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src="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/220px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/330px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/440px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2559"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" class="internal" title="Povećaj"></a></div>Filozof <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> upravo uzima <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conium (još nenapisan)">otrovnu kukutu</a>.</div></div></div> Filozofija je proučavanje općih i fundamentalnih problema glede <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">postojanja</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">znanja</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">moralnih sudova</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma">uma</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_jezika" title="Filozofija jezika">jezika</a>. Filozofija se razlikuje od ostalih načina rješavanja tih pitanja (kao <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misticizam" title="Misticizam">misticizam</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologija" title="Mitologija">mitologija</a>) sa svojim kritičkim, općenito sistematskim pristupom i oslananjem na <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">razložnom</a> argumentu. Riječ filozofija je porijeklom iz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik">antičke Grčke</a>: filein(voleti) i sofija(mudrost). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="sh" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sadržaj/Садржај</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Problemi_definiranja">1 Problemi definiranja</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Neke_klasične_definicije">1.1 Neke klasične definicije</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Jedna_filozofija_i_razne_filozofije">1.2 Jedna filozofija i razne filozofije</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#"Filozofiranje"_u_svakodnevnom_govoru">1.3 "Filozofiranje" u svakodnevnom govoru</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Kratak_opis">2 Kratak opis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ljubav,_dijalog,_sustavnost,_temeljnost">2.1 Ljubav, dijalog, sustavnost, temeljnost</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Biće,_bitak_i_trebanje">2.2 Biće, bitak i trebanje</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Neka_filozofska_pitanja">2.3 Neka filozofska pitanja</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ime_i_pojam_filozofije">3 Ime i pojam filozofije</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Filozofija_je_ljubav_prema_mudrosti">3.1 Filozofija je ljubav prema mudrosti</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Platonovo_učenje_o_erosu">3.1.1 Platonovo učenje o erosu</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Pojam_mudrosti">3.2 Pojam mudrosti</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Nastanak_riječi">3.3 Nastanak riječi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Heraklit_i_Pitagora:_riječ_i_broj">3.3.1 Heraklit i Pitagora: riječ i broj</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Solon,_Herodot_i_Tukidid:_politika,_znanost_i_filozofija">3.3.2 Solon, Herodot i Tukidid: politika, znanost i filozofija</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Dijalog_i_dijalektika">3.4 Dijalog i dijalektika</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Znanstveni_sustav,_logika_i_metafizika">3.5 Znanstveni sustav, logika i metafizika</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Filozofija_i_druge_"teorijske_znanosti"">3.5.1 Filozofija i druge "teorijske znanosti"</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Metafizika_i_teologija">3.5.1.1 Metafizika i teologija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Logika,_fizika_i_etika">3.5.1.2 Logika, fizika i etika</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Praktična_filozofija">3.5.1.3 Praktična filozofija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Matematika_i_logika">3.5.1.4 Matematika i logika</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#Filozofija_prirode_i_prirodne_znanosti">3.5.1.5 Filozofija prirode i prirodne znanosti</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Povijest_filozofije">4 Povijest filozofije</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Filozofske_discipline">5 Filozofske discipline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Literatura_i_prijedlozi_za_čitanje">6 Literatura i prijedlozi za čitanje</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Eksterni_linkovi">7 Eksterni linkovi</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Problemi definiranja[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Problemi definiranja">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Problemi definiranja">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> Kratke definicije, koje se daju u rječnicima, enciklopedijama ili popularnim prikazima, često su manjkave. Npr. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatski_enciklopedijski_rje%C4%8Dnik" title="Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik">Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik</a> definira da je filozofija »logičko i kritičko proučavanje izvora i naravi ljudske misli, znanja i spoznaje«, što filozofiju svodi na jedan njen dio, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">epistemologiju</a> ili <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">gnoseologiju</a>. Druge definicije sadrže pojmove za čije razumijevanje treba filozofsko obrazovanje, pa laiku koji traži osnovni uvid ništa ne govore, ili ga čak dovode u zabludu jer podrazumijeva svakodnevno značenje riječi. Ti se pojmovi također često različito tumače u raznim filozofskim učenjima (ili ih neka učenja sasvim odbacuju). <dl><dd><dl><dd>U srednjoškolskom udžbeniku Etika 1 (autor: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C4%8Cehok" title="Ivan Čehok">Ivan Čehok</a>) navodi se da je filozofija »znanost o načinima kritičkoga promišljanja čovjekove zbilje, ali i praktičnog odnosa spram nje«. Ovdje se u definiciji spominju pojmovi "znanost", "kritika" i "praktično", koji su složeni i višeznačni; 17-godišnjak teško da ih može razumjeti .Osim toga, ispada da se filozofija bavi samo "načinima promišljanja", ali samim promišljanjem trebao bi se baviti netko drugi; to je u duhu <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija">analitičke filozofije</a>, koja zanemaruje većinu filozofske tradicije.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Drugi primjer: često se kaže da je filozofija <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/racionalnost" class="extiw" title="wikt:racionalnost">racionalna</a> djelatnost, ali ima filozofa koji sami sebe opisuju kao <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iracionalizam" title="Iracionalizam">iracionaliste</a> ili ih drugi filozofi takvima označavaju. Još važnije: postoje vrlo različite definicije <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/racionalnost" class="extiw" title="wikt:racionalnost">racionalnosti</a>, pa neki filozofi većinu ostalih filozofa označavaju kao "iracionalne".</dd></dl> <h3>Neke klasične definicije[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Neke klasične definicije">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Neke klasične definicije">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> Filozofija je univerzalna znanost naravnoga reda. (... est sciencia universalis ordinis naturalis.) Filozofija grč. (filo... + isp. sofia - mudrost) je <ol><li>nauka o najopćenitijim zakonima razvitka prirode, čovječjega društva i mišljenja; temeljno je pitanje filozofije pitanje o odnosu mišljenja prema bitku; u zavisnosti od rješenjenja toga pitanja svi filozofski smjerovi dijele se u dva tabora; <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijalizam" title="Materijalizam">materijalistički</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideal (još nenapisan)">idealistički</a>; borba filozofskih smjerova odražava borbu klasa i stranaka u društvu;</li> <li>najviši stupanj nekadašnjeg srednjoškolskog obrazovanja (kasnije VII. i VIII. razred gimnazije, danas III. i IV);</li> <li>iron. mudrijaš</li></ol> <h3>Jedna filozofija i razne filozofije[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Jedna filozofija i razne filozofije">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Jedna filozofija i razne filozofije">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> Riječ "filozofija" koristimo u jednini za oznaku jedne ljudske misaone aktivnosti i cjeline njenih tvorbi, kao što kažemo <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Umetnost">umjetnost</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanost</a> isl. Također se govori o raznim "filozofijama" gdje se termin "filozofija" koristi za oznaku učenja (nauka, naučavanja) nekog mislioca ili neke škole ("stoička filozofija", "Hegelova filozofija" isl). U običnom govoru riječ "filozofija" često se koristi u širem smislu označujući nečiji <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetonazor" title="Svjetonazor">svjetonazor</a>, osnovna uvjerenja, ili pak neku posebnu zamisao, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">ideju</a>, koncepciju. Npr. "Njegova je filozofija da u životu treba uživati" (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonizam" title="Hedonizam">hedonizam</a>), "Naša je tvrtka bazirana na filozofiji da je kupac uvijek u pravu" isl. U odnosu na filozofiju u pravom smislu riječi, to je kao da svakoga tko nacrta neki crtež nazovemo umjetnikom. <h3>"Filozofiranje" u svakodnevnom govoru[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak "Filozofiranje" u svakodnevnom govoru">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak "Filozofiranje" u svakodnevnom govoru">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> U svakodnevnom govoru riječi "filozofija" i "filozof", a posebno glagol "filozofirati", često imaju negativno značenje nekoga tko "lebdi u oblacima", koji "puno mudruje" (a bez razloga i rezultata) i sl. Filozofi naravno to ne vole, ali ponekad takva upotreba riječi izražava opravdanu zamjerku apstraktnosti njihovih spekulacija. Ipak, češće se odnosi na olako nabacivanje "mudrostima", što nije djelatnost pravih filozofa; tako npr. znati da je E = mc2 ne znači biti fizičar. Filozofija je misaona aktivnost usmjerena na dosljednost, iscrpnost i sustavnost. <h2>Kratak opis[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Kratak opis">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Kratak opis">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> Možemo pokušati približno opisati (a ne definirati) što filozofija jest. U slijedećem opisu korištene su riječi običnog jezika da se opiše o čemu se radi; u zagradama uvodimo neke stručne filozofske termine. <h3>Ljubav, dijalog, sustavnost, temeljnost[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Ljubav, dijalog, sustavnost, temeljnost">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Ljubav, dijalog, sustavnost, temeljnost">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> <ul><li>Filozofija u prijevodu znači ljubav prema <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrosti</a>. Filozof iskazuje žudnju za mudrošću, ali ne tvrdi da posjeduje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a>. On se ne zadovoljava nijednim odgovorom kao konačnim, on uvijek iznova postavlja pitanja. Zato se kaže da je filozofija kao takva <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kritika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritika (još nenapisan)">kritička</a> djelatnost, iako pojedini filozof može biti i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogmatizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogmatizam (još nenapisan)">dogmatičan</a> u obrani nekih teza ili nekog posebnog učenja odnosno posebne "filozofije".</li> <li>Filozofija je bitno vezana uz razgovor, dijalog, uz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>, tj. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezik</a>. Filozof se služi jezikom i raspravom (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalog" title="Dijalog">dijalog</a>, tj. "dijeljenje logosa". odatle i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektika</a>; u hrvatskom: raz-govor, "dijeljenje govora", slično i "raz-mišljanje") nadajući se tako doći do spoznaje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istine</a>, tj. do <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrosti</a>. Zato se generalno kaže da je filozofija <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/racionalnost" class="extiw" title="wikt:racionalnost">racionalna</a> djelatnost, iako se filozofi znaju služiti i jezikom <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit">mita</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezija" title="Poezija">poezije</a> ("mitopoetski jezik"), propovijedi i sl. Također se kaže da je jezik filozofije u načelu <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskurs" title="Diskurs">diskurzivan</a>; postoje različiti <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskurs" title="Diskurs">diskursi</a>.</li> <li>Svako nabacivanje "filozofskim" tezama nije filozofija. Filozof nastoji dokraja domisliti neku temu, te sva svoja razmišljanja povezati u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sustav</a>. U <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aforizam" title="Aforizam">aforističkoj</a> ili sličnoj ne-sustavnoj formi ipak može biti dat sustav misli, ako i nije odmah vidljiv.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Težnja ka punoći završenog sustava, međutim, može doći u sukob sa kritičnošću. Tako npr. proučavatelji <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._W._F._Hegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. W. F. Hegel (još nenapisan)">Hegelove</a> filozofije često govore o suprotnosti između njegove <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektične</a> metode i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">metafizičkog</a> sustava.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Filozofija se bavi temeljnim pitanjima raznih <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanosti</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Umetnost">umjetnosti</a> i drugih ljudskih djelatnosti, te temeljnim pitanjima o <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svijet" title="Svijet">svijetu</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">čovjeku</a>, postojanju, dobru i zlu itd. Pritom je nemoguće precizno razgraničiti filozofiju od drugih umskih djelatnosti. Često su istaknuti filozofi istovremeno ili naizmjenično i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija">teolozi</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanstvenici</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost">književnici</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija">ideolozi</a> itd. S druge strane, ljudi koji se bave tim djelatnostima često postaju filozofi kad preispituju osnove svojeg područja. (Pogledajte npr. članak <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Monod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Monod (još nenapisan)">Jacques Monod</a>.)</li></ul> <h3>Biće, bitak i trebanje[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=7" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Biće, bitak i trebanje">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Biće, bitak i trebanje">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> <ul><li>Filozofi nastoje spoznati ne samo ovaj svijet (biće), nego i ono po čemu on jest i po čemu jest takav kakav jest (filozofski pojam je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitak</a>); filozofska disciplina koja se bavi bitkom (odnosno "bićem kao bićem") je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontologija</a> (od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkoga</a> ons). Nastoje spoznati ne samo svijet pojava (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojava" title="Pojava">fenomena</a>), ne samo prirodu (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: fisis, odakle moderni naziv <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizika</a>) nego i ono "iza" prirode, ono skriveno iza (iznad, ispod) pojava (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">metafizika</a>, "ono iza fizike").</li> <li>Filozof nastoji doći do spoznaje ne samo o onome što jest, nego i o onome što treba biti. U tom razlikovanju utemeljuje se <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a>, kao filozofska disciplina (za razliku od empirijskog proučavanja raznih sustava morala u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija">antropologiji</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija">sociologiji</a> itd.).</li> <li>Filozofija uvijek preispituje i sebe samu i svoje metode. Primijeniti neko načelo na vlastito mišljenje važan je filozofski psotupak, koji filozofi često zanemaruju.</li></ul> <h3>Neka filozofska pitanja[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=8" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Neka filozofska pitanja">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Neka filozofska pitanja">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> svoj <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kriti%C4%8Dki_idealizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritički idealizam (još nenapisan)">kritički idealizam</a> utemeljuje na tri filozofska pitanja: <ul><li>Što mogu znati? (Kritika čistoga uma)</li> <li>Što trebam činiti? (Kritika praktičkoga uma)</li> <li>Čemu se smijem nadati? (Kritika moći suđenja)</li></ul> A sva se pitanja spajaju u jedno: Što je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">čovjek</a>? Filozofinja <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="Ágnes Heller">Agnes Heller</a> (druga polovica XX. st.) kaže da filozofija mora čovjeku pružiti odgovor na tri temeljna pitanja o "trebanju": <ul><li>Kako trebam misliti?</li> <li>Što trebam činiti?</li> <li>Kako trebam živjeti?</li></ul> Za filozofiju je osobito značajan postupak primjene nekog pitanja na samo to pitanje. Filozof se uvijek pita: <dl><dt>Što (u svojoj biti, uistinu) jest "X"?</dt> <dd>Gdje "X" može biti bilo koji pojam: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materija</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljepota" title="Ljepota">ljepota</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istina</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">pravda</a>, život, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%C5%BEivi_razvoj" title="Održivi razvoj">održivi razvoj</a> itd. To je klasičan način postavljanja filozofskih pitanja, koji vodi u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontologiju</a>. Kada se pitanje primjeni na samo sebe (Što jest "jest"? Što jest "biti"?), ono postaje pitanje o <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitku</a>.</dd> <dt>Što to zapravo znači?</dt> <dd>Pa onda npr. i: »Što znači riječ <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zna%C4%8Denje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Značenje (još nenapisan)">značenje</a>?« Pitanje o "značenju značenja" osobito je važno za razne smjerove filozofije XX. st. Kritika <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">metafizike</a> dovela je do toga da klasični, ontološki način postavljanja pitanja bude potisnut; <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija">analitička filozofija</a> ga načelno odbacuje.</dd> <dt>Otkuda to znate?</dt> <dd>Pa onda i: »Što uopće možemo znati?«, »Koji su mogući izvori <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoznaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoznaja">spoznaje</a>?«. Odatle <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">epistemologija</a> kao filozofska disciplina.</dd> <dt>Što je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">čovjek</a>?</dt> <dd>Pa onda i: »A tko pita?«. Kada se pitam o sebi samom (»Tko sam ja?«), onaj koji pita i onaj o kojem se pita su isti, a ipak su očito i nekako različiti; taj je paradoks prvi sustavno razmatrao <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a>. Otuda filozofi razlikuju <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svijest" class="mw-redirect" title="Svijest">svijest</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samosvijest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samosvijest (još nenapisan)">samosvijest</a>.</dd></dl> <h2>Ime i pojam filozofije[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=9" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Ime i pojam filozofije">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Ime i pojam filozofije">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> Gornji kratki opis daje osnovnu predodžbu što filozofija jest, pri čemu su koliko je to moguće zahvaćena različite filozofske škole. Pokušaj da se ovaj grubi opis proširi u sustavni prikaz neminovno bi vodio u izlaganje neke posebne filozofije, kao što se obično događa u knjigama naslovljenim <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvodi_u_filozofiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvodi u filozofiju (još nenapisan)">Uvod u filozofiju</a> ili slično. Zato je za upoznavanje filozofije kao takve bolji povijesni pristup. Riječi "filozof" i "filozofija" skovane su u VI. st. pne. u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka">Grčkoj</a>. U stalnu upotrebu riječ "filozofija" stoljeće kasnije uvode <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>. Nakon Platona, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> je zaslužan za ono posebno značenje riječi, koje i danas podrazumijevamo. Razmatrajući kako se sve riječ koristila tijekom oko tri stoljeća povijesti <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka">stare Grčke</a> (te također njoj srodne riječi: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisti" title="Sofisti">sofistika</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanost</a>) možemo dobiti dobar (iako ne potpun) uvid u to što i danas pod filozofijom razumijevamo (i također u to, što ne ubrajamo u filozofiju). <h3>Filozofija je ljubav prema mudrosti[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=10" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija je ljubav prema mudrosti">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija je ljubav prema mudrosti">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> Hrvatski oblik filozofija dolazi od grčkog "filosofia". Riječ je skovana od od "filia" (prijateljstvo, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav">ljubav</a>) , "filos" (prijatelj, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubitelj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljubitelj (još nenapisan)">ljubitelj</a>), "sofia" (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a>) i "sofos" (mudrac). Filozofija je dakle, u svojem osnovnom značenju, "ljubav prema mudrosti". Filozof je onaj koji iskazuje osobitu žudnju za mudrošću; on, po <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonu</a>, njeguje najviši oblik <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">erosa</a>: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav">ljubav</a> prema <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istini</a>. Hrvatska kovanica mudroslovlje danas se rijetko koristi. Ona mijenja smisao riječi u smjeru "znanost o mudrosti", zbog nastavka "-slovlje" (dolazi od "-logija", tj. od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>, kao u "jezikoslovlje", "prirodoslovlje", "bogoslovlje"). Doslovnom značenju grčke riječi adekvatan bi prijevod bio mudroljublje. "Onaj koji ljubi <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a>" shvaća se kao netko različit od tradicionalnog pojma "mudrac": mudrac naprosto jest mudar, on "zna", ne mora tragati. <dl><dd>»U tom izvornom značenju riječi filozofija, koje nam se isprva čini veoma neodređenim, sadržan je međutim smisao traženja (!), tj: određenje filozofije kao istraživanja, traganja za smislom. Za razliku od mita, religije i svakidašnjeg tzv. prirodnog stava uopće, koji se svi drže kao da istinu već znaju, kao da je već posjeduju, filozofija je istovjetna s naporom da dosljedno, slobodno mišljenje, istinu i znanje tek dokuči. Mit i religija nastupaju monološki. Filozofija je posao traganja i bitno dijalog.« (Kalin, str. 5-6)</dd></dl> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> je prvi od grčkih mudraca koji se prozvao filozofom. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron">Ciceron</a> navodi: »Kad su Pitagoru upitali što mu je zanimanje, odgovorio je kako je filozof, to jest tražitelj ili ljubitelj mudrosti, jer mu se činilo posve drskim tvrditi da je mudrac.« Na pitanje što je filozof, odgovorio je usporedbom s tri vrste ljudi koji dolaze na Olimpijske igre. Jedni dolaze kupovati i prodavati, drugi sudjeluju u natjecanjima, a treći dolaze samo promatrati. Ovi posljednji imaju najvažnije poslanje, i za sebe i za druge. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> kaže u dijalogu Fedar da samo za boga priliči reći da je mudar, ne i za čovjeka. Jednako kaže <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> u Metafizici: filozof teži mudrosti, koju posjeduje samo bog. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> je prototip filozofa, koji uvijek traga za smislom i uvijek vodi dijalog. Njega mudracem smatraju ne samo ljudi, nego i bogovi:<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolon" title="Apolon">Apolon</a> je kroz usta <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfi" title="Delfi">delfijske</a> proročice rekao da je Sokrat najmudriji. Međutim, sam Sokrat za sebe kaže »znam samo da ništa ne znam«. Svojom metodom raspravljanja on propituje navodno nepobitne istine i razotkriva lažno znanje. Postoje naravno i drugi mogući putevi ka <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrosti</a>, npr.: <ul><li>proučavanje svetih spisa različitih religija;</li> <li>meditacija i ekstaza (ek-stasis, izaći iz sebe, spojiti se sa izvorom sveopće mudrosti);</li> <li>poetski stvaralački zanos (stvaralac se spaja sa izvorom mudrosti koji je u njemu; kroz "poietični" zanos, pojedinac stiže do razumijevanja ljudskom rodu zajedničkih <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhetip" title="Arhetip">arhetipova</a>),</li> <li>skrupulozno znanstveno proučavanje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cinjenica" title="Činjenica">činjenica</a>, te nalaženje načela i zakona koje se iz njih mogu izvesti korištenjem <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematike</a> i formalne <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logike</a>;</li> <li>usavršavanje u umijeću popravljanja motocikla (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">zen</a>), idr.</li></ul> "Mudroljublje" se u zapadnoj tradiciji izdvaja kao osobena djelatnost ponajviše tom stalnom kritičnošću i vezom sa razumom (raz-um, "dijeljenje uma") i dijalogom ("dijeljenje logosa"). <h4>Platonovo učenje o erosu[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=11" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Platonovo učenje o erosu">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Platonovo učenje o erosu">uredi kôd</a>]</h4> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> u nekoliko svojih <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalog" title="Dijalog">dijaloga</a> povezuje termin "filia" s drugim terminom za <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav">ljubav</a>: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">eros</a> Od tih je dijaloga je najpoznatiji Simposion (odatle naš pojam <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpozij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simpozij (još nenapisan)">simpozij</a>). Pojam "eros" kod Platona ima bitno drugačije značenje nego kad danas govorimo o <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotika" title="Erotika">erotici</a>, iako veza postoji. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> je žudnja za lijepim, ali on se ne zaustavlja kod "etotike". Od puke žudnje za lijepim tijelom, eros se razvija ka žudnji za <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljepota" title="Ljepota">ljepotom</a> po sebi, za <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">idejom</a> ljepote, a onda i drugih čistih <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">ideja</a>. Eros je prema tome čovjekov najbolji pomoćnik (synergos) na putu do najviše spoznaje i vrline. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> je, po <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonu</a>, utjelovljenje takvog (istinskog, filozofskog) erosa. <h3>Pojam mudrosti[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=12" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Pojam mudrosti">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Pojam mudrosti">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> Na početku današnjih pregleda povijesti (zapadne) filozofije stoje mislioci koji su djelovali početkom VI. stoljeća pne., koji su bili zvani mudracima. Kasnije su Grci skovali pojam <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_mudraca" title="Sedam mudraca">sedam mudraca</a>; popisi tko spada u tu sedmoricu razlikuju se, pa se navodi ukupno 17 imena (Diels, 10, 1). <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_Laertije" title="Diogen Laertije">Diogen Laertije</a> navodi da je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales</a> iz Mileta bio prvi nazvan mudracem za svog boravka u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevna_Atena" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevna Atena">Ateni</a> 582/581. p.n.e, pa su prema njemu i ova sedmorica nazvani mudracima. (Diels, 11A 1) <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> tvrdi da su oni napisali na hramu u Delfima svima poznate izreke "Spoznaj samoga sebe" i "Ništa previše". (PLAT. Protag. 343A). <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">Mudraci</a> su ljudi kojima se ljudi dive zbog tajanstvenih znanja koja posjeduju, i zbog dobrih savjeta, koje daju. Riječi i djela koje im legenda pripisuje pokazuju da im se pripisivalo duboko znanje o onome što jest, i o onome što treba činiti ("teoretska" i "praktička" mudrost; čisti i praktički um po <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantu</a>. Kasnija ih legenda razmatra kao grupu i iste izreke pripisuju se sad jednome, sad drugome. Kako je razvoj kritičke misli doveo u pitanje predodžbu da netko zaista posjeduje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a>, neki su kasnije govorili da »oni nisu bili ni mudraci ni filozofi, već razboriti ljudi i zakonodavci.« (Diels, 10, 1) Nasuprot tome, jedan od najvećih filozofa XX. stoljeća, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, iznosi tvrdnju da su pred-sokratovski mislioci postigli uvid u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitak</a> koji nadmašuje svu kasniju zapadnjačku <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">matafiziku</a>, koja od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platona (još nenapisan)">Platona</a> do suvremene vladavine <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnika" title="Tehnika">tehnike</a> živi u zaboravu bitka. <h3>Nastanak riječi[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=13" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Nastanak riječi">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Nastanak riječi">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> Riječ filozof, skovana je tijekom VI. st. pne. Stoljeće kasnije je već bila u širokoj upotrebi, a <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> daju joj jasno značenje. Također se u to doba, za oznaku čovjeka koji se ističe nekim duhovnim sposobnostima a ipak nije <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrac</a> (sofos) koristila riječ <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisti" title="Sofisti">sofist</a>; tek kasnije, zahvaljujući <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonovoj</a> kritici sofista, riječ dobiva negativno značenje. <h4>Heraklit i Pitagora: riječ i broj[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=14" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Heraklit i Pitagora: riječ i broj">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Heraklit i Pitagora: riječ i broj">uredi kôd</a>]</h4> Prvi koji je uveo novu kovanicu možda je bio <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> (oko 580-500 g.pne.); njemu pripisuju da je filozofiju u Grčku donio iz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Egipat" title="Stari Egipat">Egipta</a> (Diels, 14, 4). <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron">Ciceron</a> navodi da je Pitagora prvi sebe nazvao filozofom uspoređujući se s onim koji na Olimpijske igre dolazi samo gledati, za razliku od takmičara koji teže za slavom i kladioničara koji teže za dobitkom. Neki pak smatraju da je prvi koji je upotrijebio taj pojam bio <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklit</a> (540–480. pne.), kojem se pripisuje izjava da »filozofi moraju biti znalci veoma mnogih stvari«. (fr. 35) <dl><dd>Odnos Heraklita prema Pitagori pokazuje da su "ljubitelji mudrosti" zarana počeli jedni o drugima prezrivo govoriti i odricati ne samo mudrost, nego i pamet ili razum, onima koji zastupaju drugačije koncepcije. Heraklit navodi Pitagoru kao jednog od onih koji »mnogo znaju, ali nemaju razuma« (fr. 40)', te ga optužuje da je »vođa lažljivaca« (fr. 81). </dd></dl> Mnogoznalaštvo je po Heraklitu preduvjet za filozofiju, ali samo po sebi nije dovoljno. Mudrost je spoznavanje onog što upravlja stvarima: »Jedno je naime mudrost: spoznavati duhovnu moć koja upravlja sve kroz sve« (fr. 41). To se ne može vidjeti očima: »nevidljiva harmonija jača je od vidljive« (fr. 54). Tu duhovnu moć i nevidljivu harmoniju (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitak</a>) naziva Heraklit <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>, tj. riječ ili govor. To pouzdanje u moć jezika, uvjerenje da je svijet u svojem temelju "logičan", da bitak ima strukturu govora (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskurs" title="Diskurs">diskurzivnu</a> strukturu), pa se ljudskim govorom (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektikom</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logikom</a>) može doći do uvida u ono po čemu jest sve što jest (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitak</a>), temeljna je pretenzija koja utemeljuje filozofiju kao "racionalnu" djelatnost. To uvjerenje, na svoj način, preuzima i kršćanska <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija">teologija</a>. <dl><dd>Tome nasuprot, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misticizam" title="Misticizam">mistika</a> tvrdi da se jezikom i logikom može spoznati, u najboljem slučaju, samo svijet, a ne i ono, po čemu on jest. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Ce">Lao Ce</a> uspoređuje svijet s tapiserijom: pažljivim proučavanjem možemo spoznavati tkanje, ali ne i iglu, koja ga je isplela. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizam" title="Monoteizam">monoteistički</a> mističari (židovski, kršćanski i islamski) tvrde da se u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstaza" title="Ekstaza">ekstazi</a> može stupiti u dodir sa Bogom, izvorom svega što jest i sve mudrosti, ali se ta spoznaja ne može riječima adekvatno prenijeti.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Mnogi su se filozofi, vrhunski majstori logike i jezika uopće, suočili s nedovoljnošću tog alata. U XX. st. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> ostaje vjeran uvjerenju da riječi mogu voditi ka bitku, ali ne u okviru logike, nego pjesništva. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludvig_Wittgenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludvig Wittgenstein (još nenapisan)">Ludvig Wittgenstein</a> zaključuje: ne samo da ne možemo izreći odgovore na naše životne probleme; ne možemo izreći ni pitanje. (Tractatus, stavak 6.5.)</dd></dl> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagorejci" title="Pitagorejci">Pitagorejci</a> su pak tvrdili, da osnova svijeta nije riječ, nego broj. To ih je vodilo u složenu mistiku brojeva: njihovo naslućivanje važnosti <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematike</a> nije se moglo plodotvorno primijeniti u istraživanju prirode tijekom slijedećih 2000 godina jer je matematika bila nedovoljno razvijena. <dl><dd>Tek <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa">renesansa</a> dovodi do dramatičnog napretka matematičkih metoda, na temelju kojeg <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilej" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilej">Galileo Galilei</a> može izreći misao da je »knjiga <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">prirode</a> napisana jezikom <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematike</a>«. Kada se pak matematika udružila s pažljivim i nepristrasnim promatranjem prirode, kao što su <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukidid" title="Tukidid">Tukidid</a> promatrali ljude, mogla je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_prirode" title="Filozofija prirode">filozofija prirode</a> načiniti divovski napredak, kakav nijedno ranije doba nije moglo ni približno zamisliti. Jedan od ključnih mislilaca novoga doba, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, proveo je revoluciju u matematici stvaranjem <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_geometrija" title="Analitička geometrija">analitičke geometrije</a>: prvi je povezao do tada odvojene discipline <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geomatrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geomatrija (još nenapisan)">geometriju</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika">aritmetiku</a>. To je bio osnov na kojem su kasnije "filozof prirode" <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> i filozof <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (još nenapisan)">Leibnitz</a> stvorili <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dka_analiza" title="Matematička analiza">matematičku analizu</a>, koja pak omogućava kvantitativno proučavanje procesa (a ne samo stvari) i time drastično unapređuje mogućnosti <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanstvenog</a> proučavanja prirode i mijenja sliku svijeta koja dominira zapadnim mišljenjem.</dd></dl> <h4>Solon, Herodot i Tukidid: politika, znanost i filozofija[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=15" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Solon, Herodot i Tukidid: politika, znanost i filozofija">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Solon, Herodot i Tukidid: politika, znanost i filozofija">uredi kôd</a>]</h4> U V. stoljeću pne., <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> (484–424. pne.) i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukidid" title="Tukidid">Tukidid</a> (oko 460 - oko 396. pne.) koriste riječ "filozofija" za oznaku ljubavi prema znanju i kulturi općenito. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> u svojoj Historiji upotreblja glagol filozofirati govoreći o <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solonu</a>, jednom od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_mudraca" title="Sedam mudraca">sedam mudraca</a>. Solona se u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija" title="Historija">historiji</a> ne spominje kao filozofa. On je bio državnik, donio je novi <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevna_Atena" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevna Atena">atenski</a> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustav" title="Ustav">ustav</a> 594. pne. Bio je dakle društveno angažiran, daleko od "filozofa" kao neutralnog promatrača u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagorinom</a> smislu. Povijesni prikazi razvoja filozofije obično počinju od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Talesa</a>, koji djeluje u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevna_Atena" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevna Atena">Ateni</a> (i zaslužuje naslov sofos) desetak godina kasnije. Taj raskol na <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorijsku</a> mudrost koju donosi filozofija i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praksa (još nenapisan)">praktičnu</a> mudrost političara ili državnika (a onda i filozofa, koji napusti područje teorije i poželi svoje ideje primijeniti da bi promijenio svijet) ostaje aktualan kroz cijelu povijest filozofije do današnjeg dana. (Odličan primjer je sukob između "pitagorejca" <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwiga Wittgensteina</a> i "solonista" <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karla Poppera</a>; pogledajte članak <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wittgensteinov_%C5%BEara%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wittgensteinov žarač (još nenapisan)">Wittgensteinov žarač</a>.) U to je doba u upotrebi i riječ <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisti" title="Sofisti">sofist</a>, koja je tek kasnije dobila pogrdno značenje. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> je nazvao sofistima <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solona</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagora" title="Protagora">Protagoru</a>, koje inače nazivahu mudracima (sofos). <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elije_Aristid" title="Elije Aristid">Publije Elije Aristid</a>, koji piše u II st.n.e, otuda zaključuje: »Mislim da je riječ "<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisti" title="Sofisti">sofist</a>" bila opći naziv, a da se pod "filozofijom" podrazumijevala neka ljubav prema lijepom i zaokupljenost teorijom, opća kultura - a ne kao danas.« (Diels, 79, 1) Herodota i Tukidida ne navode u povijesti kao filozofe. Njihov rad, međutim, od bitnog je značaja za nastanak pojma <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanost</a>, a filozofiju je <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> definirao kao jednu od znanosti. :Oni su prvi, koji na području <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija" title="Historija">historije</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija">geografije</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografija" title="Etnografija">etnografije</a> teže objektivnoj istini: prikazati stvari onakvima kakve jesu, odbacujući fantazije, predrasude i prosudbe. Marljivo su prikupljali informacije o prošlim događajima i o stranim zemljama iz svih dostupnih izvora (uključujući i neprijatelje s kojima su Grci ratovali); sustavno ih i metodski jedinstveno sređivali i iznosili na (koliko je moguće) neutralan način (Herodot kaže: »ne mogu dati svoj sud, ja samo izvještavam«). <dl><dd>Takav »samostalan i samosvijestan spoznajni rad, koji metodički traži znanje zbog samog znanja« (Windelband, str. I/67) definicija je onog što nazivamo <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanost</a> (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: episteme, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: scientia).</dd></dl> Taj pojam preuzima <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> i unutar njega filozofiju određuje kao jednu od znanosti. <h3>Dijalog i dijalektika[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=16" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Dijalog i dijalektika">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Dijalog i dijalektika">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> U <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokratovoj</a> osobi, osim ljubavi prema <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrosti</a>, utjelovljena je i druga temeljna osobina filozofije: korištenje razgovora (raz-govor, "dijeljenje govora", prema <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalog" title="Dijalog">dija-log</a>, "dijeljenje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logosa (još nenapisan)">logosa</a>") kao klljučne metode. Sam Sokrat nije ništa zapisivao, samo je razgovarao sa svojim sugrađanima. Razgovor ovdje nije samo puka metoda, jer govor, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>, kako smo vidjeli gore kod <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraklita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraklita (još nenapisan)">Heraklita</a>, ujedno označava temeljnu "harmoniju" (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura" title="Struktura">strukturu</a>) svijeta. U dijalogu Fedar <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> razjašnjava pojam <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektika</a> (od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkog</a> dialektikos: koji se odnosi na raspravljanje) kao filozofske metode. Da bismo shvatili <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1tina" title="Suština">bit</a> nekog <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Predmet">predmeta</a>, moramo <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojam" title="Pojam">pojam</a> tog predmeta razmatrati u odnosu prema drugim pojmovima. Moramo sagledati kako pojmovi proizlaze jedni iz drugih. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> (odnosno <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> u dijalogu) razlaže da se pojam može odnositi prema višem pojmu koji ga obuhvaća (rod, rodni pojam) ili prema nižim pojmovima koji iz njega proizlaze (vrsta, vrstni pojam). Zato se dijalektička misao kreće u dva smjera: uspinjanje (sinagoge ili sinopsis) i spuštanje (diairesis). »To ja volim, o Fedre, naime te razdiobe i ta sažimanja, da bih mogao i govoriti i misliti.« (Fedar, 266b) Filozofija, odnosno rezultati njenih dijalektičkih razmatranja, mora biti osnova za <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Реторика">retoriku</a>, koja je »umijeće vođenja duše«. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisti" title="Sofisti">Sofistička</a> retorika, koja ljude zavodi praznim trikovima, po Platonu je opsjenarstvo. To je zloupotreba umijeća, kao što liječnik svoje umijeće može zloupotrijebiti da nekome nanese štetu, umjesto da ga izliječi. Filozofski <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalog" title="Dijalog">dijalog</a>, vođen <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektičkim</a> umijećem, u Sokratovoj i PLatonovoj metodi treba dovesti do uvida, do razumijevanja skrivene istine: »Ako se sve pojedine danosti s trudom ispituju jedna naspram drugoj, imena i pojmovne odredbe, nazori i opažanja, i osporavaju u dobrohotnim osporavanjima, od ljudi koji pritom bez zavisti rabe pitanje i odgovor, onda iznad svakog pojedinog bljesne uvid i razumijevanje.« (Platonovo Sedmo pismo, Ep. VII, 344b) Ovaj uvid, jednom kad je zadobiven dijalektičkim razmatranjem, najbolje se prenosi drugima u dijaloškoj formi, smatraju Platon i njegovi sljedbenici u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija">Akademiji</a>, i to u neposrednom, živom razgovoru. Zapisani dijalog je tek oponašanje ovakvih živih razgovora. <dl><dd>Takav pristup kasnije kod nekih <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonizam" title="Platonizam">platonista</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonizam" title="Neoplatonizam">neoplatonista</a> vodi do teze da postoje tajna, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezoterija" title="Ezoterija">ezoterična</a> znanja koja učitelj prenosi učeniku samo u osobnom razgovoru i koja se ne smiju otkrivati <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inicijacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inicijacija (još nenapisan)">neiniciranima</a>. Tako se neoplatonisti ponekad spajaju sa <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagorejci" title="Pitagorejci">pitagorejcima</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizam" title="Gnosticizam">gnosticima</a> i drugim školama <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezoterija" title="Ezoterija">ezoterije</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misticizam" title="Misticizam">mistike</a>. To je jedan od primjera kako se specifičnim razvojem filozofskih ideja dolazi do zaključka o napuštanju filozofije.</dd></dl> Sam <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>, međutim, koristi i mitopoetski jezik tamo gdje dijalektičko razvijanje pojmova nije dovoljno ili nije dostatno. Tako su npr. teza o besmrtnosti duše i prikaz njenog života poslije tjelesne smrti, koji se sreću u više Platonih dijaloga, preneseni iz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniz" title="Dioniz">dionizijskih</a> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svete_misterije" title="Svete misterije">misterija</a>. <h3>Znanstveni sustav, logika i metafizika[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=17" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Znanstveni sustav, logika i metafizika">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Znanstveni sustav, logika i metafizika">uredi kôd</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonov</a> učenik koji se kasnije odvojio od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija">Akademije</a> i zasnovao vlastitu školu (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetici" title="Peripatetici">peripatetici</a>), napušta u svojim knjigama Platonovu formu dijaloga. On piše rasprave u modernom smislu riječi. Metoda filozofije nije više samo <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektika</a>, razmatranje usmjereno na postizanje uvida; no <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> ostaje i cilj i sredstvo. U "raspravi" se teži sustavnom i potpunom ispitivanju pojmova, što u živom dijalogu može biti zanemareno. Filozof razlaže <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> koristeći vlastiti um, na temelju svojih uvida u zbilju, te uvida u mišljenja ranijih filozofa. Takva metoda dobiva naziv <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a>. Logika je kod Aristotela znanost o <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logosu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logosu (još nenapisan)">logosu</a>. Ona proučava oblike (forme) mišljenja, koji su u vezi s oblicima <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitka</a>. Filozofija je kod Aristotela jedna među <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">znanostima</a>. Definirana je kao "motriteljska" (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorijska</a>) znanost, koja teži <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istini</a> radi nje same. (U Metafizici se pojavljuje i sintagma "motriteljska filozofija" koja je zapravo pleonazam.) Filozofija je znanost »misaonog promatranja«, odnosno <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorijska</a> znanost (riječ theoria označava misaono ili zunanstveno motrenje ili promatranje). Svrha filozofije je spoznaja istine; spoznati istinu (odnosno biti mudar) znači spoznati uzroke. (Metafizika, II 1, 993b) Najtočnije su pak one znanosti koje se bave prvim počelima i uzrocima. (Metafizika I 982a) Odatle je filozofija (mudrost, metafizika) »znanstveno istraživanje prvih počelâ i uzrokâ«. Spoznaji prvih počela i uzroka teži se zbog istine same, ne zbog vanjskih svrha. Tako je ona »jedina slobodna među znanostima, jer jedina je ona radi sebe same«. (Metafizika I 2, 982b) »I tako su sve znanosti nužnije od nje, ali bolja nije ni jedna.« (Metafizika I 2, 983a) <dl><dd>U toj je definiciji važno utvrditi da uopće postoji predmet te znanosti, naime: »da postoji nekakvo počelo, te da uzroci bićâ nisu beskonačni, niti u izravnu slijedu niti prema vrsti.« Aristotel smatra da je to očito i tu tvrdnju obrazlaže u Metafizika II 2.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ova tvrdnja međutim u moderno je doba široko osporavana. Niz filozofa tragalo je za uvjerljivijim utemeljenjem na vrlo različite načine; npr. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logi%C4%8Dki_pozitivizam" title="Logički pozitivizam">logički pozitivisti</a>. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_filozofije" title="Historija filozofije">Povijest filozofije</a> može se periodizirati upravo po velikim misliocima koji iznova pokušavaju dati sigurne, neporecive temelje spoznaje.</dd></dl> <h4>Filozofija i druge "teorijske znanosti"[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=18" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija i druge "teorijske znanosti"">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija i druge "teorijske znanosti"">uredi kôd</a>]</h4> Motriteljske znanosti Aristotel dijeli na <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematiku</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naravoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naravoslovlje (još nenapisan)">naravoslovlje</a> i bogoslovlje (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija">teologiju</a>. <h5>Metafizika i teologija[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=19" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Metafizika i teologija">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Metafizika i teologija">uredi kôd</a>]</h5> Bogoslovlje je kod Aristotela znanost o onom najvišem, o prvim načelima <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitak" title="Bitak">bitka</a>. Ono se bavi spoznajom »onoga što je vječno, nepokretno i izdvojivo«. Ono je »prvotna znanost«. (Metafizika, VI 1, 1026a) Aristotel ga naziva i prva filozofija, a također i jednostavno sofia, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">mudrost</a> (postoji određeno preklapanje i nedosljednost u korištenju pojmova filozofija, mudrost, znanost i teologija). Tek u rimsko doba počinje se za "prvu filozofiju" koristiti naziv <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">metafizika</a> (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat.</a> metaphysica), koji dolazi od <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč.</a> ta meta ta phisika, »ono što dolazi iza fizike«. Riječ <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija">teologija</a> dobiva u okviru <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kršćanska (još nenapisan)">kršćanske</a> (kasnije i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamske</a>) <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija">religije</a> posebno značenje tumačenja Objave. Tako nastaje napetost između teologije i filozofije i problem odnosa "dviju istina", što je jedan od osnovnih problema <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovekovna_filozofija" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednjovekovna filozofija">srednjovjekovne filozofije</a>. <h5>Logika, fizika i etika[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Logika, fizika i etika">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Logika, fizika i etika">uredi kôd</a>]</h5> Modifikacijom spomenute Aristotelove podjele "motriteljskih znanosti" na tri dijela u helensko i rimsko doba koristi se podjela filozofije na logiku, fiziku i etiku. Fizika' (tj. naravoslovlje) obuhvaća sve prirodne znanosti u našem smislu riječi. U srednjem vijeku često se logika i fizika spajaju kao teorijska filozofija, dok je etika praktična filozofija. (Windelbland, str. 60) <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija">Teologija</a> je, kako je spomenuto, izdvojena. Dodana je pak kao posebna disciplina <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a>, koja se bavi pojmovima dobra i zla, onim što se treba i onim što se ne smije činiti. <h5>Praktična filozofija[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=21" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Praktična filozofija">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Praktična filozofija">uredi kôd</a>]</h5> Aristotel je u spisu Nikomahova etika uveo pojam praktična filozofija, koja se dijeli na <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etiku</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika">ekonomiku</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">politiku</a>. Mislioci kasnijeg doba nisu bili zainteresirani za ekonomiku kao umijeće i tek u novom vijeku nastaje <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija" title="Ekonomija">ekonomija</a> kao posebna znanost. Politika također tek u renesansi ponovo postaje tema filozofije politike. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a> je međutim uvijek bila, i do danas je ostala, jedna id ključnih filozofskih disciplina. <h5>Matematika i logika[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=22" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Matematika i logika">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Matematika i logika">uredi kôd</a>]</h5> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">Matematika</a> je nakon Aristotela također izdvojena iz općeg pojma filozofije. Ona je postala posebna struka, koja zahtijeva naporno studiranje i usvajanje specifičnog načina mišljenja. Više se nije moglo slijediti Platonovo načelo, koje je stajalo na ulazu u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija">Akademiju</a>: »Neka ne ulazi tko ne zna matematiku.« Tako je ostalo i do danas. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logiku</a> je kao posebnu znanost utemeljio upravo <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a>. Više od 2000 godina u njoj je bilo malo inovacija. U XIX. stoljeću u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_matematike" title="Filozofija matematike">filozofiji matematike</a>, koja nastoji sigurno utemeljiti matematički način spoznavanja, pojavljuje se problem odnosa matematike i logike. U XX. st. logika dramatično razvija svoj formalni instrumentarij i postaje posebna struka, koja zahtijeva naporni studij i isti "formalni" način mišenja kao i matematika. <h5>Filozofija prirode i prirodne znanosti[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=23" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija prirode i prirodne znanosti">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofija prirode i prirodne znanosti">uredi kôd</a>]</h5> Naravoslovlje ostaje dio filozofije, kao filozofija prirode, sve do XIX. st. Tada se stvara pojam prirodne znanosti i njihova podjela na različite znanosti i discipline. Međutim, faktički već od XVII. st. se "filozofija prirode" razvila u posebnu disciplinu. U XIX i XX st. metode i izvori sigurnosti prirodnih i društvenih znanosti predmet su intenzivnih filozofskih istraživanja. Egzaktnost prirodnih znanosti postaje opći ideal, koji često i sociolozi i drugi, a osobito ekonomisti, nastoje slijediti. To međutim dovodi i do reakcije, tvrdnje da u "duhovnim znanostima" egzaktnost nije ni moguća ni poželjna. S druge strane dostignuća prirodnih znanosti i matematike, koja dramatično mijenjaju ustaljene pojmove i tresu osnove same znanosti (npr. <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">teorija relativnosti</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantna fizika</a>), navode znanstvenike na filozofska promišljanja, a filozofe da se za znanost zainteresiraju. Treći element odnosa prirodnih znanosti i filozofije jesu etičke i političke dvojbe koje izaziva nevjerojatno uspješna primjena znanosti kao tehnike. Znanost mijenja svijet, ali tko od toga zapravo ima korist? Da li je to dobro? Treba li i dalje činiti isto što i dosad? <h2>Povijest filozofije[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=24" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Povijest filozofije">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odjeljak Povijest filozofije">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_filozofije" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest filozofije">Povijest filozofije</a></div></dd></dl> <h2>Filozofske discipline[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=25" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofske discipline">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odjeljak Filozofske discipline">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> Ovdje su navedeni neki pojmovi o kojima postoje posebni članci. <ol><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">Metafizika</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontologija</a> (opća metafizika) <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijalizam" title="Materijalizam">Materijalizam</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealizam" title="Idealizam">idealizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monizam" title="Monizam">Monizam</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dualizam_(filozofija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dualizam (filozofija) (još nenapisan)">dualizam</a>, <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralizam" title="Pluralizam">pluralizam</a> </li></ul></li></ol> <ol><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">Gnoseologija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirizam" title="Empirizam">Empirizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senzualizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senzualizam (još nenapisan)">Senzualizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racionalizam" title="Racionalizam">Racionalizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intuicionalizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intuicionalizam (još nenapisan)">Intuicionalizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kriticizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriticizam (još nenapisan)">Kriticizam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iracionalizam" title="Iracionalizam">Iracionalizam</a></li></ul></li></ol> i drugi: <ol><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Estetika</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija">Antropologija</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodologija" title="Metodologija">metodologija</a></li></ol> <h2>Literatura i prijedlozi za čitanje[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=26" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura i prijedlozi za čitanje">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura i prijedlozi za čitanje">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> Ovdje navodimo literturu koja je u članku direktno spomenuta ili citirana. Pogledajte također, za raznu "uvodnu" literaturu, članak <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvodi_u_filozofiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvodi u filozofiju (još nenapisan)">Uvodi u filozofiju</a>! <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a>: Metafizika, Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber, 1985.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Središnje djelo filozofa koji je tijekom 2000 godina snažno utjecao na filozofiju i teologiju u Europi i u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamskom</a> svijetu, a i danas je nezaobilazan. Ovdje je dato u vrlo zahtjevnom prijevodu <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Ladan" title="Tomislav Ladan">Tomislava Ladana</a>. Vrlo teško za čitanje. Nije preporučljivo za početnike, za razliku od elegantnih Platonovih dijaloga.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Diels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Diels (još nenapisan)">Diels, Hermann</a>: Predsokratovci. Fragmenti, u dvije knjige, Zagreb: Naprijed, 1983.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Dielsovo dvojezično izdanje (grčko i njemačko) zbirke svih poznatih fragmenata filozofa prije <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrata</a>, uz skrupuloznu kritičku obradu, osnovni je izvor za svakoga tko proučava početke filozofije. Prvo izdanje izašlo je još <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a>., kasnije je sam autor radio na brojnim dopunama i poboljšanjima u slijedećim izdanjima, a nakon njegove smrti je po njegovim idejama pripremljeno izmijenjeno peto izdanje (<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>.–<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>.). Hrvatski prijevod napravljen je po njemačkom izdanju iz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>. Sadrži samo prijevod, ne i izvorni grčki tekst.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Edmonds, David i Eidinow, John: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wittgensteinov_%C5%BEara%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wittgensteinov žarač (još nenapisan)">Wittgensteinov žarač. Priča o desetminutnoj svađi dvojice velikih filozofa</a>, Zagreb: Algoritam, 2004. (Wittgenstein's Poker, 2001)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Knjiga koju su pisali dvojica publicista o jednom banalnom incidentu, u kojem su se sukobile oprečne filozofske koncepcije dvojice <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%8D" title="Beč">bečlija</a> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwiga Wittgensteina</a> i <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_R._Popper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl R. Popper (još nenapisan)">Karla Poppera</a>, odlična je lektira za početnike u filozofiji, a vrijedna i za one naprednije. Obojica sudionika spadaju među ključne mislioce XX. stoljeća.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Kalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Kalin (još nenapisan)">Kalin, Boris</a>: Povijest filozofije. S odabranim tekstovima filozofa, Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2001. (25. izdanje)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Ovo je udžbenik za predmet Povijest filozofije u gimnazijama.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein, Ludwig</a>: <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tractatus_logico-philosophicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tractatus logico-philosophicus (još nenapisan)">Tractatus logico-philosophicus</a>,</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Ovaj kratki tekst, pisan u rovovima i u zarobljeništvu u vrijeme i po svršetku <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat">Prvog svjetskog rata</a> je, po mnogima, najvažnije filozofsko djelo XX. stoljeća. Ovo izdanje (prema izdanju "Veselina Masleše" u Sarajevu <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>.). je dvojezično (njemačko i hrvatsko), s predgovorom <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertranda Russella</a> za prvo englesko izdanje iz <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>. i opsežnom popratnom studijom <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajo_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Gajo Petrović">Gaje Petrovića</a> (koji je i prevodilac) Logički atomizam i filozofija neizrecivog u Tractatusu Ludwiga Wittgensteina. Korisna knjiga i za početnika, da osjeti kako može biti zbunjen i izgubljen naizgled jednostavnim rečenicama! (Ukoliko vam je sve jasno, znači da ništa niste shvatili.)</dd></dl></dd></dl> Za dalju literaturu pogledajte članak <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvodi_u_filozofiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvodi u filozofiju (još nenapisan)">Uvodi u filozofiju</a>. <h2>Eksterni linkovi[<a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&veaction=edit&section=27" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Uredi odjeljak Eksterni linkovi">uredi - уреди</a> | <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odjeljak Eksterni linkovi">uredi kôd</a>]</h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/http://www.filozofija.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=146&Itemid=57">rječnik filozofskih pojmova na www.filozofija.org</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/http://www.filozofija.net/">www.filozofija.net</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mrežno sjedište na hrvatskom namijenjeno prvenstveno "profesionalnim" filozofima. Članci, linkovi, forum i chat.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/http://www.filozofija.org/">Filozofija.org</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Portal koji nastoji približiti filozofske sadržaje putem pregleda povijesti filozofije i zbira autorskih radova.</dd> <dt>Ostali projekti</dt></dl> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Commons-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td><td>U <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> nalazi se članak na temu: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" class="extiw" title="commons:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="image"><img alt="Wiktionary-logo-en.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/13px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/26px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></td><td>Potražite izraz <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/filozofija" class="extiw" title="wikt:filozofija">filozofija</a> u <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/W(j)e%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="W(j)ečnik">W(j)ečniku</a>, slobodnom rječniku.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ceecee;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Filozofija" title="Šablon:Filozofija">v</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Filozofija" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Filozofija">r</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Filozofija&action=edit">u</a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filozofija</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_filozofije" title="Historija filozofije">Historija</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija">Antička</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Budistička filozofija">Budistička</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineska_filozofija" title="Kineska filozofija">Kineska </a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija">Grčka</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_filozofija" title="Indijska filozofija">Indijska</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_filozofija" title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija">Srednjovjekovna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anska_filozofija" title="Hrišćanska filozofija">Hrišćanska</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamska_filozofija" title="Islamska filozofija">Islamska</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevrejska_filozofija" title="Jevrejska filozofija">Jevrejska</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novovjekovna_filozofija" title="Novovjekovna filozofija">Novovjekovna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirizam" title="Empirizam">Empirizam</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racionalizam" title="Racionalizam">Racionalizam</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_filozofija" title="Moderna filozofija">Savremena</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija">Analitička</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalna_filozofija" title="Kontinentalna filozofija">Kontinentalna</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofska_terminologija" title="Kategorija:Filozofska terminologija">Pojmovi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsolut" title="Apsolut">Apsolut</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskona%C4%8Dnost" title="Beskonačnost">Beskonačnost</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1tina" title="Suština">Bit</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C4%87e" title="Biće">Biće</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C4%8Dnost" title="Vječnost">Večnost</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">Vreme</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlina" title="Vrlina">Vrlina</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duh" title="Duh">Duh</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša">Duša</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo">Zlo</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje">Znanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">Ideja</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskustvo" title="Iskustvo">Iskustvo</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">Istina</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">Kretanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljepota" title="Ljepota">Lepota</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misao" title="Misao">Misao</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">Mudrost</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebi%C4%87e" title="Nebiće">Nebiće</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelanje" title="Nedelanje">Nedelanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesopstvo" title="Nesopstvo">Nesopstvo</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa%C5%BEanje" title="Opažanje">Opažanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otu%C4%91enje" title="Otuđenje">Otuđenje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postojanje" title="Postojanje">Postojanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostor" title="Prostor">Prostor</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">Razum</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saznanje" title="Saznanje">Saznanje</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svest" title="Svest">Svest</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda" title="Sloboda">Sloboda</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_volja" title="Slobodna volja">Slobodna volja</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastvo" title="Jastvo">Sopstvo</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraksija" title="Ataraksija">Spokoj</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost">Stvarnost</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbina" title="Sudbina">Sudbina</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">Tvar</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzro%C4%8Dnost" title="Uzročnost">Uzročnost</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um">Um</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Oblasti_filozofije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Oblasti filozofije (još nenapisan)">Oblasti</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Estetika</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">Epistemologija</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">Metafizika</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Grane_filozofije" title="Kategorija:Grane filozofije">Grane</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">Bića</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma">Duha</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_filozofija" title="Socijalna filozofija">Društva</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_dru%C5%A1tvenih_nauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija društvenih nauka (još nenapisan)">Društvenih nauka</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_ekonomije" title="Filozofija ekonomije">Ekonomije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_informacije" title="Filozofija informacije">Informacije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_historije" title="Filozofija historije">Istorije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_jezika" title="Filozofija jezika">Jezika</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_matematike" title="Filozofija matematike">Matematike</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_muzike" title="Filozofija muzike">Muzike</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_nauke" title="Filozofija nauke">Nauke</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_obrazovanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija obrazovanja (još nenapisan)">Obrazovanja</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Politička filozofija">Politike</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_prava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija prava (još nenapisan)">Prava</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_psihologije" title="Filozofija psihologije">Psihologije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_prirode" title="Filozofija prirode">Prirode</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_religije" title="Filozofija religije">Religije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Umetnosti</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_fizike" title="Filozofija fizike">Fizike</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antropologija_(filozofija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antropologija (filozofija) (još nenapisan)">Čoveka</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofi" title="Kategorija:Filozofi">Filozofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaratustra" title="Zaratustra">Zaratustra</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaksimandar" title="Anaksimandar">Anaksimandar</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaksimen" title="Anaksimen">Anaksimen</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buda</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksenofan_iz_Kolofona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksenofan iz Kolofona">Ksenofan</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije">Konfučije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Tzu" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Ce</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklit</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenid" title="Parmenid">Parmenid</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaksagora" title="Anaksagora">Anaksagora</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_iz_Eleje" title="Zenon iz Eleje">Zenon</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedokle" title="Empedokle">Empedokle</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagora" title="Protagora">Protagora</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip">Leukip</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope">Diogen</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Čuang Ce</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piron" title="Piron">Piron</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_iz_Kitijuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenon iz Kitijuma">Zenon iz Kitijuma</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikur" title="Epikur">Epikur</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filon_Aleksandrijski" title="Filon Aleksandrijski">Filon</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiktet" title="Epiktet">Epiktet</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar%C4%91una" title="Nagarđuna">Nagarđuna</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotin" title="Plotin">Plotin</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin">Avgustin</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetije" title="Boetije">Boetije</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Skot_Eriugena" title="Ivan Skot Eriugena">Eriugena</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gazali" title="Al-Gazali">Al-Gazali</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard">Abelar</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ru%C5%A1d" title="Ibn Rušd">Averoes</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmonid" title="Majmonid">Majmonides</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dogen</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_Akvinski" title="Toma Akvinski">Toma Akvinski</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">Skot</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Occam" title="William Occam">Okam</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bejkon</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Dekart</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobs</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Paskal</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch de Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Lajbnic</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkli</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hjum</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Volter</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Didro</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Ruso</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fihte</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_von_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling">Šeling</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Šopenhauer</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kjerkegor</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marks</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mil</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Niče</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Huserl</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Rasel</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Hajdeger</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Krišnamurti</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartr</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Vitgenštajn</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Markuze</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derida</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Fuko</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a> • <a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke"> Kripke</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ceecee; font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofija" title="Kategorija:Filozofija">Kategorija</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20220526021634im_/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Filozofija" title="Lista svih wiki stranica koje upućuju ovamo [j]" accesskey="j">Što vodi ovdje/Шта води овде?</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Filozofija" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne izmjene na stranicama koje su povezane s ovom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k">Povezane izmjene</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Lista svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q">Posebno/Посебно</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&oldid=41063167" title="Stalni link ove verzije stranice">Verzije članka/Верзије чланка</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici">Podaci o stranici</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Filozofija&id=41063167&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije kako citirati ovu stranicu">Citiraj ovu stranicu</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5891" title="Link na povezane podatke spremišnih stavki [g]" accesskey="g">Stavka na Wikipodacima</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" role="navigation"> <label id="p-coll-print_export-label" class="vector-menu-heading "> Ispis/izvoz </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Filozofija">Napravi knjigu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Filozofija&action=show-download-screen">Preuzmi kao PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/web/20220526021634/https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filozofija&printable=yes" title="Verzija ove stranice za ispis [p]" accesskey="p">Verzija za ispis</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" role="navigation"> <label id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading "> Na drugim projektima </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" role="navigation"> <label id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading "> Na drugim jezicima </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam — Ačineski" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%93" title="ፍልስፍና — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA%C3%B0witegung" title="Ūðwitegung — Staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="فلسفة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="لفلسفة — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দৰ্শন — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakopa" title="Trakopa — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lup%27intawi" title="Lup'intawi — Ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Fəlsəfə — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat — Balinezijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosuop%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Filosuopėjė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філасофія — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філязофія — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দর্শন — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ། — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prederouriezh" title="Prederouriezh — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Diék-hŏk — Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%A8%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95" title="فەلسەفە — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofij%C3%B4" title="Filozofijô — Kašubijanski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%AE" title="Filosofî — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia — võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofy" title="Filosofy — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feals%C3%BAnacht" title="Fealsúnacht — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feallsanachd" title="Feallsanachd — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupykuaaty" title="Arandupykuaaty — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 — Gotski" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallsoonys" title="Fallsoonys — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa — Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Chet-ho̍k — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פילוסופיה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दर्शनशास्त्र — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Filozófia — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայութիւն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k%E1%BB%8D_na_Uche" title="Ákọ na Uche — Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopia" title="Pilosopia — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%B1%E1%92%AA%E1%93%95%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ — Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filasafi" title="Filasafi — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pijyske" title="pijyske — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelsaft" title="Tafelsaft — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofii" title="Filozofii — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuunerup_isumalerineq" title="Inuunerup isumalerineq — Kalalisutski" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="철학 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofieth" title="Filosofieth — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabibuuzo" title="Essomabibuuzo — Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof%C3%AEa" title="Filozofîa — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusufia" title="Filusufia — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ປັດຊະຍາ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fia" title="Filôzôfia — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Философий — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯟ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သဘာဝတ္ထဗေဒ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Эрямо койтнень содамо — Erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlazohmatiliztli" title="Tlazohmatiliztli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesefie" title="Filesefie — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ — N’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoufii" title="Filosoufii — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaasama" title="Falaasama — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦਰਸ਼ਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya — Pangasinski" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ACa" title="Filosofìa — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فلاسفی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία — Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay_wayllukuy" title="Yachay wayllukuy — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Reto-Romanski" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філозофія — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi — Kinjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तत्त्वज्ञानम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusuf%C3%ACa" title="Filusufìa — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88" title="فلسفو — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiija" title="Filosofiija — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2ndar%C3%A4" title="Sêndândarä — Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taflsuft" title="Taflsuft — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දර්ශනය — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugondamano" title="Ugondamano — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filasoofiyada" title="Filasoofiyada — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_denki" title="Sabi fu denki — Srananski tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Sesoto" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்யியல் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="తత్వము — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filisofia" title="Filisofia — Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Фалсафа — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ปรัชญา — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi%C3%BDa" title="Filosofiýa — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopi" title="Pilosopi — Tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-vuhleketi" title="Ntivo-vuhleketi — Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95" title="پەلسەپە — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філософія — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ozofia" title="Fiłozofia — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Triết học — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosop" title="Filosop — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofeye" title="Filozofeye — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeltu" title="Xeltu — Volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 — wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifilosofi" title="Ifilosofi — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פילאסאפיע — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm%C3%B2ye" title="Ìmòye — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwzyoz" title="Cwzyoz — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B9%BE" title="通幾 — Classical Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiat-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiat-ha̍k — Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 — Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFilosofi" title="IFilosofi — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li></ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526021634/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične 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