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<span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_following_the_building_of_the_Berlin_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_following_the_building_of_the_Berlin_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Period following the building of the Berlin Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_following_the_building_of_the_Berlin_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exclaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_and_telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_and_telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post and telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_and_telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_and_transit_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_and_transit_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport and transit travel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport_and_transit_travel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport and transit travel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_transit_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Road traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Air traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_between_West_Berlin_and_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_between_West_Berlin_and_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_between_West_Berlin_and_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_between_East_and_West_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_between_East_and_West_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Traffic between East and West Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_between_East_and_West_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_between_different_parts_of_West_Berlin_crossing_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_between_different_parts_of_West_Berlin_crossing_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_between_different_parts_of_West_Berlin_crossing_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Berlin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Berlyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westberlin" title="Westberlin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westberlin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برلين الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برلين الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn_Oeste" title="Berlín Oeste – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Berlín Oeste" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Berlin" title="Qərbi Berlin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Berlin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Заходні Берлін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходні Берлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Заходні Бэрлін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходні Бэрлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Западен Берлин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западен Берлин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Berlin" title="West-Berlin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="West-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_Berlin" title="Zapadni Berlin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadni Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn_Occidental" title="Berlín Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Berlín Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Západní Berlín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Berlín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_Berlin" title="Gorllewin Berlin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin Berlin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestberlin" title="Vestberlin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestberlin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Berlin" title="West-Berlin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="West-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Berliin" title="Lääne-Berliin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Berliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Δυτικό Βερολίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικό Βερολίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn_Occidental" title="Berlín Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berlín Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Berlino" title="Okcidenta Berlino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Berlino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Berlin" title="Mendebaldeko Berlin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Berlin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="برلین غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برلین غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Ouest" title="Berlin-Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berlin-Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Berlyn" title="West-Berlyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="West-Berlyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0" title="서베를린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서베를린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Արևմտյան Բեռլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան Բեռլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Berlin" title="West-Berlin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="West-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Barat" title="Berlin Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berlin Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlino_Ovest" title="Berlino Ovest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berlino Ovest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ברלין המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברלין המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Kulon" title="Berlin Kulon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Berlin Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დასავლეთი ბერლინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთი ბერლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%AEna_Rojava" title="Berlîna Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berlîna Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumberl%C4%ABne" title="Rietumberlīne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumberlīne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Berlynas" title="Vakarų Berlynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Berlynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Ovest" title="Berlin Ovest – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Berlin Ovest" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-Berlin" title="Nyugat-Berlin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Западен Берлин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западен Берлин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पश्चिम बर्लिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Barat" title="Berlin Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berlin Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Berlijn" title="West-Berlijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Berlijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="西ベルリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ベルリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Berlin" title="Vest-Berlin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Berlin" title="Vest-Berlin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="لیندا برلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیندا برلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لوېدیځ برلین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوېدیځ برلین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Zachodni" title="Berlin Zachodni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berlin Zachodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlim_Ocidental" title="Berlim Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berlim Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinul_de_Vest" title="Berlinul de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Berlinul de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Западный Берлин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западный Берлин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinu_Ovest" title="Berlinu Ovest – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Berlinu Ovest" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Berlin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%BD_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Západný Berlín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západný Berlín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Западни Берлин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западни Берлин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_Berlin" title="Zapadni Berlin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadni Berlin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Berliini" title="Länsi-Berliini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Berliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stberlin" title="Västberlin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västberlin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlurang_Berlin" title="Kanlurang Berlin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanlurang Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పశ్చిమ బెర్లిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశ్చిమ బెర్లిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="เบอร์ลินตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์ลินตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Berlin" title="Batı Berlin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Berlin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Західний Берлін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західний Берлін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="مغربی برلن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی برلن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Berlin" title="Tây Berlin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natondan_nga_Berlin" title="Natondan nga Berlin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Natondan nga Berlin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="西柏林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西柏林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="西柏林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西柏林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="西柏林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西柏林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56036#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Berlin&params=52_30_00_N_13_16_48_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°16′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.50000°N 13.28000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.50000; 13.28000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political enclave that existed between 1948 and 1990</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="West Berlin (disambiguation)">West Berlin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22West+Berlin%22">"West Berlin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22West+Berlin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22West+Berlin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22West+Berlin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22West+Berlin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22West+Berlin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">West Berlin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">West-Berlin</i></span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Berlin-Ouest</i></span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlin (West)</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1948–1990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of West Berlin"><img alt="Flag of West Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/125px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/188px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/250px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Berlin" title="Flag of Berlin">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of West Berlin"><img alt="Coat of arms of West Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/85px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/128px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/170px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin" title="Coat of arms of Berlin"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_(1957-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Berlin (red)"><img alt="West Berlin (red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg/250px-Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg/375px-Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg/500px-Locator_map_West-Berlin_in_former_Germany_%281957-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">West Berlin (red)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Western Allies–occupied sectors of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Free city</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(De facto territory of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin#Partitioned_Germany_(1948–1990)" title="Governing Mayor of Berlin">Governing Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 <small><i>(first)</i></small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Reuter" title="Ernst Reuter">Ernst Reuter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1990 <small><i>(last)</i></small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a> (SPD)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-backed coup against the elected government of Berlin </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1989</th><td class="infobox-data">479.9 km<sup>2</sup> (185.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,130,525</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (also widely used)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/20px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/30px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/40px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Berlin" title="Category:History of Berlin">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berlin" title="History of Berlin">History of <span class="fn org label">Berlin</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the City of Berlin"><img alt="Coat of arms of the City of Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/90px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/135px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/180px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> <span class="nobold">(1157–1806)</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> <span class="nobold">(1701–1918)</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span class="nobold">(1871–1918)</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> <span class="nobold">(1918–1947)</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1919–1933)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920s_Berlin" title="1920s Berlin">1920s Berlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Talat Pasha">Assassination of Talat Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin Act</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span class="nobold">(1933–1945)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welthauptstadt_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Welthauptstadt Germania">Welthauptstadt Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrikaktion" title="Fabrikaktion">Deportation of Jews from Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Bombing of Berlin in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <span class="nobold">(1945–1990)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">Tear down this wall!</a>" (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a> (1989)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1990–present)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Berlin" title="Timeline of Berlin">Timeline of Berlin </a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Berlin" title="Template:History of Berlin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Berlin" title="Template talk:History of Berlin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Berlin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Berlin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West Berlin</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Berlin (West)</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">West-Berlin</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɛstbɛʁˌliːn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ed\/De-West-Berlin.ogg\/De-West-Berlin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-West-Berlin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/De-West-Berlin.ogg/De-West-Berlin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-West-Berlin.ogg" title="File:De-West-Berlin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) was a political <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> which comprised the western part of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> from 1948 until 1990, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Although West Berlin lacked any <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and was under military occupation until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, the territory was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (FRG or West Germany), despite being entirely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR or East Germany). The legality of this claim was contested by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries. However, West Berlin de facto aligned itself politically with the FRG from May 1949 and was thereafter treated as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of that country. After 1949, it was directly or indirectly represented in the institutions of the FRG, and most of its residents were citizens of the FRG. </p><p>West Berlin was formally controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a> and entirely surrounded by <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and East Germany. West Berlin had great symbolic significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners an "island of <a href="/wiki/Free_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Free world">freedom</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was heavily subsidized by West Germany as a "showcase of the West."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its distinctly cosmopolitan character, and as a centre of education, research and culture. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the largest population of any city in Germany during the Cold War era.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Berlin was 160 km (100 mi) east and north of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> and only accessible by land from West Germany by <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_inner_German_border" title="Crossing the inner German border">narrow rail and highway corridors</a>. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, built in 1961, physically separated West Berlin from its East Berlin and East German surroundings until it <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fell</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 October 1990, the day Germany was officially <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified</a>, East and West Berlin united, joined the Federal Republic as a <a href="/wiki/Stadtstaaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtstaaten">Stadtstaat</a> (city-state) and eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Germany" title="Capital of Germany">capital of Germany</a> again. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_%26_East_Berlin_(1945-1990).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png/220px-West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png/330px-West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png/440px-West_%26_East_Berlin_%281945-1990%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>The four occupation sectors of Berlin. West Berlin is in light blue, dark blue, and purple, with several <a href="#Exclaves">exclaves</a> shown. Borough borders are as of 1987. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/220px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/330px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/440px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of West and East Berlin, border crossings, metro networks</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1944)" title="London Protocol (1944)">London Protocol of 1944</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to these agreements, Germany would be formally under the administration of four <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> (the United States, the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and France) until a German government "acceptable to all parties" could be established. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of <i>Eastern Germany</i> thus creating the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany#Post_World_War_II" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a>. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the four allied countries. Berlin, which was surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Zone_of_occupation_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Zone of occupation in Germany">Soviet zone of occupation</a>—newly established in most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Middle Germany</a>—would be similarly divided, with the Western Allies occupying an enclave consisting of the western parts of the city. According to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin could end only as a result of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quadripartite" class="extiw" title="wikt:quadripartite">quadripartite</a> agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road and rail access between West Berlin and the western parts of Germany (see section on traffic).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At first, this arrangement was intended to be of a temporary administrative nature, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectors—the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a>. The West responded by using its <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_Air_Corridor" title="West Berlin Air Corridor">air corridors</a> for supplying their part of the city with food and other goods through the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed. This was temporary until talks were resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladd_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, further isolating West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwood_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a direct result, electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladd_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a> and Soviet military personnel also continued the process of blocking all the roads leading away from the city, resulting in several armed standoffs and at least one skirmish with the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">French Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Bundesgrenzschutz</a> that June.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwood_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladd_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) on 23 May and of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) on 7 October. Under Article 127 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a> (or constitution) of the Federal Republic, provision was made for federal laws to be extended to Greater Berlin (as Berlin was called during the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">1920 expansion of its municipal boundaries</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> within one year of its promulgation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because the occupation of Berlin could be ended only by a quadripartite agreement, Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal sovereignty of the allies. Hence, the Basic Law was not fully applicable to West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-currie_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 August 1950, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Berlin">House of Representatives</a>, the city's legislature, passed a new constitution, declaring Berlin to be a state of the Federal Republic and the provisions of the Basic Law as binding law superior to Berlin state law (Article 1, clauses 2 and 3). However, that became statutory law only on 1 September and only with the inclusion of the western Allied provision<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which Art. 1, clauses 2 and 3, were deferred for the time being; the clauses became valid law only on 3 October 1990 (the day of Germany's unification). It stated: </p> <blockquote><p>Article 87 is interpreted as meaning that during the transitional period Berlin shall possess none of the attributes of a twelfth Land. The provision of this Article concerning the Basic Law will only apply to the extent necessary to prevent a conflict between this Law and the Berlin Constitution....<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, civic liberties and personal rights (except for the privacy of telecommunications) guaranteed by the Basic Law were also valid in West Berlin. </p><p>In addition, West German federal statutes could only take effect in West Berlin with the approval of the city's legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-currie_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambiguous legal status of the city, then still legally styled as Greater Berlin (although technically only comprising the western sectors), meant that West Berliners were not eligible to vote in federal elections. In their notification of permission of 12 May 1949 the three western military governors for Germany explained their proviso in No. 4, as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>A third reservation concerns the participation of Greater Berlin in the Federation. We interpret the effect of Articles 23 and 144 (2) of the Basic Law as constituting acceptance of our previous request that while Berlin may not be accorded voting membership in the Bundestag or Bundesrat nor be governed by the Federation she may, nevertheless, designate a small number of representatives to the meetings of those legislative bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Consequently, West Berliners were indirectly represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> by 22 non-voting delegates<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chosen by the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Berlin" title="Senate of Berlin">Senate</a> (the city's executive) sent four non-voting delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">Bundesrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, when the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">first direct elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> were held in 1979, West Berlin's three members were instead indirectly elected by the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as <a href="#Citizenship">West German citizens</a>, West Berliners were able to stand for election in West Germany. For example, Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, who eventually became Chancellor, was elected via his party's list of candidates. The West German government considered all West Berliners as well as all citizens of the GDR to be citizens of West Germany. Male residents of West Berlin were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service. This exemption made the city a popular destination for West German young people, which resulted in a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>, which in turn became one of the defining features of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg/220px-Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg/330px-Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg/440px-Berlin_Alert_0400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>In 1969 U.S. military vehicles pass through the residential district of <a href="/wiki/Zehlendorf_(Berlin)" title="Zehlendorf (Berlin)">Zehlendorf</a>, a routine reminder that West Berlin was still de jure occupied by the Western Allies of World War II.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Allies remained the ultimate political authorities in West Berlin. All legislation of the House of Representatives, whether of the West Berlin legislature or adopted federal law, only applied under the proviso of confirmation by the three Western Allied commanders-in-chief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If they approved a bill, it was enacted as part of West Berlin's statutory law. If the commanders-in-chief rejected a bill, it did not become law in West Berlin; this, for example, was the case with West German laws on military duty. West Berlin was run by the elected <a href="/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin" title="Governing Mayor of Berlin">Governing Mayor</a> and Senate seated at <a href="/wiki/Rathaus_Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Rathaus Schöneberg">Rathaus Schöneberg</a>. The Governing Mayor and Senators (ministers) had to be approved by the Western Allies and thus derived their authority from the occupying forces, not from their electoral mandate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Soviets unilaterally declared the occupation of East Berlin at an end along with the rest of East Germany. This move was, however, not recognised by the Western Allies, who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two German states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This view was supported by the continued practice of patrols of all four sectors by soldiers of all four occupying powers. Thus, occasionally Western Allied soldiers were on patrol in East Berlin as were Soviet soldiers in West Berlin. After the Wall was built, East Germany wanted to control Western Allied patrols upon entering or leaving East Berlin, a practice that the Western Allies regarded as unacceptable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After protests to the Soviets, the patrols continued uncontrolled on both sides, with the tacit agreement that the western Allies would not use their patrolling privileges for helping Easterners to flee to the West.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many ways, West Berlin functioned as the <i>de facto</i> 11th <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> of West Germany and was depicted on maps published in the West as being a part of West Germany. There was <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_inner_German_border" title="Crossing the inner German border">freedom of movement (to the extent allowed by geography) between West Berlin and West Germany</a>. There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin, all immigration rules for West Germany being followed in West Berlin. West German entry <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> issued to visitors were stamped with "for the Federal Republic of Germany, including the State of Berlin", in German "<i>für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einschl. [einschließlich] des Landes Berlin</i>", prompting complaints from the Soviet Union. However, this wording remained on the visas throughout the rest of the entire period of West Berlin's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Berlin remained under military occupation until 3 October 1990, the day of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">unification</a> of East Germany, East and West Berlin with the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. The West German Federal Government, as well as the governments of most western nations, considered East Berlin to be a "separate entity" from East Germany, and while the Western Allies later opened embassies in East Berlin, they recognised the city only as the <i>seat of government</i> of the GDR, not as its <i>capital</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pugh_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communist countries, however, did not recognise West Berlin as part of West Germany and usually described it as a "third" German jurisdiction, called an "independent political unit" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">selbständige politische Einheit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On maps of East Berlin, West Berlin often did not appear as an adjacent urban area but as a monochrome terra incognita, sometimes showing the letters WB, meaning "Westberlin" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Westberlin</i>) or overlaid with a legend or pictures. It was often labelled "Westberlin special political area" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Besonderes politisches Gebiet Westberlin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration">Immigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Federal Republic of Germany issued West German passports to West Berliners on request that showed West Berlin as their place of residence. However, West Berliners could not use their passports for crossing East German borders and were denied entrance by any country of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, since governments of these countries held the view that West Germany was not authorized to issue legal papers for West Berliners.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG/220px-Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG/330px-Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG/440px-Behelfsm%C3%A4%C3%9Figer_Personalausweis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>West Berlin auxiliary identity card, bearing the words "The holder of this identity card is a German national" in German, French and English</figcaption></figure> <p>Since West Berlin was not a sovereign state, it did not issue passports. Instead, West Berliners were issued with "auxiliary identity cards" by the West Berlin authorities. These differed visually from the regular West German identity cards, with green bindings instead of the grey standard, they did not show the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">"Federal Eagle" or coat of arms</a>, and contained no indications as to the issuing State. However, they did have a statement that the holder of the document was a German citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 11 June 1968, East Germany made it mandatory that West Berlin and West German "transit passengers" obtain a <a href="/wiki/Transit_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit visa">transit visa</a>, issued upon entering East Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because under its second constitution East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners foreigners. Since identity cards had no pages to stamp visas, issuers of East German visas stamped their visas onto separate leaflets which were loosely stuck into the identity cards, which, until the mid-1980s, were little booklets. Although the West German government subsidized visa fees, they were still payable by individual travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-pugh_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to enter visa-requiring Western countries, such as the US, West Berliners commonly used West German passports. However, for countries which did not require stamped visas for entry, including Switzerland, Austria, and many members of the then <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Berlin identity cards were also acceptable for entry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2017, Berlin was home to at least 178,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turkish German</a> residents,<sup id="cite_ref-pop-detail_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-detail-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. </p><p>West Berlin was also a destination for many people fleeing East Germany both before and after the construction of the Berlin Wall. As many immigrants from East Germany did not intend to stay in Berlin<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, flights – the only option for those people to reach West Germany without coming into contact with East German authorities – were subsidized by the West German government despite being operated only by companies registered in and owned by nationals of the western occupying powers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Westerners called the Western sectors "Berlin" unless further distinction was necessary. The West German Federal government officially called West Berlin "Berlin (West)", although it also used the hyphenated "West-Berlin", whereas the East German government commonly referred to it as "Westberlin."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from 31 May 1961, East Berlin was officially called <i>Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR</i> (Berlin, Capital of the GDR), replacing the formerly used term <i>Demokratisches Berlin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply "Berlin", by East Germany, and "Berlin (Ost)" by the West German Federal government. Other names used by West German media included "Ost-Berlin", "Ostberlin", or "Ostsektor." These different naming conventions for the divided parts of Berlin, when followed by individuals, governments, or media, commonly indicated their political leanings, with the centre-right <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> using "Ost-Berlin" and the centre-left <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i> using "Ostberlin."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Period_following_the_building_of_the_Berlin_Wall">Period following the building of the Berlin Wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Period following the building of the Berlin Wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/220px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/330px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/440px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> addressing the people of West Berlin from <a href="/wiki/Rathaus_Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Rathaus Schöneberg">Rathaus Schöneberg</a> on Rudolf-Wilde-Platz (today's John-F.-Kennedy-Platz), 26 June 1963</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> speaking in front of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> giving the "<a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">Tear down this wall!</a>" speech in 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> suggested to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> that the United States propose a swap of West Berlin with <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg</a>; the city's population would have been relocated to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-wiegrefe20110815_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiegrefe20110815-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer did not believe that the Soviets would accept the offer because East Germany would lose important industry, but hoped that making the proposal would reduce tensions between the western and eastern blocs, and perhaps hurt relations between the USSR and East Germany if they disagreed on accepting the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-lepoint20110814_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepoint20110814-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Kennedy administration seriously considered the idea, it did not make the proposal to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-wiegrefe20110815_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiegrefe20110815-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NATO also took an increased interest in the specific issue related to West Berlin, and drafted plans to ensure to defend the city against an eventual attack from the East.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tripartite planning group known as <a href="/wiki/LIVE_OAK" class="mw-redirect" title="LIVE OAK">LIVE OAK</a>, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin. On his triumphant tour, cheered by hundred of thousands of West Berliners in the streets, he stopped at the Congress Hall, near the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a>, before delivering at West Berlin's city hall a speech, which became famous for its phrase "<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>" and a hallmark of America's solidarity with the city.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a> (September 1971) and the <a href="/wiki/Transit_Agreement_(1972)" title="Transit Agreement (1972)">Transit Agreement</a> (May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">autobahn</a> transit routes. </p><p>At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader: </p> <blockquote><p>General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, <a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">tear down this wall!</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The <a href="/wiki/Two_Plus_Four_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Plus Four Treaty">Two Plus Four Treaty</a>, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and an end to the Western Allies' occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990—the day Germany was officially reunified—East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin, which then joined the enlarged Federal Republic as a city-state along the lines of the existing West German city-states of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a>, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city in the interim. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, and <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen" title="Eberhard Diepgen">Eberhard Diepgen</a> (a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png/220px-Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png/330px-Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png/440px-Germany_divided_Berlin_West_district_names.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>West Berlin comprised the following <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroughs of Berlin">boroughs</a> (<i>Bezirke</i>): </p><p>In the American sector: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzberg" title="Kreuzberg">Kreuzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steglitz" title="Steglitz">Steglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempelhof" title="Tempelhof">Tempelhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zehlendorf_(Berlin)" title="Zehlendorf (Berlin)">Zehlendorf</a></li></ul> <p>In the British sector: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(Berlin)" title="Tiergarten (Berlin)">Tiergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmersdorf" title="Wilmersdorf">Wilmersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a></li></ul> <p>In the French sector: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinickendorf" title="Reinickendorf">Reinickendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_(Berlin)" title="Wedding (Berlin)">Wedding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclaves">Exclaves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exclaves_of_West_Berlin_in_East_Germany" title="Exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany">Exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupied_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Occupied_Berlin.svg/220px-Occupied_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Occupied_Berlin.svg/330px-Occupied_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Occupied_Berlin.svg/440px-Occupied_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Map of divided Berlin, indicating by broken lines at Berlin's western border the land swap decided by the Allies. Five of the larger of West Berlin's originally twelve exclaves (<a href="/wiki/Steinst%C3%BCcken" title="Steinstücken">Steinstücken</a>, Laßzinswiesen, Falkenhagener Wiesen, Wüste Mark, Kienhorst<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are shown.</figcaption></figure><p> West Berlin's border was identical to the municipal boundary of Berlin as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin Act</a> of 1920 and amended in 1938, and the border between the Soviet sector and the French, British, and American sectors respectively, which followed the boundaries of Berlin administrative boroughs as defined in the same years. Another amendment was added in 1945 at the border between the British sector of Berlin (ceding <a href="/wiki/West-Staaken" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Staaken">West-Staaken</a>) and the Soviet zone (ceding the <a href="/wiki/Seeburger_Zipfel" title="Seeburger Zipfel">Seeburg Salient</a>) so that the <a href="/wiki/Gatow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatow Airport">Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow</a> became part of the British sector and the airfield at <a href="/wiki/Staaken" title="Staaken">Berlin-Staaken</a> became part of the Soviet sector. The resulting borderline was further complicated with a lot of geographical oddities, including a number of exclaves and enclaves that Greater Berlin had inside some neighbouring municipalities since 1920, all of which happened to become part of the British or American sectors after 1945, so that parts of West Berlin came to be surrounded by East Germany </p><p>Furthermore, the Gatow/Staaken exchange in August 1945 resulted in the geographically western half of Berlin-Staaken, which was located in the western outskirts of the city, becoming <i>de jure</i> Soviet occupied. However, the <i>de facto</i> administration remained with the Borough of Spandau in the British sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, all inhabitants of Staaken could vote in West Berlin's city state elections in 1948 and 1950. On 1 February 1951, East German <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a> surprised the people of western Staaken by occupying the area and ended its administration by the Spandau Borough; instead, western Staaken became an exclave of the Soviet occupied borough <a href="/wiki/Mitte_(locality)" title="Mitte (locality)">Berlin-Mitte</a> in the city centre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, on 1 June 1952, western Staaken's <i>de facto</i> administration was placed with neighbouring East German <a href="/wiki/Falkensee" title="Falkensee">Falkensee</a> in the East German district <a href="/wiki/Nauen" title="Nauen">Nauen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_and_telecommunications">Post and telecommunications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post and telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Berlin had its own postal administration first called <i>Deutsche Post Berlin</i> (1947–1955) and then <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost_Berlin" title="Deutsche Bundespost Berlin">Deutsche Bundespost Berlin</a>, separate from West Germany's <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost" title="Deutsche Bundespost">Deutsche Bundespost</a>, and issuing its own postage stamps until 1990. However, the separation was merely symbolic; in reality, West Berlin's postal service was completely integrated with West Germany's, using the same <a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">postal code</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Berlin was also integrated into the West German telephone network, using the same international dialling code as West Germany, <a href="/wiki/%2B49" class="mw-redirect" title="+49">+49</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes in Germany">area code</a> 0311,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later changed to <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_in_Germany#030" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes in Germany">030</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike West Germany, from where calls to East Berlin were made using the prefix 00372 (international access code 00, East German country code 37, area code 2),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calls from West Berlin required only the short code 0372.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, those made to West Berlin from East Berlin only required the short code 849.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to reduce eastern wiretapping of telecommunications between West Berlin and West Germany, microwave radio relay connections were built, which transmitted telephone calls between antenna towers in West Germany and West Berlin by radio. Two such towers were built, one antenna in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Wannsee" title="Wannsee">Wannsee</a> and later a second in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Frohnau" title="Frohnau">Frohnau</a>, finished on 16 May 1980 with a height of 358 m (1,175 ft). This tower was demolished on 8 February 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_transit_travel">Transport and transit travel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transport and transit travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Berliners could travel to West Germany and all Western and <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> states at all times, except during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> by the Soviet Union (24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949) when there were restrictions on passenger flight capacity imposed by the airlift. </p><p>Travelling to and from West Berlin by road or train always required passing through East German border checks, since West Berlin was an <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> surrounded by East Germany and East Berlin. On 2 October 1967, six years after the Wall was constructed, tram tracks in West Berlin were removed because the authorities wanted to promote car usage, meaning that the tram system remaining today runs almost entirely within the former East Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_traffic">Road traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Road traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As there were no dedicated walled-off-road corridors between West Germany and West Berlin under West German jurisdiction, travellers needed to pass through East Germany. A valid passport was required for citizens of West Germany and other western nationals to be produced at East German border checks. West Berliners could get admission only through their identity cards (see above). For travel from West Berlin to Denmark, Sweden and West Germany via dedicated East German transit routes (German: <i lang="de">Transitstrecke</i>), East German border guards issued a <i>transit visa</i> for a fee of 5 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Western Deutsche Mark</a>. For journeys between West Berlin and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> through East Germany, each traveller was also required to present a valid visa for the destination country.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transit routes for road travel connecting West Berlin to other destinations usually consisted of <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">autobahns</a> and other highways, marked by <i>Transit</i> signs. <i>Transit travellers</i> (German: <i lang="de">Transitreisende</i>) were prohibited to leave the transit routes, and occasional traffic checkpoints would check for violators. </p><p>There were four transit routes between West Berlin and West Germany: </p> <ul><li>One between West Berlin's <i>Heerstraße</i> with the East German checkpoint in <a href="/wiki/Dallgow-D%C3%B6beritz" title="Dallgow-Döberitz">Dallgow</a> until 1951, then replaced by <a href="/wiki/Staaken" title="Staaken">Staaken</a> for destinations in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> (originally via highway <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_5" title="Bundesstraße 5">F 5</a></i>) at the Eastern checkpoint in Horst (a part of today's <a href="/wiki/Nostorf" title="Nostorf">Nostorf</a>) and the Western <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg/Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauenburg/Elbe">Lauenburg upon Elbe</a>. These were replaced on 20 November 1982 by a new autobahn crossing at <a href="/wiki/Zarrentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarrentin">Zarrentin</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Gudow" title="Gudow">Gudow</a> (W).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1988, the new Stolpe checkpoint opened on this route to West Berlin. This is part of today's <a href="/wiki/Hohen_Neuendorf" title="Hohen Neuendorf">Hohen Neuendorf</a> (E)/Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Heiligensee" title="Heiligensee">Heiligensee</a> (W).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A second transit route led to Northwestern and <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">Western Germany</a> – following today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_2" title="Bundesautobahn 2">A 2</a> – crossing the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> at <a href="/wiki/Helmstedt-Marienborn_border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmstedt-Marienborn border crossing">Marienborn</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Helmstedt" title="Helmstedt">Helmstedt</a> (W), also called <i>Checkpoint Alpha</i>.</li> <li>A third route to Southwestern Germany consisted of today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">A 4</a> with border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Wartha_(Eisenach)" title="Wartha (Eisenach)">Wartha</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Herleshausen" title="Herleshausen">Herleshausen</a> (W).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A fourth (via today's A 9) to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> had border crossings originally at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juchh%C3%B6h&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juchhöh (page does not exist)">Mount Juchhöh</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6pen" title="Töpen">Töpen</a> (W) and later at <a href="/wiki/Hirschberg,_Thuringia" title="Hirschberg, Thuringia">Hirschberg upon Saale</a> (E)/ Rudolphstein (a part of today's <a href="/wiki/Berg,_Upper_Franconia" title="Berg, Upper Franconia">Berg in Upper Franconia</a>) (W).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009,_Potsdam,_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden,_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0331-0009%2C_Potsdam%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Drewitz-Dreilinden%2C_Verplomben_von_LKW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>East German border crossing Potsdam-Drewitz on 31 March 1972: Applying eastern lead seals to western trucks, entering the transit route, in order to prevent potential Eastern German escapees from hiding in the cargo space</figcaption></figure> <p>The latter three routes used autobahns built during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> era. They left West Berlin at <i>Checkpoint Dreilinden</i>, also called <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Bravo" title="Checkpoint Bravo">Checkpoint Bravo</a> (W)/<a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>-Drewitz (E). Transit routes to Poland were via today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_11" title="Bundesautobahn 11">A 11</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nadrensee" title="Nadrensee">Nadrensee</a>-Pomellen (East Germany, GDR)/<a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82baskowo" title="Kołbaskowo">Kołbaskowo (Kolbitzow)</a> (PL), eastwards via today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_12" title="Bundesautobahn 12">A 12</a> to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt upon Oder</a> (GDR)/<a href="/wiki/S%C5%82ubice" title="Słubice">Słubice</a> (PL), or southeastwards via today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_13" title="Bundesautobahn 13">A 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_15" title="Bundesautobahn 15">A 15</a> to <a href="/wiki/Forst_(Lausitz)" title="Forst (Lausitz)">Forst in Lusatia/Baršć</a> (GDR)/<a href="/wiki/Zasieki" title="Zasieki">Zasieki (Berge)</a> (PL). Additional routes led to Denmark and Sweden by ferry between Warnemünde (GDR) and <a href="/wiki/Gedser" title="Gedser">Gedser</a> (DK) and by ferry between <a href="/wiki/Sassnitz" title="Sassnitz">Sassnitz</a> (GDR) and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne" title="Rønne">Rønne</a> (DK) or <a href="/wiki/Trelleborg" title="Trelleborg">Trelleborg</a> (S). Routes to Czechoslovakia were via <a href="/wiki/Schmilka" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmilka">Schmilka</a> (GDR)/<a href="/wiki/H%C5%99ensko" title="Hřensko">Hřensko (Herrnskretschen)</a> (ČSSR) and via Fürstenau (a part of today's <a href="/wiki/Geising" title="Geising">Geising</a>) (GDR)/<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADnovec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cínovec (page does not exist)">Cínovec (Cinvald/Böhmisch Zinnwald)</a> (ČSSR). </p><p>The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western <a href="/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (vehicle)">coaches</a> could stop only at dedicated service areas since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 September 1951, East Germany, because of a shortage in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign currencies</a>, started to levy road tolls on cars using the transit routes. At first, the toll amounted to 10 <a href="/wiki/East_German_mark" title="East German mark">Ostmark</a> per passenger car and 10 to 50 for trucks, depending on size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ostmarks had to be exchanged into Deutsche Mark at a rate of 1:1. On 30 March 1955, East Germany raised the toll for passenger cars to 30 Deutsche Marks, but after West German protests, in June of the same year, it changed it back to the previous rate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four transit train connections—earlier also called <i>interzonal train</i> (German: <i lang="de">Interzonenzug</i>)—connected West Berlin with <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Hbf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Hbf">Hamburg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Schwanheide_station" title="Schwanheide station">Schwanheide</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchen_station" title="Büchen station">Büchen</a> (W) in the North, with <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> via <a href="/wiki/Marienborn_station" title="Marienborn station">Marienborn</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Helmstedt_station" title="Helmstedt station">Helmstedt</a> (W) in the West, with <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt (Main)">Frankfurt am Main</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gerstungen_station" title="Gerstungen station">Gerstungen</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Wildeck" title="Wildeck">Hönebach</a> (W) in the Southwest, and with <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof">Nuremberg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Probstzella_station" title="Probstzella station">Probstzella</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Ludwigsstadt_station" title="Ludwigsstadt station">Ludwigsstadt</a> (W) in the South of West Germany. These transit trains did not service domestic passengers of East Germany and made stops in East Germany almost exclusively for East German border guards upon entering and leaving the country. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall, <i>interzonal trains</i> would also stop once on their way within East Germany for travellers having a visa for entering or leaving East Germany. Train travel from West Berlin to Czechoslovakia, Denmark (by ferry), Poland and Sweden (by ferry) required a visa to enter East Berlin or East Germany to allow transfer to an international train—which also carried domestic passengers—bound for an international destination. One railway connection between West Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Oebisfelde_station" title="Oebisfelde station">Oebisfelde</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Wolfsburg Hauptbahnhof">Wolfsburg</a> (W) was reserved for freight trains only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> (German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. West Berlin had – with the exception of a few small private railway lines – no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's <a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">Berlin S-Bahn</a> electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained. After the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 it gained responsibility for the Reichsbahn in its territory. East Germany continued to run its railways under the official name <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a>, which thus maintained responsibility for almost all railway transport in all four sectors of Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDR-controlled 'Bahnpolizei', the Reichsbahn's railway police, were authorised to patrol station premises and other railway property in the whole city including West Berlin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The legal necessity of keeping the term 'Deutsche Reichsbahn' explains the surprising use of the word 'Reich' (with its Imperial and Nazi connotations) in the name of an official organisation of the communist GDR. </p><p>After the Berlin Blockade <i>transit trains</i> (German: <i lang="de">Transitzüge</i>) would leave and enter West Berlin only via one line through <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Wannsee_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Wannsee railway station">Berlin-Wannsee railway station</a> (W) and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Griebnitzsee_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station">Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station</a> (E). All transit trains would start or end in East Berlin, passing through West Berlin with only one stop in the Western <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoologischer_Garten_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station">Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station</a>, which became West Berlin's main railway station. Until 1952, the Reichsbahn also permitted stops at other stations on the way through the Western sectors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Reichsbahn employees working in West Berlin were West Berliners. Their East German employer, whose proceeds from ticket sales for Western Deutsche Marks contributed to East Germany's foreign revenues, tried to hold down wage <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> contributions in Western Deutsche Mark. Therefore, West Berlin employees of the Reichsbahn were paid partly in Eastern German currency. They could spend this money in East Germany and take their purchases to West Berlin, which other Westerners could not do to the same extent. West Berlin employees were trained in East Germany and employed under East German labour laws.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Berliners employed by the Reichsbahn were not included in the Western health insurance system either. The Reichsbahn ran its own hospital for them in West Berlin, the building of which is now used as the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a>. For certain patients, the Reichsbahn would facilitate treatment in a hospital in East Berlin. In medical emergencies, the employees could use West Berlin doctors and hospitals, which would then be paid for by the Reichsbahn.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The GDR used the western stations to distribute propaganda and display posters with slogans like "Americans Go Home." On 1 May, May Day, a state holiday in East and West, S-Bahn trains were sometimes decorated with the East German banner and a red flag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two waterways via the rivers and canals <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mittellandkanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittellandkanal">Mittellandkanal</a> were open for <a href="/wiki/Inland_navigation" title="Inland navigation">inland navigation</a>, but only freight vessels were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East German waters. The Havel crossed at the East German border in Nedlitz (a part of <a href="/wiki/Bornstedt_(Potsdam)" title="Bornstedt (Potsdam)">Potsdam-Bornstedt</a>), continuing through the <a href="/wiki/Elbe-Havel_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe-Havel Canal">Elbe-Havel Canal</a> and then either taking the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> northwestwards crossing the border again at <a href="/wiki/Cumlosen" title="Cumlosen">Cumlosen</a> (E)/<a href="/wiki/Schnackenburg" title="Schnackenburg">Schnackenburg</a> (W) or westwards following the Mittellandkanal to Buchhorst (Oebisfelde) (E)/Rühen (W). Western freight vessels could stop only at dedicated service areas, because the East German government wanted to prevent any East Germans from boarding them. </p><p>In July and August 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the operation and maintenance of the waterways and locks, which were previously run by the national German directorate for inland navigation (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser-_und_Schifffahrtsamt_Berlin" class="extiw" title="de:Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin">Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin</a></i>), should be continued and reconstructed in all four sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwelat_1984_5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for the originally city-owned <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln_Ship_Canal" title="Neukölln Ship Canal">Neukölln Ship Canal</a> and some canals built later (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Westhafen_Canal" title="Westhafen Canal">Westhafen Canal</a>) and locks, West Berlin had no separate inland navigation authority, but the East Berlin-based authority operated most waterways and locks, their lockmasters employed by the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_5_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwelat_1984_5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their negligent maintenance, the western Allies later transferred their control to the Senate of Berlin (West).<sup id="cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwelat_1984_6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Teltowkanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Teltowkanal">Teltowkanal</a>, connecting several industrial areas of West Berlin for heavy freight transport, was blocked by East Germany in Potsdam-<a href="/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge" title="Glienicke Bridge">Klein Glienicke</a>. Therefore, vessels going to the Teltowkanal had to take a detour via the river <a href="/wiki/Spree_(river)" title="Spree (river)">Spree</a> through West and East Berlin's city centre to enter the canal from the East. On 20 November 1981, East Germany reopened the western entrance, which required two more vessel border checkpoints – Dreilinden and <a href="/wiki/Kleinmachnow" title="Kleinmachnow">Kleinmachnow</a> – because the waterway crossed the border between East Germany and West Berlin four times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_traffic">Air traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762,_Berlin-Tempelhof,_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/220px-Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/330px-Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/440px-Avro_York_-_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P004762%2C_Berlin-Tempelhof%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Eastern refugees boarding an <a href="/wiki/Avro_York" title="Avro York">Avro York</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof_Central_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempelhof Central Airport">Tempelhof Airport</a> to fly into West Germany, 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Air traffic was the only connection between West Berlin and the Western world that was not directly under East German control. On 4 July 1948, <a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways">British European Airways</a> opened the first regular service for civilians between West Berlin and Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tickets were originally sold for <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds sterling</a> only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West Berliners and West Germans who had earlier fled East Germany or East Berlin, and thus could face imprisonment on entering East Germany or East Berlin, could only take flights for travel to and from West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enable individuals threatened by East German imprisonment to fly to and from West Berlin the West German government subsidised the flights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Flights between West Germany and West Berlin were under Allied control by the quadripartite <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Air_Safety_Center" title="Berlin Air Safety Center">Berlin Air Safety Center</a>. According to permanent agreements, three <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_Air_Corridor" title="West Berlin Air Corridor">air corridors</a> to West Germany were provided, which were open only for British, French, or U.S. military planes or civilian planes registered with companies in those countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The airspace controlled by the <i>Berlin Air Safety Center</i> comprised a radius of 32 km (20 mi) around the seat of the center in the <a href="/wiki/Kammergericht" title="Kammergericht">Kammergericht</a> building in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a> – thus covering most of East and West Berlin and the three corridors, of the same width – one northwestwards to Hamburg (<a href="/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuhlsbüttel Airport">Fuhlsbüttel Airport</a>), one westwards to Hanover, and one southwestwards to Frankfurt upon Main (<a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base" title="Rhein-Main Air Base">Rhein-Main Air Base</a>). </p><p>The West German airline <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> and most other international airlines were not permitted to fly to West Berlin. Flights by Lufthansa or the East German airline <a href="/wiki/Interflug" title="Interflug">Interflug</a> servicing connections between East and West Germany (such as between <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and Hamburg in West Germany and the East German city of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>) began in August 1989, but these routes had to go through Czechoslovak or Danish airspace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_between_West_Berlin_and_East_Germany">Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1953, travelling from West Berlin into East Germany (<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR)) fell under <a href="/wiki/Interzonal_traffic" title="Interzonal traffic">Interzonal traffic</a> regulations overseen by the three Allied military governments (the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_for_Germany_%E2%80%93_British_Element" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Commission for Germany – British Element">Control Commission for Germany – British Element</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">Office of Military Government/United States (OMGUS)</a>). On 27 May 1952, East Germany closed its border with West Germany and its 115 km (71 mi)-long border with West Berlin. From then on West Berliners required a permit to enter East Germany. East German border checkpoints were established in East German suburbs of West Berlin, and most streets were gradually closed for interzonal travel into East Germany. The last checkpoint to remain open was located at the <a href="/wiki/Glienicker_Br%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Glienicker Brücke">Glienicker Brücke</a> near Potsdam, until it was also closed by East Germany on 3 July 1953. The checkpoint at Staaken's Heerstraße remained open only for transit traffic to West Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png/300px-BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png/450px-BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png/600px-BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The only three permissible <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_Air_Corridor" title="West Berlin Air Corridor">West Berlin Air Corridors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This caused hardship for many West Berlin residents, especially those who had friends and family in East Germany. However, East Germans could still enter West Berlin. A number of cemeteries located in East Germany were also affected by the closure. Many church congregations in Berlin owned cemeteries outside the city, so many West Berlin congregations had cemeteries that were located in East Germany. For example, the <i>Friedhof vor Charlottenburg</i> (in <i>Cemetery in front/outside of Charlottenburg</i>) was located in the East German suburb of <a href="/wiki/Dallgow-D%C3%B6beritz" title="Dallgow-Döberitz">Dallgow</a>, yet belonged to Catholic congregations in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>. Many West Berliners wishing to visit the grave of a relative or friend on cemeteries located in East Germany were now unable to do so. Until 1961, East Germany occasionally issued permits to West Berliners to visit the cemeteries on the Catholic feast of <i>All Saints</i> on 1 November and on the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag" title="Buß- und Bettag">Day of Repentance and Prayer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1948–1952, the Reichsbahn connected the western suburbs of West Berlin to its S-Bahn network. Train routes servicing these suburbs formerly went through West Berlin stations, but ceased to make stops in the western stations or terminated service before entering West Berlin. Private West Berlin railway lines like the <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln%E2%80%93Mittenwalde_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Neukölln–Mittenwalde railway">Neukölln–Mittenwalde railway</a> (Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn, NME), connecting the East German <a href="/wiki/Mittenwalde" title="Mittenwalde">Mittenwalde</a> with West Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a> and the <i>Bötzowbahn</i> between West Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a> and East German <a href="/wiki/Hennigsdorf" title="Hennigsdorf">Hennigsdorf</a>, were disrupted at the border between West Berlin and East Germany on 26 October 1948 and August 1950, respectively. </p><p>Tramways and bus routes that connected West Berlin with its East German suburbs and were operated by West Berlin's public transport operator <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe">Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe Gesellschaft (<i>BVG</i> West)</a> ceased operation on 14 October 1950, after West Berlin tram and bus drivers had been repeatedly stopped and arrested by East German police for having western currency on them, considered a crime in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-BVG_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BVG-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BVG (West) terminated route sections that extended into East Germany, like the southern end of tram line 47 to <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nefeld,_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schönefeld, Brandenburg">Schönefeld</a>, the southwestern end of tram line 96 to <a href="/wiki/Kleinmachnow" title="Kleinmachnow">Kleinmachnow</a>, as well as two bus lines to <a href="/wiki/Glienicke/Nordbahn" title="Glienicke/Nordbahn">Glienicke at the Nordbahn</a>, north, and to <a href="/wiki/Falkensee" title="Falkensee">Falkensee</a>, northwest of West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-BVG_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BVG-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East German section of tram line 96 continued operating with eastern personnel and cars, obliging the eastern passengers – rarely westerners who needed special permits to enter East Germany – to change from eastern into western trains crossing the border by foot, until it was closed by the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reichsbahn shut down all of its West Berlin terminal stations and redirected its trains to stations in East Berlin, starting with <a href="/wiki/Berlin_G%C3%B6rlitzer_Bahnhof" title="Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof">Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof</a> – closed on 29 April 1951 – before serving rail traffic with <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a> and the southeast of East Germany. On 28 August 1951, trains usually serving <a href="/wiki/Lehrter_Bahnhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehrter Bahnhof">Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof</a> were redirected to stations in East Berlin, while trains from West Germany were redirected to the Western <i>Berlin Zoologischer Garten</i>. The Reichsbahn also closed down both <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Anhalter_Bahnhof" title="Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof">Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Nordbahnhof" title="Berlin Nordbahnhof">Berlin Nordbahnhof</a>, on 18 May 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 August 1951, the Reichsbahn opened a new connection – from Spandau via <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Jungfernheide_station" title="Berlin Jungfernheide station">Berlin Jungfernheide station</a> – for the S-Bahn lines connecting East German suburbs to the west of West Berlin (namely Falkensee, Staaken) with East Berlin, thus circumventing the centre of West Berlin. In June 1953, the Reichsbahn further cut off West Berlin from its East German suburbs by the introduction of additional <i>express S-Bahn trains</i> (German: <i lang="de">Durchläufer</i>). These routes originated from several East German suburbs bordering West Berlin (such as Falkensee, Potsdam, <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, Staaken, and <a href="/wiki/Velten" title="Velten">Velten</a>), crossing West Berlin non-stop until reaching its destinations in East Berlin. However, the regular S-Bahn connections with West Berlin's East German suburbs, stopping at every Western station, continued. From 17 June to 9 July 1953, East Germany blocked off all traffic between East and West due to the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a>. </p><p>From 4 October 1953, all S-Bahn trains crossing the border between East Germany and Berlin had to pass a border checkpoint in East Germany. Travellers from East Germany were checked before entering any part of Berlin, to identify individuals intending to escape into West Berlin or smuggling rationed or rare goods into West Berlin. S-Bahn trains were checked at <a href="/wiki/Hoppegarten" title="Hoppegarten">Hoppegarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahlow">Mahlow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zepernick_station" title="Zepernick station">Zepernick</a> in East Germany bordering East Berlin and in <a href="/wiki/Hohen_Neuendorf" title="Hohen Neuendorf">Hohen Neuendorf</a>, Potsdam-Griebnitzsee, and <a href="/wiki/Staaken" title="Staaken">Staaken</a>-Albrechtshof in East Germany bordering West Berlin. On 4 June 1954, the <i>Bahnhof Hennigsdorf Süd</i> station located next to West Berlin was opened solely for border controls, also to monitor West Berliners entering or leaving East Berlin, which they could still do freely, while they were not allowed to cross into East Germany proper without a special permit. </p><p>In 1951, the Reichsbahn began construction work on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_outer_ring" title="Berlin outer ring">Berlin outer-circle railway line</a>. This circular line connected all train routes heading for West Berlin and accommodated all domestic GDR traffic, thus directing railway traffic into East Berlin while by-passing West Berlin. Commuters in the East German suburbs around West Berlin now boarded <i>Sputnik</i> express trains, which took them into East Berlin without crossing any western sectors. With the completion of the outer-circle railway, there was no further need for express S-Bahn trains crossing the West Berlin border and thus their service ended on 4 May 1958, while stopping S-Bahn trains continued service. However, while East Germans could get off in West Berlin, West Berliners needed the hard-to get permits to enter East Germany by S-Bahn. With the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, all remaining railway traffic between West Berlin and its East German suburbs ended. Rail traffic between East and West Berlin was sharply reduced and restricted to a small number of checkpoints under GDR control. East Berliners and East Germans were then unable to freely enter and leave West Berlin. However, international visitors could obtain visas for East Berlin upon crossing one of the checkpoints at the Wall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">policy of détente</a> of the <i>Federal Government</i> under Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, West Berliners could again apply for visas to visit East Germany, which were granted more freely than in the period until 1961. On 4 June 1972, West Berlin's public transport operator <i>BVG</i> could open its first bus line into the East German suburbs since 1950 (line E to Potsdam via <i>Checkpoint Bravo</i> as it was known to the US military). This route was open only to persons bearing all the necessary East German permits and visas. For visits to East Germany, West Berliners could use four checkpoints along the East German border around West Berlin: The two road transit checkpoints Dreilinden (W)/Drewitz (E) and Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Heiligensee" title="Heiligensee">Heiligensee</a> (W)/Stolpe (E) as well as the old transit checkpoint at Heerstraße (W)/Staaken (E) and the checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee (W)/<a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nefeld,_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schönefeld, Brandenburg">Schönefeld</a> (E), which was also open for travellers boarding international flights at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Airport" title="Berlin Schönefeld Airport">Schönefeld Airport</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_between_East_and_West_Berlin">Traffic between East and West Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traffic between East and West Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While East and West Berlin became formally separate jurisdictions in September 1948, and while there were travel restrictions in all other directions for more than a decade, freedom of movement existed between the western sectors and the eastern sector of the city. However, time and again Soviet and later East German authorities imposed temporary restrictions for certain persons, certain routes, and certain means of transport. Gradually the eastern authorities disconnected and separated the two parts of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Soviets blocked all transport to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade between 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949), they increased food supplies in East Berlin in order to gain the compliance of West Berliners who at that time still had free access to East Berlin. West Berliners buying food in East Berlin were regarded as approving of the Soviet attempt to get rid of the Western Allies in West Berlin. This was seen as support by the communists and as treason by most Westerners. Until that time all over Germany food and other necessary supplies had been available only with ration stamps issued by one's municipality. This was the case in East Berlin until the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#The_Communist_putsch_in_the_municipal_government" title="Berlin Blockade">Communist putsch in Berlin's city government</a> in September 1948 – the unitary City Council of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Berlin">Greater Berlin</a> (German: <i lang="de">Magistrat von Groß Berlin</i>) for East and West.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By July 1948 a mere 19,000 West Berliners out of a total of almost 2 million covered their food requirements in East Berlin. Thus, 99% of West Berliners preferred to live on shorter supplies than before the Blockade, to show support for the Western Allies' position. In West Germany rationing of most products ended with the introduction of the Western Deutsche Mark on 21 June 1948. The new currency was also introduced in West Berlin on 24 June and this, at least officially, was the justification for the Soviet Blockade due to which rationing in West Berlin had to continue. However, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Air_Lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Air Lift">Berlin Air Lift</a> some supplies were increased beyond the pre-Blockade level and therefore rationing of certain goods in West Berlin was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While West Berliners were officially welcome to buy food in East Berlin, the Soviets tried to prevent them from buying other essential supplies, particularly coal and other fuel. For this reason, on 9 November 1948, they opened checkpoints on 70 streets entering West Berlin and closed the others for horse carriages, lorries and cars, later (16 March 1949) the Soviets erected roadblocks on the closed streets. From 15 November 1948, West Berlin ration stamps were no longer accepted in East Berlin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All the same, the Soviets started a campaign with the slogan <i>The smart West Berliner buys at the <a href="/wiki/Handelsorganisation" title="Handelsorganisation">HO</a></i> (German: <i lang="de">Der kluge West-Berliner kauft in der HO</i>), the HO being the Soviet zone chain of shops. They also opened so-called "Free Shops" in the Eastern Sector, offering supplies without ration stamps, but denominated at extremely high prices in Eastern <a href="/wiki/East_German_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="East German Mark">Deutsche Marks</a>. Ordinary East and West Berliners could only afford to buy there if they had income in Western Deutsche Mark and bartered the needed Eastern Deutsche Mark on the spontaneous currency markets, which developed in the British sector at the Zoo station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their demand and supply determined a barter ratio in favour of the Western Deutsche Mark with more than 2 Eastern Deutsche Marks offered for one Western Deutsche Mark. After the Blockade, when holders of Western Deutsche Marks could buy as much they could afford, up to five and six east marks were offered for one west mark. In the East, however, the Soviets had arbitrarily decreed a rate of 1 for 1 and exchanging at other rates was criminalised. </p><p>On 12 May 1949, the Blockade ended and all roadblocks and checkpoints between East and West Berlin were removed. The Berlin Airlift, however, continued until 30 September 1949 in order to build up supplies in West Berlin (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Senate_Reserve" title="Senate Reserve">Senate Reserve</a>), in readiness for another possible blockade, thus ensuring that an airlift could then be restarted with ease. On 2 May 1949, power stations in East Berlin started again to supply West Berlin with sufficient electricity. Before then, electrical supply had been reduced to just a few hours a day after the normal supplies had been interrupted at the start of the Blockade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the Western Allies and the West Berlin City Council decided to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity generation capacity, to be independent of Eastern supplies and not to be held to ransom by the eastern authorities. On 1 December 1949 the new <i>power station West</i> (German: <i lang="de">Kraftwerk West</i>, in 1953 renamed after the former Governing Mayor of West Berlin into <i>Kraftwerk <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Reuter" title="Ernst Reuter">Reuter</a> West</i>) went online and West Berlin's electricity board declared independence from Eastern supplies. However, for a time Eastern electricity continued to be supplied albeit intermittently. Supply was interrupted from 1 July until the end of 1950 and then started again until 4 March 1952, when the East finally switched it off. From then on West Berlin turned into an 'electricity island' within a pan-European electricity grid that had developed from the 1920s, because electricity transfers between East and West Germany never fully ceased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1952, West Berliners were restricted entry to East Germany proper by means of a hard-to-obtain East German permit. Free entry to East Berlin remained possible until 1961 and the building of the Wall. <a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">Berlin's underground</a> (Untergrundbahn, U-Bahn) and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">Berlin's S-Bahn</a> (a metropolitan public transit network), rebuilt after the war, continued to span all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family, friends, and jobs in the other. However, the East continuously reduced the means of public transport between East and West, with private cars being a very rare privilege in the East and still a luxury in the West.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting on 15 January 1953 the tram network was interrupted. East Berlin's public transport operator <i>Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe</i> (<i>BVG</i>-East, <i>BVB</i> as of 1 January 1969) staffed all trams, whose lines crossed the sectorial border, with women drivers, who were not permitted as drivers by the <i>BVG</i> (West), West Berlin's public transport operator. Instead of changing the Western rules, so that the Easterly intended interruption of the cross-border tram traffic would not happen, the <i>BVG</i> (West) insisted on male drivers. Cross-border tram traffic ended on 16 January.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East German propaganda this was a point for the East, arguing that the West did not allow drivers coming with their trams from the East to continue along their line into the West, but remaining silent on the fact that the end of cross-border tram traffic was most welcome to the East. The underground and the S-Bahn networks, except the above-mentioned <i>traverse S-Bahn trains</i>, continued to provide services between East and West Berlin. However, occasionally the East Berlin police – in the streets and on cross-border trains in East Berlin – identified suspicious behaviour (such as carrying heavy loads westwards) and watched out for unwelcome Westerners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Occasionally, West Germans were banned from entering East Berlin. This was the case between 29 August and 1 September 1960, when ex-prisoners of war and deportees, <i>homecomers</i> (German: <i lang="de">Heimkehrer</i>), from all around West Germany and West Berlin met for a convention in that city. The <i>homecomers</i> released mostly from a long detention in the Soviet Union were unwelcome in East Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they could not be recognised through their identification papers, all West Germans were banned from East Berlin during those days. West Berliners were allowed, since the quadripartite Allied status quo provided for their free movement around all four sectors. From 8 September 1960 on, the East subjected all West Germans to apply for a permit before entering East Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the communist government in the East gained tighter control, and the economic recovery in the West significantly outperformed the East, more than a hundred thousand East Germans and East Berliners left East Germany and East Berlin for the West every year. East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany and sealed off the border with West Berlin in 1952; but because of the quadripartite Allied status of the city, the 46 km (29 mi)-long sectorial border between East and West Berlin remained open. </p><p>To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically sealed off by walls, concrete barriers, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station">Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station</a>, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's <a href="/wiki/U6_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="U6 (Berlin U-Bahn)">U 6</a>), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's <a href="/wiki/S2_(Berlin)" title="S2 (Berlin)">S 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/S3_(Berlin)" title="S3 (Berlin)">S 3</a>, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and <i>transit trains</i> between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg/220px-Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg/330px-Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg/440px-Karte_berliner_mauer_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Map showing location of the Berlin Wall and transit points</figcaption></figure> <p>The eight street checkpoints were – from North to South along the Wall – on Bornholmer Straße, Chausseestraße, Invalidenstraße, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_station" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße station">Berlin Friedrichstraße station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a> (<a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> in US military denomination, since this crossing was to their sector), Heinrich-Heine-Straße, <a href="/wiki/Oberbaum_Bridge" title="Oberbaum Bridge">Oberbaumbrücke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonnenallee,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonnenallee, Berlin">Sonnenallee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282,_Berlin,_Brandenburger_Tor,_Wasserwerfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_173-1282%2C_Berlin%2C_Brandenburger_Tor%2C_Wasserwerfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>An eastern water cannon vehicle directed at western protesters in front of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, August 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>When the construction of the Wall started after midnight early on 13 August, West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt was on a West German federal election campaigning tour in West Germany. Arriving by train in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> at <span class="nowrap">4 am</span> he was informed about the Wall and flew to West Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof_Central_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempelhof Central Airport">Tempelhof Central Airport</a>. </p><p>Over the course of the day he protested along with many other West Berliners on <a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a> and at the Brandenburg Gate. On 14 August, under the pretext that Western demonstrations necessitated it, the East closed the checkpoint at the Brandenburg Gate 'until further notice', a situation that was to last until 22 December 1989, when it was finally reopened. </p><p>On 26 August 1961, East Germany generally banned West Berliners from entering the Eastern sector. West Germans and other nationals, however, could still get visas on entering East Berlin. Since intra-city phone lines had been cut by the East already in May 1952 (see below) the only remaining way of communication with family or friends on the other side was by mail or at meeting in a motorway restaurant on a <i>transit route</i>, because the <i>transit traffic</i> remained unaffected throughout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 18 May 1962 East Germany opened the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nenpalast" title="Tränenpalast">Tränenpalast</a> checkpoint hall (<i>Palace of Tears</i>) at Berlin Friedrichstraße station, where Easterners had to say a sometimes tearful farewell to returning Westerners as well as the few Easterners who had managed to get a permit to visit the West. Until June 1963 the East deepened its border zone around West Berlin in East Germany and East Berlin by clearing existing buildings and vegetation to create an open field of view, sealed off by the Berlin Wall towards the West and a second wall or fence of similar characteristics to the East, observed by armed men in towers, <a href="/wiki/Schie%C3%9Fbefehl" title="Schießbefehl">with orders to shoot at escapees</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547,_Berlin,_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P086547%2C_Berlin%2C_Sektoren%C3%BCbergang_Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Western police awaiting an eastern border controller at the opening of a new pedestrian border crossing. View into the vaults of <a href="/wiki/Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberbaumbrücke">Oberbaumbrücke</a>, 21 December 1963.</figcaption></figure> <p>Finally, in 1963, West Berliners were again allowed to visit East Berlin. On this occasion a further checkpoint for pedestrians only was opened on the <a href="/wiki/Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberbaumbrücke">Oberbaumbrücke</a>. West Berliners were granted visas for a one-day visit between 17 December 1963 and 5 January the following year. 1.2 million out of a total 1.9 million West Berliners visited East Berlin during this period. In 1964, 1965, and 1966 East Berlin was opened again to West Berliners, but each time only for a limited period. </p><p>East Germany assigned different legal statuses to East Germans, East Berliners, West Germans, and West Berliners, as well as citizens from other countries in the world. Until 1990 East Germany designated each <a href="/wiki/Berlin_border_crossings#Border_crossings" title="Berlin border crossings">Border crossings in East Berlin</a> for certain categories of persons, with only one street checkpoint being open simultaneously for West Berliners and West Germans (Bornholmer Straße) and <i>Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station</i> being open for all travellers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 9 September 1964, the East German <a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of East Germany">Council of Ministers</a> (government) decided to allow Eastern pensioners to visit family in West Germany or West Berlin. According to the specified regulations valid from 2 November on Eastern pensioners could apply and were usually allowed, to travel into the West to visit relatives once a year for a maximum of four weeks. If pensioners decided not to return, the government did not miss them as manpower, unlike younger Easterners, who were subject to a system of labour and employment, which demanded that almost everybody work in the Eastern command production system. </p><p>On 2 December 1964 East Germany, always short of hard currency, decreed that every Western visitor had to buy a minimum of 5 Eastern <i>Mark der Deutschen Notenbank</i> per day (MDN,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1964–1968 the official name of the East German mark, to distinguish it from the West Deutsche Mark) at the still held arbitrary compulsory rate of 1:1. The 5 marks had to be spent, as exporting Eastern currency was illegal, which is why importing it after having bargained for it at the currency market at Zoo station was also illegal. Western pensioners and children were spared from the compulsory exchange (officially in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindestumtausch" class="extiw" title="de:Mindestumtausch">Mindestumtausch</a></i>, i.e. <i>minimum exchange</i>). Not long after East Germany held the first cash harvest from the new compulsory exchange rules by allowing West Berliners to visit East Berlin once more for a day during the Christmas season. The following year, 1965, East Germany opened the travelling season for West Berliners on 18 December. In 1966 it opened for a second harvest of Western money between the Easter (10 April) and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (29 May) holidays and later again at Christmas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The situation only changed fundamentally after 11 December 1971 when, representing the two German states, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Bahr" title="Egon Bahr">Egon Bahr</a> from the West and Michael Kohl from the East signed the <a href="/wiki/Transit_Agreement_(1972)" title="Transit Agreement (1972)">Transit Agreement</a>. This was followed by a similar agreement for West Berliners, once more allowing regular visits to East Germany and East Berlin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After ratification of the Agreement and specifying the relevant regulations, West Berliners could apply for the first time again for visas for any chosen date to East Berlin or East Germany from 3 October 1972 onwards. If granted, a one-day-visa entitled West Berliners to travel to the East until 2 am the following day. The visitors were now spared the visa fee of 5 Western Deutsche Marks, not to be confused with the compulsory exchange amounting to the same sum, but yielding in return 5 Eastern marks. This financial relief did not last long, because on 15 November 1973 East Germany doubled the compulsory exchange to 10 Eastern marks, payable in West German Deutsche Marks at par.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003,_Berlin,_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1228-0010-003%2C_Berlin%2C_West-Berliner_Besucher_in_Ostberlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>West Berliners entering East Berlin at the border crossing Chausseestraße on 28 December 1963 after having been banned from visiting the eastern sector for more than two years</figcaption></figure> <p>One-day visas for East Berlin were now issued in a quickened procedure; visas for longer stays and visas for East Germany proper needed a prior application, which could be a lengthy procedure. To facilitate applications for West Berliners seeking such Eastern visas, the GDR Foreign Ministry was later allowed to open <i>Offices for the Affairs of Visits and Travelling</i> (German: <i lang="de">Büros für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten</i>) in West Berlin, which were not allowed to show any official symbols of East Germany. The Eastern officials working commuted every morning and evening between East and West Berlin. Their uniforms showed no official symbols except the name <i>Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten</i>. They accepted visa applications and handed out confirmed visas issued in the East to the West Berlin applicants. A shed formerly housing one such <i>Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten</i> can be found on Waterlooufer 5–7 in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Kreuzberg" title="Kreuzberg">Kreuzberg</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Hallesches_Tor_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)">Hallesches Tor underground station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another form of traffic between East and West Berlin was the transfer of West Berlin's sewage into East Berlin and East Germany through the sewer pipes built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sewage flowed into the East because most of the pre-war sewage treatment facilities, mostly <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">sewage farms</a>, happened to be in the East after the division of the city. Sewer pipes, however, once discovered as a way to flee the East, were blocked by bars. West Berlin paid for the treatment of its sewage in Western Deutsche Marks which were desperately needed by the East German government. Since the methods used in the East did not meet Western standards, West Berlin increased the capacity of modern sewage treatment within its own territory, such that the amount of its sewage treated in the East had been considerably reduced by the time the Wall came down. </p><p>The situation with refuse was similar. The removal, burning or disposal of the ever-growing amount of West Berlin's rubbish became a costly problem, but here too an agreement was found since West Berlin would pay in Western Deutsche Marks. On 11 December 1974 East Germany and West Berlin's garbage utility company <i>BSR</i> signed a contract to dispose of refuse on a dump right beside the Wall in East German Groß-Ziethen (today a part of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nefeld,_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schönefeld, Brandenburg">Schönefeld</a>). An extra checkpoint, solely open for Western bin lorries (garbage trucks), was opened there. Later on, a second dump, further away, was opened in Vorketzin, a part of <a href="/wiki/Ketzin" title="Ketzin">Ketzin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As for the S-Bahn, operated throughout Berlin by the East German Reichsbahn, the construction of the Wall meant a serious disruption of its integrated network, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Ringbahn" title="Berlin Ringbahn">Berlin's circular S-Bahn line</a> around all of the Western and Eastern inner city. The lines were separated and those mostly located in West Berlin were continued, but only accessible from West Berlin with all access in East Berlin closed. However, even before the Wall had been built, West Berliners increasingly refrained from using the S-Bahn, since boycotts against it were issued, the argument being that every S-Bahn ticket bought provided the GDR government with valuable Western Deutsche Marks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018,_Berlin,_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1118-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Grenz%C3%BCbergang_Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>East Berliners, just having passed the now-open eastern checkpoint Bornholmer Straße, passing Bösebrücke into the French sector of Berlin on 18 November 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Usage dropped further as the Western public transport operator <i>BVG</i> (West) offered parallel bus lines and expanded its network of underground lines. After the construction of the Wall, ridership fell so much that running the S-Bahn lines in West Berlin turned into a loss-making exercise: wages and maintenance – however badly it was carried out – cost more than income from ticket sales. Finally, the Reichsbahn agreed to surrender operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin, as had been determined by all Allies in 1945, and on 29 December 1983 the Allies, the Senate of Berlin (West; i.e. the city state government) and the Reichsbahn signed an agreement to change the operator from Reichsbahn to <i>BVG</i> (West) which took effect on 9 January 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 1989 East Germany opened the borders for East Germans and East Berliners, who could then freely enter West Berlin. West Berlin itself had never restricted their entry. For West Berliners and West Germans the opening of the border for free entry lasted longer. The regulation concerning one-day-visas on entering the East and the compulsory minimum exchange of 25 Western Deutsche Marks by 1989, continued. However, more checkpoints were opened. Finally, on 22 December 1989, East Germany granted West Berliners and West Germans free entry without charge at the existing checkpoints, demanding only valid papers. Eastern controls were slowly eased into spot checks and finally abolished on 30 June 1990, the day East and West introduced the <i>union concerning currency, economy and social security</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4hrungs-,_Wirtschafts-_und_Sozialunion" class="extiw" title="de:Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion">Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_between_different_parts_of_West_Berlin_crossing_the_East">Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Wall was built in 1961, three metro lines starting in northern parts of West Berlin passed through tunnels under the Eastern city centre and ended again in southern parts of West Berlin. The lines concerned were today's underground lines <a href="/wiki/U6_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="U6 (Berlin U-Bahn)">U 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/U8_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="U8 (Berlin U-Bahn)">U 8</a> and the S-Bahn line <a href="/wiki/S2_(Berlin)" title="S2 (Berlin)">S 2</a> (today partly also used by other lines). On the sealing off of West Berlin from East Berlin by the Berlin Wall the entrances of the stations on these lines located in East Berlin were shut. However, western trains were allowed to continue to pass through without stopping. Passengers of these trains experienced the empty and barely lit <a href="/wiki/Ghost_station#Ghost_stations_in_Berlin" title="Ghost station">ghost stations</a> where time had stood still since 13 August 1961. West Berlin's public transport operator <i>BVG</i> (West) paid the east an annual charge in Western Deutsche Marks for its underground lines to use the tunnels under East Berlin. <a href="/wiki/U6_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="U6 (Berlin U-Bahn)">U 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/S2_(Berlin)" title="S2 (Berlin)">S 2</a> also had one subterranean stop at the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station">Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station</a>, the only station beneath East Berlin where western U Bahn trains were still allowed to stop. Passengers could change there between U 6, S 2 and the elevated S 3 (then starting and ending in Friedrichstraße) or for the transit trains to West Germany, buy duty-free tobacco and liquor for Western marks in GDR-run <a href="/wiki/Intershop" title="Intershop">Intershop</a> kiosks, or enter East Berlin through a checkpoint right in the station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Berlin discotheque bombing">1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brigade" title="Berlin Brigade">Berlin Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_in_Berlin" title="Judgment in Berlin">Judgment in Berlin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commandants_of_Berlin_Sectors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors">List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divided_cities" title="List of divided cities">List of divided cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gatow" title="RAF Gatow">RAF Gatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Prison" title="Spandau Prison">Spandau Prison</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stunde_Null" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunde Null">Stunde Null</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Berlin" title="United States Army Berlin">United States Army Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurie2012" class="citation book cs1">Durie, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/978161722"><i>The British Garrison Berlin 1945–1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin</i></a>. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergangenheitsverlag" class="extiw" title="de:Vergangenheitsverlag">de</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86408-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86408-068-5"><bdi>978-3-86408-068-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978161722">978161722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Garrison+Berlin+1945%E2%80%931994%3A+nowhere+to+go+...+a+pictorial+historiography+of+the+British+Military+occupation+%2F+presence+in+Berlin&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Vergangenheitsverlag+%28de%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978161722&rft.isbn=978-3-86408-068-5&rft.aulast=Durie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F978161722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vysotsky, Viktor. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westberlinvysotsky">West Berlin</a></i>. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas W.</a> (2000). "America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/berlin.pdf"><i>Berlin: The New Capital in the East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613135215/https://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/berlin.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=America%27s+Berlin%2C+1945%E2%80%922000%3A+Between+Myths+and+Visions&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+New+Capital+in+the+East&rft.pages=49-73&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aicgs.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F11%2Fberlin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Hochscherf, Christoph Laucht, Andrew Plowman, <i>Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War</i>, p. 109, Berghahn Books, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782381006" title="Special:BookSources/9781782381006">9781782381006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/11/07/berlin-where-rivalry-of-east-west-soars">"Berlin: Where Rivalry of East, West Soars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181326/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/11/07/berlin-where-rivalry-of-east-west-soars">Archived</a> 31 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>, 18 July 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/13/newsid_3054000/3054060.stm">"1961: Berliners wake to divided city"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/13/newsid_3054000/3054060.stm">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ladd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ladd_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladd_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladd_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladd_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladd_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd1997" class="citation book cs1">Ladd, Brian (1997). <i>The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226467627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226467627"><bdi>978-0226467627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghosts+of+Berlin%3A+Confronting+German+History+in+the+Urban+Landscape&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0226467627&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attwood-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttwood1952" class="citation magazine cs1">Attwood, William (15 July 1952). Cowles, Gardner (ed.). "Berlin calmly rides out its Pinprick War". European Affairs, Look Reports. <i>LOOK</i>. Vol. 16, no. 15. Des Moines, Iowa: Cowles Magazines, Incorporated. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LOOK&rft.atitle=Berlin+calmly+rides+out+its+Pinprick+War&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1952-07-15&rft.aulast=Attwood&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/blob/284870/ce0d03414872b427e57fccb703634dcd/basic_law-data.pdf">Article 127 [Extension of law to the French zone and to Berlin]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075359/https://www.bundestag.de/blob/284870/ce0d03414872b427e57fccb703634dcd/basic_law-data.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Within one year after the promulgation of this Basic Law the Federal Government, with the consent of the governments of the Länder concerned, may extend to the Länder of Baden, Greater Berlin, Rhineland-Palatinate and Württemberg-Hohenzollern any law of the Administration of the Combined Economic Area, insofar as it remains in force as federal law under Article 124 or 125.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-currie-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-currie_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-currie_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWFzvKt8fVoC&dq=constitution+berlin+1950&pg=PA89"><i>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628192858/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWFzvKt8fVoC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=constitution+berlin+1950&source=bl&ots=hyuCIJgkpd&sig=6M92IDToC3d9dPMZ0Z_d5ugtsuc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLgOHypbbKAhWGtxQKHaDVD3MQ6AEITDAL#v=onepage&q=constitution%20berlin%201950&f=true">Archived</a> 28 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David P. Currie University of Chicago Press, 1994, page 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Berlin <a href="/wiki/Allied_Kommandatura" title="Allied Kommandatura">Kommandatura</a> Ordinance BK/O (50) 75, 29 August 1950, clause 2b, published in the then Berlin legal gazette VOBl. I, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6DFsKBss-wC&dq=Die+Bestimmungen+dieses+Artikels+%2887%29+betreffend+das+Basic+Law%2C+finden+nur+in+dem+Ma%C3%9Fe+Anwendung%2C+als+es+zwecks+Vorbeugung+eines+Konflikts+zwischen+diesem+Gesetz+und+der+Berliner+Verfassung+erforderlich+ist&pg=PA44"><i>Das richterliche Prüfungsrecht in Berlin</i></a>, Peter Hauck Duncker & Humblot, 1969, page 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the German translation the respective clause of the Kommandatura Ordinance reads as follows: "Die Bestimmungen dieses Artikels (87) betreffend das Basic Law, finden nur in dem Maße Anwendung, als es zwecks Vorbeugung eines Konflikts zwischen diesem Gesetz und der Berliner Verfassung erforderlich ist". Cf. Decision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of Germany">Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinioiuris.de/entscheidung/764"><i>BVerfG, 25.10.1951 – 1 BvR 24/51</i> (Der Grundrechtsteil des Bonner Basic Lawes gilt auch in West-Berlin.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227234504/http://opinioiuris.de/entscheidung/764">Archived</a> 27 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinioiuris.de/"><i>OpinioIuris: Die freie juristische Bibliothek</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422000039/http://opinioiuris.de/">Archived</a> 22 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 2 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-490512.htm"><i>Approval by Western Military Governors</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206142827/http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-490512.htm">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.usembassy.de/">U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424070635/http://usa.usembassy.de/">Archived</a> 24 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 2 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F54jJBcrs50C&dq=bundestag+west+berlin+22&pg=PA34"><i>Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s</i></a>, Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/GERMANY_FEDERAL_REPUBLIC_1980.PDF">Germany (Federal Republic of) Date of Elections: 5 October 1980</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921035206/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/GERMANY_FEDERAL_REPUBLIC_1980.PDF">Archived</a> 21 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Parliamentary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Parliamentary Union">International Parliamentary Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGbfBQAAQBAJ&dq=bundesrat+west+berlin&pg=PA3"><i>West Germany Today (RLE: German Politics)</i></a>, Karl Koch, Routledge, 1989, page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bundestag%22+%22West+Berlin%22+%22House+of+Representatives%22"><i>The Bulletin</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224639/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BTrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bundestag%22+%22West+Berlin%22+%22House+of+Representatives%22&dq=%22Bundestag%22+%22West+Berlin%22+%22House+of+Representatives%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnouOnNTeAhWrrVQKHbrpDIcQ6AEINDAC">Archived</a> 14 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Issues 1–3, 1979, page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjY4AAAAIAAJ&dq=military+service+%22west+berlin%22&pg=PA166"><i>Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies</i></a>, Scott MacDonald, CUP Archive, 1993, page 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/tracing-west-berlins-70s-and-80s-subculture/a-16615845">Tracing West Berlin's 70s and 80s subculture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014028/http://www.dw.com/en/tracing-west-berlins-70s-and-80s-subculture/a-16615845">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, 21 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgebuilderins0000kiep/page/100"><i>Bridge Builder: An Insider's Account of Over Sixty Years in Post-war Reconstruction, International Diplomacy, and German-American Relations</i></a>, Walther Leisler Kiep Purdue University Press, 2012, page 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpassportstamps.com/germany-transit-visa-1991/"><i>Germany – transit visa, 1991 (issued 24 July 1990)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000332/http://www.worldpassportstamps.com/germany-transit-visa-1991/">Archived</a> 21 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World of Passport Stamps</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pugh-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pugh_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pugh_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhuQAwAAQBAJ&dq=Embassy+of+the+French+Republic+in+Berlin+gdr&pg=PA158"><i>Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin</i></a>, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, pages 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzmNb84n7sUC&dq=West+Berlin+special+political+area&pg=PA183"><i>The East German Leadership, 1946–73: Conflict and Crisis</i></a>, Peter Grieder, Manchester University Press, 1999, page 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iS5YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Besonderes+politisches+Gebiet+Westberlin%22"><i>Städte und Stadtzentren in der DDR: Ergebnisse und reale Perspektiven des Städtebaus in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik</i></a>, Gerhard Krenz, Verlag für Bauwesen, 1969, page 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3AXAwAAQBAJ&dq=valid+for+entry+into+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+including+Berlin+%28West%29&pg=PA191">The Path to the Berlin Wall: Critical Stages in the History of Divided Germany</a>, Manfred Wilke, Berghahn Books, 15 April 2014, page 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themediateur.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mediateur_sntd.pdf">Comparative Study on Status Neutral Travel Documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007044625/http://themediateur.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mediateur_sntd.pdf">Archived</a> 7 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, mediatEUr, July 2011, page 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Gk6XkKL0aEC&dq=west+berlin+visas+east+germany+1968&pg=PA115"><i>Moscow, Germany and the West</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010216/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Gk6XkKL0aEC&lpg=PA115&ots=1yCmBbs5av&dq=west%20berlin%20visas%20east%20germany%201968&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q=west%20berlin%20visas%20east%20germany%201968&f=true">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Michael Sodaro I.B.Tauris, 1993, page 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201214311/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1960/TS0056%20(1960)%20CMND-1157%201960%2020%20JUNE,%20BONN%3B%20EXCHANGE%20OF%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOVT%20OF%20UK%20AND%20NI%20AND%20GOVT%20OF%20GERMANY%20CONCERNING%20ARRANGEMENTS%20TO%20FACILITATE%20TRAVEL.PDF">"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning Arrangements to Facilitate Travel between the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic, Bonn, 20 June 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1960/TS0056%20(1960)%20CMND-1157%201960%2020%20JUNE,%20BONN%3B%20EXCHANGE%20OF%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOVT%20OF%20UK%20AND%20NI%20AND%20GOVT%20OF%20GERMANY%20CONCERNING%20ARRANGEMENTS%20TO%20FACILITATE%20TRAVEL.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231239/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136086.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declassified%3A+Berlin+divided&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_136086.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCode_Name" class="citation web cs1">Code Name. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136184.htm">"LIVE OAK"</a>. <i>NATO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073957/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136184.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=LIVE+OAK&rft.au=Code+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_136184.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas</a> (2008). <i>Kennedy in Berlin</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125‒64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy+in+Berlin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125%E2%80%9264&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717184114/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/speeches/reagan_berlin.htm">"Ronald Reagan speech, Tear Down This Wall"</a>. USAF Air University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/speeches/reagan_berlin.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+Reagan+speech%2C+Tear+Down+This+Wall&rft.pub=USAF+Air+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fspeeches%2Freagan_berlin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/01/world/berlin-mayoral-contest-has-many-uncertainties.html">Berlin Mayoral Contest Has Many Uncertainties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617212414/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/01/world/berlin-mayoral-contest-has-many-uncertainties.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 1 December 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053959/http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/mauer/a_6251_19_1988.pdf?start&ts=1242213630&file=a_6251_19_1988.pdf">"Übersichtskarte: Berlin (West)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/mauer/a_6251_19_1988.pdf?start&ts=1242213630&file=a_6251_19_1988.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cbersichtskarte%3A+Berlin+%28West%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Fimperia%2Fmd%2Fcontent%2Fmauer%2Fa_6251_19_1988.pdf%3Fstart%26ts%3D1242213630%26file%3Da_6251_19_1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMgiAQAAIAAJ&q=%221000+Berlin%22"><i>Guide to World Commodity Markets</i></a>, John Parry, Kogan Page, 1982, page 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EbrAAAAMAAJ&q=vorwahl+westberlin+0311"><i>Der Kunsthandel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327030117/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3EbrAAAAMAAJ&q=vorwahl+westberlin+0311&dq=vorwahl+westberlin+0311&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL6fqk9sfzAhUyQkEAHVYQDH4Q6AF6BAgCEAI">Archived</a> 27 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 63, A. Hüthig., 1971, page 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0hVAAAAYAAJ&q=vorwahl+westberlin+030"><i>Wasser, Luft und Betreib</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602060349/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d0hVAAAAYAAJ&q=vorwahl+westberlin+030&dq=vorwahl+westberlin+030&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw6oK898fzAhXymFwKHe_5CvsQ6AF6BAgXEAI">Archived</a> 2 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 21, 1977, page 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0wdAQAAMAAJ&q=0037"><i>The American Bar, the Canadian Bar, the International Bar</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331181847/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0wdAQAAMAAJ&dq=0037+ddr&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=0037">Archived</a> 31 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volumes 1-2, R.B. Forster & Associates, 1986, pages 4133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/0372-der-anschluss-des-ostens-die-vorwahl-fuers-andere-berlin-fuehrte-oft-ins-leere/647390.html">0372 – der Anschluss des Ostens, Die Vorwahl fürs andere Berlin führte oft ins Leere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003175613/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/0372-der-anschluss-des-ostens-die-vorwahl-fuers-andere-berlin-fuehrte-oft-ins-leere/647390.html">Archived</a> 3 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a></i>, 2 October 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/rieseln-lassen-a-9f98c120-0002-0001-0000-000042891501?context=issue">Rieseln lassen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822025518/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/rieseln-lassen-a-9f98c120-0002-0001-0000-000042891501?context=issue">Archived</a> 22 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 27 August 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/richtfunkmast-berlin-frohnau">"Richtfunkmast Berlin-Frohnau (Berlin-Frohnau, 1979)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009144801/https://structurae.net/structures/richtfunkmast-berlin-frohnau">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richtfunkmast+Berlin-Frohnau+%28Berlin-Frohnau%2C+1979%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstructurae.net%2Fstructures%2Frichtfunkmast-berlin-frohnau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-berlin-wall.com/videos/the-tram-disappears-from-west-berlin-575/">The tram disappears from West-Berlin – The Berlin Wall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922143351/https://www.the-berlin-wall.com/videos/the-tram-disappears-from-west-berlin-575/">Archived</a> 22 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2010" class="citation book cs1">Major, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/516290074"><i>Behind the Berlin Wall : East Germany and the frontiers of power</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 29, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156753-7"><bdi>978-0-19-156753-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/516290074">516290074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Berlin+Wall+%3A+East+Germany+and+the+frontiers+of+power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=29%2C+105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F516290074&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156753-7&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F516290074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the German-German <i>Traffic Agreement</i> of 29 November 1978, the transit via highway <i>F 5</i> was replaced by a new autobahn connecting Hamburg with <a href="/wiki/Wittstock" title="Wittstock">Wittstock</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_24" title="Bundesautobahn 24">A 24</a>), from there on using the existing autobahn between Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_19" title="Bundesautobahn 19">A 19</a>). The West German <i>Federal Government</i> paid DM 1.2 billion to co-finance the construction of these roads. East Germany, in chronic need of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">western foreign currencies</a>, often showed cooperation whenever Western payments were involved.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbEx-NL2008" class="citation web cs1">UrbEx-NL (23 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbex.nl/checkpoint-alpha-grenzubergangsstelle-marienborn/">"Abandoned and Lost Places - Checkpoint Alpha: Grenzübergangsstelle Marienborn"</a>. <i>Abandoned and Lost Places</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abandoned+and+Lost+Places&rft.atitle=Abandoned+and+Lost+Places+-+Checkpoint+Alpha%3A+Grenz%C3%BCbergangsstelle+Marienborn&rft.date=2008-03-23&rft.au=UrbEx-NL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbex.nl%2Fcheckpoint-alpha-grenzubergangsstelle-marienborn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColitt2011" class="citation web cs1">Colitt, Leslie (16 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/escape-from-east-berlin">"Escape from East Berlin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509094518/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/escape-from-east-berlin">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Escape+from+East+Berlin&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft.aulast=Colitt&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F16%2Fescape-from-east-berlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This explains the retaining of the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn" despite containing the word "Reich" (Nation or Empire) replaced in the names of all other institutions taken over by the communist GDR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was felt in 1980. The Reichsbahn tried to reduce its losses from operating West Berlin's S-Bahns by reducing the staff and the operation time in the evenings and nights, further reducing the salaries of the remaining employees. Being paid worse than West German railway workers, the West Berlin S-Bahn employees went on strike, which was legal in capitalist West Berlin, but illegal in communist East Berlin, because it was regarded as disloyalty to the communist party. The strikers occupied the signal towers, blocking any rail traffic in West Berlin as of 20 September. With the help of Soviet patrollers in West Berlin, East German railway workers recaptured the signal towers and other railway premises on 22 September. More than 200 West Berlin Reichsbahn employees who did not return to work were then dismissed. This was illegal under West Berlin law, because going on strike there does not provide legal grounds for a dismissal. However, as the Reichsbahn was out of western jurisdiction, the West Berlin government provided payment of unemployment benefits to the former Reichsbahn workers, despite the Reichsbahn never having paid contributions to the unemployment insurance fund in West Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karwelat_1984_5-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_5_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_5_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Karwelat, <i>Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal</i>, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 5. No ISBN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karwelat_1984_6-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karwelat_1984_6_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Karwelat, <i>Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal</i>, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 6. No ISBN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Commerce Weekly. United States, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1949. 36-37, page 36 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Foreign_Commerce_Weekly/5AAiAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Foreign_Commerce_Weekly/5AAiAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East Germany required East Germans and East Berliners wishing to leave the country to get exit permission first. However, permission was usually denied, and leaving the country without permission was <a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a>, considered a criminal act by the East German justice system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BVG-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BVG_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BVG_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.arcor.de/boerge74/stadtbahn/text/tram/text/ausserhalb.html">"BVG-Straßenbahnlinien außerhalb Berlins (Linien 47 und 96)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523173244/http://home.arcor.de/boerge74/stadtbahn/text/tram/text/ausserhalb.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.arcor.de/boerge74/stadtbahn/"><i>Öffentlicher Nahverkehr in Berlin</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523160428/http://home.arcor.de/boerge74/stadtbahn/">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 2 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hahn-homepage.de/index.php/initiativen/linie-96/">"Linie 96, 2009"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625080822/http://hahn-homepage.de/index.php/initiativen/linie-96/">Archived</a> 25 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hahn-homepage.de/"><i>Peter Hahn</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304152854/http://hahn-homepage.de/">Archived</a> 4 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 2 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/">"History of S-Bahn Berlin"</a>. <i>sbahn.berlin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191222/https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sbahn.berlin&rft.atitle=History+of+S-Bahn+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsbahn.berlin%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fcompany-profile%2Fhistory-of-s-bahn-berlin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader2011" class="citation book cs1">Schrader, Helena (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/771875699"><i>The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift</i></a>. Stroud: History Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6803-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-6803-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/771875699">771875699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blockade+Breakers%3A+The+Berlin+Airlift&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F771875699&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6803-7&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F771875699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It took the <i>BVG</i> (West) until 1 November 1973 to employ the first female bus driver, by which time all tram lines had been closed down in West Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homecomers</i> were either German civilians who had been deported into the Soviet Union from those territories it conquered, or former <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> fighters, whom the Soviet Union kept as prisoners of war. They worked for many years as forced labourers in the Soviet Union, before they were finally released.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2010" class="citation book cs1">Major, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9v5mUPulP58C"><i>Behind the Berlin Wall</i></a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924328-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924328-0"><bdi>978-0-19-924328-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602060240/https://books.google.com/books?id=9v5mUPulP58C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Berlin+Wall&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924328-0&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9v5mUPulP58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cqvokVM_NQC"><i>Germany and Eastern Europe Since 1945 From the Potsdam Agreement to Chancellor Brandt's "Ostpolitik"</i></a>. Bonn: Scribner. 1973. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684131900" title="Special:BookSources/9780684131900"><bdi>9780684131900</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602060326/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Germany_and_Eastern_Europe_Since_1945/9cqvokVM_NQC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Eastern+Europe+Since+1945+From+the+Potsdam+Agreement+to+Chancellor+Brandt%27s+%22Ostpolitik%22&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780684131900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cqvokVM_NQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/mauer/en/sites/former-checkpoints/">"Border crossings between East and West Berlin"</a>. <i>Berlin.de</i>. 2 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085740/http://www.berlin.de/mauer/en/sites/former-checkpoints/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlin.de&rft.atitle=Border+crossings+between+East+and+West+Berlin&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Fmauer%2Fen%2Fsites%2Fformer-checkpoints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally in <i>Mark of the German Bank of Issue</i>, which was then the name of the East German state bank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wissenswertes über Berlin: Nachschlagewerk für zuziehende Arbeitnehmer von A-Z</i> (<sup>1</sup>1968), Senator für Wirtschaft und Arbeit (ed.), Berlin (West): Senator für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, <sup>12</sup>1986, p. 117. No ISBN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabian2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fabian, Thomas (2000). "The evolution of the Berlin urban railway network". <i>Japan Railway and Transport Review</i>. <b>25</b>: 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Railway+and+Transport+Review&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Berlin+urban+railway+network.&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Berlin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Berlin1969.com">Berlin 1969 in the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War</a>...twenty years after the Berlin Blockade...twenty years before the fall of the Berlin Wall</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlin.enclaves.org/">Berlin Exclaves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.western-allies-berlin.com/">History of the Western Allies in Berlin</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European City of Culture</a> </b><br />1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Berlin" title="Template talk:Mayors of Berlin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Berlin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Berlin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Berlin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin" title="Governing Mayor of Berlin">Mayors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br />(1809–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Leopold_von_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach (page does not exist)">Leopold von Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_B%C3%BCsching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Büsching (page does not exist)">Johann Büsching</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_B%C3%A4rensprung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich von Bärensprung (page does not exist)">Friedrich von Bärensprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Krausnick" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick">Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Christian_Naunyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Christian Naunyn (page does not exist)">Franz Christian Naunyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Krausnick" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick">Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Theodor_Seydel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Theodor Seydel (page does not exist)">Karl Theodor Seydel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hobrecht" title="Arthur Hobrecht">Arthur Hobrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Forckenbeck" title="Max von Forckenbeck">Max von Forckenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zelle (page does not exist)">Robert Zelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Kirschner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Kirschner (politician) (page does not exist)">Martin Kirschner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Wermuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Wermuth (page does not exist)">Adolf Wermuth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_B%C3%B6%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Böß (page does not exist)">Gustav Böß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Scholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Scholz (page does not exist)">Arthur Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm" title="Heinrich Sahm">Heinrich Sahm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Maretzky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Maretzky (page does not exist)">Oskar Maretzky</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Lippert" title="Julius Lippert">Julius Lippert</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Steeg" title="Ludwig Steeg">Ludwig Steeg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Werner" title="Arthur Werner">Arthur Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ostrowski" title="Otto Ostrowski">Otto Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Schroeder" title="Louise Schroeder">Louise Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Ferdinand Friedensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Reuter" title="Ernst Reuter">Ernst Reuter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Berlin"><img alt="Coat of arms of Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/90px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Berlin_(1956%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Berlin"><img alt="Flag of East Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_East_Berlin_%281956%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br />(1948–90)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ebert, Jr.">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fechner" title="Herbert Fechner">Herbert Fechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Krack" title="Erhard Krack">Erhard Krack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Pankraz" title="Ingrid Pankraz">Ingrid Pankraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hartenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hartenhauer">Christian Hartenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Schwierzina" title="Tino Schwierzina">Tino Schwierzina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Thomas Krüger">Thomas Krüger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Berlin, from 1948 to 1990, adopted flag of West Berlin"><img alt="Flag of Berlin, from 1948 to 1990, adopted flag of West Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Berlin</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><br />(1948–90)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Reuter" title="Ernst Reuter">Ernst Reuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Schreiber" title="Walther Schreiber">Walther Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Suhr" title="Otto Suhr">Otto Suhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Albertz" title="Heinrich Albertz">Heinrich Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Klaus Schütz">Klaus Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe" title="Dietrich Stobbe">Dietrich Stobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel" title="Hans-Jochen Vogel">Hans-Jochen Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen" title="Eberhard Diepgen">Eberhard Diepgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><br />(1990–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen" title="Eberhard Diepgen">Eberhard Diepgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit" title="Klaus Wowereit">Klaus Wowereit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1964)" title="Michael Müller (politician, born 1964)">Michael Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franziska_Giffey" title="Franziska Giffey">Franziska Giffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Wegner" title="Kai Wegner">Kai Wegner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup><i>Oberbürgermeister</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a>)</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <i>Stadtpräsident</i> (City President)</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <i>Regierender Bürgermeister</i> (Governing Mayor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boroughs_of_Berlin_(1920–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boroughs_of_Berlin_(1920-2001)" title="Template:Boroughs of Berlin (1920-2001)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boroughs_of_Berlin_(1920-2001)" title="Template talk:Boroughs of Berlin (1920-2001)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs_of_Berlin_(1920-2001)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs of Berlin (1920-2001)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boroughs_of_Berlin_(1920–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_and_neighborhoods_of_Berlin" title="Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin">Boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1920–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West boroughs</a> <br /> (1920–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzberg" title="Kreuzberg">Kreuzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinickendorf" title="Reinickendorf">Reinickendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steglitz" title="Steglitz">Steglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempelhof" title="Tempelhof">Tempelhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(Berlin)" title="Tiergarten (Berlin)">Tiergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_(Berlin)" title="Wedding (Berlin)">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmersdorf" title="Wilmersdorf">Wilmersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zehlendorf_(Berlin)" title="Zehlendorf (Berlin)">Zehlendorf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png/100px-Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png/150px-Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png/200px-Berliner_Bezirke_vor_2001.png 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1514" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East boroughs</a> <br /> (1920–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshain" title="Friedrichshain">Friedrichshain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellersdorf" title="Hellersdorf">Hellersdorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Hohenschönhausen">Hohenschönhausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg" title="Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzahn" title="Marzahn">Marzahn</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitte_(locality)" title="Mitte (locality)">Mitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankow" title="Pankow">Pankow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenzlauer_Berg" title="Prenzlauer Berg">Prenzlauer Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treptow" title="Treptow">Treptow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fensee_(Berlin)" title="Weißensee (Berlin)">Weißensee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied-occupied_Germany_(1945–1949/1956/1990)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied-administered_Germany" title="Template:Allied-administered Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied-administered_Germany" title="Template talk:Allied-administered Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied-administered_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied-administered Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied-occupied_Germany_(1945–1949/1956/1990)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> (1945–1949/1956/1990)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">American Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hesse" title="Greater Hesse">Greater Hesse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Allied-administered Germany"><img alt="Map of Allied-administered Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/120px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/180px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/240px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg (1945–1952)">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony (1945–1952)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1949–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France/UK/US)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(USSR)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Bizone</a> <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Trizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berlin_Wall" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berlin_Wall" title="Template:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berlin_Wall" title="Template talk:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin_Wall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berlin_Wall" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Shame" title="Wall of Shame">Wall of Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schie%C3%9Fbefehl" title="Schießbefehl">Schießbefehl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/120px-Berlinermauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/180px-Berlinermauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/240px-Berlinermauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="913" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Memorials, museums<br />and galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Berliner_Mauer" title="Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer">Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Crosses" title="White Crosses">White Crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Side_Gallery" title="East Side Gallery">East Side Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">Checkpoint Charlie Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauerpark" title="Mauerpark">Mauerpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Reconciliation" title="Chapel of Reconciliation">Chapel of Reconciliation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_border_crossings" title="Berlin border crossings">Border crossings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe_border_crossing" title="Bornholmer Straße border crossing">Bornholmer Straße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Bravo" title="Checkpoint Bravo">Checkpoint Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_station" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße station">Berlin Friedrichstraße station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge" title="Glienicke Bridge">Glienicke Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Invalidenstraße">Invalidenstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbaum_Bridge" title="Oberbaum Bridge">Oberbaum Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnenallee_(Berlin)" title="Sonnenallee (Berlin)">Sonnenallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nenpalast" title="Tränenpalast">Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_at_the_Berlin_Wall" title="List of deaths at the Berlin Wall">People who died<br />breaching the Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Brueske" title="Klaus Brueske">Klaus Brueske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Peter_Fechter" title="Killing of Peter Fechter">Peter Fechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Freudenberg" title="Winfried Freudenberg">Winfried Freudenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Peter_Friese" title="Christian-Peter Friese">Christian-Peter Friese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Gueffroy" title="Chris Gueffroy">Chris Gueffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienetta_Jirkowsky" title="Marienetta Jirkowsky">Marienetta Jirkowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cengaver_Katranc%C4%B1" title="Cengaver Katrancı">Cengaver Katrancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Kelm" title="Erna Kelm">Erna Kelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kukuczka" title="Czesław Kukuczka">Czesław Kukuczka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Kutscher" title="Horst Kutscher">Horst Kutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Litfin" title="Günter Litfin">Günter Litfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorit_Schmiel" title="Dorit Schmiel">Dorit Schmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schultz" title="Egon Schultz">Egon Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Segler" title="Olga Segler">Olga Segler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Siekmann" title="Ida Siekmann">Ida Siekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Sokolowski" title="Heinz Sokolowski">Heinz Sokolowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Trabant" title="Hildegard Trabant">Hildegard Trabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Urban_(Berlin_Wall_victim)" title="Rudolf Urban (Berlin Wall victim)">Rudolf Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christel_and_Eckhard_Wehage" title="Christel and Eckhard Wehage">Christel and Eckhard Wehage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others associated<br />with the Wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Ehrman" title="Riccardo Ehrman">Riccardo Ehrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Schumann" title="Konrad Schumann">Konrad Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_Fleck" title="Jutta Fleck">Jutta Fleck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">The Wall in speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">"Tear down this wall!"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films and<br />TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_East_Berlin" title="Escape from East Berlin">Escape from East Berlin</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(1962_film)" title="The Wall (1962 film)">The Wall</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stop_Train_349" title="Stop Train 349">Stop Train 349</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_In_from_the_Cold_(film)" title="The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (film)">The Spy Who Came In from the Cold</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(film)" title="Freiheit (film)">Freiheit</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin_(film)" title="Funeral in Berlin (film)">Funeral in Berlin</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soldier_(1982_film)" title="The Soldier (1982 film)">The Soldier</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octopussy" title="Octopussy">Octopussy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha!_(film)" title="Gotcha! (film)">Gotcha!</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Desire" title="Wings of Desire">Wings of Desire</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_in_Berlin_(film)" title="Judgment in Berlin (film)">Judgment in Berlin</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(1995_film)" title="The Promise (1995 film)">Das Versprechen</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonnenallee" title="Sonnenallee">Sonnenallee</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(2001_film)" title="The Tunnel (2001 film)">The Tunnel</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers_(2001_film)" title="Buffalo Soldiers (2001 film)">Buffalo Soldiers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Bye,_Lenin!" title="Good Bye, Lenin!">Good Bye, Lenin!</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholmer Straße (film) (page does not exist)">Bornholmer Straße</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Spies_(film)" title="Bridge of Spies (film)">Bridge of Spies</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Blonde" title="Atomic Blonde">Atomic Blonde</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_89" title="Deutschland 89">Deutschland 89</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_the_Wall" title="The Road to the Wall">The Road to the Wall</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(1962_film)" title="The Tunnel (1962 film)">The Tunnel</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_%C3%A0_la_Berlin" title="Rabbit à la Berlin">Rabbit à la Berlin</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold">The Spy Who Came in from the Cold</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin" title="Funeral in Berlin">Funeral in Berlin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_in_Berlin" title="Judgment in Berlin">Judgment in Berlin</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_k%C3%BCrzeren_Ende_der_Sonnenallee" title="Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee">Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Eternity_(novel)" title="Edge of Eternity (novel)">Edge of Eternity</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/West_of_the_Wall" title="West of the Wall">West of the Wall</a>" (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_the_Sun_(song)" title="Holidays in the Sun (song)">Holidays in the Sun</a>" (1977)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nikita_(song)" title="Nikita (song)">Nikita</a>" (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berlin_Wall_(video_game)" title="The Berlin Wall (video game)"><i>The Berlin Wall</i> (1991 video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Wall_Came_Down" title="The Day the Wall Came Down"><i>The Day the Wall Came Down</i> (1997 sculpture)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Berlin_Wall_segments" title="List of Berlin Wall segments">List of Berlin Wall segments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">Ghost station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinst%C3%BCcken" title="Steinstücken">Steinstücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_commuters_in_the_Berlin_area_1948%E2%80%931961" title="Cross border commuters in the Berlin area 1948–1961"><i>Grenzgänger</i> (Cross-border commuters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shame_(performance_art)" title="The Shame (performance art)">The Shame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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