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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiktivn%C3%AD_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky_od_Zhemao" title="Fiktivní články od Zhemao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fiktivní články od Zhemao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canulars_de_Zhemao" title="Canulars de Zhemao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canulars de Zhemao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%88%EC%98%A4_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="저마오 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저마오 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(2022)" title="Կեղծիքներ ռուսական պատմության մասին Վիքիպեդիայում (2022) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղծիքներ ռուսական պատմության մասին Վիքիպեդիայում (2022)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87" title="झेमाओ धोखे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="झेमाओ धोखे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebohongan_Zhemao" title="Kebohongan Zhemao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebohongan Zhemao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhemao-hoax" title="Zhemao-hoax – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zhemao-hoax" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E6%AF%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="折毛事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="折毛事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistyfikacje_Zhemao" title="Mistyfikacje Zhemao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mistyfikacje Zhemao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsa_de_Zhemao" title="Farsa de Zhemao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farsa de Zhemao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fabricated articles on the Chinese Wikipedia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp/117px-Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp/176px-Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp/234px-Kashin_silver_mine_hoax.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp/117px-Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp/176px-Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp/234px-Siege_of_Borovsk_hoax.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Screenshots of two hoax Zhemao articles: Kashin silver mine (Chinese) and the Siege of Borovsk (English)</div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Zhemao hoaxes</b> were over 200 interconnected <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> articles about falsified aspects of medieval <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a> written from 2012 to 2022 by <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:%E6%8A%98%E6%AF%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:User:折毛">Zhemao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">折毛</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhémáo</span></i>), a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonymous</a> editor of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese Wikipedia</a>. Combining research and fantasy, the articles were fictive embellishments on real entities, as Zhemao used <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a> to understand <a href="/wiki/Russian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-language">Russian-language</a> sources and invented elaborate detail to fill gaps in the translation. It is one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia hoaxes">Wikipedia's largest hoaxes</a>. </p><p>Zhemao started this practice as early as 2010 on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a> topics but turned to Russian history, and the political interactions of medieval <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> states in particular, in 2012. Many of her hoax articles were created to enhance her initial fabrications. Zhemao eluded detection for over a decade by faking a persona as a Russian history scholar, using <a href="/wiki/Sockpuppet_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Sockpuppet account">sockpuppet accounts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">feign support</a>, and exploiting the community's good faith that her obscure sources matched articles' content. </p><p>Chinese novelist Yifan, having initially been intrigued by a narrative about a <a href="/wiki/Kashin_(town)" title="Kashin (town)">Kashin</a> silver mine before finding its sources did not verify its claims, made a blog post in June 2022 explaining the web of hoax articles. Zhemao posted an apology the same month and revealed herself to have neither an advanced degree nor fluency in English or Russian. She attributed her use of sockpuppet accounts to her loneliness and absence of other social relationships. Volunteer editors blocked her accounts and quickly deleted her hoax articles though cleanup continued a month later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg/220px-1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg/330px-1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg/440px-1611_tatars_rebellion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Hoax map drawn by Zhemao for an article on the fictional Great <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> Uprising</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 2012 and 2022, an editor using the name "折毛" created over 200 interconnected articles on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese Wikipedia</a> about fabricated events in medieval <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While combining elements of research with fantasy, her work was comprehensive and cited, though some references were fake.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, she cited <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Solovyov_(historian)" title="Sergey Solovyov (historian)">Sergey Solovyov</a>'s 29-volume <i>History of Russia from the Earliest Times</i>, which exists, but the Chinese translation she cited does not.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The web of articles centered around a "<a href="/wiki/Kashin_(town)" title="Kashin (town)">Kashin</a> silver mine" and political ties between "princes of Tver" and "dukes of Moscow".<sup id="cite_ref-LitHub_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LitHub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest of Zhemao's hoax articles, close to a novel in length, overviewed three fabricated, 17th-century Tatar uprisings and their impact on Russia, complete with a custom map drawn by the user. Another article featured images of rare coins that she attributed to Russian archaeologists. Her work on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> was vetted as a "featured article" on the Chinese Wikipedia and translated into the English, Arabic, and Russian Wikipedias.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her articles included elaborate detail on currency and eating utensils.<sup id="cite_ref-LitHub_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LitHub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhemao's <a href="/wiki/Alternative_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative histories">alternative histories</a> started in 2010, with fictive embellishments about the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> official <a href="/wiki/Heshen" title="Heshen">Heshen</a>. Two years later, she turned to Russian history topics with the biography of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> before expanding to general Russian history, mainly around medieval Slavic states. Zhemao later said that her invented articles were meant to complete gaps in her initial fabrications.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhemao gained the community's confidence by posing as a scholar. She falsely claimed she held a Ph.D. in world history from <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, was the daughter of a Chinese diplomat in Russia, and was married to a Russian man. Her profile included a petition by her fictional husband related to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. One veteran editor of the Chinese Wikipedia, John Yip, recognized Zhemao with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_barnstars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia barnstars">a Wikipedia barnstar award</a> in early 2022 to honor her work. But Zhemao used at least four sockpuppet accounts to give her edits <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">the appearance of outside support</a>. In at least one instance, she conversed directly with another account she controlled. Another account presented as a <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> doctoral student with expertise in Russian history and claimed an off-site relationship with Zhemao. Yet another account had editing history back to 2010 but entered Zhemao's control in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sockpuppet accounts also contributed false histories about the Qing dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>As the saying goes, in order to defend a lie, you must tell more lies. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Zhemao, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Chinese novelist Yifan (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">伊凡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yīfán</span></i>) came upon Zhemao's Chinese Wikipedia article on a "Kashin silver mine" during research for a book and was intrigued by its detail, which included background on its social history, soil composition, and refining processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noticed, however, that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian Wikipedia</a> equivalents of these articles either were much shorter or did not exist. The Chinese articles included people and embellishments not found in their equivalent articles on other languages' Wikipedias. A citation about medieval mining technique led to an article about modern, automated mining. Kashin existed but its silver mine did not.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Yifan asked Russian speakers to verify details, some references were found to be illegitimate, with either the pages or editions of the books nonexistent. Further investigation into Zhemao's long articles on Slavic battles also did not appear in the Russian historical record. Yifan posted his findings on the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Question-and-answer_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Question-and-answer website">question-and-answer website</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhihu" title="Zhihu">Zhihu</a> in June 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhemao posted an apology the same month on the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> that explained how her actions, initially innocuous, grew out of control. She explained her background as a housewife with neither an advanced degree nor fluency in English or Russian. Unable to read source material, she augmented the output of translation software with her own imagination, which grew into extended works of fiction. Zhemao attributed the sockpuppet accounts to loneliness, as imaginary friends or <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a> as <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasocial relationships">parasocial relationships</a> in the absence of other social relationships and circumstances of her husband's frequent business travel. She apologized to the Russian scholars she befriended and portrayed, and pledged to take up a craft instead of continuing with her project.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cadre of Wikipedia volunteers reviewed Zhemao's edits to over 300 articles. Some consulted topical expertise to separate fact from fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of her articles were deleted the same month as Yifan's Zhihu post.<sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her multiple accounts were permanently blocked. Volunteers continued to review her edits a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zhemao hoaxes were among <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia hoaxes">Wikipedia's largest</a>, having exploited a gap in standard Wikipedia good faith practices in which editors check for proper sources and obvious plagiarism but not whether obscure sources verify the article content. Chinese Wikipedia editors described regret that they deceived, abetted Zhemao, and participated in damaging the encyclopedia's already delicate reputation for reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i> likened the Zhemao hoaxes to the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a>, in which a Wikipedia editor similarly faked his stated expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple publications remarked on the missed opportunity of Zhemao not publishing her writing as standalone fiction, based on editor remarks on the quality and rigor of its prose.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LitHub_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LitHub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publications dubbed Zhemao a "Chinese <a href="/wiki/Borges_hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Borges hoaxes">Borges</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LitHub_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LitHub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SixthTone_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Psychologies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychologies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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title="Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia">Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">List of Wikipedia controversies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SixthTone-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SixthTone_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWu_Peiyue2022" class="citation web cs1">Wu Peiyue (June 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010653/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010653%2Fshe-spent-a-decade-writing-fake-russian-history.-wikipedia-just-noticed.">"She Spent a Decade Writing Fake Russian History. Wikipedia Just Noticed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Tone" title="Sixth Tone">Sixth Tone</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724070652/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010653/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010653%2Fshe-spent-a-decade-writing-fake-russian-history.-wikipedia-just-noticed.">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixth+Tone&rft.atitle=She+Spent+a+Decade+Writing+Fake+Russian+History.+Wikipedia+Just+Noticed.&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Wu+Peiyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010653%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sixthtone.com%252Fnews%252F1010653%252Fshe-spent-a-decade-writing-fake-russian-history.-wikipedia-just-noticed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhemao+hoaxes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vice-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2022" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Rachel (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese-woman-fake-russian-history-wikipedia">"A Bored Chinese Housewife Spent Years Falsifying Russian History on Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice (website)">Vice</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717231705/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese-woman-fake-russian-history-wikipedia">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=A+Bored+Chinese+Housewife+Spent+Years+Falsifying+Russian+History+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpkgbwm%2Fchinese-woman-fake-russian-history-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhemao+hoaxes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LitHub-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LitHub_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LitHub_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LitHub_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LitHub_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2022" class="citation web cs1">Diamond, Jonny (June 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/a-chinese-borges-wrote-millions-of-words-of-fake-russian-history-on-wikipedia-for-a-decade/">"A 'Chinese Borges' wrote millions of words of fake Russian history on Wikipedia for a decade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Hub" title="Literary Hub">Literary Hub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717130111/https://lithub.com/a-chinese-borges-wrote-millions-of-words-of-fake-russian-history-on-wikipedia-for-a-decade/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Hub&rft.atitle=A+%27Chinese+Borges%27+wrote+millions+of+words+of+fake+Russian+history+on+Wikipedia+for+a+decade.&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fa-chinese-borges-wrote-millions-of-words-of-fake-russian-history-on-wikipedia-for-a-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhemao+hoaxes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engadget-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engadget_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engadget_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2022" class="citation web cs1">Moon, Mariella (July 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/chinese-wikipedia-editor-fake-russian-medieval-history-122001604.html">"A Chinese Wikipedia editor spent years writing fake Russian medieval history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717035844/https://www.engadget.com/chinese-wikipedia-editor-fake-russian-medieval-history-122001604.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=A+Chinese+Wikipedia+editor+spent+years+writing+fake+Russian+medieval+history&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Mariella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fchinese-wikipedia-editor-fake-russian-medieval-history-122001604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhemao+hoaxes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychologies-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psychologies_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVereskov2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vereskov, Sergey (June 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologies.ru/wellbeing/kitaiskaya-domokhozyaika-10-let-pisala-v-vikipedii-feikovye-stati-o-rossii-chto-eto-bylo/">"Китайская домохозяйка 10 лет писала в Википедии фейковые статьи о России: что это было?"</a> [A Chinese housewife has been writing fake articles about Russia on Wikipedia for 10 years: what was it?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychologies" title="Psychologies">Psychologies</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220153958/https://www.psychologies.ru/wellbeing/kitaiskaya-domokhozyaika-10-let-pisala-v-vikipedii-feikovye-stati-o-rossii-chto-eto-bylo/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychologies&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0+10+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%3F&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Vereskov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologies.ru%2Fwellbeing%2Fkitaiskaya-domokhozyaika-10-let-pisala-v-vikipedii-feikovye-stati-o-rossii-chto-eto-bylo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhemao+hoaxes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview<br />(outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community<br />(Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad Matetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Arabic_and_Persian_Wikipedias" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias">on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate"><i>Star Trek Into Darkness</i> debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit hole">Wiki rabbit hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_India" title="Wikipedia in India">Wikipedia in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiracing" title="Wikiracing">Wikiracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Category:Wikipedia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&oldid=1249824828">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhemao_hoaxes&oldid=1249824828</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_controversies" title="Category:Wikipedia 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