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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg/220px-Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg/330px-Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg/440px-Vijftig_misdienaars_in_2004_bij_50-jarig_bestaan_Sint_Martinuskerk%2C_Gennep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Men and women, boys and girls, vested as altar servers and processing to the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvatorkerk_(Groningen)" class="extiw" title="nl:San Salvatorkerk (Groningen)">Church of the Saviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">altar server</a> has a long history. In the early Church, many ministries were held by men and women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the early Middle Ages, some of these ministries were formalized under the term "<a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a>" and (along with the diaconate) used as steps to priestly ordination. One of the minor orders was the office of <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meehan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meehan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altar servers are a substitute for an instituted acolyte. </p><p>In several <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Churches</a>, women have traditionally been excluded from approaching the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. Thus <i>The Service Book of the Orthodox Church</i> (English translation by <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Florence_Hapgood" title="Isabel Florence Hapgood">Isabel Florence Hapgood</a>) states that "no woman may enter the Sanctuary at any time".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the former rule was: "women may not enter [the sanctuary] at all".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This did not exclude women, especially in convents of nuns, from entering the altar area at other times, for cleaning. </p><p>In Eastern Churches, women are further restricted by not being allowed inside the altar area and in several traditions even within the church building during their monthly <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">periods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_practice">Former practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Former practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly, it was generally forbidden to have women serving near the altar within the sacred <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> (<i>infra cancellos</i>), that is, they were prohibited from entering the altar area behind the altar rails during the liturgy. In convents of nuns, women did serve within the chancel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his encyclical <i>Allatae sunt</i> of 26 July 1775, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> renewed the prohibition, "Women should not dare to serve at the altar; they should be altogether refused this ministry", stated more than five centuries earlier by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> in his letter <i>Sub catholicae professione</i> of 6 March 1254 to <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Odo of Châteauroux">Odo of Tusculum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Greek rites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Benedict XIV also stated that what he called the evil practice of women serving the priest at the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> had been condemned also by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a> (492−496).<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pope Gelasius in his ninth letter (chap. 26) to the bishops of Lucania condemned the evil practice which had been introduced of women serving the priest at the celebration of Mass. Since this abuse had spread to the Greeks, Innocent IV strictly forbade it in his letter to the bishop of Tusculum: "Women should not dare to serve at the altar; they should be altogether refused this ministry." We too have forbidden this practice in the same words in Our oft-repeated constitution <i>Etsi Pastoralis</i>, sect. 6, no. 21.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the practice of private Masses (<a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> by a priest and one other person, often offered for a deceased person), scandal was an additional reason not to have a woman or girl alone with a priest. It is important to take note that both nuns and priest both have taken vows of celibacy for their lives. In the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/II/">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> it states: </p> <blockquote><p>All the ordained ministers of the Latin Church, with the exception of permanent deacons, are normally chosen from among men of faith who live a celibate life and who intend to remain celibate "for the sake of the kingdom of heaven." </p></blockquote><p>However, it has been customary in convents of women for nuns to perform the ministry of acolyte without being formally ordained to that minor order.This practice was used when the Council of Trent developed the seminary system where men in minor orders would go away to schools for training to be a priest rather than study under a parish priest. </p><p>In 1963, all of the Catholic Church leaders were called together to meet in the Vatican, this was called: The Second Vatican Council. In this council, the Church leaders voted on many different topics such as: pastoral duties of bishops in the church, ministry and the life of priest, and addressed religious life issues. Another topic under discussion was allowing females to serve <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church#:~:text=The_Mass_is_the_central,body_and_blood_of_Christ." title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>. The leaders of the Church could not come to a decision on the matter so in 1980, the Church leaders set on the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> that stated: "A woman is not to be the server at Mass except when a man is unavailable and for a just reason and provided that she give the responses from a distance and in no way approach the altar." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_H_W_Bush_and_Pope_John_Paul_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Image of Pope John Paul II. Head of the Catholic Church.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fast forward to the 1990's, Pope John Paul II was elected as <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> of the Catholic Church. March 15, 1994 rolled around and the Canon Law was being re-interpreted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/intrptxt/index.htm">The Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a>. During this time, Pope John Paul II changed the Law allowing women and girls to serve as altar servers and the priest of the respecting churches could decided who they wished to altar serve a Mass, if they choose. </p><p> The human body of the Church has not upheld the ideals of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mystical-body-of-Christ">mystical</a> body of the Church, that which <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> would have intended. (St.) <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> said in his letter to women in 1995.</p><blockquote><p>Women's dignity has often been unacknowledged and their prerogatives misrepresented; they have often been relegated to the margins of society and even reduced to servitude. This has prevented women from truly being themselves and it has resulted in a spiritual impoverishment of humanity. Certainly it is no easy task to assign the blame for this, considering the many kinds of cultural conditioning which down the centuries have shaped ways of thinking and acting. And if objective blame, especially in particular historical contexts, has belonged to not just a few members of the Church, for this I am truly sorry, sect 3, no. 1.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_since_Vatican_II">Changes since Vatican II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes since Vatican II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, without distinguishing between male and female, said that "Lay persons can fulfill the function of <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lector</a> in liturgical actions by temporary designation. All lay persons can also perform the functions of commentator or <a href="/wiki/Cantor" title="Cantor">cantor</a>, or other functions, according to the norm of law."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although that language did not explicitly authorize women to act as altar servers, many dioceses allowed females to act as altar servers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Holy See provided two clarifications in the 1990s. On 30 June 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Interpretation_of_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts</a> issued an authentic interpretation of that canon declaring that service at the altar is one of the "other functions" open to lay persons in general.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 March 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship">Congregation for Divine Worship</a> affirmed that both men and women may serve at the altar, that each bishop has the discretion to determine who may serve, and that "it will always be very appropriate to follow the noble tradition of having boys serve at the altar".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 2021, the elected Pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, modified the Canon Law to state that all <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> persons, male and female, of the Catholic Church were allowed to <a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>. Where women and girls already had the ability to exercise these functions "by temporary designation", he indicated their eligibility for these roles "on a stable basis". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vatican_and_papal_practice">Vatican and papal practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vatican and papal practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pope Benedict XVI had both male and female altar servers in Papal masses in London (2010), Berlin, and Freiburg (2011).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lincoln" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln">Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska</a> was the only diocese that did not allow female altar servers,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the only other diocese that did not, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arlington" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington">Diocese of Arlington</a>, ended its prohibition on female altar servers in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Phoenix" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix">Diocese of Phoenix</a> announced in August 2011 that it would become another of the Catholic churches in which women would not be allowed to serve at the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a>, an American official of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, criticized the introduction of female altar servers as part of what he calls "radical feminism" and a unwelcome sign of the "feminization" of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burke says that it requires a "certain manly discipline to serve as an altar boy in service at the side of a priest, and most priests have their first deep experiences of the liturgy as altar boys. If we are not training young men as altar boys, giving them an experience of serving God in the liturgy, we should not be surprised that vocations have fallen dramatically."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_of_female_servers">Images of female servers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Images of female servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exclusively (?) female servers"><img alt="Exclusively (?) female servers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg/120px-Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg/180px-Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg/240px-Julian_Barrio_Barrio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exclusively (?) female servers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Female servers with bishop and pastor"><img alt="Female servers with bishop and pastor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG/120px-Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG/180px-Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG/240px-Halverde_St_Peter_und_Paul_Zweiter_Euthymiatag_2014_Hochamt_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female servers with bishop and pastor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coroinhas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Female servers in a public procession"><img alt="Female servers in a public procession" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coroinhas.png/120px-Coroinhas.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coroinhas.png/180px-Coroinhas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coroinhas.png/240px-Coroinhas.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female servers in a public procession</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_servers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Robert Bellarmine Church in Jones suburb of Oklahoma City, USA"><img alt="St. Robert Bellarmine Church in Jones suburb of Oklahoma City, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Altar_servers.jpg/120px-Altar_servers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Altar_servers.jpg/180px-Altar_servers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Altar_servers.jpg/240px-Altar_servers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Robert Bellarmine Church in <a href="/wiki/Jones,_Oklahoma" title="Jones, Oklahoma">Jones</a> suburb of Oklahoma City, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corpus Christi procession"><img alt="Corpus Christi procession" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg/120px-Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg/180px-Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg/240px-Fronleichnamsprozession_2016_Neumarkt_076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corpus Christi procession</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_altar_servers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John, Paul II. (1995-06-29). <i>Letter of Pope John Paul II to Women:</i> The Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana. </p> <ul><li>This is word-for-word of St. John Paul II speech that he gave on the 29th of June. It should be a reliable source. It covers equality of women, apologizes for how The Church treated women in the past, and how Jesus had treated women to the highest regard and that they are equal to men.</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> (2nd ed.). (1997). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. </p> <ul><li>This book was published in 1997, the first edition was published in 1992, it is the summary of all of the beliefs of the Catholic faith that anyone can read. It should be a reliable source covering the beginnings of the Catholic Church and how the different laws changed.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Meehan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meehan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01106a.htm">Meehan, Andrew. "Acolyte." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 14 June 2023 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svspress.com/service-book-of-the-orthodox-church-the-hapgood/">"Service Book of the Orthodox Church, The (Hapgood)"</a>. <i>SVS Press & Bookstore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jone OFMCap, Nr. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/innocentius-iv/la/documents/epistola-sub-catholicae-professione-6-martii-1254.html"><i>Mulieres autem servire ad altare non audeant, sed ab illius ministerio repellantur omnino</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XIV1755" class="citation web cs1">Benedict XIV (26 July 1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Ben14/b14allat.htm">"Allatae Sunt"</a>. <i>Papalencyclicals.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papalencyclicals.net&rft.atitle=Allatae+Sunt&rft.date=1755-07-26&rft.au=Benedict+XIV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FBen14%2Fb14allat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale+altar+servers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_29061995_women.html">"Letter to Women (June 29, 1995) | John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neb.+diocese+is+lone+U.S.+holdout+on+allowing+altar+girls&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2006-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2006-03-22-altar-girls_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale+altar+servers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy" class="citation web cs1">Clancy, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/20110821phoenix-catholic-diocese-girl-servers.html#ixzz2HBvJANlK">"Phoenix diocese cathedral won't allow girl altar servers"</a>. <i>The Arizona Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181102160627/http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/20110821phoenix-catholic-diocese-girl-servers.html%23ixzz2HBvJANlK#ixzz2HBvJANlK">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-burke-altargirls-catholics-20150109-story.html">the original</a> on 2015-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Burke%3A+Serving+at+Mass+is+a+%27manly%27+job&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.aulast=McGough&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion-la%2Fla-ol-burke-altargirls-catholics-20150109-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale+altar+servers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">margeryeagan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/faith/2015/01/08/the-church-has-a-problem-with-women-really/">"The Church has a problem with women? Really?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002101814/https://cruxnow.com/faith/2015/01/08/the-church-has-a-problem-with-women-really/">Archived</a> 2016-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Crux</i>, January 8, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_29061995_women.html">"Letter to Women (June 29, 1995) | John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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