just to honor it and try to live by it is enough ... As these thoughts unfolded in the process of learning to live my new life, I had no idea that I was becoming a Unitarian.<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[129]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activism">edit</a>]</div> At the age of 15, Reeve developed a passionate interest in political and social causes. He conducted a door-to-door campaign on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> in 1968 and participated in protests against the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">invasion of Cambodia</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> After the release of Superman, Reeve used his celebrity status to enable him to support several philanthropic causes. Through the <a href="/wiki/Make-A-Wish_Foundation" title="Make-A-Wish Foundation">Make-A-Wish Foundation</a>, he visited terminally ill children. He joined the board of directors for the worldwide charity <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>. In 1979, he served as a track and field coach at the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In the 1980s, Reeve campaigned for Vermont Senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> and made speeches throughout the state. He served as a board member for the Charles Lindbergh Fund, which promotes environmentally safe technologies. He lent support to causes such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a>. As a pilot with the Environmental Air Force he gave government officials and journalists aerial tours over areas of environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 1983, he was elected to <a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> Council.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In late 1987, in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile, the country's dictator, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, threatened to execute 77 actors. <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman" title="Ariel Dorfman">Ariel Dorfman</a> asked Reeve to help save their lives. Reeve flew to Chile and helped lead a protest march.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> A cartoon then ran in a newspaper showing him carrying Pinochet by the collar with the caption, "Where will you take him, Superman?" For his contribution to the protest, Reeve was awarded the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Order of Bernardo O'Higgins">Order of Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, the highest Chilean distinction for foreigners. He also received an <a href="/wiki/Obie_Award" title="Obie Award">Obie Award</a> and the Annual Walter Briehl Human Rights Foundation award.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The following year, Reeve was among the international stars for the No campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Chilean_presidential_referendum" title="1988 Chilean presidential referendum">Chilean presidential referendum</a> that marked the end of Pinochet's rule.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[b]</a> In 1989, Reeve's friend <a href="/wiki/Ron_Silver" title="Ron Silver">Ron Silver</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Coalition" title="Creative Coalition">Creative Coalition</a> (TCC), a liberal organization aiming to teach celebrities how to speak knowledgeably about political issues. Reeve was an early member of the group, along with <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blythe_Danner" title="Blythe Danner">Blythe Danner</a>. The group's initiatives included environmental issues and defending the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_of_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="National Endowment of the Arts">National Endowment of the Arts</a>, which was under attack from conservative Republicans who objected to taxpayer funding of art they considered offensive. Reeve was elected as a co-president of TCC in 1994. The organization's work was noticed nationwide, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> asked Reeve to run for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. He replied, "Run for Congress? And lose my influence in Washington?"<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In 1997, TCC established the Christopher Reeve First Amendment Award.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In 1996, 10 months after his injury, Reeve appeared at the <a href="/wiki/68th_Academy_Awards" title="68th Academy Awards">68th Academy Awards</a> to a long standing ovation. He used the occasion to encourage <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> to make more films on social issues, saying, "Let's continue to take risks. Let's tackle the issues. In many ways our film community can do it better than anyone else."<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability_activism">Disability activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disability activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury_research" title="Spinal cord injury research">Spinal cord injury research</a></div> Reeve left the Kessler Rehabilitation Center feeling inspiration from the other patients he had met. Because the media was constantly covering him, he decided to use his name to put focus on <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injuries</a>. In 1996, he also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and spoke at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>. He traveled across the country to make speeches. For these efforts, he was placed on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> on August 26, 1996.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Reeve's first effort to change disability legislation was in supporting a 1997 bill to raise the lifetime "cap" on insurance payments from $1 million to $10 million per person. For catastrophically injured people with one insurance policy, the $1 million limit often lasts just a few years. The bill was narrowly defeated.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In 1999, he supported the Work Incentives Improvement Act, which allows people to continue to receive disability benefits after they return to work. This bill passed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[145]</a> Reeve was elected chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American_Paralysis_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Paralysis Association">American Paralysis Association</a> (now the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation) and vice chairman of the National Organization on Disability. With <a href="/wiki/Joan_Irvine_Smith" title="Joan Irvine Smith">Joan Irvine Smith</a>, he co-founded the Reeve-Irvine Research Center, which is now one of the leading spinal cord research centers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 1999, the American Paralysis Association and another foundation Reeve had founded were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Reeve Foundation">Christopher Reeve Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> which aims to speed up research through funding and to use grants to improve the quality of the lives of people with disabilities. The Foundation to date has given more than $140 million to research and more than $44 million in quality-of-life grants.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Of Christopher Reeve, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">UC Irvine</a> said, "in the years following his injury, Christopher did more to promote research on spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders than any other person before or since".<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Reeve served as a board member for several organizations' aim to improve quality of life for people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg/220px-Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg/330px-Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg/440px-Christopher_Reeve_MIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Reeve discussing stem cell research at a conference at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, March 2, 2003</figcaption></figure> Reeve lobbied for expanded federal funding on <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cell research">embryonic stem cell research</a> to include all embryonic stem cell lines in existence and for self-governance to make open-ended scientific inquiry of the research.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> limited federal funding to research only on human embryonic stem cell lines created on or before August 9, 2001, the day he announced his policy, and allotted approximately $100 million for it. Reeve initially called this "a step in the right direction", admitting he did not know about the existing lines and would look into them further. He fought against the limit when scientists revealed an early research technique involved mixing the human stem cells with mouse cells contaminated most of the old lines.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> In 2001, Reeve received <a href="/wiki/ASCB_Public_Service_Award" title="ASCB Public Service Award">Public Service Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cell_Biology" title="American Society for Cell Biology">American Society for Cell Biology</a> for "outstanding public service in support of biomedical research."<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> In 2002, Reeve lobbied for the <a href="/wiki/Human_Cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Cloning">Human Cloning</a> Prohibition Act of 2001,<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> which would allow <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">somatic cell nuclear transfer</a> research, but would ban <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">reproductive cloning</a>. He argued stem cell implantation is unsafe unless the stem cells contain the patient's own <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and because somatic cell nuclear transfer is done without fertilizing an egg, it can be fully regulated.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In June 2004, Reeve provided a videotaped message on behalf of the Genetics Policy Institute to the delegates of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in defense of somatic cell nuclear transfer, which a world treaty was considering banning.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In the final days of his life, Reeve urged California voters to vote yes on <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution_Article_XXXV" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution Article XXXV">Proposition 71</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> which would establish the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Regenerative_Medicine" title="California Institute for Regenerative Medicine">California Institute for Regenerative Medicine</a> and would allot $3 billion of state funds to stem cell research.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Proposition 71 was approved less than one month after Reeve's death. In July 2003, Reeve's continuing frustration with the pace of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> research in the US led him to Israel,<a href="#cite_note-U.S.-161">[159]</a> a country that was then, according to him, at the center of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury_research" title="Spinal cord injury research">research in spinal cord injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YouTube-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-21c-163">[161]</a> Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs invited him to seek out the best treatment for his condition. During his visit, Reeve called the experience "a privilege" and said, "Israel has very proactive rehab facilities, excellent medical schools and teaching hospitals, and an absolutely first-rate research infrastructure."<a href="#cite_note-YouTube-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-164">[162]</a> Israelis were very receptive to Reeve's visit, calling him an inspiration to all and urging him never to give up hope.<a href="#cite_note-YouTube-162">[160]</a> In September 2003, Reeve was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lasker%E2%80%93Bloomberg_Public_Service_Award" title="Lasker–Bloomberg Public Service Award">Lasker Public Service Award</a> "for his perceptive, sustained and heroic advocacy for medical research in general and victims of disability in particular."<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_problems_and_death">Health problems and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health problems and death">edit</a>]</div> During his teenage years, Reeve suffered from occasional bouts of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> At age 16 he began to experience <a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">alopecia areata</a>, a condition that causes patches of hair to fall out from an otherwise healthy head of hair. Generally, he was able to comb it over and often the problem disappeared for long periods, but he wore a wig for the third and fourth Superman films.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The condition became more noticeable after he became paralyzed, after which he started having his head shaved.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> More than once he had a severe <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">reaction</a> to a drug. While at Kessler, he tried a drug which was theorized to help reduce damage to the spinal cord. The drug caused him to go into <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>, and his heart stopped. He claimed to have had an <a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">out-of-body experience</a> and remembered saying, "I'm sorry, but I have to go now", during the event. In his autobiography, he wrote, "and then I left my body. I was up on the ceiling ... I looked down and saw my body stretched out on the bed, not moving, while everybody—there were 15 or 20 people, the doctors, the EMTs, the nurses—was working on me. The noise and commotion grew quieter as though someone were gradually turning down the volume." After receiving a large dose of <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a>, he woke up and stabilized later that night.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> At Kessler, he also learned that he hadn't fully recovered from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, which he contracted while scouting filming locations in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> During 1996 and 1997, Reeve was frequently hospitalized for <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_dysreflexia" title="Autonomic dysreflexia">dysreflexia</a>, pneumonia, a collapsed lung, and two blood clots.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> On one occasion, he was put incorrectly in a wheelchair, which caused him to fall and break his left arm. A titanium rod was inserted inside his <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> bone to stabilize his arm.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In 1997, a small ulcer on his left ankle became infected, eventually spreading to the bone. He was warned that his leg might have to be amputated to prevent further spread of infection. Reeve sought help from specialists at <a href="/wiki/Albany_Medical_Center" title="Albany Medical Center">Albany Medical Center</a>, who examined his leg, <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">removing</a> the dead tissue and putting him on powerful <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. A few months later, his leg fully healed.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In early October 2004, he was being treated for an infected <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">pressure ulcer</a> that was causing <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, a complication he had experienced many times before. On October 4, 2004, he spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ryan_AbilityLab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Ryan AbilityLab">Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago</a> on behalf of the institute's work; it was his last reported public appearance.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> On October 9, 2004, Reeve attended his son Will's hockey game. That night, he went into cardiac arrest after receiving an antibiotic for the infection. He fell into a coma, and was taken to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Westchester_Hospital" title="Northern Westchester Hospital">Northern Westchester Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kisco,_New_York" title="Mount Kisco, New York">Mount Kisco, New York</a>. Eighteen hours later, on October 10, 2004, Reeve died at the age of 52.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> No <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> was performed.<a href="#cite_note-larry_king-177">[175]</a> However, both Reeve's wife, Dana, and his doctor, John McDonald, believed that an adverse reaction to a drug caused his death.<a href="#cite_note-larry_king-177">[175]</a> His remains were <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> where his ashes were sprinkled in the wind by his family.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> A memorial service for Reeve was held at the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>, which was officiated by Frank Hall.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Another private memorial service held at the Juilliard School three weeks later was attended by more than 900 people, with speakers.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Reeve's widow, Dana, headed the Christopher Reeve Foundation after his death. Although a non-smoker, she was diagnosed with lung cancer on August 9, 2005. She died at age 44 on March 6, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-DanaDies-184">[182]</a> and the foundation was subsequently renamed the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_and_Dana_Reeve_Foundation" title="Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> All of Reeve's children serve on the board of directors of the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> In March 2009, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> signed the Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Act that aims "to enhance and further research into paralysis and to improve rehabilitation and the quality of life for persons living with paralysis and other physical disabilities."<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In 2012, Reeve was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> On September 25, 2021, Google celebrated Reeve's 69th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> A documentary about Reeve's life and the aftermath of his accident titled <a href="/wiki/Super/Man:_The_Christopher_Reeve_Story" title="Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story">Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story</a> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Sundance_Film_Festival" title="2024 Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> on January 19, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Observer2024-193">[191]</a> On the 20th anniversary of Reeve's passing, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> was lit in blue, yellow, red, and orange colors in honor of the foundation's work and the wide release of the documentary.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_filmography" title="Christopher Reeve filmography">Christopher Reeve filmography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superman_curse" title="Superman curse">Superman curse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> In September 1995, The Journey of Christopher Reeve aired on <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>'s <a href="/wiki/20/20_(American_TV_program)" title="20/20 (American TV program)">20/20</a>. Featuring in-depth interviews with Reeve and Dana, and showing his rehabilitation process at Kessler, the special became a winner of the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Awards" title="Peabody Awards">Peabody Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The 2012 Chilean film <a href="/wiki/No_(2012_film)" title="No (2012 film)">No</a>, which was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/85th_Academy_Awards" title="85th Academy Awards">85th Academy Awards</a>, features archive footage of Reeve from the campaign. In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Larra%C3%ADn" title="Pablo Larraín">Pablo Larraín</a>'s (director of No) production company Fábula was developing the <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> series about Reeve's trip to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GBR-1"><a href="#cite_ref-GBR_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Gary Boyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203150008/http://www.americanancestors.org/assortment-famous-actors/">"#77 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: An Assortment of Famous Actors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_England_Historic_Genealogical_Society" title="New England Historic Genealogical Society">New England Historic Genealogical Society</a>. 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Retrieved November 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Christopher+Reeve+Among+New+Inductees+To+New+Jersey+Hall+Of+Fame&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnewyork%2Fnews%2Fchristopher-reeve-among-new-inductees-to-new-jersey-hall-of-fame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/christopher-reeves-69th-birthday/">"Christopher Reeve's 69th Birthday"</a>. Google Doodles. Retrieved November 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Reeve%27s+69th+Birthday&rft.pub=Google+Doodles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fchristopher-reeves-69th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/movies/google-honors-christopher-reeve-birthday-with-doodle/">"Google Honors Late Superman Actor Christopher Reeve with Doodle Commemorating His Birthday"</a>. People. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Google+Honors+Late+Superman+Actor+Christopher+Reeve+with+Doodle+Commemorating+His+Birthday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fmovies%2Fgoogle-honors-christopher-reeve-birthday-with-doodle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/video/super-man-the-christopher-reeve-story-sundance-documentary-matthew-reeve-alexandra-reeve-will-reeve-interview/">"Christopher Reeve's Children "Bear Their Soul On Screen" In Touching Documentary 'Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story' – Sundance Studio"</a>. Deadline. January 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Reeve%27s+Children+%22Bear+Their+Soul+On+Screen%22+In+Touching+Documentary+%27Super%2FMan%3A+The+Christopher+Reeve+Story%27+%E2%80%93+Sundance+Studio&rft.pub=Deadline&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2Fvideo%2Fsuper-man-the-christopher-reeve-story-sundance-documentary-matthew-reeve-alexandra-reeve-will-reeve-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer2024-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Observer2024_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2024" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Xan (November 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/nov/03/superman-the-christopher-reeve-story-review-respectful-documentary-gives-the-full-picture">"Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story review – respectful documentary gives the full picture"</a>. The Observer. Retrieved November 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Super%2FMan%3A+The+Christopher+Reeve+Story+review+%E2%80%93+respectful+documentary+gives+the+full+picture&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2024%2Fnov%2F03%2Fsuperman-the-christopher-reeve-story-review-respectful-documentary-gives-the-full-picture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.christopherreeve.org/en/celebrating-our-super/man-at-the-empire-state-building">"Celebrating our Super/Man at the Empire State Building"</a>. Reeve Foundation. Retrieved November 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reeve+Foundation&rft.atitle=Celebrating+our+Super%2FMan+at+the+Empire+State+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.christopherreeve.org%2Fen%2Fcelebrating-our-super%2Fman-at-the-empire-state-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esbnyc.com/about/tower-lights/calendar/202410">"Tower Lights Calendar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>. Retrieved November 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Empire+State+Building&rft.atitle=Tower+Lights+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esbnyc.com%2Fabout%2Ftower-lights%2Fcalendar%2F202410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristopher+Reeve" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Reeve, Christopher (2002). Nothing Is Impossible. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-47073-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-47073-7">0-345-47073-7</a>.</li> <li>Reeve, Christopher (1998). Still Me. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45235-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45235-4">0-679-45235-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Reeve&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/159333%7C0/wp">Christopher Reeve</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/57383">Christopher Reeve</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174311#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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New York Times. October 11, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christopherreeve.org/">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102040637/http://cagle.com/news/ChristopherReeve/1.asp">Political Cartoons Honoring Reeve</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbrunton.org/christopher-reeve.php">Christopher Reeve reads from "Discover Yourself" and "The Secret Path"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2015_01506">Christopher Reeve Interview</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_of_the_Moving_Image" title="Texas Archive of the Moving Image">Texas Archive of the Moving Image</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christopher_Reeve" title="Template:Christopher Reeve"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christopher_Reeve" title="Template talk:Christopher Reeve"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher_Reeve" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher Reeve"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christopher_Reeve" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Reeve</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve_filmography" title="Christopher Reeve filmography">Filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Gloaming_(film)" title="In the Gloaming (film)">In the Gloaming</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brooke_Ellison_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brooke Ellison Story">The Brooke Ellison Story</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyone%27s_Hero" title="Everyone's Hero">Everyone's Hero</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superman_IV:_The_Quest_for_Peace" title="Superman IV: The Quest for Peace">Superman IV: The Quest for Peace</a> (1987, story)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film_series_character)" title="Superman (1978 film series character)">Superman ('78)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superman_%2778_(comic_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman '78 (comic book)">Superman '78 (comic book)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Reeve" title="Dana Reeve">Dana Reeve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_and_Dana_Reeve_Foundation" title="Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super/Man:_The_Christopher_Reeve_Story" title="Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story">Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Christopher_Reeve" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Christopher_Reeve" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Christopher Reeve</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer_to_Leading_Film_Roles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BDB76B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer" title="Template:BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer" title="Template talk:BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer_to_Leading_Film_Roles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer_to_Leading_Film_Roles" title="BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles">BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">Most Promising Newcomer to Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Bloom" title="Claire Bloom">Claire Bloom</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wisdom" title="Norman Wisdom">Norman Wisdom</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kossoff" title="David Kossoff">David Kossoff</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scofield" title="Paul Scofield">Paul Scofield</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Barker" title="Eric Barker">Eric Barker</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Massie" title="Paul Massie">Paul Massie</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Tushingham" title="Rita Tushingham">Rita Tushingham</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Courtenay" title="Tom Courtenay">Tom Courtenay</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fox" title="James Fox">James Fox</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Merchant" title="Vivien Merchant">Vivien Merchant</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bradley" title="Dai Bradley">David Bradley</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Guard" title="Dominic Guard">Dominic Guard</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Egan" title="Peter Egan">Peter Egan</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Hale" title="Georgina Hale">Georgina Hale</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Perrine" title="Valerie Perrine">Valerie Perrine</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> (1977)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Reeve</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Christopher" title="Dennis Christopher">Dennis Christopher</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">Most Outstanding Newcomer to Leading Film Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Davis" title="Judy Davis">Judy Davis</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">Most Outstanding Newcomer to Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Logan" title="Phyllis Logan">Phyllis Logan</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haing_S._Ngor" title="Haing S. Ngor">Haing S. Ngor</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Discusses_Humor_in_Music_and_Conducts_Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Leonard Bernstein Discusses Humor in Music and Conducts Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Humor in Music</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1963)</li> <li>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> (1964)</li> <li>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1965)</li> <li>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1966)</li> <li>Gallant Men – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1967)</li> <li>Lonesome Cities – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1968)</li> <li>We Love You Call Collect – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1971)</li> <li>Lenny – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1973)</li> <li>Good Evening – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1975)</li> <li>Great American Documents – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1983)</li> <li>The Words of Gandhi – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)</li> <li>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1987)</li> <li>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1988)</li> <li>It's Always Something – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Van" title="Get in the Van">Get in the Van</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenal_Woman:_Four_Poems_Celebrating_Women" title="Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women">Phenomenal Woman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1996)</li> <li>Charles Kuralt's Spring – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)</li> <li>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / With Ossie and Ruby – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2008)</li> <li>Always Looking Up – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2010)</li> <li>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2011)</li> <li>Society's Child – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2013)</li> <li>Diary of a Mad Diva – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2015)</li> <li>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2017)</li> <li>Faith: A Journey for All – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2020)</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Movie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ScreenActorsGuildAward_MaleTVMiniseriesMovie" title="Template:ScreenActorsGuildAward MaleTVMiniseriesMovie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ScreenActorsGuildAward_MaleTVMiniseriesMovie" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Raul_Julia" title="Raul Julia">Raul Julia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sinise" title="Gary Sinise">Gary Sinise</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sinise" title="Gary Sinise">Gary Sinise</a> (1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dennehy" title="Brian Dennehy">Brian Dennehy</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Macy" title="William H. Macy">William H. Macy</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giamatti" title="Paul Giamatti">Paul Giamatti</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giamatti" title="Paul Giamatti">Paul Giamatti</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo" title="Mark Ruffalo">Mark Ruffalo</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Elba" title="Idris Elba">Idris Elba</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cranston" title="Bryan Cranston">Bryan Cranston</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd" title="Alexander Skarsgård">Alexander Skarsgård</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Criss" title="Darren Criss">Darren Criss</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rockwell" title="Sam Rockwell">Sam Rockwell</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo" title="Mark Ruffalo">Mark Ruffalo</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Elliott" title="Sam Elliott">Sam Elliott</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Yeun" title="Steven Yeun">Steven Yeun</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110332496">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/116315620">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/237022/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd8jx4YmVyb4CcFDkv73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119541599">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88027389">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13898875v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13898875v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00708000">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2004244370&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1168398">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07084688X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98030634">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201858633">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580162305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007421649205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11725708?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/236ef438-b369-49f7-a8e1-f200e10ab725">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/christopher-reeve/12221">Grammy Awards</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/bios/christopher-reeve">Emmy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119541599.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035640766">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d802nn">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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