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id="toc-Capture_by_British_Admiral_Rodney_1781" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_by_British_Admiral_Rodney_1781"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_by_British_Admiral_Rodney_1781-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jewish population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_synagogue_and_the_cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_synagogue_and_the_cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>The synagogue and the cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_synagogue_and_the_cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_Revolt_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_Revolt_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Slave Revolt of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_Revolt_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Abolition of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Energy and water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Statians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Statians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Famous Statians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Statians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sint Eustatius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سينت أوستاتيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينت أوستاتيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Sant_Eustaquio" title="Isla de Sant Eustaquio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla de Sant Eustaquio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Estatius" title="Sint-Estatius – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sint-Estatius" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Синт-Эстатиус – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синт-Эстатиус" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сінт-Эстатыус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінт-Эстатыус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Синт Еустациус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синт Еустациус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius_(pulo)" title="Sint Eustatius (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sint Eustatius (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Eustach_(ostrov)" title="Svatý Eustach (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Eustach (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Άγιος Ευστάθιος (Καραϊβική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιος Ευστάθιος (Καραϊβική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Eustaquio" title="San Eustaquio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="San Eustaquio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Eustakio" title="San Eustakio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Eustakio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="سینت یوستیشس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینت یوستیشس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Eustache_(Antilles)" title="Saint-Eustache (Antilles) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Eustache (Antilles)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Eustasius" title="Sint-Eustasius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sint-Eustasius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Eustaquio" title="Santo Eustaquio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santo Eustaquio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%99%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8B%B0%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%AC" title="신트외스타티위스섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신트외스타티위스섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9_%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Սինթ Էվստատիուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինթ Էվստատիուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Eustahije_(otok)" title="Sveti Eustahije (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Eustahije (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סנט אוסטטיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט אוסטטיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტ-ესტატიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტ-ესტატიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Синт-Эстатиус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синт-Эстатиус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statia" title="Statia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Statia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C4%93statiusa" title="Sintēstatiusa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintēstatiusa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatijus" title="Sint Eustatijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sint Eustatijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Eustatius" title="San Eustatius – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="San Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Свети Евстахиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свети Евстахиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سينت اوستاتيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سينت اوستاتيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E5%B3%B6" title="シント・ユースタティウス島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シント・ユースタティウス島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Eustaqui_(Antilhas)" title="Sant Eustaqui (Antilhas) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sant Eustaqui (Antilhas)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਿੰਟ ਯੂਸਟੇਸ਼ਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਟ ਯੂਸਟੇਸ਼ਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سنت ایوستیتیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنت ایوستیتیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Eust%C3%A1quio_(Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos)" title="Santo Eustáquio (Países Baixos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santo Eustáquio (Países Baixos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Синт-Эстатиус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синт-Эстатиус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Eustach" title="Svätý Eustach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätý Eustach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Evstahij_(otok)" title="Sveti Evstahij (otok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Evstahij (otok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Свети Еустахије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свети Еустахије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சின்டு யுசுடாசியசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சின்டு யுசுடாசியசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%AA" title="ซินต์เอิสตาซียึส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซินต์เอิสตาซียึส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сінт-Естатіус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сінт-Естатіус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سینٹ ایوسٹائیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ ایوسٹائیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%87%E6%96%AF" title="圣尤斯特歇斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣尤斯特歇斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%8C%B6%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E5%B3%B6" title="聖猶士坦島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖猶士坦島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sint Eustatius" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%87%E6%96%AF" title="圣尤斯特歇斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sint_Eustatius&params=17_29_N_62_58_W_type:isle_region:BQ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">62°58′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.483°N 62.967°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.483; -62.967</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch Caribbean island</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Special municipality of the Netherlands in Caribbean Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sint Eustatius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Special municipality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Sint Eustatius"><img alt="Satellite image of Sint Eustatius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg/250px-Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg/500px-Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Satellite image of Sint Eustatius</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sint Eustatius"><img alt="Flag of Sint Eustatius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Flag of Sint Eustatius">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sint Eustatius"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sint Eustatius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg/77px-Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg/115px-Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg/154px-Sint_Eustatius_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Coat of arms of Sint Eustatius">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Superba et confidens</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br />"Proud and confident" (English)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Rock_(anthem)" title="Golden Rock (anthem)">Golden Rock</a>"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="170" data-mwtitle="Goldenrock.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Goldenrock.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Goldenrock.ogg/Goldenrock.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Sint Eustatius (circled in red) in the Caribbean"><img alt="Location of Sint Eustatius (circled in red) in the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg/250px-Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg/375px-Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg/500px-Sint_Eustatius_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Sint Eustatius (circled in red)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SSS_Islands_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of St. Eustatius relative to Saba and St. Martin"><img alt="Map showing the location of St. Eustatius relative to Saba and St. Martin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SSS_Islands_Map.png/250px-SSS_Islands_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SSS_Islands_Map.png/375px-SSS_Islands_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SSS_Islands_Map.png/500px-SSS_Islands_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="678" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map showing the location of St. Eustatius relative to <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">St. Martin</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sint_Eustatius&params=17_29_N_62_59_W_type:city(3204)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">62°59′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.483°N 62.983°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.483; -62.983</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Overseas region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated into the Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 2010 (<a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br />(and largest city)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (see <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor" title="Lieutenant governor">Lt. Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alida_Francis" title="Alida Francis">Alida Francis</a> (Government commissioner)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 km<sup>2</sup> (8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 January 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS.nl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">154/km<sup>2</sup> (405/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>St. Eustatian</li><li>Statian</li><li>Dutch</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-languages_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> • <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Sint Eustatius">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B599" class="mw-redirect" title="+599">+599</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BQ" title="ISO 3166-2:BQ">BQ-SE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NL" title="ISO 3166-2:NL">NL-BQ3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a></span> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.bq" title=".bq">.bq</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sint Eustatius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">STAY</span>-shəs</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[sɪnt<span class="wrap"> </span>øːˈstaː(t)sijʏs]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/Nl-Sint_Eustatius.ogg\/Nl-Sint_Eustatius.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Sint Eustatius.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Nl-Sint_Eustatius.ogg/Nl-Sint_Eustatius.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Sint_Eustatius.ogg" title="File:Nl-Sint Eustatius.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known locally as <b>Statia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">STAY</span>-shə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">special municipality</a> (officially "<a href="/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)" title="Public body (Netherlands)">public body</a>") of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WOLBES_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WOLBES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island is in the northern <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>, southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>. Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> and southeast of <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>. The regional capital is <a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a>. The island has an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelers to the island by air arrive through <a href="/wiki/F._D._Roosevelt_Airport" title="F. D. Roosevelt Airport">F. D. Roosevelt Airport</a>. </p><p>Formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, Sint Eustatius <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">became a public body</a> of the Netherlands in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, Sint Eustatius, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>. Together with Bonaire and Saba, it forms the BES Islands, also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island's name, Sint Eustatius, is Dutch for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a> (also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius), a legendary Christian <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>, known in Spanish as <i>San Eustaquio</i> and in Portuguese as <i>Santo Eustáquio</i> or <i>Santo Eustácio</i>. </p><p>The island's prior Dutch name was <i>Nieuw Zeeland</i> ('New Zeeland'), named by the <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeelanders</a> who settled there in the 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed Sint Eustatius shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indigenous name for the island is <i>Aloi</i> meaning "cashew island" (origin <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2,_middle_right.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif/280px-St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif/420px-St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif/560px-St._Eustatius_-_Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indi%C3%AB-Antilles_part_2%2C_middle_right.gif 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sint Eustatius from the <i>Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië 1914–1917</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png/280px-Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png/420px-Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png/560px-Sint_Eustatius_travel_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Another map of Sint Eustatius</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest inhabitants were Caribs<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> (South America) and migrated north from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay. Multiple pre-Columbian sites have been found on the island, most notably the site referred to as the "Golden Rock Site".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the island may have been seen by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1493,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first recorded sighting was ‌in ‌1595 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir‌ ‌Francis‌ ‌Drake‌</a> ‌and‌ ‌<a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">Sir‌ ‌John‌ ‌Hawkins‌</a>.‌<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the first European settlement in the 17th century, until the early 19th century, St. Eustatius changed hands twenty-one times between the Netherlands, Britain, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1625, English and French settlers arrived on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1629, the French built a wooden battery at the present-day location of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oranje_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Fort Oranje (Sint Eustatius)">Fort Oranje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the English and the French left the island within a few years due to lack of drinkable water.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> took possession of the island,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported to be uninhabited at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1678 the islands of St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company, with a commander stationed on St. Eustatius to govern all three.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the time, the island was of some importance for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More important was the role of St. Eustatius in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> and the intercolonial slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_and_free_port">Slave trade and free port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slave trade and free port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StEustatius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StEustatius.jpg/330px-StEustatius.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StEustatius.jpg/420px-StEustatius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/StEustatius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea, approaching the island of Sint Eustatius</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Oranje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_Oranje.jpg/280px-Fort_Oranje.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_Oranje.jpg/420px-Fort_Oranje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_Oranje.jpg/560px-Fort_Oranje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>17th-century <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oranje_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Fort Oranje (Sint Eustatius)">Fort Oranje</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Saba" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Saba">island of Saba</a> visible in the distance</figcaption></figure> <p>Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a transit point for enslaved Africans in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Waterfort_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Waterfort (Sint Eustatius)">Waterfort</a> on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past. A slave house of two floors was in the Waterfort. Plantations of sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774 there were 75 <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Plantations of Sint Eustatius">plantations on the island</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with names such as Gilboa, Kuilzak, Zelandia, Zorg en Rust, Nooit Gedacht, Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock. </p><p>In the 18th century, St. Eustatius's geographical placement in the middle of Danish (Virgin Islands), British (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, St. Kitts, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>), French (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">St. Domingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Ste. Lucie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>) and Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) territories—along with its large harborage, <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> and status from 1756<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman_19882_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman_19882-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> with no <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> duties—were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of captured Africans, goods, and a locus for trade in <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman_19882_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman_19882-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transshipment of captured Africans to the British, French, and Spanish islands of the eastern Caribbean was significant enough that the colonists built a two-story slave house at the <a href="/wiki/Waterfort_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Waterfort (Sint Eustatius)">fortress Amsterdam</a> (also known as Waterfort) to serve as a depot of enslaved Africans until around 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depot housed about 400–450 people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Eustatius's economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British, French and Spanish islands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; it became known as the "Golden Rock".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> said of the island in 1781: </p> <blockquote><p><i>It has no produce, no fortifications for its defence, nor martial spirit nor military regulations ... Its utility was its defence. The universality of its use, the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard. Its proprietors had, in the spirit of commerce, made it an emporium for all the world. ... Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""First_Salute""><span id=".22First_Salute.22"></span>"First Salute"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "First Salute""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg/220px-Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg/330px-Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg/440px-Johannes_de_Graeff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Graaff" title="Johannes de Graaff">Johannes de Graaff</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The island sold <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> to anyone willing to pay, and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores. The good relationship between St. Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted "First Salute". </p><p>On 16 November 1776, the 14-gun American brig <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Andrew_Doria_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Andrew Doria (1775)">Andrew Doria</a></i> commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Robinson" title="Isaiah Robinson">Isaiah Robinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sailed, flying the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Colors">Continental Colors</a> of the fledgling United States, into the anchorage below St. Eustatius's Fort Oranje. Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute, one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain. Governor <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Graeff" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Graeff">Johannes de Graaff</a> replied with an eleven-gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje (international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag). It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Andrew Doria</i> had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces. She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff. An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland. It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher, but were actually written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg/220px-Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg/330px-Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg/440px-Andrew_Doria_NH_85510-KN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4977" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption><i>Andrew Doria</i> receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius, 16 November 1776.</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> visited St. Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 on <a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS <i>Houston</i></a> to recognise the importance of the 1776 "First Salute". He presented a large brass plaque to St. Eustatius, displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje, reading: </p> <blockquote><p><i>In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States, Fired in this fort November 16. 1776, By order of Johannes de Graaff, Governor of Saint Eustatius, In reply to a National Gun-Salute, Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria, Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy, Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official. Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America</i></p></blockquote> <p>The recognition provided the title for <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a>'s 1988 book <i>The First Salute: A View of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_by_British_Admiral_Rodney_1781">Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capture by British Admiral Rodney 1781"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Capture of Sint Eustatius</a></div> <p>The British took the Andrew Doria incident seriously, and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St. Eustatius. In 1778, <a href="/wiki/David_Murray,_2nd_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield">Lord Stormont</a> claimed in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> that, "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>". Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St. Eustatius. Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island. The trade between St. Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> of 1780–1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781, urged the commander of the landing troops, Major-General Sir John Vaughan, to seize "Mr. Smith at the house of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France." The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_(haute_r%C3%A9solution).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/220px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/330px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/440px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The island of St. Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781. Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney">Rodney</a>'s sailors and troops pillaged the island.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britain declared war on the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on 20 December 1780. Even before officially declaring war, Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St. Eustatius had become. British Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">George Brydges Rodney</a> was appointed the commander of the battle fleet. 3 February 1781, the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3,000 soldiers appeared before St. Eustatius prepared to invade. Governor De Graaff did not know about the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>. Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force. Rodney had more than 1,000 cannon to De Graaff's one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men. De Graaff surrendered the island, but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honour of Dutch Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Bylandt" title="Lodewijk van Bylandt">Lodewijk van Bylandt</a>, who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten months later, the island was conquered by the French, allies of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in the war. The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784. </p><p>A series of French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a> diverted trade to the occupiers' islands. St. Eustatius's economy collapsed, and the merchants, including the Jews left. St. Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816. </p><p>At its peak, St. Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10,000 people. Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests. A census list of 1790 gives a total population (free and enslaved people combined) of 8,124. Commerce revived after the island returned to Dutch control. Many of the merchants (including the Jews) returned to the island. However, the French and British occupations disrupted trade and also the Americans, now globally recognised as an independent nation, had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St. Eustatius anymore. The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports, such as those on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>. During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum. The economy declined in the early 19th century. From about 1795 the population declined, dropping to 921 in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_population">Jewish population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first record of Jews on St. Eustatius dates to 1660. The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. Jews were captains, owners or co-owners with Christian partners, of significant numbers of ships originating out of St. Eustatius. A few were island plantation owners. Jews were estimated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have composed at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781, Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him. They were rounded up and thirty one heads of families were summarily deported to St. Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents. The choice of exiling the Jews to St. Kitts was significant. The nearby British colony of <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees. St. Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population. The other seventy-one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days. </p><p>Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February, of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March. The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St. Kitts for imprisonment – after first stripping them of all their belongings. Because of their maltreatment, many perished. The Jews were well received on St. Kitts – where many knew them as their respected business partners. They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful. They were allowed to return to St. Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney. There were numerous complaints about "individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pieter Runnels, an eighty-year-old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard, did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney's ship. He, a member of one of the island's oldest-established families, became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation. </p><p>Rodney singled out the Jews: the harshness was reserved for them alone. He did not do the same to French, Dutch, Spanish or even the American merchants on the island. He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions. Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different. However, Governor De Graaff was also deported. As he did with all other warehouses, Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses, looted Jewish personal possessions, even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there. When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in February 1782, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, the leading opposition member of the Whig Party, upon learning of Rodney's actions in St. Eustatius, rose to condemn Rodney's actions in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>...and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people. A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years… The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect, the Jews… the links of communication, the mercantile chain… the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world... a resolution taken to banish this unhappy people from the island. They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants, the loss of their merchandise, their bills, their houses, and their provisions; and after this they were ordered to quit the island, and only one day was given them for preparation; they petitioned, they remonstrated against so hard a sentence, but in vain; it was irrevocable. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_synagogue_and_the_cemetery">The synagogue and the cemetery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The synagogue and the cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg/200px-Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg/300px-Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg/400px-Saint_Eustatius_synagogue_-_Honen_Dalim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue</figcaption></figure> <p>From about 1815, when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St. Eustatius, it gradually fell into ruin. </p><p>The synagogue building, known as Honen Dalim, (חונן דלים, He who is charitable to the Poor) was built in 1737. Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company, additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curaçao. Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where "the exercise of their (Jewish) religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is off a small lane called Synagogue Path, away from the main street. The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St. Eustatius and their influence on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg/200px-Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg/300px-Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg/400px-Saint_Eustatius-_Jewish_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Jewish cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001, its walls were restored as part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_Core_Restoration_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historic Core Restoration Project (page does not exist)">Historic Core Restoration Project</a>, although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use, so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition. The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath (<a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>) and an oven used on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is next to the Old Church Cemetery, at the top of Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_Revolt_of_1848">Slave Revolt of 1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slave Revolt of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1848, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands, which caused unrest on the islands colonized by <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">the Netherlands</a>. As a result, a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslaved <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> would be treated as free persons.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius. On 12 June 1848, a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer's home demanding their declaration of liberty, increased rations, and more free hours. The Island Governor addressed the group, but it persisted in its demands. The militia was mobilized and, after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents, an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor. After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences, fire was opened on the group. The insurgents fled the city, leaving two or three seriously injured. From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock. A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill, killing two insurgents and injuring several. The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred to <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Dupersoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Dupersoy (page does not exist)">Thomas Dupersoy</a>, a free African, is considered the chief leader of the uprising. One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his owner in 1851. After the uprising, the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_slavery">Abolition of slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abolition of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands. The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city. Due to a lack of trade, the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession. Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles">Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a></div> <p>Sint Eustatius became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> when that grouping was created in 1954. Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status. In a <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius_status_referendum,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Sint Eustatius status referendum, 2005">referendum on 8 April 2005</a>, 77% of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles, compared to 21% who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands. None of the other islands voted to remain. </p><p>After the other islands decided to leave, ending the Netherlands Antilles, the <a href="/wiki/Island_council_(Netherlands)" title="Island council (Netherlands)">island council</a> opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands, like Saba and Bonaire. This process was completed in October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 the island officially adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a> as its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg/250px-Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg/330px-Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg/500px-Sint_Eustatius_from_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sint Eustatius as photographed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg/220px-Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg/330px-Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg/440px-Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View looking southeast along the Atlantic coast, showing the airport runway in the middle distance, Lynch Beach beyond that, then the <a href="/wiki/The_Quill_(volcano)" title="The Quill (volcano)">Quill</a>, St. Eustatius's dormant volcano, and over the water in the distance, the northern end of the island of St. Kitts</figcaption></figure> <p>Sint Eustatius is 6 miles (10 km) long and up to 3 miles (5 km) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_b_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topographically, the island is saddle-shaped, with the 602-metre (1,975 ft) high dormant volcano <a href="/wiki/The_Quill_(volcano)" title="The Quill (volcano)">Quill</a> (Mount Mazinga), (from Dutch <i>kuil</i>, meaning 'pit'—originally referring to its crater) to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill/Little Mountain (or <i>Bergje</i>) and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The Quill crater is a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> attraction on the island. The bulk of the island's population lives in the flat <a href="/wiki/Col" title="Col">saddle</a> between the two elevated areas, which forms the centre of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_b_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Eustatius has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>. Tropical storms and hurricanes are common. The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November, sharply peaking from late August through September. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/">Tropical Cyclone Climatology</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg/220px-Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg/330px-Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg/440px-Statia_Zeelandia_Beach_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Zeelandia Beach</figcaption></figure><p>As St. Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small, all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand. These volcanic sands, especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia, are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as: the <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of the <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antillean_iguana" title="Lesser Antillean iguana">Lesser Antillean iguana</a> (<i>Iguana delicatissima</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-van_den_BurgMeirmansvan_Wagensveld2018_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_BurgMeirmansvan_Wagensveld2018-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population was strongly affected during the high-intensity hurricane year of 2017, with especially <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>, during which the population declined by 25%. <sup id="cite_ref-van_den_BurgMaddenvan_Wagensveld2022_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_BurgMaddenvan_Wagensveld2022-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sint Eustatius has three nature parks – on land and at sea: the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park, <a href="/wiki/Quill/Boven_National_Park" title="Quill/Boven National Park">Quill/Boven National Park</a>, and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden. Two of them have national park status. These areas have been designated as important bird areas. The nature parks are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/STENAPA" title="STENAPA">St Eustatius National Parks Foundation</a> (STENAPA).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its turbulent history, Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites. Nearly 300 sites have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/J._P._B._de_Josselin_de_Jong" title="J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong">J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong</a> conducted archaeological research into <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a> sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rock_(archaeological_site)" title="Golden Rock (archaeological site)">Golden Rock site</a> was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. Around 1981, under the direction of archaeologist Norman F. Barka, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a> also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius. The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites, plantations, military sites, commercial trading sites (including shipwrecks), and urban sites (churches, government buildings, cemeteries, residences). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Eustatius_Center_for_Archaeological_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (page does not exist)">St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research</a> (SECAR) has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Godet_African_Burial_Ground" title="Godet African Burial Ground">Godet African Burial Ground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rock_African_Burial_Ground" title="Golden Rock African Burial Ground">Golden Rock African Burial Ground</a>. </p><p>In June 2021, SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rock_Burial_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Rock Burial Ground">burial ground Golden Rock</a> on the island. The <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Connected_Front" title="Ubuntu Connected Front">Ubuntu Connected Front</a> and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non-involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the population on St. Eustatius are of African descent. Participation in cultural heritage, i.e. involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated, is good practice in contemporary archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations on St. Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is very brief on these issues. The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers more protection for cultural heritage. The Committee on Kingdom Relations asked <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_interior_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of ministers of the interior of the Netherlands">State Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Knops" title="Raymond Knops">Raymond Knops</a> questions about the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Statia Heritage and Research Commission</i> (SHRC) set up by the government of St. Eustatius investigated the allegations of the protest groups and published its report in January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of January 2024, the population was 3,204,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population density of 154 inhabitants per square kilometre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg/220px-AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg/330px-AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg/440px-AgeSexPyramid_2023_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Age Sex Pyramid</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official language is Dutch, but English is the "language of everyday life" on the island and education is solely in English.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local English-based <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles_Creole_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Antilles Creole English">creole</a> is also spoken informally. More than 52% of the population speak more than one language. The most widely spoken languages are English (92.7%), Dutch (36%), Spanish (33.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (20.8%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of Sint Eustatius is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>. The main denominations are <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodism</a> (28.6%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholicism</a> (23.7%), <a href="/wiki/Seventh-Day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-Day Adventist">Seventh-Day Adventist</a> (17.8%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostalism</a> (7.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicanism</a> (2.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-religion_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> </p> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Sint Eustatius (2018):<sup id="cite_ref-religion_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DarkBlue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (56.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Purple;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (23.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DodgerBlue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> or religion (5.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:lightgrey;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">No denomination (14.9%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:lightgrey;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="No denomination (14.9%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkBlue;color:#000" title="Protestant (56.2%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkBlue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.062turn)" title="Protestant (56.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Purple;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.562turn)" title="Roman Catholic (23.7%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Purple;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.674turn)" title="Roman Catholic (23.7%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.799turn)" title="Other Christian denomination or religion (5.2%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.801turn)" title="Other Christian denomination or religion (5.2%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_Nationaal_Museum_van_Wereldculturen_TM-20030082_Monument_ter_ere_en_herinnering_aan_het_50-jarige_(1898-1948)_regeringsjubileum_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_Sint_Eustatius_Boy_Lawson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Collectie_Nationaal_Museum_van_Wereldculturen_TM-20030082_Monument_ter_ere_en_herinnering_aan_het_50-jarige_%281898-1948%29_regeringsjubileum_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_Sint_Eustatius_Boy_Lawson.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Collectie_Nationaal_Museum_van_Wereldculturen_TM-20030082_Monument_ter_ere_en_herinnering_aan_het_50-jarige_%281898-1948%29_regeringsjubileum_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_Sint_Eustatius_Boy_Lawson.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Collectie_Nationaal_Museum_van_Wereldculturen_TM-20030082_Monument_ter_ere_en_herinnering_aan_het_50-jarige_%281898-1948%29_regeringsjubileum_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_Sint_Eustatius_Boy_Lawson.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Catholic church in Sint Eustatius</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/220px-Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/330px-Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/440px-Lower_Town_Sint_Eustatius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of numerous warehouses on Oranje Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, "Statia" was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading. At this time it was known as the "Golden Rock" because of its immense wealth. A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay; most (but not all) of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater. </p><p>A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius. </p><p>The government is the largest employer on the island, and the oil terminal owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=GTI_Statia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GTI Statia (page does not exist)">GTI Statia</a> is the largest private employer.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_water">Energy and water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Energy and water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_on_the_solar_park_on_Sint_Eustatius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The solar park on Sint Eustatius in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Statia Utility Company N.V. provides electricity to the island, as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network. The electricity supply is rapidly being made green. Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators. In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1.89 <a href="/wiki/MWp" class="mw-redirect" title="MWp">MWp</a> capacity became operational, covering 23% of entire electricity demand. In November 2017<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another 2.15 MWp was added, totaling 14,345 solar panels, with 4.1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6.4 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatthour#Watt-hour_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatthour">GWh</a>. The solar park includes lithium-ion batteries of 5.9 MWh size. These provide power for grid stability, as well as energy shifting. On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a.m. to 8 pm. This is made possible by <a href="/wiki/Inverter-based_resource" title="Inverter-based resource">grid-forming inverters</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/SMA_Solar_Technology" title="SMA Solar Technology">SMA</a>. This is one of the first such solar parks in the world and provides 40% to 50% of the island's electricity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/F._D._Roosevelt_Airport" title="F. D. Roosevelt Airport">F. D. Roosevelt Airport</a> (IATA: EUX) offers flights to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport" title="Princess Juliana International Airport">Sint Maarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Lloyd_International_Airport" title="Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport">Anguilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Makana_Ferry_Service" title="Makana Ferry Service">Makana</a> operates ferries - as of March 2025 - 6 days a week to and from <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Sint_Maarten" title="Philipsburg, Sint Maarten">Philipsburg</a> on the Dutch part of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, with continuing service to the Dutch island of <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, as well as a direct ferry link to and from <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a> (Port Zante in <a href="/wiki/Basseterre" title="Basseterre">Basseterre</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no regularly scheduled public transportation, such as public buses or minibuses, on Statia.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch government policy towards St. Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education. Sint Eustatius has bilingual English–Dutch education.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociolinguisticsp2108_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguisticsp2108-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gwendoline_van_Putten_School" title="Gwendoline van Putten School">Gwendoline van Putten School</a> (GVP) is a secondary school on the island. </p><p>Other schools include: Golden Rock School, Gov. de Graaff School, Methodist School, SDA School.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular sports on Sint Eustatius are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-statia_history_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statia_history-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>. Due to the small population, there are few sport associations. One of them, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius_Volleyball_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association</a>, is a member of <a href="/wiki/ECVA" class="mw-redirect" title="ECVA">ECVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/NORCECA" class="mw-redirect" title="NORCECA">NORCECA</a>. Currently St. Eustatius is a non-active member of the Caribbean zone of <a href="/wiki/PONY_Baseball_and_Softball" title="PONY Baseball and Softball">Pony Baseball and Softball leagues</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_Statians">Famous Statians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Famous Statians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Franko" title="Mariana Franko">Mariana Franko</a> (1718-1779), freedom fighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaujon" title="Antony Beaujon">Antony Beaujon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1763–1805), colonial governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a> (1832-1912), educator and diplomat; born in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas</a> from Statian parents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Berkel" title="Gerald Berkel">Gerald Berkel</a> (b. 1969), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Harry_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Black Harry (Sint Eustatius)">Black Harry</a> (18th century), methodist preacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzy_(entertainer)" title="Kizzy (entertainer)">Kizzy</a> (b. 1979), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_Euson" title="Lolita Euson">Lolita Euson</a> (1914–1994), writer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggi_Recado" title="Ziggi Recado">Ziggi Recado</a> (b. 1981), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirma_Rouse" title="Shirma Rouse">Shirma Rouse</a> (b. 1980), singer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Sint_Eustatius,_Saba_and_Sint_Maarten" title="Governors of Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten">Governors of Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Roosevelt_Airport" title="F. D. Roosevelt Airport">F. D. Roosevelt Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hurricane_of_1780" title="Great Hurricane of 1780">Great Hurricane of 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Netherlands_Antilles-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Netherlands Antilles-related articles">Index of Netherlands Antilles-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Plantations of Sint Eustatius">Plantations of Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier. It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjdmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22October+1776%22%2B+St+Croix%2BSalute">The birth of our Flag</a> page 13 published 1921) and (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_virgin_3.html">Americas Library</a>) Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted "Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies. .. The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s. The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark-Norway. It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224336/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2021/06/18/benoeming-regeringscommissaris-en-plaatsvervanger-sint-eustatius">"Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius"</a>. <i>Rijksoverheid</i> (in Dutch). 18 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2021/06/18/benoeming-regeringscommissaris-en-plaatsvervanger-sint-eustatius">the original</a> on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijksoverheid&rft.atitle=Benoeming+regeringscommissaris+en+plaatsvervanger+Sint+Eustatius&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Factueel%2Fnieuws%2F2021%2F06%2F18%2Fbenoeming-regeringscommissaris-en-plaatsvervanger-sint-eustatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden">"Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?"</a>. <i>Rijksoverheid</i> (in Dutch). 19 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijksoverheid&rft.atitle=Waaruit+bestaat+het+Koninkrijk+der+Nederlanden%3F&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fcaribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Fwaaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS.nl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS.nl_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2024/22/population-of-the-caribbean-netherlands-up-by-nearly-a-thousand-in-2023">"Population of the Caribbean Netherlands up by nearly a thousand in 2023"</a>. 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+Caribbean+Netherlands+up+by+nearly+a+thousand+in+2023&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-gb%2Fnews%2F2024%2F22%2Fpopulation-of-the-caribbean-netherlands-up-by-nearly-a-thousand-in-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-languages_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English can be used in relations with the government, see, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/2012-07-28"><i>Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba</i></a> (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invoeringswet+openbare+lichamen+Bonaire%2C+Sint+Eustatius+en+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0028063%2F2012-07-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BQ">"BQ – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BQ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=BQ+%E2%80%93+Bonaire%2C+Sint+Eustatius+and+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Acode%3A3166%3ABQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bq.html">"Delegation Record for .BQ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></i>. 20 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529125032/https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA&rft.atitle=Delegation+Record+for+.BQ&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Froot%2Fdb%2Fbq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangold, Max. <i>Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch.</i> In: <i>Der Duden in zwölf Bänden,</i> Band 6. 7. Auflage. Berlin: Dudenverlag; Mannheim : Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2015, Seite 786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman_1988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman_1988_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1988" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara W. (1988). <i>The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution</i>. New York: Ballantine Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Salute%3A+A+View+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOLBES-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WOLBES_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028142/2021-07-01"><i>Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba</i></a> [<i>Law on the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</i>] (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wet+openbare+lichamen+Bonaire%2C+Sint+Eustatius+en+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0028142%2F2021-07-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224143841/http://nos.nl/artikel/95861-antillen-opgeheven-op-10102010.html">"Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010"</a>. <i>NOS Nieuws</i> (in Dutch). 18 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/95861-antillen-opgeheven-op-10102010.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOS+Nieuws&rft.atitle=Antillen+opgeheven+op+10-10-2010&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F95861-antillen-opgeheven-op-10102010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaken2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (19 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden">"Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? – Rijksoverheid.nl"</a>. <i>www.rijksoverheid.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Waaruit+bestaat+het+Koninkrijk+der+Nederlanden%3F+%E2%80%93+Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Algemene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fcaribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Fonderwerpen%2Fcaribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Fwaaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttema1976" class="citation book cs1">Attema, Y. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RVsAAAAMAAJ&q=st+eustatius+%22Nieuw+Zeeland+%22"><i>St. Eustatius: A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments</i></a>. Walburg Pers. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-153-6"><bdi>978-90-6011-153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Eustatius%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Island+and+Its+Monuments&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-6011-153-6&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RVsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dst%2Beustatius%2B%2522Nieuw%2BZeeland%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gB3SAAAAMAAJ&dq=st+eustatius+Nieuw+Zeeland&pg=PA299"><i>De Gids. Nieuwe vaderlandsche letteroefeningen</i></a> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Stichting de Gids. 1905. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gids.+Nieuwe+vaderlandsche+letteroefeningen&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Stichting+de+Gids&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgB3SAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2BNieuw%2BZeeland%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartog1976" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, Johannes (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BxsAAAAMAAJ&q=st.+eustatius+Aloi+cashew"><i>History of St. Eustatius</i></a>. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+St.+Eustatius&rft.pub=Central+U.S.A.+Bicentennial+Committee+of+the+Netherlands+Antilles+%3A+distributors%2C+De+Witt+Stores+N.V.&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BxsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dst.%2Beustatius%2BAloi%2Bcashew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Soffers-et-al.-2013-Archaeological-excavations-at-the-Old-Gin-House-Site.pdf">Archaeological Excavations at Old Gin House: Remains of a mid-18th to late 18th century domesticate area on a terrace in Lower Town, St. Eustatius, Dutch Caribbean.</a>" (2013). The St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joh. Hartog, <i>De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten - saba - Sint Eustatius</i>. De Wit N.N. Aruba (1964), pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaviser1981" class="citation cs1">Haviser, Jay B. Jr. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/19/61/00299/10-4.pdf"><i>An Inventory of Prehistoric Sites on St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+Prehistoric+Sites+on+St.+Eustatius%2C+Netherlands+Antilles&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Haviser&rft.aufirst=Jay+B.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu%2FAA%2F00%2F06%2F19%2F61%2F00299%2F10-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statiagovernment.com/about-st.-eustatius/history">"About St. Eustatius: History"</a>. <i>Statia Government</i>. 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statia+Government&rft.atitle=About+St.+Eustatius%3A+History&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statiagovernment.com%2Fabout-st.-eustatius%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartog1978" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, Johannes (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrlsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22eustatius%22+francis+drake+john+hawkins+1595"><i>St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius</i></a>. De Wit Stores. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Maarten%2C+Saba%2C+St.+Eustatius&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=De+Wit+Stores&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrlsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522eustatius%2522%2Bfrancis%2Bdrake%2Bjohn%2Bhawkins%2B1595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415171043/https://www.state.gov/">"Netherlands Antilles"</a>. <i>US Department of State</i>. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Netherlands+Antilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstate.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestergaard1917" class="citation book cs1">Westergaard, Waldemar (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xadnAAAAMAAJ&dq=st+eustatius+english++1625&pg=PA12"><i>The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671–1754): With a Supplementary Chapter, 1755–1917</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danish+West+Indies+Under+Company+Rule+%281671%E2%80%931754%29%3A+With+a+Supplementary+Chapter%2C+1755%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Westergaard&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxadnAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2Benglish%2B%2B1625%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAspinall1927" class="citation book cs1">Aspinall, Sir Algernon Edward (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZYZAQAAMAAJ&dq=st+eustatius+english++1625&pg=PA343">"St. Eustatius & Saba"</a>. <i>The Pocket Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, Bermuda, the Spanish Main, Surinam, and the Panama Canal</i>. Sifton, Praed & Company, Limited. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Eustatius+%26+Saba&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Guide+to+the+West+Indies%2C+British+Guiana%2C+British+Honduras%2C+Bermuda%2C+the+Spanish+Main%2C+Surinam%2C+and+the+Panama+Canal&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Sifton%2C+Praed+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=Sir+Algernon+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZYZAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2Benglish%2B%2B1625%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlingelhofer2010" class="citation book cs1">Klingelhofer, Eric (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v955DwAAQBAJ&dq=st+eustatius+1629+french+fort&pg=PA61">"French Fortifications in the New World"</a>. <i>First Forts: Essays on the Archaeology of Proto-colonial Fortifications</i>. BRILL. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18732-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18732-0"><bdi>978-90-04-18732-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+Fortifications+in+the+New+World&rft.btitle=First+Forts%3A+Essays+on+the+Archaeology+of+Proto-colonial+Fortifications&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18732-0&rft.aulast=Klingelhofer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv955DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2B1629%2Bfrench%2Bfort%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAceto2008" class="citation book cs1">Aceto, Michael (10 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGjixKTt9JcC&dq=st+eustatius+first+settlers+english&pg=PA302">"Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties: Phonology"</a>. In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.). <i>The Americas and the Caribbean</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020840-5"><bdi>978-3-11-020840-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Caribbean+English-derived+language+varieties%3A+Phonology&rft.btitle=The+Americas+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020840-5&rft.aulast=Aceto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGjixKTt9JcC%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2Bfirst%2Bsettlers%2Benglish%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&dq=st+eustatius+english+fresh+water&pg=PA452"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7524-1&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdFbCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2Benglish%2Bfresh%2Bwater%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartog1976" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, Johannes (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BxsAAAAMAAJ&q=1636+st+eustatius+zeeland"><i>History of St. Eustatius</i></a>. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+St.+Eustatius&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Central+U.S.A.+Bicentennial+Committee+of+the+Netherlands+Antilles+%3A+distributors%2C+De+Witt+Stores+N.V.&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BxsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1636%2Bst%2Beustatius%2Bzeeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttema1976" class="citation book cs1">Attema, Y. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RVsAAAAMAAJ&q=1636+st+eustatius+uninhabited"><i>St. Eustatius: A Short History of the Island and Its Monuments</i></a>. Walburg Pers. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-153-6"><bdi>978-90-6011-153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Eustatius%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Island+and+Its+Monuments&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-6011-153-6&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RVsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1636%2Bst%2Beustatius%2Buninhabited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlooster2016" class="citation book cs1">Klooster, Wim (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSciDQAAQBAJ&dq=st+eustatius+1636+dutch+unoccupied&pg=PA62"><i>The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0667-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0667-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-0667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Moment%3A+War%2C+Trade%2C+and+Settlement+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0667-7&rft.aulast=Klooster&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSciDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Beustatius%2B1636%2Bdutch%2Bunoccupied%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmerGommans2020" class="citation book cs1">Emmer, Pieter C.; <a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Gommans, Jos J. L.</a> (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdX7DwAAQBAJ&q=eustatius"><i>The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42837-8"><bdi>978-1-108-42837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Overseas+Empire%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42837-8&rft.aulast=Emmer&rft.aufirst=Pieter+C.&rft.au=Gommans%2C+Jos+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdX7DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Deustatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInikoriEngerman1992" class="citation book cs1">Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. (30 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa78ghyF2fIC&dq=eustatius+slave+trade&pg=PA294"><i>The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1243-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-1243-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+Effects+on+Economies%2C+Societies+and+Peoples+in+Africa%2C+the+Americas%2C+and+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1243-7&rft.aulast=Inikori&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft.au=Engerman%2C+Stanley+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa78ghyF2fIC%26dq%3Deustatius%2Bslave%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy2021" class="citation web cs1">McGreevy, Nora (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-18th-century-grave-enslaved-people-caribbean-island-180977870/">"Remains of Enslaved People Found at Site of 18th-Century Caribbean Plantation"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Enslaved+People+Found+at+Site+of+18th-Century+Caribbean+Plantation&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farchaeologists-unearth-18th-century-grave-enslaved-people-caribbean-island-180977870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman_19882-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman_19882_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman_19882_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1988" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara W. (1988). <i>The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution</i>. New York: Ballantine Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Salute%3A+A+View+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sint-Eustatius">"St Eustatius"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=St+Eustatius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSint-Eustatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory E. O'Malley and Alex Borucki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/tem/a/cZmRvYM8FzJxBHvmPfWcfTw/?lang=en">"Patterns in the intercolonial slave trade across the Americas before the nineteenth century,"</a> Tempo, 23 (May/Aug 2017): 315–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFENTHOVEN2012" class="citation journal cs1">ENTHOVEN, VICTOR (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23547669">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"That Abominable Nest of Pirates": St. Eustatius and the North Americans, 1680—1780"</a>. <i>Early American Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4273">1543-4273</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23547669">23547669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%22That+Abominable+Nest+of+Pirates%22%3A+St.+Eustatius+and+the+North+Americans%2C+1680%E2%80%941780&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23547669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1543-4273&rft.aulast=ENTHOVEN&rft.aufirst=VICTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23547669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statia-tourism.com/about-statia/history/">"Discover the "Golden Rock": an island teeming with history"</a>. <i>Statia Tourism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statia+Tourism&rft.atitle=Discover+the+%22Golden+Rock%22%3A+an+island+teeming+with+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatia-tourism.com%2Fabout-statia%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOostindieRoitman2014" class="citation book cs1">Oostindie, Gert; Roitman, Jessica V. (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwgSBQAAQBAJ&dq=the+golden+rock+st+eustatius&pg=PA135"><i>Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders</i></a>. BRILL. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27131-9"><bdi>978-90-04-27131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Atlantic+Connections%2C+1680%E2%80%931800%3A+Linking+Empires%2C+Bridging+Borders&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27131-9&rft.aulast=Oostindie&rft.aufirst=Gert&rft.au=Roitman%2C+Jessica+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwgSBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bgolden%2Brock%2Bst%2Beustatius%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmerGommans2020" class="citation book cs1">Emmer, Pieter C.; Gommans, Jos J. L. (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0UBEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+golden+rock+st+eustatius&pg=PA177"><i>The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-67994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-67994-7"><bdi>978-1-108-67994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Overseas+Empire%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-108-67994-7&rft.aulast=Emmer&rft.aufirst=Pieter+C.&rft.au=Gommans%2C+Jos+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0UBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bgolden%2Brock%2Bst%2Beustatius%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216192310/http://andrewdoria.org/">"[Home page]"</a>. <i>Andrew Doria – The First Salute, Inc</i>. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Doria+%E2%80%93+The+First+Salute%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=%5BHome+page%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandrewdoria.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_St_Eustatius_a_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sint-Eustatius">"St Eustatius"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=St+Eustatius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSint-Eustatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518100717/http://www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/page/view/p0157">"Jews in British America"</a>. <i>The American Revolution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/page/view/p0157">the original</a> on 18 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=Jews+in+British+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouramericanrevolution.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fpage%2Fview%2Fp0157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secar.org/st-eustatius/brief-history/">"Prehistoric Period (c. 1300 BC – AD 1492)"</a>. <i>St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Eustatius+Center+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Period+%28c.+1300+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+1492%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecar.org%2Fst-eustatius%2Fbrief-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span> Source covers growing Jewish population, but gives no numbers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>West Indisch Plakaatboek</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Magazine&rft.atitle=Retribution%3A+Admiral+Rodney+and+the+Jews+of+St.+Eustatius&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Louis+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F107mag%2Fjewsofeustatius%2Fjewsofeustatius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span>N</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbattista2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abbattista, Guido (2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Eustatius+Center+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecar.org%2Forganisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUbuntu_Connected_Front2021" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Ubuntu Connected Front (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ubuntuconnectedfront.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PRESS-RELEASE-UCF_Stop_Excavations_African_Burial_Ground_St_Eustatius_2021_July12.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Let Our Enslaved Ancestors Rest" – Says UCF Caribbean Chair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). Ubuntu Connected Front.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Let+Our+Enslaved+Ancestors+Rest%22+%E2%80%93+Says+UCF+Caribbean+Chair&rft.pub=Ubuntu+Connected+Front&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.au=Ubuntu+Connected+Front&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fubuntuconnectedfront.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FPRESS-RELEASE-UCF_Stop_Excavations_African_Burial_Ground_St_Eustatius_2021_July12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statiagovernment.com/news-and-tenders/news/2021/07/14/statia-suspends-archeological-dig-at-the-airport">"Statia Suspends Archaeological Dig at the Airport"</a>. <i>St. Eustatius</i>. 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Eustatius&rft.atitle=Statia+Suspends+Archaeological+Dig+at+the+Airport&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statiagovernment.com%2Fnews-and-tenders%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F14%2Fstatia-suspends-archeological-dig-at-the-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2021" class="citation cs1">Meijer, J. H. T. (9 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/wordpresssite/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021.10.09_Sint-Eustatius_EN-Jan-Meijer.pdf"><i>[Letter from J.H.T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Heritage+Agency&rft.atitle=Faro+%E2%80%93+Participation+in+Cultural+Heritage+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Ftopics%2Ffaro---participation-in-cultural-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028429/2010-10-10"><i>Monumentenwet BES</i></a> (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumentenwet+BES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0028429%2F2010-10-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heritage Act <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.inspectie-oe.nl/publications/publication/2016/9/14/">https://english.inspectie-oe.nl/publications/publication/2016/9/14/</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/brieven_regering/detail/2021Z17561/2021D37657">"Reactie op verzoek commissie over de stand van zaken voortgang opgravingen vliegveld Sint Eustatius"</a>. <i>Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tweede+Kamer+der+Staten-Generaal&rft.atitle=Reactie+op+verzoek+commissie+over+de+stand+van+zaken+voortgang+opgravingen+vliegveld+Sint+Eustatius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tweedekamer.nl%2Fkamerstukken%2Fbrieven_regering%2Fdetail%2F2021Z17561%2F2021D37657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statiagovernment.com/news-and-tenders/news/2021/09/22/statia-heritage-research-commission-officially-installed">"Statia Heritage Research Commission Officially Installed"</a>. <i>St. Eustatius</i>. 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+the+Netherlands&rft.atitle=English+to+Be+Sole+Language+of+Instruction+in+St+Eustatian+Schools&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Fnews%2F2014%2F06%2F19%2Fenglish-to-be-sole-language-of-instruction-in-st-eustatian-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Netherlands2018" class="citation cs1">Statistics Netherlands (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2018/50/trends%20in%20the%20caribbean%20netherlands%202018_web.pdf"><i>Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statia+Tourism&rft.atitle=Practical+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatia-tourism.com%2Fplan-your-trip%2Fpractical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociolinguisticsp2108-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguisticsp2108_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dijkhoff, Marta, Silvia Kowenberg, and Paul Tjon Sie Fat. Chapter 215 "The Dutch-speaking Caribbean Die niederländischsprachige Karibik." In: <i>Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik</i>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 1 January 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110199874" title="Special:BookSources/3110199874">3110199874</a>, 9783110199871. Start: p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGl35Q3W5twC&pg=PA2105">2105</a>. CITED: p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGl35Q3W5twC&pg=PA2108">2108</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statiagovernment.com/key-topics/education">"Education"</a>. <i>St. Eustatius</i>. 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Eustatius&rft.atitle=Education&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statiagovernment.com%2Fkey-topics%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statia_history-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statia_history_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokkermans2012" class="citation web cs1">Stokkermans, Karel (29 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/statiachamp.html">"Sint Eustatius – Football History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation">Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/RSSSF" title="RSSSF">RSSSF</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rec.Sport.Soccer+Statistics+Foundation&rft.atitle=Sint+Eustatius+%E2%80%93+Football+History&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.aulast=Stokkermans&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Ftabless%2Fstatiachamp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windwardroads.com/cruyff-courts-sint-maarten-sint-eustatius-saba/">"Cruyff Courts Sint Maarten / Sint Eustatius / Saba"</a>. <i>Windward Roads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windward+Roads&rft.atitle=Cruyff+Courts+Sint+Maarten+%2F+Sint+Eustatius+%2F+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwindwardroads.com%2Fcruyff-courts-sint-maarten-sint-eustatius-saba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cruijff-youth07.html">"1st Cruyff Court Dutch Caribbean Futsal Championship 2007 (Aruba)"</a>. <i>RSSSF</i>. 6 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSSSF&rft.atitle=1st+Cruyff+Court+Dutch+Caribbean+Futsal+Championship+2007+%28Aruba%29&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Ftablesc%2Fcruijff-youth07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pearlfmradio.sx/2011/06/27/saba-and-st-eustatius-compete-in-softball/">"Saba and St. Eustatius Compete in Softball"</a>. <i>Pearl FM Radio – Pearl of the Caribbean</i>. 27 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pearl+FM+Radio+%E2%80%93+Pearl+of+the+Caribbean&rft.atitle=Saba+and+St.+Eustatius+Compete+in+Softball&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpearlfmradio.sx%2F2011%2F06%2F27%2Fsaba-and-st-eustatius-compete-in-softball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArbell2002" class="citation book cs1">Arbell, Mordechai (2002). <i>The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas</i>. Jerusalem: Geffen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9652292797" title="Special:BookSources/978-9652292797"><bdi>978-9652292797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Nation+of+the+Caribbean%2C+The+Spanish-Portuguese+Jewish+Settlements+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+Guianas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Geffen+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9652292797&rft.aulast=Arbell&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttema1976" class="citation book cs1">Attema, Y (1976). <i>A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments</i>. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9060111536" title="Special:BookSources/978-9060111536"><bdi>978-9060111536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+St.+Eustatius+and+its+Monuments&rft.place=Zutphen&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-9060111536&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernardiniFierling2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernardini, P; Fierling, N, eds. (2001). <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571811530" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571811530"><bdi>978-1571811530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Expansion+of+Europe+to+the+West%2C+1450%E2%80%931800&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1571811530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEzratty2002" class="citation book cs1">Ezratty, Harry (2002) [1997]. <i>500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies</i>. Baltimore, MD: Omni Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0942929188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0942929188"><bdi>978-0942929188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=500+Years+in+the+Jewish+Caribbean+%E2%80%93+The+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Jews+in+the+West+Indies&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Omni+Arts&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0942929188&rft.aulast=Ezratty&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartog1976" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, J (1976). <i>History of St. Eustatius</i>. Central USA Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+St.+Eustatius&rft.pub=Central+USA+Bicentennial+Committee+of+the+Netherlands+Antilles&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHearst1996" class="citation book cs1">Hearst, Ronald (1996). <i>The Golden Rock</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rock&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hearst&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorse1797" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Morse, Jedidiah</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n175/mode/2up">"St. Eustatius"</a>. <i>The American Gazetteer</i>. Boston, MA: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M">23272543M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Eustatius&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=At+the+presses+of+S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23272543M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Jedidiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn175%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpinney1969" class="citation book cs1">Spinney, David (1969). <i>Rodney</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0049200227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0049200227"><bdi>978-0049200227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rodney&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0049200227&rft.aulast=Spinney&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughessy2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughessy, Andrew Jackson (2013). <i>The men who lost America: British Command during the Revolutionary War and the Preservation of the Empire</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-246-5"><bdi>978-1-78074-246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+men+who+lost+America%3A+British+Command+during+the+Revolutionary+War+and+the+Preservation+of+the+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-246-5&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1988" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Babara W (1988). <i>The First Salute</i>. Westminster, MD: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394553337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394553337"><bdi>978-0394553337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Salute&rft.place=Westminster%2C+MD&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0394553337&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Babara+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASint+Eustatius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sint_Eustatius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#Q26180" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statiagovernment.com/">St. Eustatius Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statiatourism.com">St. Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207172906/http://www.statiatourism.com/">Archived</a> 7 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statiapark.org">The website of STENAPA, the National Parks of St. Eustatius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sint-eustatius">St. Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secar.org">St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140926210032/http://www.thedailyherald.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=19860:schotsenhoek-plantation&Itemid=37">The Farm in St. Eustatius: Not Dead Yet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top10worldmedia.com/statia/o-nov22.pdf">Colorful stories from St. Eustatius's eventful history. Saba invasion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top10worldmedia.com/statia/o-jan10.pdf">Colorful stories from St. Eustatius's eventful history. Bermuda connection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/107mag/jewsofeustatius/jewsofeustatius.htm">"Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius"</a>, by Louis Arthur Norton</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles">Island territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Windward Islands</a> (1951–1982)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles"><img alt="Netherlands Antilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px_Special_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Special municipalities of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Special municipalities of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this 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/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Special municipalities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Entire</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>In part</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Denmark</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>France</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Netherlands</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>United Kingdom</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>United States</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1383" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137352580">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmHcvqXMDvm83f8XqJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118673-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93027150">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Svatý Eustach (Závětrné ostrovy : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1048600&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007530929005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/4e1fa760-00ea-4dc8-8456-96104f683c2b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/F8EtUFS2">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027847799">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sint_Eustatius&params=17_29_N_62_58_W_type:isle_region:BQ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">62°58′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.483°N 62.967°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.483; -62.967</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    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