CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134cc072a2cfe01',cH: 't3S3nPWmnFJp9UgLc_mgMJChnKnswYw_X1ZoaiEEKB8-1739785027-1.2.1.1-Mh7UX1yGHcno0x6w6yCyii0_GbKi81N6ChaSxycRm7YyUYri24cXluLJRg4nBZEs',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Process%20planning&page=5&__cf_chl_tk=HLniXzIe.FH_VKFROj7VsuFwL2fzsah9x_DsvlS5Qrg-1739785027-1.0.1.1-rh.SMRVor2HppbuGzATyriEur_jLeu12irivVQUliDs",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785027',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Process%20planning&page=5&__cf_chl_f_tk=HLniXzIe.FH_VKFROj7VsuFwL2fzsah9x_DsvlS5Qrg-1739785027-1.0.1.1-rh.SMRVor2HppbuGzATyriEur_jLeu12irivVQUliDs",md: "TBkLeyScJtVqKE1XtXrcBIp1HNt91GuWGKN4PcPQg1k-1739785027-1.2.1.1-rsMida8y9NLyhl_r3YhRurmRC7o4tZ5Ayawpkc1NRNPAFA.jIfJ43ws5OMeYMgLCIEyzacyILFjDxyNlTpuQQT.XYDEaC8VFALQt5bKRSBS3XVkzc_Yuh0I.rHyi0fp8Dxg3trR.Gpv_6UZvSmBJF1UX2xSlWrMkJ2gfoJwdRZ4lQcRNn03qVnP4Q7wdAUiALtfxUuHtkadhs5HCpZYDKtt1.kSlF4jA2ZCJEoj9FQZWSpaB93XUP36BzPlzjdFe3dC5FHr6QsQjls_tHcnQkeDV8pwqAdyT8aKe2j48YBz9C3bCC3dLD5HRU6TlTRWkk14fgT4qwESW.ETsslAA6apJJcSRPmQzGDLaLm.VXkJMCPuDKFVebubsdqEsoPdRE9m0oTZibS5PT0h2vEHshv3WKxF8KtnnrlgtdQPeMHDWo8JChQUNKE24fS31FvfKFIOxczvBv6._zqMVSyqT1DKYspZRbcMjWQvrvczpC.2uPASWp3yzy9y4tL_o0s3E0IMSbCBEqcHacEISPsPCXuPndJMXTzTbCm9rWcX68xRC8zbzocuQ5dF1PaBORV.93mMyyUpp_Zm8mJdcdVGVtoU5k9jJ5JphMZHHu4r_xfab0QSPUovdarjn3v4DnW_5CO841QTb_ipgZQgApwUVkFD63ifzOzzc7zEJMom5FAGn2fcXrxcms62frGnxOPIMFJp9ikIXdNxfmlLqlvBaM7erRrluM3uFu9FOi.rGRCxynhYQhZqS59y3kidfnM_52quxeULDvlwMFRIxOMZgt7ycEKyToO5Wi7Saj2pdjGwzYLim2f3pwmAJffPycq9eQNI8phHUMxVgyWgldFRH211CsMH9aZQyJ6ncBL_a0OfziIXiiZntwV8NZJ9mXimeZPUvmTAlD6kHOvzPs2_IcwduEBvDG2NdIrZbODyenRyrlt4wVU7shxN0gE99sfJQZsXJLCJbx37VeOJ2zLcu21HuHO_li.D5gZWmYp8NYQ54rbY5Cf.oWasYXVi9Y6ltJP81kmnNVTi9snaF4vmUENW9NK3op19cqcbuzg_Ot96kQzP8F0Cc92US5Wewnn91yp92OPSNc.wcSZL.LUEunr6b247Wi1KlUoBGBjCFCTCekp9Z_KghZtaGDTRviE8OGlooh_EAyv8dm0V9NdV_IzwYdpdtRDPZ.hJDcy2Um62dKCyPrvZGzH4A8Zrx8jtapEi2FB2KuFPSBCoc6_U2kwwU3TcsVwhqwEnZsfoiHczAWE6b6MmEhISxaSq1tQH0C3PduzZFfHSV0i6HLpFNK6TskD9wTnBZ4zzPUHgv2AsppRFHlOQVDruZggoCjgtb1Io06L9XbWICXQ0s61dFYT3X7heERXbbjzuVKi1G0nR_LMMz1Tug8MvkuHFu2NZ3rDmvY11_BLFgLd8ObNqsp67EcAwh1ee9fXIn08h.diPYWgQEw19CNr6_SCm6GrfW34pj3m16CcHNELG4y.R5eyMDSKO70QJlGDR7sZAKDurrDHj5Sx7Gl178FFp8y_NiSHSf3gwuiTDhHD9MyNpyY7ftcEY_OAKW8kAu4tUh7Y9ZdDN07UEN.mjmq2H5b7A5oY9T7j_KkZj6ykYCSRypqeAzr7iUcWv7eWkE5Janb9OQdKCVWkoPebVLrGGp_epEjfmC1dj9a6u7AH4a66xzVeopjX2OOfbCcjCGboF4eoLPNsAquVPztjEUmo3Hrf.uhQavi4UIQQgK9I6ulWKNYTeb8kHQbKu.AOViBfx929QtMmHNXbeJgo8bw8TIiAiE0pM7PxPrlHb4YHwlZr4q7K8wtiJbGeQXfEtIWREiyGO8bTEg5Kba9ofKLMR84bcLPn6SH5MjzYFqFcsnEa4ncy3iX6.d7PTOP.weHFQa1CHHblTZADPFSJb3rvLu7u8XCuHA6fsvXVyLJsrq5kNi34OMMAzaIXPckb6T_JJeCj8",mdrd: "8os1.FJdY5X31V7NeImiqiC3okYScvve9w19AZ1kq1A-1739785027-1.2.1.1-iTpg41m7v6kcNC4f_kpsiq4kn3Oo28vyx2Isy1LmYiCQ2w9Pdhp0f6m_G4PL7hmwIf6IirzRfsSbuCLlHoCRD9c66qjBN3g8gTMcPGgaE00MQhMUsIL9asLlW4y9BF97VqWPugKkkkxMRGrh5OrPvRm3_ZjxudMZwoLTq4QkdOovmABghUR3u7ZW99MvKadlKOUK6_Ji3JMWuXWsyQWn4eUDsG.HDp6Ak1VTbu1rjrnfprw3cg8fEWyLPuFfITKwLPAMARySEnFuaLGcXaS9Rz0K1.LPBnbrnVDZ0y71yobezC09OZQa40jyF70w5S5DlxyI364PUvCn98z8Cv_aNBWJ0bwkkjhXy0GLKkft2E9KXdax1t83aULl8_hyLsj.pqa1udJc1McYyvdFW2E_3mj1iTSG_wR_5Wcu2sd1BqqCCn4avdDFY0Jf_lP8eqGNJX54uTeaLgQJPysZvcQ6nnnBuAyOrmdmojm6m8gWjg3_Pmx8cPX_A7wTJhWbZNaNX15GUqAFJ49OJBRDMY.ZcrzgGgJC72R.kGBQJzED0oKEXh3fpLs7tld9F8mRfgar9EjornlSrDp29emcPEXttJUqeIGaidK6ylF1_PTi_E_p_QqgALOTBwQZx_Re4ixr0xHr1XP918mHgL1HsrDOI8Ac6WA3mu4iNvO.A8_q2b0EtSEIv5ysQkmCByWnffo8KYEaSVPMS1zWU7QPQ471mPZ0XwaOwNG7ifQ8hi.1XZk_zI_mL7hpI2bMp1QixzJPZSNfvoYaDobKWIhyVUsS3cCuAOpwe7h569wjFV2U7dmczzrtC.WInBezvlXP8Jr7iUK_L3e.nPvZSdxgqQ3aIZqP2Hybj0Zsxw12e2U0ItMZ4CGBixPOkGNdyr6Yph1iSoVUT9LrGlf0mkA2hl2jVJ79sH8OVt8OGHuhyePZnL.l2BMYPySMxXou_Hk.BYbPjjocvInPffRUFNsw30HV5nnWjZQlIb3ASv.CyEtKd.62Q.jBPCwhRaJQOEpz1CTTkl.Xl4lmS9pY7NMztAfR7gBDFVAYhyWDp0W.DkKD7rDmSbYEDiy0YPh9OQwSOnvT0TMuJfVDjhd9GTuvCtk0qjdAQ8J.2Vf_e2Xf64vAVZrYPO1hcBT5hq6jQSLB9TkwvLxSNlQKCI.a24k8_4kM7tYKB6pOuh_YmlqP0oFxpYEoHjeCN29LzTCvKe2bCIb6s3glOfn9Q7BSikqo0P6ECzcNRXJc1WH7pGwlPl6jxpyPiI3y2EId7vKZDEfBiJQYx2q3N4reOjuo.5pvfqhLWJGRovX3Xs.jP39TsT.x_ZSX0yUye9sNcxz6OelvolKJG8R7aNko.sYyqpfEPOzA3TNcVCGKEY9KidmpN79q94dt9Gw2.EM_2QZrCMqQgDT5TUORruya.w55DpFxXztp24X_6A08tZiH0uhgQiHvtCyCtEaARjkq6QZD15xHFG26Keie3weB07bXFVp.3psZmepTFcKZ16VbBur_qLRVu.5Cbl5sXIHD3yeohZ869Lo0gfPObOltmaQ8AG2OySDwC8SbsOdYln0WriNTK2pu8V.Jk.cl90ap3E2aszc.npwyiEdQJt94JfoT3J68jonosLGAIPdzFq0hKl8nysCwc8nhkfu.JSXBufwU4exUDmNl6R4gisaXcEZiTxOSQ7Ik6wWO.nTuuDyLjVqWTNSQ._TGR9cxfIpXoXkb6kybPqt3k2kGKPUTtR62m0TgG6.Bq3G4iq0jsSWDxlvozoTxU.261oz2T0xe1kP0d.ewXEnHNl9_gbo4GPPv2by7u.OJpR8ZU8DSc.hIiQ21shHRYWcc9gEOm5.Jsb3Lzr2OwOTbGowFmKzMuLLSZMB4rdLvmjL5Exl4QEVJMtY4VmczQuMW25__QK7PTn4AA9ofbx7Gu1kJ5zjF0oFJLKWKqNtg_B_HUR0w9lXQctPTDpB6XhzeHOgwSXGJ.27xv6dvxZkj6Ccb33zXjfSPqi5SsaOujw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134cc072a2cfe01';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Process%20planning&page=5&__cf_chl_rt_tk=HLniXzIe.FH_VKFROj7VsuFwL2fzsah9x_DsvlS5Qrg-1739785027-1.0.1.1-rh.SMRVor2HppbuGzATyriEur_jLeu12irivVQUliDs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>