CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91773c735b8ffe84',cH: 'vn1MTgK9PiEQkJYRp4hpNrkedhCdgn4H9zBFcDBVudA-1740481692-1.2.1.1-qr8TzWEjRWAjQvv5uG_i08U4TqaN0ylLbDLV8YbIrZz98U29H41Kzanz_pI6KSgt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Abdulrahman%20M.%20Al-Ahmari&__cf_chl_tk=fPsd2CDfrYanar58RjMb6RRqLfpElObxNtjx7MV6m00-1740481692-1.0.1.1-SRM.xzCjwf2pDC8gr6TdstKgUFK_e2_0f06MeCM0MMU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740481692',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Abdulrahman%20M.%20Al-Ahmari&__cf_chl_f_tk=fPsd2CDfrYanar58RjMb6RRqLfpElObxNtjx7MV6m00-1740481692-1.0.1.1-SRM.xzCjwf2pDC8gr6TdstKgUFK_e2_0f06MeCM0MMU",md: "At3xFZZzOwshUSwi3ixZpxj_6pMg7zHCCdMqRy4NZ50-1740481692-1.2.1.1-g_ikMjwFyEJI0GdnXm.DdCozqyQQqJVT99iHaxK_XQWtDKXuyrJW5Qy8Cop8JBzut9vq30SwQ7jxQk9r53lvrtmSv84A0Xrvc7kLpsLGnXLwrIeavuVtZXEz.8Emd15rN6ybpfLltnChXndxCD90KG2h5nFocX2k4M.M6nHvadPo.RgWZUG5aJM2uQC77_1vzPqmQKYz1bfHLTFAENrWl7Ds3usxG4bP_92PGF04ienAH_01Uu86hjZdZ1wRKBo0h4IctTG3rzIP6OiCWeWXmVEoULA1vkJECragr9R9nAmRAp_mL2jeBKcodc9bYixCOtknsnLO8j7haYO9az5LIqIVu.ecm9_XKs0cZAORCO8nnhPY0bvow6JvTcJcotzMHQ5tVtWci_2eRPP_.WxmAdvlBNhyXaxK0BwG7UJuTY9ucW_hoaUUJydJhkoWhY4BODE4HXhfxUNF6caTHArpHUN880UL6fyVpkE8Miow9eFbKGm72nFjqXTF15wlesL897VVYSxatKMBqME0_PC097pdsPhBfMu4LJD9FouvDijOYqJ_xaX_FpQ0N25mO1gtaX4HVFXfesd9uZEd91.teFc62G6p9JWFgpDDgREqhePf674w6hW2UxugP9roj9wBV8YUgiwUBD5hSZGrhYkYf7tURKzhY_MckaN.MhkBxyTblxBhRbCnUfzSDypWVAwGSL0uUpqfcD4Kv61cFzZ1sfLetDH5FBgHi_6ozBT2wOsiysLihE1xbxKZeOmJbjjBTaPWkotOrwIBWMKngnkutS90I8Ar8RDaReJZyOL23hGr2VwytLhmcQtkHPa6UW.R_wjBNVp5SvEiK7D6MhIHgcDY.acLM5BuHoyErMv.qcytM9LdJmSSWPv9mWD_sxZ7k4X6M5NNgssp.jCmA.JYQtEEBtlO9SMT0_kWzZTP8eVQECe23Lj3vUpEdYPhFV1e1v1dUJR_3muDWXVCJx4JzbE63ecepqI8G7nZOKZ3tE3NOJbscoCg2PDSS1e.Ki3oiGk6kEwmwygWAtUecqeKf3VYBU11pbZ_rUesERsXvphJryBonwJCjwYGgvNIFhQE0hsq.KbRSd0FIy9J.MZdglOEoSDxSk72ZGPyonv_kpRyTT45z.x7Yn2fqvFQlLd20Z9z4_wh2JMJyqpi21qNtCe2KALKio_e7DhlGWiEAEpmyfA5mUpo3H3dFNl.v0Fxh3HDf.Om.sCYOPLHUFd5kUJM14Cs3OQSVpj7uB8Bb_hbO8Dszm038T_Inhi75.zKxTH_4yCvoBeR4Ny7sMnG6ox3_IKoZyWqOgsBD91iPzEeQ2r0L5v6Tbzh_dXYQJ5.YEPsKYqJY0IbXMlPmXYK475TOCoxSQ6l9egdxsyudHo1v381gobJcAS3pXTFcPwpqwSTabH9ocuKUpaFtjJSSq8AJ4YirIr6VwyLR4ld8ZBRaPRDL.1tcmqNfCOSY7pl5eUD81maMqkk7B_NhSsg3g.65LOBZ31mmeVG8X.STmjU1nBMm1cJjuIUDD.2NrRBJMlFP8zUMDyZ8xhcPDHkcuwgbESU7G7yDuXgzTEuHCnryI3798X9eLwYW2hwYwAdlsLfhiDjYsBfKNKFeJPGbA0Ne8z3qjD._PSXOhMPnnydFIDepkfkr0tyW5BOLUUSISyg_YBuiz0szteJQJm13CdCvudNKavRLbf1n8DZ.DMkVYhXBAVkmRi6J3lFIQXdS65ojdvOy0Om6_VI29AMe3Qp7eKr5cIqmK6Kre1kVgwBlAwR8Jc5_xxS9IzTH8tzvfgMo1UpBLRFLExaCyJ2vDRHdTLV.1pCPAAf5ziSW8ZBZQDdDZTEU2XWU5U9qH7dDGeVPJvLf1nwkHmtUJ2miTZIpk7pfcsXYx.c1OYIHw55OtBYNnWBTYUW.uldpbPQKRjhqfbXZEg7oZF4O239cFn4MjsdfY2ggUgPIKnM0xR3VaaNGg1epGfyO_04i80e",mdrd: "s7OvYYZgYue8tTnA4u4DKVMwFQcUD6AK5.8MfsmMvTM-1740481692-1.2.1.1-8p9T00ZFE898YByNioZzLIGfRNisOCD8WrOvCmoy7cvyYGt11bgy5GxwdhkZQES5fxxQeUvbbaD7Wzd6oVrnCky2TDDlv7F47QxkOSD_gikBf6sG1FlfrF3iG54JYXNfhWuxp60sZzpfLrP_lCXaON9dibRjQLyVWhY9aw3ao1LXIDSG5lNklMt5rPKBl06b7s3gVtA9Vebm0O4ThFW3GBaqerMPSMUbJUNy9xkVtyRZjLo_EanT3e7vw8wXbdUkBUd1_4uffgI_SWD8xOmyyppnmQFtMPjKtdDplArWj22iozLQJNb92B.AkAv3BcYyj7zSqfsWOviOCWvHL7NOe7ncocN9U6cwgAzrKGJdHK0zkZLkw8.gKEAhZgxRx3LBgOkYC8QGbbzSPhOpJYoJwtnu5T_RN8BibSOwlqTUIXWR1je_rR3_Nn_iyk2zTPruroEtu1xUiwlfoBlmYY3Fz_08OVV9RKC3sj0puP43mwo_5dxY0_fG_DNA9URWGeZjbW9ZjYg68aYwhWrlI09PqMiWwDyHovtogRcsHUYWy9d.bjAbWfzfJHbhjv9dv3PZyxZ6jpYLQ1TejMWG5OPw33zPMGFaRNNPYJvZfAooJQVWyt1Z16kDT9tSLTIa4LSUehM_j_XQGMxNBYFV9z9ZrWx4CYPLBnovJyNR5qNt3BomumI2y_BWEkeJGQWehX.6OayP2k.0l1nod3ddmPRGrWIn9d124SgHIzSU7kmwOUJ5f15UbsQnDJ42u20frlNQmWh9RHAbNGZqkBh8jT0.4KQf_lE0m0LL_VP1emsLW2KlfYjMgXAkubVNmQP5.7YZgf4tMcZH6xpS1kHdDAFZjyvGO6TwqYuhfHeqtky.V2WzFHAXa2.16o1HA5ilHRRh6Fr3KSDarjcpsNgS.Lbyok9DYKq3x3t4fClaRuoYWKkqb2ebPNrFLSjdcFo.1nhOOokDs4muk2x60Ujpj1uxdBmSgPUclKxvBSZpxACKGEaAJ7EFt758rCAa0EkbZ1SOO3nWPpQrow8piq7B4aKGVR74wANlRK1QyODovii2wF_mA6k3ejxd.88FgBWvEbUkT_pfN2g1htLw5Kh.QeMUWsTc8K67i.rXAljjK9_Vu39JMCbONQzXYFTX1GX66iA9clbEgvqMTA7ICpVQAyh2pJOAi6NZWegh8hvJHdIwYvW6Fr0D7eSSdVaFO1cajrJ92TEdp0KdsQPxayY6JjNgkxxyauOT.d3haCArgHEkl3LG4aWys2Pgp5bz3JrY0ODPEnzrIIlJ6GKifVaTjQrAmFjKdSvhZwzd.7dhtLHMiruG3EppQvj3cpmySBHoLeMqBpFlxfg1X0ojdypeYrw_VWn7dIQak6Eg7Nx36dEPyF6dedkvOca82FEdWpV7Gw_9gplwi9NHhUA5YEIKeWJUnC8KVfngXizbGM9geiHqZYShd.3wIR_esOqf6vXnF8SU.Qs5N2Ib2PglvL0Xqz1j6Z9Gg_0l7HOGlqhxdt5sS.PWj8HSNLzr_kweYRZT7Fmki_BY2_IOL8ciNCc2oQkic_afgs6_pKmT8SaDOH1jclRnc1ePIfKSMy0ZpvXZ.uQhMfwvPhw5r1_KDhe7SRSM.y2W8I2odBUDQ2K7Y1xdy89FW8WNh0TU.QiTZ.WPNwNVt.QheXgChG2seZUiGE3hJ_alg97GgJQDcO8KCGDg1CTDS8e8J065_Ffdl49mZGSwJD7bkZxpwwyoKtXYGUcGekVatNIHHoYpwMxIZaWFuxuFGb9bange0GpavfipwHHrk76B7nLxH8LNoyqO2KGYzopf1cG7ChMmfcpuSCqCYOGrsvqDcdb2tHMpIf6D_7WKSUyaeJdy.g8FsYoo65deHYS7IAiE8vqfGImaHvTnLF1re7hQxnq41h5j2snelcTbTTAwoXT6zvOio0ERgiWRSsphDRmPym2NC7ZlwdrjL8KcMDKzqkCWKcCAJXFlVpBh"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91773c735b8ffe84';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Abdulrahman%20M.%20Al-Ahmari&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fPsd2CDfrYanar58RjMb6RRqLfpElObxNtjx7MV6m00-1740481692-1.0.1.1-SRM.xzCjwf2pDC8gr6TdstKgUFK_e2_0f06MeCM0MMU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>