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<span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dental_or_denti-alveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_or_denti-alveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dental or denti-alveolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_or_denti-alveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alveolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postalveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postalveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Postalveolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postalveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Variable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Velarized alveolar lateral approximant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Velarized alveolar lateral approximant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dental_or_denti-alveolar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_or_denti-alveolar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Dental or denti-alveolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_or_denti-alveolar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alveolar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alveolar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Alveolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alveolar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Variable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolarer_lateraler_Approximant" title="Alveolarer lateraler Approximant – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alveolarer lateraler Approximant" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="لثوي جانبي شبه صامت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثوي جانبي شبه صامت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF,_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ঘোষ দন্ত্য, দন্তমূলীয় এবং পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয় পার্শ্বিক নৈকট্যধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘোষ দন্ত্য, দন্তমূলীয় এবং পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয় পার্শ্বিক নৈকট্যধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD-g%C3%BBn_pian_k%C4%ABn-im" title="Khí-gûn pian kīn-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khí-gûn pian kīn-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Звучна венечна странична приблизителна съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звучна венечна странична приблизителна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn_kevig_a-gostez_dre_dostaat" title="Kensonenn kevig a-gostez dre dostaat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn kevig a-gostez dre dostaat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aproximant_lateral_alveolar" title="Aproximant lateral alveolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aproximant lateral alveolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_later%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_aproximanta" title="Alveolární laterální aproximanta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alveolární laterální aproximanta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmhafter_lateraler_alveolarer_Approximant" title="Stimmhafter lateraler alveolarer Approximant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmhafter lateraler alveolarer Approximant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aproximante lateral alveolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_spirante_lat%C3%A9rale_alv%C3%A9olaire_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne spirante latérale alvéolaire voisée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne spirante latérale alvéolaire voisée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD_%EC%84%A4%EC%B8%A1_%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC%EC%9D%8C" title="치경 설측 접근음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치경 설측 접근음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolarni_lateralni_aproksimant" title="Alveolarni lateralni aproksimant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alveolarni lateralni aproksimant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_hampiran-sisi_rongga-gigi" title="Konsonan hampiran-sisi rongga-gigi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan hampiran-sisi rongga-gigi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterale_approssimante_alveolare" title="Laterale approssimante alveolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laterale approssimante alveolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99" title="עיצור מכתשי, מקורב צידי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור מכתשי, מקורב צידי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolaire_lateralen_approximant" title="Alveolaire lateralen approximant – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alveolaire lateralen approximant" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="आवाजयुक्त दंत, अल्व्होलर आणि अंदाजे पोस्टलव्होलर लॅटरल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवाजयुक्त दंत, अल्व्होलर आणि अंदाजे पोस्टलव्होलर लॅटरल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_sisian_gusi" title="Malaran tak geser sisian gusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malaran tak geser sisian gusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolaire_laterale_approximant" title="Alveolaire laterale approximant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alveolaire laterale approximant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%A3%B0%E6%AD%AF%E3%83%BB%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E3%83%BB%E5%BE%8C%E9%83%A8%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E5%81%B4%E9%9D%A2%E6%8E%A5%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="有声歯・歯茎・後部歯茎側面接近音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有声歯・歯茎・後部歯茎側面接近音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_boczna_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska boczna dziąsłowa dźwięczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska boczna dziąsłowa dźwięczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aproximante lateral alveolar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_sonant%C4%83_lateral%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83" title="Consoană sonantă laterală alveolară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană sonantă laterală alveolară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Переднеязычный латеральный аппроксимант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переднеязычный латеральный аппроксимант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolaarinen_lateraalinen_approksimantti" title="Alveolaarinen lateraalinen approksimantti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alveolaarinen lateraalinen approksimantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Alveolar lateral approximant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alveolar lateral approximant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เสียงเปิดข้างลิ้น ปุ่มเหงือก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงเปิดข้างลิ้น ปุ่มเหงือก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%9Fyuvas%C4%B1l_yans%C3%BCrt%C3%BCnmesiz_%C3%BCns%C3%BCz" title="Dişyuvasıl yansürtünmesiz ünsüz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dişyuvasıl yansürtünmesiz ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%B1%A2&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɫ">Ɫ</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨l⟩ in IPA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For consonants followed by superscript <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˡ</span>, see <a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">Lateral release (phonetics)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiced alveolar lateral approximant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">155</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#108;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+006C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>l</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_L.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807"><img alt="⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/25px-Braille_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/38px-Braille_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/50px-Braille_L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiced postalveolar lateral approximant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̠</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiced_postalveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Voiced_postalveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Voiced_postalveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Voiced_postalveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_postalveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Voiced postalveolar lateral approximant.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiced dental lateral approximant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̪</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant.ogg/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Voiced dental lateral approximant.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>voiced alveolar lateral approximant</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in many <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">spoken</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">l</span>⟩, and the equivalent <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> symbol is <code>l</code>. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">Voiceless lateral approximants</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̥/</span> are common in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span>. </p><p>In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> becomes <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> ("<a href="#dark_l">dark <i>l</i></a>") in certain contexts. <span class="anchor" id="clear_l"></span> By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear <i>l</i>" (also known as: "light <i>l</i>"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some languages have only clear <i>l</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others may not have a clear <i>l</i> at all, or have them only before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> (especially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent airstream</a>.</li> <li>There are four specific variants of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, termed respectively <i><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">continental European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a true dental generally occurs <a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">allophonically</a> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> in languages that have it, as in English <i>hea<b>l</b>th</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dental_or_denti-alveolar">Dental or denti-alveolar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dental or denti-alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Dental"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl"><b>لـ</b>ين</span></span>/<span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn"><b>l</b>een</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̪eːn]</span> </td> <td>'when' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">蘭</span></span>/<span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn"><b>l</b>aan4</i></span> </td> <td align="center">[l̪an˨˩] </td> <td rowspan="2">'orchid' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn">蘭</span></span>/<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><b>l</b>án</i></span> </td> <td align="center">[l̪an˨˥] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiptárTörkenczy200075–76_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiptárTörkenczy200075–76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">e<b>l</b>em</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɛl̪ɛm]</span> </td> <td>'battery' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">mo<b>l</b>to</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmol̪ːt̪o]</span> </td> <td>'much, a lot' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt19521_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet"><b>л</b>ево</a></span></span>/<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn"><b>l</b>evo</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̪e̞vo̞]</span> </td> <td>'left' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> </td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam orthography">ലാവണം</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[läːʋɐɳɐm]</span> </td> <td>'Salty' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam phonology">Malayalam phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_alphabet" title="Mapudungun alphabet"><b>ḻ</b>afkeṉ</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]</span> </td> <td>'sea, lake' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">an<b>l</b>egg</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]</span> </td> <td>'plant (industrial)' </td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-Celdrán2003255-259_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-Celdrán2003255-259-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">a<b>l</b>tar</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äl̪ˈt̪äɾ]</span> </td> <td>'altar' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/d/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>Central Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">a<b>ll</b>t</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äl̪t̪]</span> </td> <td>'everything' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeane2004111_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeane2004111-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">புலி</a></span></span>/<span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">pu<b>l</b>i</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pul̪i]</span> </td> <td>'tiger' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">ke<b>l</b>ajak</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kel̪ædʒæk]</span> </td> <td>'future' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or <a href="/wiki/Juncture" title="Juncture">juncture</a> phoneme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> </td> <td>Hanoi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet"><b>l</b>ửa</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]</span> </td> <td>'fire' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alveolar">Alveolar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199038_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199038-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">لا</a></span></span>/<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><b>l</b>ā</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[laʔ]</span> </td> <td>'no' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200920_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200920-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet"><b>լ</b>ուսին</a></span></span>/<span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><b>l</b>usin</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ee\/Lusin.ogg\/Lusin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[lusin]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lusin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Lusin.ogg/Lusin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lusin]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusin.ogg" title="File:Lusin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'moon' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> </td> <td><span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܠܚܡܐ</span></span>/<span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn"><b>l</b>äḳma</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lεxma]</span> </td> <td>'bread' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510–11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510–11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESDCL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESDCL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography"><b>l</b>aca</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɑkɐ]</span> </td> <td>'hair spray' </td> <td>Apical 'front alveolar'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510–11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510–11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESDCL_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESDCL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May also be velarized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td> <td><span title="Chuvash-language text"><span lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">ху<b>л</b>а</a></span></span></td> <td align="center">[хu'la]</td> <td>'city' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography"><b>l</b>aten</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈl̻aːt̻ə]</span> </td> <td>'to let' </td> <td>Laminal. Some Standard <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Belgian</a> speakers use the clear <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Eastern accents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">ma<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɑl̻]</span> </td> <td>'mold' </td> <td>Laminal; realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> </td> <td><span title="Dhivehi-language text"><span lang="dv"><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">ލަވަ</a></span></span>/<span title="Dhivehi-language text"><i lang="dv-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9_Latin" title="Malé Latin"><b>l</b>ava</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[laʋa]</span> </td> <td>'song' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>Most accents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><i><b>l</b>et</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɛt]</span> </td> <td>'let' </td> <td>Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a><sup id="cite_ref-mark_jones_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark_jones-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><i>te<b>ll</b></i></a> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰɛl]</span> </td> <td>'tell' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> </td> <td><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography"><b>l</b>uno</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈluno]</span> </td> <td>'moon' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog orthography"><b>l</b>uto</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈluto]</span> </td> <td>'cook' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Filipino phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography"><b>λ</b>έξη</a></span></span>/<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><b>l</b>éksi</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈleksi]</span> </td> <td>'word' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199288–89_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199288–89-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet"><b>l</b>etto</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɛt̪ːo]</span> </td> <td>'bed' </td> <td>Apical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Hani"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">六</a></span></span>/<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese#Hepburn" title="Romanization of Japanese"><b>r</b>oku</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]</span> </td> <td>'six' </td> <td>Apical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabrune201292_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabrune201292-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a><sup id="cite_ref-treder_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treder-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2013)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> </td> <td><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">ភ្លេង</a></span></span>/<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">ph<b>l</b>éng</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰleːŋ]</span> </td> <td>'music' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Khmer_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer phonology">Khmer phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">일</a></span></span>/<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">i<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[il]</span> </td> <td>'one' or 'work' </td> <td>Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz alphabet">көпө<b>л</b>өк</a></span></span>/<span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">köpö<b>l</b>ök</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[køpøˈløk]</span> </td> <td>'butterfly' </td> <td>Velarized in back vowel contexts. See <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a> </td> <td><span title="Laghu-language text"><i lang="lgb"><b>l</b>aghu</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lagu]</span> </td> <td>'Laghu language' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laghuu_language" title="Laghuu language">Laghuu</a> </td> <td>Nậm Sài, <a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Pa (town)">Sa Pa</a> Town </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la˧˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣɯ˥]</span> </td> <td>'Laghuu language' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_alphabet" title="Mapudungun alphabet">e<b>l</b>un</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ëˈlʊn]</span> </td> <td>'to give' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne"><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī"><b>ला</b>मो</a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lämo]</span> </td> <td>'long' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991107_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991107-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or"><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">ଭ<b>ଲ</b></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʰɔlɔ]</span> </td> <td>'good' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Persian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian orthography">لاما</a></span></span>/<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><b>l</b>āmā</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɒmɒ]</span> </td> <td>'llama' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">po<b>l</b>e</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Pl-pole-2.ogg\/Pl-pole-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8p\u0254l\u025b]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-pole-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Pl-pole-2.ogg/Pl-pole-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpɔlɛ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-pole-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-pole-2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'field' </td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ̪]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʲ]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChițoran200110_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChițoran200110-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">a<b>l</b>ună</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äˈlun̪ə]</span> </td> <td>'hazelnut' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">mao<b>il</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯːl]</span> </td> <td>'headland' </td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫ̪/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak alphabet">m<b>ĺ</b>kvy</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ec\/SK-mlkvy.ogg\/SK-mlkvy.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8ml\u0329\u02d0k\u028bi]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SK-mlkvy.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/SK-mlkvy.ogg/SK-mlkvy.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈml̩ːkʋi]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SK-mlkvy.ogg" title="File:SK-mlkvy.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'silent' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic</a> form can be long or short. See <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene orthography"><b>l</b>eta<b>l</b>o</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]</span> </td> <td>'airplane' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">hab<b>l</b>ar</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äˈβ̞läɾ]</span> </td> <td>'to speak' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">diafo<b>l</b></i></span> </td> <td>[djavɔl] </td> <td>'devil' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko199510_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko199510-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">об<b>л</b>иччя</a></span></span>/<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ob<b>l</b>ychchya</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]</span> </td> <td>'face' </td> <td>Contrasts with palatalized form. See <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postalveolar">Postalveolar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postalveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral approximant">Retroflex lateral approximant</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkekeonwu1999108_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkekeonwu1999108-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Igbo-language text"><i lang="ig"><b>l</b>ì</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̠ì]</span> </td> <td>'bury' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">i<b>l</b> cervo</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[il̠ʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈt͡ʃɛrvo]</span> </td> <td>'the deer' </td> <td>Palatalized laminal; allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet"><b>l</b>a<b>l</b>e</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/Tur-lale.ogg\/Tur-lale.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u028e\u031f\u0251\u02d0\u02c8\u028e\u031f\u025b]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tur-lale.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Tur-lale.ogg/Tur-lale.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ̟ɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tur-lale.ogg" title="File:Tur-lale.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'tulip' </td> <td>Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɫ̟</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May be devoiced elsewhere. See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilquiapan_Zapotec" title="Tilquiapan Zapotec">Tilquiapan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Tilquiapan Zapotec-language text"><i lang="zts"><b>l</b>an</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̠an]</span> </td> <td>'soot' </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable">Variable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Faroese-language text"><i lang="fo"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography"><b>l</b>inur</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈliːnʊɹ]</span> </td> <td>'soft' </td> <td>Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">i<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[il]</span> </td> <td>'he' </td> <td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">French phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200549_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200549-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography"><b>L</b>iebe</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈliːbə]</span> </td> <td>'love' </td> <td>Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200549_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200549-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200024–25_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200024–25-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet"><b>l</b>iv</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[liːʋ]</span> </td> <td>'life' </td> <td>In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200024–25_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200024–25-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Most <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">EP</a> speakers<sup id="cite_ref-FinleyRodrigues2019_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinleyRodrigues2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography"><b>l</b>ero-<b>l</b>ero</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɛɾʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlɛɾʊ]</span> </td> <td>'runaround'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199592_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199592-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only occurs in syllable onset, with <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">l-vocalization</a> widely occurring in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">coda</a>. Sometimes found before front vowels only in the <a href="#Portuguese_dark_l">European variety</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology#Consonant_phonotactics" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography"><b>L</b>ituânia</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Pt-br-litu%C3%A2nia.ogg\/Pt-br-litu%C3%A2nia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[l\u032ait\u032au\u02c8\u0250\u0303\u0272\u031f\u0250]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pt-br-litu\u00e2nia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Pt-br-litu%C3%A2nia.ogg/Pt-br-litu%C3%A2nia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-br-litu%C3%A2nia.ogg" title="File:Pt-br-lituânia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant">Velarized alveolar lateral approximant <span class="anchor" id="Dark_L"></span><span class="anchor" id="dark_l"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Velarized alveolar lateral approximant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Velarized L</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lˠ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lˤ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɫ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">209</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Velarized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#108;&#736;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+006C U+02E0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>5 <b>or</b> l_G <b>or</b> l_?\</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0; border:0; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFFE6; border:0;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td class="center" style="background: transparent; border:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg/150px-IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg/225px-IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg/300px-IPA_Unicode_0x026B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>voiced</b> <b>velarized alveolar approximant</b> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <b>dark <i>l</i></b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a>. The regular symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represent this sound are ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">lˠ</span>⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">lˤ</span>⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɫ</span>⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɬ</span>⟩, which represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a>. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – though such usage is considered non-standard. </p><p>If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> diacritic to indicate so: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">l̪ˠ</span>⟩, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">l̪ˤ</span>⟩, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɫ̪</span>⟩. </p><p>Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal consonants</a>, so dark <i>l</i> tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) <i>l</i> tends to be <a href="/wiki/Retracted_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted (phonetics)">retracted</a> to an alveolar position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>dark <i>l</i></b> is often synonymous with <b>hard <i>l</i></b>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. (Cf. <a href="/wiki/Hard_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard consonant">Hard consonants</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_2">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the dark l: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent airstream</a>.</li> <li>There are four specific variants of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>It has a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a>, meaning that the back or <a href="/wiki/Tongue#Structure" title="Tongue">root of the tongue</a> approaches the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a> (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_2">Occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dental_or_denti-alveolar_2">Dental or <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dental or denti-alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> </td> <td><span title="Bashkir-language text"><span lang="ba">ҡа<b>л</b>а</span></span>/<span title="Bashkir-language romanization"><i lang="ba-Latn">qa<b>l</b>a</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Ba-%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg\/Ba-%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[q\u0251\u02c8\u026b\u0251]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ba-\u04a1\u0430\u043b\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Ba-%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg/Ba-%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qɑˈɫɑ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ba-ҡала.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'city' </td> <td>Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198950–51_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198950–51-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Бе<b>л</b>арусь</span></span>/<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Bie<b>ł</b>aruś</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲɛɫ̪äˈrusʲ]</span> </td> <td>'Belarus' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> form. See <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">сто<b>л</b></a></span></span>/<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">sto<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stoɫ̪]</span> </td> <td>'chair' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafel199914-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">a<b>l</b>t</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈäɫ̪(t̪)]</span> </td> <td>'tall' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafel199914-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafel199914-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Old Armenian-language text"><span lang="xcl"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">խա<b>ղ</b>եր</a></span></span>/<span title="Old Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="xcl-Latn">xa<b>ł</b>er</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χɑɫɛɹ]</span> </td> <td>'games' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ġ</i></span> in modern Armenian. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholten200022_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholten200022-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">si<b>gl</b>di</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ]</span> </td> <td>'sailed' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a> </td> <td>Older southeastern speakers<sup id="cite_ref-treder_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treder-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">kôłbasa</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> by other speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-treder_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treder-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet"><b>l</b>abas</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪]</span> </td> <td>'hi' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt195211–12_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt195211–12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet"><b>л</b>ук</a></span></span>/<span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian"><b>l</b>uk</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ̪uk]</span> </td> <td>'garlic' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>) and syllable-finally. See <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">ta<b>l</b>e</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə]</span> </td> <td>'speech' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː/</span>, and sometimes also after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200025-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="#CITEREFEndresen1990">Endresen (1990)</a>, this allophone is not velarized.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td>Eastern dialects<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography"><b>ł</b>apa</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɫ̪äpä]</span> </td> <td>'paw' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> in other varieties. See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969168_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969168-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">ма<b>л</b>ый</a></span></span>/<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">ma<b>l</b>yj</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j]</span> </td> <td>'small' </td> <td>Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dochartaigh1997_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dochartaigh1997-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Ma<b>ll</b>aig</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ]</span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Mallaig" title="Mallaig">Mallaig</a>' </td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>Northern Västerbotten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>ka<b>ll</b></i> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkɒɫː]</span> </td> <td>'cold' </td> <td>Allophone of /lː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet"><b>l</b>a<b>l</b>a</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ̟ɑˈɫ̟ɑ]</span> </td> <td>'servant' </td> <td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant">ʎ̟</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154–155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May be devoiced elsewhere. See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alveolar_2">Alveolar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">tafe<b>l</b></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtɑːfəɫ]</span> </td> <td>'table' </td> <td>Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </td> <td>Standard </td> <td><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq"><b>ll</b>u<b>ll</b>ë</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɫuɫə]</span> </td> <td>'smoking pipe' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200216_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200216-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">الله</a></span></span>/<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">ʼA<b>ll</b>ah</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaɫˈɫaːh]</span> </td> <td>'God' </td> <td>Also transcribed as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">lˤ</span>⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language#Dialects" title="Catalan language">Eastern dialects</a> </td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">ce<b>l·l</b>a</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɛɫːə]</span> </td> <td>'cell' </td> <td rowspan="2">Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language#Dialects" title="Catalan language">Western dialects</a> </td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">a<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɫ]</span> </td> <td>'to the' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">ma<b>ll</b>en</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɑɫ̻ə]</span> </td> <td>'molds' </td> <td>Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ/</span>. Many northern speakers realize the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤˤ]</span>, whereas some Standard <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Dutch">Belgian</a> speakers use the clear <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Netherlandic accents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography"><b>l</b>aten</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə]</span> </td> <td>'to let' </td> <td>Pharyngealized laminal; realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199973_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199973-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><i>fee<b>l</b></i></a> </td> <td rowspan="7" align="center"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/En-us-feel.ogg\/En-us-feel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[fi\u02d0\u026b]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-feel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-us-feel.ogg/En-us-feel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fiːɫ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-feel.ogg" title="File:En-us-feel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="7">'feel' </td> <td rowspan="7">Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. See <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian English phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand English phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Dublin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><i><b>l</b>och</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫɔx]</span> </td> <td>'loch' </td> <td>Can be always dark except in some borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek#Modern_varieties" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Northern dialects</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">μπά<b>λα</b></a></span></span>/<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">bá<b>ll</b>a</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbaɫa]</span> </td> <td>'ball' </td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> </td> <td><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">ჟო<b>ლ</b>ო</a></span></span>/<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">zho<b>l</b>o</i></span> </td> <td>[ˈʒo̞ɫo̞] </td> <td>'raspberry' </td> <td>An allophone of /l/ before /o u/ and /a/. See <a href="/wiki/Georgian_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian phonology">Georgian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> </td> <td><span title="Sorani Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ckb"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">gâ<b>l</b>ta</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gɑːɫˈtʲaː]</span> </td> <td>'joke' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td>Bessarabian dialect<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop193830_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop193830-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">ca<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaɫ]</span> </td> <td>'horse' </td> <td>Corresponds to non-velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">in which environments?</span></a></i>]</sup> in standard Romanian. See <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006?_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006?-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet"><b>л</b>ак</a></span></span>/<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet"><b>l</b>ak</a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫâ̠k]</span> </td> <td>'easy' </td> <td>Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2013)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or <a href="/wiki/Juncture" title="Juncture">juncture</a> phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable_2">Variable <span class="anchor" id="Portuguese_dark_l"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199593_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199593-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">mi<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[miɫ̪]</span> </td> <td>'thousand' </td> <td>Dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers, though less so before front vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FinleyRodrigues2019_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinleyRodrigues2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Older and conservative <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisol2005211_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisol2005211-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">á<b>l</b>coo<b>l</b></a></i></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪]</span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>' </td> <td>When <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>lʶ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>lˤ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>lˀ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most often dental. <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">Coda</a> is now <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">vocalized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">u̯</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ̯</a>]</span> in most of Brazil (as in EP in rural parts of <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo_District" title="Viana do Castelo District">Alto Minho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stigmatized realizations such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span>, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> range, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> and even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[∅]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">zero</a>) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization"><i>L</i>-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdjaye2005" class="citation book cs1">Adjaye, Sophia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j5xiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ghanaian English Pronunciation</i></a>. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6208-3"><bdi>978-0-7734-6208-3</bdi></a>. <q>realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a>: a 'clear' or non-velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> pre-consonantally and pre-<a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pausally</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+English+Pronunciation&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-6208-3&rft.aulast=Adjaye&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj5xiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelce-Murcia2010" class="citation book cs1">Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqgvZq4T4foC&pg=PA84"><i>Teaching Pronunciation</i></a>. Cambridge U. Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72975-8"><bdi>978-0-521-72975-8</bdi></a>. <q>the light <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g., <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Licht</i></span> "light," <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">viel</i></span> "much, many") or in French (e.g., <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lit</i></span> "bed", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">île</i></span> "island")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Pronunciation&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72975-8&rft.aulast=Celce-Murcia&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqgvZq4T4foC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schirmer's pocket music dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_14_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, pp. 2, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiptárTörkenczy200075–76-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiptárTörkenczy200075–76_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiptárTörkenczy2000">Siptár & Törkenczy (2000)</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199289-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199289_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt19521_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunt1952">Lunt (1952)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino2013">Sadowsky et al. 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Central"</a>. <i>Els Sons del Català</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Els+Sons+del+Catal%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Voiced+Alveolar+Lateral+-+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.edu%2Fsonscatala%2Fen%2Fsound%2Fvoiced-alveolar-lateral-central&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-nord-occidental">"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental"</a>. <i>Els Sons del Català</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Els+Sons+del+Catal%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Voiced+Alveolar+Lateral+-+Nord+Occidental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.edu%2Fsonscatala%2Fen%2Fsound%2Fvoiced-alveolar-lateral-nord-occidental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051,_20_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens & Espinosa (2005)</a>, pp. 1, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197,_222_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, pp. 197, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003197_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark_jones-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mark_jones_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/people/mark/sounds&words_week4_2010_handout.pdf">"Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akerbeltz.org/images/0/08/Guide_detailed_with_examples.pdf">"The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+guide+to+reading+Scottish+Gaelic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakerbeltz.org%2Fimages%2F0%2F08%2FGuide_detailed_with_examples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanulíkováHamann2010">Hanulíková & Hamann (2010)</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake20058_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGökselKerslake2005">Göksel & Kerslake (2005)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrill2008">Merrill (2008)</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason (2011)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996192-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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(2000)</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf">Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101023330/http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Page 2. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004)</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinleyRodrigues2019-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FinleyRodrigues2019_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FinleyRodrigues2019_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinleyRodriguesMartinsSilva2019" class="citation journal cs1">Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127">"/l/ velarisation as a continuum"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>14</b> (3): e0213392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413392R">2019PLoSO..1413392R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213392">10.1371/journal.pone.0213392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127">6411127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30856195">30856195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=%2Fl%2F+velarisation+as+a+continuum&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0213392&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6411127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1413392R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30856195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213392&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Susana&rft.au=Martins%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Silva%2C+Susana&rft.au=Jesus%2C+Luis+M.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6411127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lerolero.com/">Runaround generator</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199592-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199592_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a href="#CITEREFBeal2004">Beal (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20054_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens & Espinosa (2005)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198950–51-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198950–51_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadluzhny1989">Padluzhny (1989)</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian phonology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafel199914-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafel199914_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRafel1999">Rafel (1999)</a>, p. 14.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholten200022-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholten200022_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholten2000">Scholten (2000)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiassen199623_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathiassen1996">Mathiassen (1996)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt195211–12-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt195211–12_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunt1952">Lunt (1952)</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen1990">Endresen (1990</a>:177), cited in <a href="#CITEREFKristoffersen2000">Kristoffersen (2000</a>:25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969168-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969168_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dochartaigh1997-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dochartaigh1997_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÓ_Dochartaigh1997">Ó Dochartaigh (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954">Dahlstedt & Ågren (1954)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199317_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200216-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200216_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2002">Watson (2002)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200358,_197,_222_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, pp. 58, 197, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199973-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199973_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocaJohnson1999">Roca & Johnson (1999)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/studies/dialects/thema_b_2/index.html">Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop193830-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop193830_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPop1938">Pop (1938)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006?-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006?_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006">Gick et al. (2006)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199593-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199593_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.511.3900&rep=rep1&type=pdf">On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese</a> Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf">The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Page 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisol2005211-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisol2005211_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005)</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1">"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span>. Page 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1">"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span>. Page 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf">Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216082835/http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnason2011" class="citation cs2">Árnason, Kristján (2011), <i>The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4"><bdi>978-0-19-922931-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Icelandic+and+Faroese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922931-4&rft.aulast=%C3%81rnason&rft.aufirst=Kristj%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004" class="citation cs2">Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (2): 227–232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756">10.1017/S0025100304001756</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001756&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%ADnio+A.&rft.au=Albano%2C+Eleonora+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+dialects+in+the+North+of+England%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=113-133&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bertinetto, Marco; 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d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (1): 117–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino2013" class="citation cs2">Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>43</b> (1): 87–96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369">10.1017/S0025100312000369</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Mapudungun&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000369&rft.aulast=Sadowsky&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Painequeo%2C+H%C3%A9ctor&rft.au=Salamanca%2C+Gast%C3%B3n&rft.au=Avelino%2C+Heriberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten2000" class="citation cs2">Scholten, Daniel (2000), <i>Einführung in die isländische Grammatik</i>, Munich: Philyra Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935267-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-935267-00-2"><bdi>3-935267-00-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76178278">76178278</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+isl%C3%A4ndische+Grammatik&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Philyra+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76178278&rft.isbn=3-935267-00-2&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiptárTörkenczy2000" class="citation cs2">Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), <i>The Phonology of Hungarian</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823841-6"><bdi>978-0-19-823841-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Hungarian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823841-6&rft.aulast=Sipt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=T%C3%B6rkenczy%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoberg1963" class="citation cs2">Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), <i>Uzbek Structural Grammar</i>, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbek+Structural+Grammar&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.series=Uralic+and+Altaic+Series&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Sjoberg&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9e+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelwall1990" class="citation cs2">Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>20</b> (2): 37–41, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266">10.1017/S0025100300004266</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243640727">243640727</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243640727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thelwall&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1959" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", <i>Language</i>, <b>35</b> (3): 454–476, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232">10.2307/411232</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411232">411232</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Saigon+phonemics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-476&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation cs2">Watson, Janet (2002), <i>The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982), <i>Accents of English</i>, vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2005" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max W. (2005), <i>The Phonology Of Catalan</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925814-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925814-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+Of+Catalan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925814-7&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999" class="citation cs2">Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=154-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Orgun%2C+Orhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcmfitz%2Fswnal%2Fprojects%2FCoLang%2Fcourses%2FTranscription%2Frosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1991). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+lateral+approximants" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/narrower/dark-l.html">Dark L</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=l">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%AB">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a 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