CINXE.COM

Legal studies by external providers | European Data Protection Board

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="cs" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/edpbweb_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_en" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.edpb.europa.eu/node/2631_en" /> <title>Legal studies by external providers | European Data Protection Board</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_0m4_PZbesrBEl0E5Z8-bF8vNi7qmdwroIuZNPC6oQdA.css?delta=0&amp;language=cs&amp;theme=edpbweb_theme&amp;include=eJxdjEEOwzAIBD_k1E-ywEYpKjYR4ET5fa301ssedkaDquFhcBQEM9aMRtCqzY4J_9nQRonagaWqfpg8I4xBVoTRwO4fOyYK16UMnxIQrCOHqqzIxut9rIuwxJs65V0UQTaPW3jsyW8P6ivslE6my_Ozr65tCn0B9LVFPw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_y-nSeIsJrgWbtfzQImM4cnLh-mAL7G1yFxoMX5BegTQ.css?delta=1&amp;language=cs&amp;theme=edpbweb_theme&amp;include=eJxdjEEOwzAIBD_k1E-ywEYpKjYR4ET5fa301ssedkaDquFhcBQEM9aMRtCqzY4J_9nQRonagaWqfpg8I4xBVoTRwO4fOyYK16UMnxIQrCOHqqzIxut9rIuwxJs65V0UQTaPW3jsyW8P6ivslE6my_Ozr65tCn0B9LVFPw" /> </head> <body class="layout-one-sidebar layout-sidebar-second page-node-2631 path-node node--type-edpb-page"> <div id="overlay" class="overlay d-none position-fixed w-100 h-100" data-toggle="collapse" href="#top-search-box"></div> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <script type="application/json">{"utility":"globan","theme":"light","logo":true,"link":false,"mode":false}</script> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-wrapper"> <div id="page"> <header id="header" class="header container-fluid px-0" role="banner" aria-label="Site header"> <a name="page-top"></a> <nav class="navbar navbar-dark bg-primary" id="navbar-top"> <div class="py-1 px-4 px-xl-5 top-headers"> <div class="col-xl-2 px-0 site-name"><a href="/edpb_cs" title="European Data Protection Board" rel="home" class="">European Data Protection Board</a></div> <div class="language-switcher-oe-multilingual-url-suffix-negotiation-method block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface text-right" id="block-edpbweb-theme-language-switcher" role="navigation"> <div class="content"> <div class="links dropdown"> <button class="btn btn-link p-0 pr-4 text-uppercase" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> cs </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right px-4 py-3"><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_bg" class="language-link" title="Български" hreflang="bg" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">BG</span>Български</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_da" class="language-link" title="Dansk" hreflang="da" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">DA</span>Dansk</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_de" class="language-link" title="Deutsch" hreflang="de" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">DE</span>Deutsch</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_el" class="language-link" title="Ελληνικά" hreflang="el" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">EL</span>Ελληνικά</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_en" class="language-link" title="English" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">EN</span>English</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_es" class="language-link" title="Español" hreflang="es" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">ES</span>Español</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_et" class="language-link" title="Eesti" hreflang="et" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">ET</span>Eesti</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_fi" class="language-link" title="Suomi" hreflang="fi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">FI</span>Suomi</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_fr" class="language-link" title="Français" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">FR</span>Français</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_ga" class="language-link" title="Gaeilge" hreflang="ga" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">GA</span>Gaeilge</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_hr" class="language-link" title="Hrvatski" hreflang="hr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">HR</span>Hrvatski</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_hu" class="language-link" title="Magyar" hreflang="hu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">HU</span>Magyar</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_it" class="language-link" title="Italiano" hreflang="it" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">IT</span>Italiano</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_lt" class="language-link" title="Lietuvių" hreflang="lt" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">LT</span>Lietuvių</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_lv" class="language-link" title="Latviešu" hreflang="lv" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">LV</span>Latviešu</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_mt" class="language-link" title="Malti" hreflang="mt" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">MT</span>Malti</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_nl" class="language-link" title="Nederlands" hreflang="nl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">NL</span>Nederlands</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_pl" class="language-link" title="Polski" hreflang="pl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">PL</span>Polski</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_pt" class="language-link" title="Português" hreflang="pt-pt" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">PT</span>Português</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_ro" class="language-link" title="Română" hreflang="ro" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">RO</span>Română</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_sk" class="language-link" title="Slovenčina" hreflang="sk" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">SK</span>Slovenčina</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_sl" class="language-link" title="Slovenščina" hreflang="sl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">SL</span>Slovenščina</a> </li><li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_sv" class="language-link" title="Svenska" hreflang="sv" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631"><span class="langcode">SV</span>Svenska</a> </li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="main-menu navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-white w-100 py-4 px-4 px-xl-5"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarEDPB" aria-controls="navbarEDPB" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div> <a href="/edpb_cs" title="Home" rel="home" class=""> <img src="/themes/custom/edpbweb_theme/logo.svg" alt="European Data Protection Board" class="top-logo img-fluid pr-0" /> </a> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarEDPB"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-edpbweb-theme-main-navigation-menu" id="block-edpbweb-theme-main-navigation" class="block block-menu navigation menu--main ml-auto"> <h2 class="sr-only" id="block-edpbweb-theme-main-navigation-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul id="block-edpbweb-theme-main-navigation" class="clearfix nav navbar-nav"> <li class="nav-item px-xl-3 menu-item--expanded active dropdown megamenu"> <a href="/about-edpb_cs" class="nav-link text-uppercase active" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3">O sboru</a> <div class="dropdown-menu pt-0 pb-4 pb-lg-5 m-0 w-100 overflow-hidden"> <ul class="row px-3" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>O sboru</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/european-data-protection-board_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Kdo jsme</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/members_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8">Členové</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/edpb-secretariat_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Sekretariát sboru</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/edpb-plenaries-subgroups-and-taskforces_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7988">EDPB plenaries, subgroups and taskforces</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/rules-procedure-and-memorandum-understanding_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Jednací řád a memorandum o porozumění</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/internal-procedural-guidance_cs" data-display-title="1" data-hide-children="0" data-remove-class="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/937">Internal procedural guidance</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/legacy-art-29-working-party_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Pracovní skupina zřízená podle článku 29</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Právní upozornění </span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/what-we-do/tasks-and-duties_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5878">Tasks and duties</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/legal-framework_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Právní rámec</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/what-we-do/strategy-work-programme_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/188">Strategie a pracovní program</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded active"> <span class="active">Publications</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/annual-reports_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Výroční zpráva</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/about-edpb/publications/one-stop-shop-case-digests_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4982">One-Stop-Shop case digests</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item active"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/legal-studies-external-providers_cs" class="active is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2631" aria-current="page">Legal studies by external providers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5"> <a href="/about-edpb/press-kit_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">Press Kit</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/contact-us_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15">Kontaktujte nás</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5"> <a href="/about-edpb/faq-frequently-asked-questions_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="about-edpb/faq-frequently-asked-questions">FAQ</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-xl-3 menu-item--expanded dropdown megamenu"> <a href="/our-work-tools_cs" class="nav-link text-uppercase" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Naše práce a nástroje</a> <div class="dropdown-menu pt-0 pb-4 pb-lg-5 m-0 w-100 overflow-hidden"> <ul class="row px-3" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Obecné pokyny</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/general-guidance/guidelines-recommendations-best-practices_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/27">Pokyny, doporučení, osvědčené postupy</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/general-guidance/public-consultations-our-guidance_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">Veřejné konzultace</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/general-guidance/other-guidance-and-information-notes_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28">Jiné dokumenty</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Spolupráce v oblasti podpory a prosazování práva</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/support-cooperation-and-enforcement/gdpr-cooperation-and-enforcement_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1519">Spolupráce v oblasti obecného nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů a jeho prosazování</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/support-cooperation-and-enforcement/consistency-and-cooperation-procedures_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/486">Postupy v oblasti jednotnosti a spolupráce</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/support-cooperation-and-enforcement/international-cooperation-cooperation-other_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36">Mezinárodní spolupráce a spolupráce s jinými orgány</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Rejstříky</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/consistency-findings/register-for-article-60-final-decisions_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/accountability-tools/register-for-article-60-final-decisions">Final One Stop Shop Decisions</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/accountability-tools/bcr_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/accountability-tools/bcr">Approved Binding Corporate Rules</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/accountability-tools/register-codes-conduct-amendments-and-extensions-art-4011_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/accountability-tools/register-codes-conduct-amendments-and-extensions-art-4011">Codes of Conduct, amendments and extensions</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/consistency-findings/register-for-decisions_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/consistency-findings/register-for-decisions"> Decisions taken by supervisory authorities and courts on issues handled in the consistency mechanism </a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/accountability-tools/certification-mechanisms-seals-and-marks_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/accountability-tools/certification-mechanisms-seals-and-marks">Certification mechanisms, seals and marks</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Dokumenty určené Evropské komisi nebo vnitrostátním úřadům</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/consistency-findings/opinions_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30">Stanoviska</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/consistency-findings/binding-decisions_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">Závazná rozhodnutí</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents-addressed-european-commission-or-national-authorities/gdpr-or-led_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1518">Hodnocení týkající se obecného nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů nebo směrnice o prosazování práva</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents-addressed-european-commission-or-national-authorities/other-documents_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1554">Další dokumenty adresované normotvůrci EU nebo členským státům</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5"> <a href="/our-work-tools/plenary-meetings_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="our-work-tools/plenary-meetings">EDPB Plenary meetings</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Jiné dokumenty</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents/letters_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">Dopisy</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/other-documents/internal-documents_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3874">Internal documents</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents/our-documents_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23">Prohlédnout všechny naše dokumenty</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-xl-3 menu-item--expanded dropdown megamenu"> <a href="/news/news_cs" class="nav-link text-uppercase" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> <div class="dropdown-menu pt-0 pb-4 pb-lg-5 m-0 w-100 overflow-hidden"> <ul class="row px-3" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>News</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/news/news_cs?news_type=1" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;news_type&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">EDPB News</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/news/news_cs?news_type=2" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;news_type&quot;:&quot;2&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">National News</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/news/news_cs?news_type=3" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;news_type&quot;:&quot;3&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">One-Stop-Shop News</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-xl-3 menu-item--expanded dropdown megamenu csc-menu"> <a href="" class="nav-link text-uppercase" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">CSC</a> <div class="dropdown-menu pt-0 pb-4 pb-lg-5 m-0 w-100 overflow-hidden"> <div class="menu-intro-container d-none d-lg-block pt-5 pl-5 w-75"> <div class="menu-intro-text border-bottom pb-4"> The Coordinated Supervision Committee (CSC) ensures the coordinated supervision of large scale IT systems and of EU bodies, offices and agencies </div> </div> <ul class="row px-3" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>About CSC</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/who-we-are-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1497">Kdo jsme</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/members-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1498">Členové</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/csc-secretariat_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1530">Sekretariát koordinačního výboru pro dozor</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/csc-meetings_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1884">CSC Meetings</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/work-programme-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1499">Pracovní program</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/about-csc/legal-framework-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1501">Právní rámec</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown-item dropdown-item col-md-4 pl-3 pr-5 px-lg-5 pt-lg-5 menu-item--expanded"> <span>Our Work &amp; Tools</span> <ul class="list-unstyled pb-0" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/our-work-tools/biannual-reports-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="csc/our-work-tools/biannual-reports-coordinated-supervision-committee">Biannual Reports</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/our-work-tools/imi-reports-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="csc/our-work-tools/imi-reports-coordinated-supervision-committee">IMI Reports</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/our-work-tools/letters-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="csc/our-work-tools/letters-coordinated-supervision-committee">Letters</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-item"> <a href="/csc/our-work-tools/other-documents-coordinated-supervision-committee_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="csc/our-work-tools/other-documents-coordinated-supervision-committee">Other documents</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="search pt-3 pt-lg-0 pl-0 pl-lg-4 position-relative"> <span class="pr-3 d-lg-none text-uppercase"><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#top-search-box">Search</a></span> <i class="fas fa-search ml-0 ml-lg-3" data-toggle="collapse" href="#top-search-box"></i> <form id="navbar-search-form" class="position-absolute" action="/search_cs" method="get" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div id="top-search-box" class="collapse h-100 p-4"> <label for="top-search">Search on the EDPB web site:</label> <div class="input-group"> <input placeholder="Keywords ..." type="text" name="search" id="top-search" class="form-text form-control mt-0"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button type="submit" value="Search" class="form-submit btn btn-primary"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 w-100" id="hero"></div> </div> <div id="block-breadcrumbs" class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block row mb-3 mb-lg-4 mb-xl-5"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumb" class="py-3 top-breadcrumb px-4 px-xl-5 w-100"> <div class="menu menu-breadcrumb d-inline-block"> <ol class="m-0 p-0"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/edpb_cs">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/about-edpb_cs">About EDPB</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active"> Legal studies by external providers </li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 px-4 px-xl-5 order-0"> <div id="block-pagetitle" class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <div class="content"> <header class="article-title"> <h1 class="node__title mb-3 mt-0"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Legal studies by external providers</span> </h1> </header> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-8 pl-4 pl-xl-5 pr-4 pr-lg-0 pr-xl-4 article-content mb-5 order-2 order-lg-1"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div id="block-edpbweb-theme-edpb-theme-system-main" class="block block-system block-system-main-block mt-0"> <div class="content"> <article lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-page node--promoted node--view-mode-full clearfix mb-3 mb-lg-4"> <div class="node__content clearfix"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-edpb-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The EDPB may&nbsp;commission contractors to provide&nbsp;legal studies on specific topics.&nbsp;Following the decision of the plenary meeting of the EDPB of 14 December 2021, legal studies which have been initiated with approval by the EDPB members are being published on this page. This page will be updated periodically.</p> <p>The views expressed in the legal studies are those of their authors and they do not necessarily reflect the official position of the EDPB. The EDPB does not guarantee the accuracy of the information included in the legal studies.</p> <p>Neither the EDPB nor any person acting on the EDPB’s behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained in the legal studies.</p> <p>Some excerpts have been redacted from the legal studies as their publication would undermine the protection of legitimate interests, including, inter alia, the privacy and integrity of an individual regarding the protection of personal data in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 and/or the commercial interests of a natural or legal person.</p> <ul> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="aea81cd9-3898-4a31-baf3-deb7f58d062f" href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/other/study-enforcement-gdpr-obligations-against-entities-established_en">Study on the enforcement of GDPR obligations against entities established outside the EEA but falling under Article 3(2) GDPR</a></li> <li><a href="https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/study-national-administrative-rules-impacting-cooperation-duties_en">Study on the national administrative rules impacting the cooperation duties for the national supervisory authorities</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6a9a9c57-a249-43c9-b499-5a1c1ada9398" href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/legal-study-external-provider/legal-study-government-access-data-third_en">Legal study on Government access to data in third countries</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4b2ab555-1b92-4e45-a8e7-63750142aca9" href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/legal-study-external-provider/legal-study-appropriate-safeguards-under_en">Legal study on the appropriate safeguards under Article 89(1) GDPR for the processing of personal data for scientific research</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 sidebar-right px-4 pr-xl-5 mb-4 mb-lg-5 order-3"> <aside class="px-4 px-xl-5 py-4 sidebar-content make-me-sticky" role="complementary"> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockedpb-publications-block-2 custom-list" id="block-views-block-edpb-publications-sidebar"> <h2 class="sidebar-title h5 pb-2 mb-2 m-0 mt-3">Latest publications</h2> <ul class="sidebar-publications pt-2 px-0 m-0"> <div> <div class="view view-edpb-publications view-id-edpb_publications view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-fd22971ae6944b726b36e34c625ef287ebb4232cc6bb2362ccb6fdc6392e3491"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="view-row-content"> <div class="views-row"> <li lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-publication node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser clearfix home-publication-item mb-4 pl-3 list-unstyled"> <h4 class="node__title h6 m-0 mb-1"> <a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/csc-biannual-reports/coordinated-supervision-committee-report-0_cs" rel="bookmark" title=" Coordinated Supervision Committee Report of Activities 2022-2024"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> Coordinated Supervision Committee Report of Activities 2022-2024</span> </a> </h4> <span class="news-date mr-3 d-inline-block">13 February 2025</span> <div class="field field--name-field-edpb-publication-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline mb-1"> <div class="field__label d-none pr-0">Publication Type:</div> <ul class='publication-type-list list-unstyled field__items d-inline-block mb-0 pl-0'> <li class="field__item d-inline" id="publication-type-0"><a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/publication-type/csc-biannual-reports_cs" hreflang="en">CSC Biannual reports</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </div> <div class="views-row"> <li lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-publication node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser clearfix home-publication-item mb-4 pl-3 list-unstyled"> <h4 class="node__title h6 m-0 mb-1"> <a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/recommendations/recommendations-12025-2027-wada-world-anti-doping-code_cs" rel="bookmark" title="Recommendations 1/2025 on the 2027 WADA World Anti-Doping Code"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Recommendations 1/2025 on the 2027 WADA World Anti-Doping Code</span> </a> </h4> <span class="news-date mr-3 d-inline-block">13 February 2025</span> <div class="field field--name-field-edpb-publication-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline mb-1"> <div class="field__label d-none pr-0">Publication Type:</div> <ul class='publication-type-list list-unstyled field__items d-inline-block mb-0 pl-0'> <li class="field__item d-inline" id="publication-type-0"><a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/publication-type/recommendations_cs" hreflang="en">Recommendations</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </div> <div class="views-row"> <li lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-publication node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser clearfix home-publication-item mb-4 pl-3 list-unstyled"> <h4 class="node__title h6 m-0 mb-1"> <a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/other-guidance/statement-12025-age-assurance_cs" rel="bookmark" title="Statement 1/2025 on Age Assurance"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Statement 1/2025 on Age Assurance</span> </a> </h4> <span class="news-date mr-3 d-inline-block">12 February 2025</span> <div class="field field--name-field-edpb-publication-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline mb-1"> <div class="field__label d-none pr-0">Publication Type:</div> <ul class='publication-type-list list-unstyled field__items d-inline-block mb-0 pl-0'> <li class="field__item d-inline" id="publication-type-0"><a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/publication-type/other-guidance_cs" hreflang="en">Other guidance</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </div> <div class="views-row"> <li lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-publication node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser clearfix home-publication-item mb-4 pl-3 list-unstyled"> <h4 class="node__title h6 m-0 mb-1"> <a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/edpb-document-process-guide-selection-and-handling_cs" rel="bookmark" title="EDPB Document on Process guide for the selection and the handling of strategic cases"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EDPB Document on Process guide for the selection and the handling of strategic cases</span> </a> </h4> <span class="news-date mr-3 d-inline-block">12 February 2025</span> <div class="field field--name-field-edpb-publication-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline mb-1"> <div class="field__label d-none pr-0">Publication Type:</div> <ul class='publication-type-list list-unstyled field__items d-inline-block mb-0 pl-0'> <li class="field__item d-inline" id="publication-type-0"><a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/publication-type/internal-documents_cs" hreflang="en">Internal documents</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </div> <div class="views-row"> <li lang="en" class="node node--type-edpb-publication node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser clearfix home-publication-item mb-4 pl-3 list-unstyled"> <h4 class="node__title h6 m-0 mb-1"> <a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/support-pool-experts-projects/ai-complex-algorithms-and-effective-data_cs" rel="bookmark" title="AI: Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">AI: Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision</span> </a> </h4> <span class="news-date mr-3 d-inline-block">23 January 2025</span> <div class="field field--name-field-edpb-publication-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline mb-1"> <div class="field__label d-none pr-0">Publication Type:</div> <ul class='publication-type-list list-unstyled field__items d-inline-block mb-0 pl-0'> <li class="field__item d-inline" id="publication-type-0"><a href="/our-work-tools/our-documents/publication-type/support-pool-experts-projects_cs" hreflang="en">Support Pool of Experts projects</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-edpb-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The AI: Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision project aims at helping Data Protection Authority questions regarding two aspects: the evaluation of bias in AI through tools and the effective implementation of data subjects’ rights.</p> <p>The EDPB launched the project in the context of the <a href="https://www.edpb.europa.eu/support-pool-experts-spe-programme_en" target="_blank">Support Pool of Experts programme</a> at the request of the German Federal Data Protection Authority (DPA).</p> <p><strong>Project completed by the external expert Dr. Kris SHRISHAK in March 2024.</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h5><strong>Objective</strong></h5> <p>This project helps all parties understand and assess bias and implementation of data subjects’ right in the AI context. In particular, it may help DPA by clarifying methods or tools for bias evaluation and implementation of data subjects’ rights.</p> <p>The AI: Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision project includes two deliverables:</p> </div> </li> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer container-fluid py-0"> <div class="row row1"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercol1-menu" id="block-footercol1" class="block block-menu navigation menu--footer-col-1 col-lg-4 p-4 p-md-5 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="media"> <img src="/themes/custom/edpbweb_theme/src/images/footer-info.png" alt="About EDPB" class="picto align-self-start mr-4" /> <div class="media-body ml-md-2"> <h4 id="block-footercol1-menu" class="h6 pt-3 pb-2 m-0 position-relative">About EDPB</h4> <ul id="block-footercol1" class="clearfix nav list-unstyled pl-0 pt-2 mb-0 position-relative d-inline-block"> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/european-data-protection-board_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Kdo jsme</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/edpb-secretariat_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Sekretariát sboru</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/what-we-do/strategy-work-programme_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/188">Strategy &amp; Work Program</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/rules-procedure-and-memorandum-understanding_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Jednací řád a memorandum o porozumění</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/annual-reports_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Výroční zpráva</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/about-edpb/legal-framework_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Právní rámec</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercol2-menu" id="block-footercol2" class="block block-menu navigation menu--footer-col-2 col-lg-4 p-4 p-md-5 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="media"> <img src="/themes/custom/edpbweb_theme/src/images/footer-news.png" alt="News" class="picto align-self-start mr-4" /> <div class="media-body ml-md-2"> <h4 id="block-footercol2-menu" class="h6 pt-3 pb-2 m-0 position-relative">News</h4> <ul id="block-footercol2" class="clearfix nav list-unstyled pl-0 pt-2 mb-0 position-relative d-inline-block"> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/news/news_cs?news_type=1" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;news_type&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">EDPB News</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/news/news_cs?news_type=2" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;news_type&quot;:&quot;2&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">National News</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/press-kit_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">Pro tisk</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercol3-menu" id="block-footercol3" class="block block-menu navigation menu--footer-col-3 col-lg-4 p-4 p-md-5 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="media"> <img src="/themes/custom/edpbweb_theme/src/images/footer-documents.png" alt="Our Work &amp; Tools" class="picto align-self-start mr-4" /> <div class="media-body ml-md-2"> <h4 id="block-footercol3-menu" class="h6 pt-3 pb-2 m-0 position-relative">Our Work &amp; Tools</h4> <ul id="block-footercol3" class="clearfix nav list-unstyled pl-0 pt-2 mb-0 position-relative d-inline-block"> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents/our-documents_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23">View all our documents</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/general-guidance_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26">Obecné pokyny</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/consistency-findings_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Zjištění ohledně jednotnosti</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/our-work-tools/documents/letters_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">Dopisy</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/our-work-tools/general-guidance/public-consultations-our-guidance_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">Veřejné konzultace</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/accountability-tools_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Nástroje odpovědnosti</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/our-work-tools/support-cooperation-and-enforcement/international-cooperation-cooperation-other_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36">Mezinárodní spolupráce</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pt-2"> <a href="/about-edpb/who-we-are/legacy-art-29-working-party_cs" class="nav-link p-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Pracovní skupina zřízená podle článku 29</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 px-4 px-md-5 py-2 py-md-3 text-center"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footermenu-menu" id="block-footermenu" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-edpb-footer-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footermenu-menu">Footer menu</h2> <ul id="block-footermenu" class="clearfix nav list-unstyled p-0 d-block text-center"> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/concernant-le-cepd/mentions-legales/copyright_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">Autorská práva</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/about-edpb/more-about-edpb/contact-us_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15">Kontaktujte nás</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/concernant-le-cepd/mentions-legales/general-data-protection-notice_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Oznámení o ochraně údajů</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/career-opportunities_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13">Pracovní příležitosti</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/about-edpb/legal-notices/public-access-documents_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/20">Public access to documents</a> </li> <li class="nav-item pr-lg-4 py-2 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/concernant-le-cepd/mentions-legales/edpb-cookie-policy_cs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Soubory cookie</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="block-edpbweb-theme-surveypopup" class="block-content-basic block block-block-content block-block-content98540c1f-0bb8-41e4-981b-e87836b605bc"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="modal fade" id="surveyModal" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="surveyModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header border-0"><button class="close" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div> <div class="modal-body border-0"> <h4 class="modal-title mb-3" id="surveyModalLabel">We want to hear from you!</h4> <p>Your feedback helps us improve our website. Please take a moment to share your thoughts about your experience on our site.</p> <p class="mt-4"><a class="btn btn-primary btn-cta text-white px-3" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/runner/Website2025" target="_blank">Give Feedback</a></p> </div> <div class="modal-footer border-0"><button class="btn btn-secondary py-1" id="surveyModalDismiss" type="button" data-dismiss="modal">Ignore</button></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/2631","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"cs","themeUrl":"\/themes\/custom\/edpbweb_theme"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"edp_cookies_popup":{"popupHtml":"\u003Cdiv id=\u0022edp-cookies-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022close\u0022 aria-label=\u0022Close\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cspan aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\u0026times;\u003C\/span\u003E\n \u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Ch3\u003EWe use cookies \u003Ci class=\u0022fas fa-cookie-bite ml-1\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022banner-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EWhen you visit our website, if you give your consent, we will use cookies to allow us to collect data for aggregated statistics to improve our services and remember your choice for future visits.\u003Cbr\u003E\r\nIf you don\u0027t want this, we will only use cookies to remember your choice for future visits (i.e., essential cookies).\u003Cbr\u003E\r\nIf you don\u0027t select any of the two options, no cookies will be deployed, but the banner will re-appear every time you enter our website.\u003Cbr\u003E\r\nMore information on \u003Ca href=\u0022\/cookies_en\u0022\u003Ecookies\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/about-edpb\/legal-notices\/data-protection-notice_en\u0022\u003Edata protection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022banner-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton class=\u0022btn btn-default edp-cookies-accept\u0022 type=\u0022button\u0022\u003EAccept cookies for aggregated statistics\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton class=\u0022btn btn-default edp-cookies-refuse\u0022 type=\u0022button\u0022\u003ENo thanks, only essential cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","siteID":"df907e88-795f-425f-af15-d98ed57ccbbb","piwikURL":"https:\/\/webanalytics.europa.eu\/","expires":"180"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"6ae5a8e081c2bb1c34539e4288a620eb09060f28f3e04e01cbf9366d03fa79cf"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_3DiN_LgOdmiL5DF5khwpCu6LyJiZ0UNsXJdL__tUNwE.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=cs&amp;theme=edpbweb_theme&amp;include=eJw1yUEOgCAMBMAPgTyJtLJBYqGkYAy_l4vHySB1jqfqXTACU2uwKIWNbDnse8FxXqgIWZRJ_JhLSstOEfdNVRkh2dNJjt9-VLIpSgn2ATF9Jhw"></script> <script src="https://webtools.europa.eu/load.js" defer></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10