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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Census data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>UN estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Structure of the population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Births and deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIA_World_Factbook_demographic_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_World_Factbook_demographic_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>CIA World Factbook demographic statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_World_Factbook_demographic_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality,_ethnicity,_and_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality,_ethnicity,_and_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nationality, ethnicity, and race</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationality,_ethnicity,_and_race-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationality, ethnicity, and race subsection</span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriente_Indigenous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriente_Indigenous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Oriente Indigenous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriente_Indigenous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_del_Ecuador" title="Demografía del Ecuador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demografía del Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_l%27%C3%89quateur" title="Démographie de l'Équateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démographie de l'Équateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_dell%27Ecuador" title="Demografia dell'Ecuador – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="line-height:120%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ddddff">Demographics of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/350px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/525px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/700px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ecuador <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a> in 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">18,213,749 (2023 estimate)(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">66th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Growth rate</th><td class="infobox-data">1.443% (2011 est.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Birth rate</th><td class="infobox-data">13.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Death rate</th><td class="infobox-data">5.0 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fertility rate</th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 children (2024 est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Age structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">0–14 years</th><td class="infobox-data">28.23%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15–64 years</th><td class="infobox-data">64.11%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">65 and over</th><td class="infobox-data">7.66%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Nationality</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">Ecuadorian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major ethnic</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> (86.62%)<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (77.47%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">Montubio</a> (7.70%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a> (1.45%)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minor ethnic</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous</a> (7.69%)<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">African</a> (3.36%)<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> (2.21%)<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Others (0.12%)</li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Language</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken</th><td class="infobox-data">Spanish, other indigenous languages.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demographic</a> features of the population of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> include population density, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. </p><p>Ecuador experienced rapid population growth like most countries, but four decades of an armed conflict pushed millions of <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">Ecuadorians</a> out of the country. However, a rebound economy in the 2000s in urban centres improved the situation of living standards for Ecuadorians in a traditional class stratified economy. </p><p>The 2022 census revealed, 77.5% of the population identified as "<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>", a mix of Spanish and Indigenous American ancestry, up from 71.9% in 2000. The percentage of the population which identifies as "white" has fallen from 6.1% (2010) to 2.2% in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a> account for 7.7% of the population and 4.8% of the population consists of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Afro-Ecuadorians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimations put the Mestizo population at 55% to 65% and the indigenous population at 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic research indicates that the ancestry of Ecuadorian Mestizos is predominantly Indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,202,757</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,467,007</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1974 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,521,710</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,060,712</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,648,189</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,156,608</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,483,499</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,938,986</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data">Census data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Census data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Ecuadorian census</b> is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">governmental institution</a> known as <i>INEC</i>, <i>Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos</i> (National Institute of Statistics and Census).<sup id="cite_ref-inec.gob.ec_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inec.gob.ec-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census in Ecuador is conducted every ten years, and its objective is to obtain the number of people residing within its borders. The current census now includes household information. </p><p>The most recent census (as of 2011) emphasized reaching rural and remote areas to map the most accurate population count in the country. The 2010 census was conducted in November and December, and its results were published 27 January 2011. </p><p>The following table shows the dates the most recent censuses were made, and the total population number.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Recent Ecuadorian censuses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">No. </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Date </th> <th style="text-align:right;">Population </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Density </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Change since<br />previous census </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Census 2001</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,156,608</td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.8</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Census 2010</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,306,876</td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+14%<sup id="cite_ref-inec.gob.ec_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inec.gob.ec-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Index of growth: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Percentage of population growth (census periods) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">No. </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Time lapse </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Growth percentile </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1950–1962</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1962–1974</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1974–1982</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>1982–1990</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>1990–2001</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>2001–2010</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.52%<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_estimates">UN estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: UN estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the total population was 17,797,737 in 2021, compared to only 3,470,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 29.0%, 63.4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.7% was 65 years or older.<sup id="cite_ref-WPP_2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPP_2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Total population<br /> (x 1000) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Proportion<br />aged 0–14<br />(%) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Proportion<br />aged 15–64<br />(%) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Proportion<br />aged 65+<br />(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>3 470</td> <td>39.5</td> <td>55.2</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>3 957</td> <td>41.6</td> <td>53.5</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>4 546</td> <td>43.3</td> <td>52.0</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>5 250</td> <td>44.5</td> <td>51.0</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>6 073</td> <td>44.3</td> <td>51.5</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>6 987</td> <td>43.7</td> <td>52.2</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>7 976</td> <td>41.8</td> <td>54.1</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>9 046</td> <td>40.0</td> <td>55.9</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>10 218</td> <td>38.2</td> <td>57.5</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>11 441</td> <td>36.3</td> <td>59.1</td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>12 629</td> <td>34.7</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>13 826</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>61.5</td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>15 011</td> <td>31.0</td> <td>63.0</td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>16 212</td> <td>29.1</td> <td>64.3</td> <td>6.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>17 643</td> <td>27.4</td> <td>65.0</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_population">Structure of the population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure of the population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#EEBC35;">Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) (Excludes nomadic Indian tribes. Data refer to projections based on the 2010 Population Census.): <sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:80pt;">Age group </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Male </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Female </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Total </th> <th style="width:80pt;">% </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>Total </td> <td>7 815 935 </td> <td>7 958 814 </td> <td>15 774 749 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>0–4 </td> <td>864 669 </td> <td>826 731 </td> <td>1 691 400 </td> <td>10.72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>5–9 </td> <td>854 691 </td> <td>816 503 </td> <td>1 671 194 </td> <td>10.59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>10–14 </td> <td>815 838 </td> <td>783 725 </td> <td>1 599 563 </td> <td>10.14 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>15–19 </td> <td>756 376 </td> <td>737 082 </td> <td>1 493 458 </td> <td>9.47 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>20–24 </td> <td>685 997 </td> <td>682 849 </td> <td>1 368 846 </td> <td>8.68 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>25–29 </td> <td>620 881 </td> <td>635 987 </td> <td>1 256 868 </td> <td>7.97 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>30–34 </td> <td>559 055 </td> <td>593 148 </td> <td>1 152 203 </td> <td>7.30 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>35–39 </td> <td>495 340 </td> <td>538 054 </td> <td>1 033 394 </td> <td>6.55 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>40–44 </td> <td>437 744 </td> <td>476 215 </td> <td>913 959 </td> <td>5.79 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>45–49 </td> <td>387 618 </td> <td>419 090 </td> <td>806 708 </td> <td>5.11 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>50–54 </td> <td>336 267 </td> <td>360 935 </td> <td>697 202 </td> <td>4.42 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>55–59 </td> <td>279 746 </td> <td>298 503 </td> <td>578 249 </td> <td>3.67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>60–64 </td> <td>223 411 </td> <td>238 973 </td> <td>462 384 </td> <td>2.93 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>65–69 </td> <td>172 623 </td> <td>187 448 </td> <td>360 071 </td> <td>2.28 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>70–74 </td> <td>128 033 </td> <td>142 255 </td> <td>270 288 </td> <td>1.71 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>75–79 </td> <td>89 929 </td> <td>101 191 </td> <td>191 120 </td> <td>1.21 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>80–84 </td> <td>57 585 </td> <td>64 467 </td> <td>122 052 </td> <td>0.77 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>85–89 </td> <td>31 289 </td> <td>34 891 </td> <td>66 180 </td> <td>0.42 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>90–94 </td> <td>13 655 </td> <td>15 370 </td> <td>29 025 </td> <td>0.18 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>95–99 </td> <td>4 898 </td> <td>5 145 </td> <td>10 043 </td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>100+ </td> <td>290 </td> <td>252 </td> <td>542 </td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th style="width:50px;">Age group </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Male </th> <th style="width:80px;">Female </th> <th style="width:80px;">Total </th> <th style="width:50px;">Percent </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>0–14 </td> <td>2 535 198 </td> <td>2 426 959 </td> <td>4 962 157 </td> <td>31.46 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>15–64 </td> <td>4 782 435 </td> <td>4 980 836 </td> <td>9 763 271 </td> <td>61.89 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>65+ </td> <td>498 302 </td> <td>551 019 </td> <td>1 049 321 </td> <td>6.65 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#EEBC35;">Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Excludes nomadic Indian tribes.): <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80pt">Age Group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">8 783 789 </td> <td align="right">8 967 488 </td> <td align="right">17 751 277 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">845 954 </td> <td align="right">808 798 </td> <td align="right">1 654 752 </td> <td align="right">9.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">853 987 </td> <td align="right">817 229 </td> <td align="right">1 671 216 </td> <td align="right">9.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">861 741 </td> <td align="right">823 598 </td> <td align="right">1 685 339 </td> <td align="right">9.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">833 964 </td> <td align="right">798 770 </td> <td align="right">1 632 734 </td> <td align="right">9.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">778 930 </td> <td align="right">755 659 </td> <td align="right">1 534 589 </td> <td align="right">8.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">712 218 </td> <td align="right">706 341 </td> <td align="right">1 418 559 </td> <td align="right">7.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">647 958 </td> <td align="right">658 656 </td> <td align="right">1 306 614 </td> <td align="right">7.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">590 249 </td> <td align="right">618 416 </td> <td align="right">1 208 665 </td> <td align="right">6.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">528 482 </td> <td align="right">571 807 </td> <td align="right">1 100 289 </td> <td align="right">6.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">464 207 </td> <td align="right">509 979 </td> <td align="right">974 186 </td> <td align="right">5.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">406 015 </td> <td align="right">446 926 </td> <td align="right">852 941 </td> <td align="right">4.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">350 539 </td> <td align="right">387 801 </td> <td align="right">738 340 </td> <td align="right">4.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">290 143 </td> <td align="right">324 072 </td> <td align="right">614 215 </td> <td align="right">3.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">226 290 </td> <td align="right">257 338 </td> <td align="right">483 628 </td> <td align="right">2.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">165 840 </td> <td align="right">194 960 </td> <td align="right">360 800 </td> <td align="right">2.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">112 069 </td> <td align="right">138 213 </td> <td align="right">250 282 </td> <td align="right">1.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">66 621 </td> <td align="right">85 696 </td> <td align="right">152 317 </td> <td align="right">0.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85–89 </td> <td align="right">32 786 </td> <td align="right">42 792 </td> <td align="right">75 578 </td> <td align="right">0.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">90–94 </td> <td align="right">12 487 </td> <td align="right">16 097 </td> <td align="right">28 584 </td> <td align="right">0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">95–99 </td> <td align="right">3 192 </td> <td align="right">4 184 </td> <td align="right">7 376 </td> <td align="right">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">100+ </td> <td align="right">117 </td> <td align="right">156 </td> <td align="right">273 </td> <td align="right"><0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">2 561 682 </td> <td align="right">2 449 625 </td> <td align="right">5 011 307 </td> <td align="right">28.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">5 602 705 </td> <td align="right">5 778 427 </td> <td align="right">11 381 132 </td> <td align="right">64.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">619 402 </td> <td align="right">739 436 </td> <td align="right">1 358 838 </td> <td align="right">7.65 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Registration of vital events is in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-WPP_2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPP_2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Period </th> <th rowspan="2">Live births<br />per year </th> <th rowspan="2">Deaths<br />per year </th> <th rowspan="2">Natural change<br />per year </th> <th rowspan="2">CBR* </th> <th rowspan="2">CDR* </th> <th rowspan="2">NC* </th> <th rowspan="2">TFR* </th> <th rowspan="2">IMR* </th> <th colspan="3">Life expectancy </th></tr> <tr> <th>total </th> <th>males </th> <th>females </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950–1955</td> <td>169,000</td> <td>71,000</td> <td>98,000</td> <td>45.6</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>6.75</td> <td>140</td> <td>48.4</td> <td>47.1</td> <td>49.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1960</td> <td>190,000</td> <td>71,000</td> <td>119,000</td> <td>44.8</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>6.75</td> <td>129</td> <td>51.4</td> <td>50.1</td> <td>52.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1965</td> <td>214,000</td> <td>71,000</td> <td>143,000</td> <td>43.6</td> <td>14.5</td> <td>29.1</td> <td>6.65</td> <td>119</td> <td>54.7</td> <td>53.4</td> <td>56.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1970</td> <td>239,000</td> <td>73,000</td> <td>166,000</td> <td>42.2</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>29.2</td> <td>6.40</td> <td>107</td> <td>56.8</td> <td>55.4</td> <td>58.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1975</td> <td>258,000</td> <td>74,000</td> <td>184,000</td> <td>39.6</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>28.2</td> <td>5.80</td> <td>95</td> <td>58.9</td> <td>57.4</td> <td>60.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1980</td> <td>270,000</td> <td>71,000</td> <td>199,000</td> <td>36.2</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>5.05</td> <td>82</td> <td>61.4</td> <td>59.7</td> <td>63.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1985</td> <td>285,000</td> <td>68,000</td> <td>217,000</td> <td>33.5</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>25.5</td> <td>4.45</td> <td>69</td> <td>64.5</td> <td>62.5</td> <td>66.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985–1990</td> <td>302,000</td> <td>64,000</td> <td>238,000</td> <td>31.4</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>24.7</td> <td>4.00</td> <td>56</td> <td>67.5</td> <td>65.3</td> <td>69.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1995</td> <td>311,000</td> <td>63,000</td> <td>248,000</td> <td>28.7</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>22.9</td> <td>3.55</td> <td>44</td> <td>70.1</td> <td>67.6</td> <td>72.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–2000</td> <td>316,000</td> <td>64,000</td> <td>252,000</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>20.9</td> <td>3.20</td> <td>33</td> <td>72.3</td> <td>69.7</td> <td>75.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2005</td> <td>313,000</td> <td>68,000</td> <td>245,000</td> <td>24.2</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>19.1</td> <td>2.94</td> <td>25</td> <td>74.2</td> <td>71.3</td> <td>77.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–2010</td> <td>323,000</td> <td>74,000</td> <td>249,000</td> <td>22.1</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>2.69</td> <td>21</td> <td>75.0</td> <td>72.1</td> <td>78.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2015</td> <td>329,000</td> <td>80,000</td> <td>249,000</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>15.9</td> <td>2.56</td> <td>17</td> <td>76.4</td> <td>73.6</td> <td>79.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–2020</td> <td>330,000</td> <td>85,000</td> <td>245,000</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>2.44</td> <td>14</td> <td>77.6</td> <td>74.9</td> <td>80.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2025</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>18.5</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>2.32</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2025–2030</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>17.0</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>2.22</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:left; font-size:smaller;">* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Births_and_deaths">Births and deaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Births and deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:70px;">Year </th> <th style="width:70px;">Population </th> <th style="width:70px;">Live births <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:70px;">Deaths </th> <th style="width:70px;">Natural increase </th> <th style="width:70px;">Crude birth rate </th> <th style="width:70px;">Crude death rate </th> <th style="width:70px;">Rate of natural increase </th> <th style="width:70px;">Crude migration rate </th> <th style="width:70px;">TFR </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>10,149,666 </td> <td>310,233 </td> <td style="color:blue;">50,217 </td> <td>260,016 </td> <td>30.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.9 </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1991 </td> <td>10,355,598 </td> <td>312,007 </td> <td>53,333 </td> <td>258,674 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.2 </td> <td>24.9 </td> <td>-5.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1992 </td> <td>10,567,946 </td> <td>319,044 </td> <td>53,430 </td> <td>265,614 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>25.1 </td> <td>-5.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1993 </td> <td>10,786,984 </td> <td>333,920 </td> <td>52,453 </td> <td>281,467 </td> <td style="color:blue;">31.0 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td style="color:blue;">26.1 </td> <td>-5.8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1994 </td> <td>11,012,925 </td> <td>318,063 </td> <td>51,165 </td> <td>266,898 </td> <td>28.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.6 </td> <td>24.3 </td> <td>-3.8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1995 </td> <td>11,246,107 </td> <td>322,856 </td> <td>50,867 </td> <td>271,989 </td> <td>28.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.5 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>-3.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1996 </td> <td>11,486,884 </td> <td>335,194 </td> <td>52,300 </td> <td>282,894 </td> <td>29.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.6 </td> <td>24.6 </td> <td>-3.2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1997 </td> <td>11,735,391 </td> <td>326,174 </td> <td>52,089 </td> <td>274,085 </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.4 </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>-1.8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1998 </td> <td>11,992,073 </td> <td>316,779 </td> <td>54,357 </td> <td>262,422 </td> <td>26.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.5 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1999 </td> <td>12,257,190 </td> <td>353,159 </td> <td>55,921 </td> <td>297,238 </td> <td>28.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.6 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>-2.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2000 </td> <td>12,531,210 </td> <td style="color:blue;">356,065 </td> <td>56,420 </td> <td style="color:blue;">299,645 </td> <td>28.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.5 </td> <td>23.9 </td> <td>-1.5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2001 </td> <td>12,814,503 </td> <td>341,710 </td> <td>55,214 </td> <td>286,496 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.3 </td> <td>22.4 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2002 </td> <td>13,093,527 </td> <td>334,601 </td> <td>55,549 </td> <td>279,052 </td> <td>25.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2 </td> <td>21.4 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2003 </td> <td>13,319,575 </td> <td>322,227 </td> <td>53,521 </td> <td>268,706 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td style="color:blue;">4.0 </td> <td>20.2 </td> <td>-2.9 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2004 </td> <td>13,551,875 </td> <td>312,210 </td> <td>54,729 </td> <td>257,481 </td> <td>23.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.0 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>-1.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2005 </td> <td>13,721,297 </td> <td>305,302 </td> <td>56,825 </td> <td>248,477 </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>18.2 </td> <td>-5.7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2006 </td> <td>13,964,606 </td> <td>322,030 </td> <td>57,940 </td> <td>264,090 </td> <td>23.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>-1.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2007 </td> <td>14,214,982 </td> <td>322,494 </td> <td>58,016 </td> <td>264,478 </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>18.6 </td> <td>-0.7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2008 </td> <td>14,472,881 </td> <td>325,423 </td> <td>60,023 </td> <td>265,400 </td> <td>22.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>18.4 </td> <td>-0.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2009 </td> <td>14,738,472 </td> <td>332,859 </td> <td>59,714 </td> <td>273,145 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>18.5 </td> <td>-0.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2010 </td> <td>15,012,228 </td> <td>320,997 </td> <td>61,681 </td> <td>259,316 </td> <td>21.4 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>17.3 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2011 </td> <td>15,266,431 </td> <td>329,061 </td> <td>62,304 </td> <td>266,757 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>17.5 </td> <td>-0.6 </td> <td>2.737 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2012 </td> <td>15,520,973 </td> <td>319,127 </td> <td>63,511 </td> <td>255,616 </td> <td>20.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>2.684 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2013 </td> <td>15,774,749 </td> <td>294,441 </td> <td>64,206 </td> <td>230,235 </td> <td>18.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>2.634 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2014 </td> <td>16,027,466 </td> <td>289,488 </td> <td>63,788 </td> <td>225,700 </td> <td>18.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>2.587 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2015 </td> <td>16,278,844 </td> <td>289,561 </td> <td>65,391 </td> <td>222,158 </td> <td>17.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.0 </td> <td>13.8 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>2.542 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2016 </td> <td>16,528,730 </td> <td>274,643 </td> <td>68,304 </td> <td>203,786 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.499 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2017 </td> <td>16,776,977 </td> <td>291,397 </td> <td>70,144 </td> <td>221,353 </td> <td>17.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2 </td> <td>13.2 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2018 </td> <td>17,023,408 </td> <td>293,139 </td> <td>71,982 </td> <td>221,157 </td> <td>17.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2019 </td> <td>17,267,986 </td> <td>285,827 </td> <td>74,439 </td> <td>211,388 </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.3 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>17,510,643 </td> <td>266,919 </td> <td style="color:red;">117,200 </td> <td>149,719 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td style="color:red;">6.7 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>17,684,000 </td> <td>251,978 </td> <td>106,211 </td> <td style="color:red;">145,767 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td style="color:red;">8.3 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022(c) </td> <td>16,938,986 </td> <td>251,034 </td> <td>91,193 </td> <td>159,841 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:red;">238,772 </td> <td>87,733 </td> <td>151,039 </td> <td style="color:red;">13.2 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td style="color:red;">8.3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(c) = Census results. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vital statistics for 2021 – 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Period </th> <th>Live births </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Natural increase </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>January - May 2023</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>36,912 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>January - April 2023</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>32,860 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Difference</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -4,052 (-10.98%) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_World_Factbook_demographic_statistics">CIA World Factbook demographic statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CIA World Factbook demographic statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following demographic statistics are from the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, unless otherwise indicated. Population: 15,007,343 (July 2011 est.) </p><p>Median Age </p> <dl><dd><i>Total:</i> 28.8 years. Country comparison to the world: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">153rd</a></dd> <dd><i>Male:</i> 28.0 years (2020 est.)</dd> <dd><i>Female:</i> 29.6 years (2020 est.)</dd></dl> <p>Population growth rate </p> <dl><dd>1.443% (2011 est.)</dd></dl> <p>Net migration rate<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>-0.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)</dd></dl> <p>Sex ratio </p> <dl><dd>at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female</dd></dl> <dl><dd>under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female</dd></dl> <dl><dd>15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female</dd></dl> <dl><dd>65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female</dd></dl> <dl><dd>total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> – adult prevalence rate </p> <dl><dd>0.3% (2007 est.)</dd></dl> <p>HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS </p> <dl><dd>26,000 (2007 est.)</dd></dl> <p>HIV/AIDS – deaths </p> <dl><dd>1,400 (2007 est.)</dd></dl> <p>Nationality </p> <dl><dd><i>noun:</i> Ecuadorian(s)</dd> <dd><i>adjective:</i> Ecuadorian</dd></dl> <p>Religions </p> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>:</i> approximately 95%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>:</i> approximately 4%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>:</i> below 0.002%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>:</i> under 0.2%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>:</i> (Suni) approximately 0.001%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>:</i> under 0.15%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>:</i> beliefs under 0.5%</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a>:</i> and <i>agnostics:</i> 1%</dd></dl> <p>Languages: Spanish (official), <a href="/wiki/Amerindian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian languages">Amerindian languages</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shiwiar_language" title="Shiwiar language">Achuar-Shiwiar</a> – 2,000 Pastaza province. Alternate names: Achuar, Achual, Achuara, Achuale. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cha%27palaachi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha'palaachi language">Chachi</a> – 3,450 Esmeraldas Province, Cayapas River system. Alternate names: Cayapa, Cha' Palaachi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colorado_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado language">Colorado</a> – 2,300 Santo Domingo de los Colorados province. Alternate names: Tsachila, Tsafiki. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> – 9 separate dialects are spoken in as many areas in the country with a combined population of 1,460,000. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a> – 46,669 (2000 WCD). Morona-Santiago Province. Alternate names: Jivaro, Xivaro, Jibaro, Chiwaro, Shuara. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Huaorani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani language">Waorani</a> – 1,650 (2004). Napo and Morona-Santiago provinces. Alternate names: Huaorani, Waodani, Wao, Huao, Auca (pejorative). </p><p>Literacy </p> <dl><dd><i>definition:</i> age 15 and over can read and write</dd> <dd><i>total population:</i> 91%</dd> <dd><i>male:</i> 92.3%</dd> <dd><i>female:</i> 89.7% (2003 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in the coastal region until the end of the 19th century, the Ecuadorian population was most heavily concentrated in the highlands and valleys of the "Sierra" region. Today's population is distributed more evenly between the "Sierra" and the "Costa" (the coastal lowlands) region. Migration towards the cities—particularly larger cities—in all regions has increased the urban population to about 55 percent. </p><p>The "Oriente" region, consisting of Amazonian lowlands to the east of the Andes and covering about half the country's land area, remains sparsely populated and contains only about 3% of the country's population, that for the most are indigenous peoples who maintain a wary distance from the recent Mestizo and white settlers. The territories of the "Oriente" are home to as many as nine indigenous groups: <a href="/wiki/Quichua" class="mw-redirect" title="Quichua">Quichua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuar people">Shuar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Achuar people">Achuar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani">Waorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siona_people" title="Siona people">Siona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siona_people" title="Siona people">Secoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiwiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiwiar">Shiwiar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_people" title="Cofán people">Cofan</a>, all represented politically by the <a href="/wiki/CONFENIAE" class="mw-redirect" title="CONFENIAE">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon, CONFENIAE</a>. </p><p>As a result of the oil exploration and the development of the infrastructure required for the exploitation of the oil fields in the eastern jungles during the seventies and early eighties, there was a wave of settlement in the region. The Majority of these wave of internal immigration came from the southern province of Loja as a result of a drought that lasted three years and affected the southern provinces of the country. This boom of the petroleum industry has led to a mushrooming of the town of <a href="/wiki/Lago_Agrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Agrio">Lago Agrio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nueva_Loja" title="Nueva Loja">Nueva Loja</a>) as well as substantial <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and pollution of wetlands and lakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationality,_ethnicity,_and_race"><span id="Nationality.2C_ethnicity.2C_and_race"></span>Nationality, ethnicity, and race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nationality, ethnicity, and race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 13262.66059596px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 678.18149783394px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 267.69001105661px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 89.51086793708px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Ethnicity in Ecuador (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> (86.62%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Amerindian</a> (7.69%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Sub-Saharan</a> (3.36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Caucasian</a> (2.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Others (0.12%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">pluri-nationality</a> of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups. There are five major ethnic groups in Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afroecuatoriano" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroecuatoriano">Afroecuadorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Amerindian</a>, and Montubio. Mestizos constitute more than 85% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-censoecuador_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censoecuador-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">genealogical DNA testing</a> done in 2015, the average Ecuadorian is estimated to be 52.96% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Amerindian</a>, 41.77% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a>, and 5.26% <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">Sub-Saharan African</a> overall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, a genetic study done in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, estimated that Ecuadorian genetic admixture was 64.6% Amerindian, 31.0% European, and 4.4% African.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>'s population descends from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ecuador#Spanish_discovery_and_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ecuador">Spanish immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">South American Amerindians</a>, admixed with descendants of black slaves who arrived to work on coastal plantations in the sixteenth century. The mix of these groups is described as <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a>. Censuses do not record ethnic affiliation, which in any event remains fluid; thus, estimates of the numbers of each group should be taken only as approximations. In the 1980s, Amerindians and Mestizos represented the bulk of the population, with each group accounting for roughly 40 percent of total population. Whites represented 10 to 15 percent and blacks the remaining 5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kluck, writing in 1989, ethnic groups in Ecuador have had a traditional hierarchy of white, <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>, blacks, and then others.<sup id="cite_ref-whites_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whites-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her review depicts this hierarchy as a consequence of colonial attitudes and of the terminology of colonial legal distinctions. Spanish-born persons residing in the New World (peninsulares) were at the top of the social hierarchy, followed by <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a>, born of two Spanish parents in the colonies. The 19th century usage of Mestizo was to denote a person whose parents were an Amerindian and a white; a <a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> had one Amerindian and one Mestizo parent. By the 20th century, Mestizo and Cholo were frequently used interchangeably. Kluck suggested that societal relationships, occupation, manners, and clothing all derived from ethnic affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-whites_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whites-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, according to Kluck, individuals could potentially switch ethnic affiliation if they had culturally adapted to the recipient group; such switches were made without resort to subterfuge.<sup id="cite_ref-whites_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whites-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the precise criteria for defining ethnic groups varies considerably. The vocabulary that more prosperous Mestizos and whites used in describing ethnic groups mixes social and biological characteristics. Ethnic affiliation thus is dynamic; Indians often become Mestizos, and prosperous Mestizos seek to improve their status sufficiently to be considered whites. Ethnic identity reflects numerous characteristics, only one of which is physical appearance; others include dress, language, community membership, and self-identification.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A geography of ethnicity remained well-defined until the surge in migration that began in the 1950s. Whites resided primarily in larger cities. Mestizos lived in small towns scattered throughout the countryside. Indians formed the bulk of the Sierra rural populace, although Mestizos filled this role in the areas with few Indians. Most blacks lived in <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas Province</a>, with small enclaves found in the Carchi and Imbabura provinces. Pressure on Sierra land resources and the dissolution of the traditional hacienda, however, increased the numbers of Indians migrating to the Costa, the Oriente, and the cities. By the 1980s, Sierra Indians—or Indians in the process of switching their ethnic identity to that of Mestizos—lived on Costa plantations, in Quito, Guayaquil, and other cities, and in colonization areas in the Oriente and the Costa. Indeed, Sierra Amerindians residing in the coastal region substantially outnumbered the remaining original Costa inhabitants, the Cayapa and Colorado Indians. In the late 1980s, analysts estimated that there were only about 4,000 Cayapas and Colorados. Some blacks had migrated from the remote region of the Ecuadorian-Colombian border to the towns and cities of Esmeraldas.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Ecuadorian">Afro-Ecuadorian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Afro-Ecuadorian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Ecuadorian people">Afro-Ecuadorian people</a></div> <p>Afro-Ecuadorians are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in Ecuador who are descendants of black African slaves brought by the Spanish during their conquest of Ecuador from the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Incas</a>. They make up from 3% to 5% of Ecuador's population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecuador has a population of about 1,120,000 descendants from African people. The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found primarily in the country's northwest coastal region. Africans form a majority (70%) in the province of <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas</a> and also have an important concentration in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Chota" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Chota">Valle del Chota</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura Province</a>. They can be also found in important numbers in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous">Indigenous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indigenous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples in Ecuador</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sierra_Indigenous">Sierra Indigenous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sierra Indigenous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg/220px-EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg/330px-EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg/440px-EquateurOtavalo_0606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otavalo_people" title="Otavalo people">Otavalo</a> girl from Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <p>Sierra Indigenous had an estimated population of 1.5 to 2 million in the early 1980s and live in the intermontane valleys of the Andes. Prolonged contact with Hispanic culture, which dates back to the conquest, has had a homogenizing effect, reducing the variation among the indigenous Sierra tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-sierra_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sierra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indigenous people of the Sierra are separated from whites and Mestizos by a caste-like gulf. They are marked as a disadvantaged group; to be an Indigenous person in Ecuador is to be stigmatized. Poverty rates are higher and literacy rates are lower among Indigenous than the general population. They enjoy limited participation in national institutions and are often excluded from social and economic opportunities available to more privileged groups. However, some groups of Indigenous, such as the <a href="/wiki/Otavalo_people" title="Otavalo people">Otavalo people</a>, have increased their socioeconomic status to extent that they enjoy a higher standard of living than many other Indigenous groups in Ecuador and many <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a> of their area. </p><p>Visible markers of ethnic affiliation, especially hairstyle, dress, and language, separate Indigenous from the rest of the populace. Indigenous wore more manufactured items by the late 1970s than previously; their clothing, nonetheless, was distinct from that of other rural inhabitants. Indigenous in communities relying extensively on wage labor sometimes assumed Western-style dress while still maintaining their Indigenous identity. Indigenous speak Spanish and, Quichua—a Quechua dialect—although most are bilingual, speaking Spanish as a second language with varying degrees of facility. By the late 1980s, some younger Indigenous no longer learned Quichua.<sup id="cite_ref-sierra_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sierra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriente_Indigenous">Oriente Indigenous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oriente Indigenous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaorani_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Huaorani_village.jpg/220px-Huaorani_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Huaorani_village.jpg/330px-Huaorani_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Huaorani_village.jpg/440px-Huaorani_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Huaorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani">Waorani</a> village</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Amerindians of the Oriente first came into contact with Europeans in the 16th century, the encounters were more sporadic than those of most of the country's indigenous population. Until the 19th century, most non-Amerindians entering the region were either traders or missionaries. Beginning in the 1950s, however, the government built roads and encouraged settlers from the Sierra to colonize the Amazon River Basin. Virtually all remaining Indians were brought into increasing contact with national society. The interaction between Indians and outsiders had a profound impact on the indigenous way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-oriente_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriente-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, roughly 30,000 Quichua speakers and 15,000 Jívaros lived in Oriente Indigenous communities. Quichua speakers (sometimes referred to as the Yumbos) grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">detribalization</a> of members of many different groups after the Spanish conquest. Subject to the influence of Quichua-speaking missionaries and traders, various elements of the Yumbos adopted the tongue as a lingua franca and gradually lost their previous languages and tribal origins. Yumbos were scattered throughout the Oriente, whereas the Jívaros—subdivided into the Shuar and the Achuar—were concentrated in southeastern Ecuador. Some also lived in northeastern Peru. Traditionally, both groups relied on migration to resolve intracommunity conflict and to limit the ecological damage to the tropical forest caused by <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-oriente_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriente-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Yumbos and the Jívaros depended on agriculture as their primary means of subsistence. <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">Manioc</a>, the main staple, was grown in conjunction with a wide variety of other fruits and vegetables. Yumbo men also resorted to wage labor to obtain cash for the few purchases deemed necessary. By the mid-1970s, increasing numbers of Quichua speakers settled around some of the towns and missions of the Oriente. Indians themselves had begun to make a distinction between Christian and jungle Indians. The former engaged in trade with townspeople. The Jívaros, in contrast to the Christian Quichua speakers, lived in more remote areas. Their mode of horticulture was similar to that of the non-Christian Yumbos, although they supplemented crop production with hunting and some livestock raising.<sup id="cite_ref-oriente_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriente-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shamans (<a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">curanderos</a>) played a pivotal role in social relations in both groups. As the main leaders and the focus of local conflicts, shamans were believed to both cure and kill through magical means. In the 1980s group conflicts between rival shamans still erupted into full-scale feuds with loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-oriente_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriente-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oriente Indigenous population dropped precipitously during the initial period of intensive contact with outsiders. The destruction of their crops by Mestizos laying claim to indigenous lands, the rapid exposure to diseases to which Indians lacked immunity, and the extreme social disorganization all contributed to increased mortality and decreased birth rates. One study of the Shuar in the 1950s found that the group between ten and nineteen years of age was smaller than expected. This was the group that had been youngest and most vulnerable during the initial contact with national society. Normal population growth rates began to reestablish themselves after approximately the first decade of such contact.<sup id="cite_ref-oriente_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriente-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuadorian_dress,_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg/200px-Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg/300px-Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg/400px-Ecuadorian_dress%2C_Carnival_del_Pueblo_2010%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A woman in Ecuadorian garment participating in the 2010 Carnaval del Pueblo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture of Ecuador</a></div> <p>Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> majority, and like their ancestry, it is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions, and in some cases by African elements. The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, and Croats during and after the Second World War. </p><p>Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the Andes Mountains of South America, given the subjugation of the indigenous people through evangelism and <i><a href="/wiki/Encomiendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Encomiendas">encomiendas</a></i>, the minority population of African descent is mostly found in the coastal northern province of Esmeraldas. According to local fables, this is largely owing to the 17th century shipwreck of a slave-trading galleon off the northern coast of Ecuador. </p><p>Ecuador's indigenous communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some may also practice their own indigenous cultures, particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population, and as a first or second language by more than 98%. Part of Ecuador's population can speak <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> languages, in some cases as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAPAPUANEWGUI1NEA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAPAPUANEWGUI1NEA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though many speak Amerindian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kichwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kichwa">Kichwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People that identify as Mestizo, in general, speak Spanish as their native language. Other Amerindian languages spoken in Ecuador include Awapit (spoken by the Awá), A'ingae (spoken by the Cofan), Shuar Chicham (spoken by the Shuar), Achuar-Shiwiar (spoken by the Achuar and the Shiwiar), Cha'palaachi (spoken by the Chachi), Tsa'fiki (spoken by the Tsáchila), Paicoca (spoken by the Siona and Secoya), and Wao Tededeo (spoken by the Waorani). Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are those universal to the Spanish-speaking world, there are several idiosyncrasies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Religion in Ecuador</a></div> <p>According to the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census, 91.95% of the country's population have a religion, 7.94% are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and 0.11% are agnostics. Among those with a religion, 80.44% are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, 11.30% are <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, and 8.26% other (mainly Jewish, Buddhists and Latter-day Saints).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the rural parts of Ecuador, indigenous beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a>. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a small number of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>, indigenous religions, Muslims (see <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Islam in Ecuador</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>. There are about 185,000 members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Jewish Community of Ecuador" (Comunidad Judía del Ecuador) has its seat in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and has approximately 300 members. Nevertheless, this number is declining because young people leave the country towards the United States of America or Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue, a country club and a cemetery. It supports the "Albert Einstein School", where Jewish history, religion and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> classes are offered. Since 2004, there has also been a <a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad house</a> in Quito.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are very small communities in <a href="/wiki/Cuenca_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuenca (Ecuador)">Cuenca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambato,_Ecuador" title="Ambato, Ecuador">Ambato</a>. The "Comunidad de Culto Israelita" reunites the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. This community works independently from the "Jewish Community of Ecuador".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish visitors to Ecuador can also take advantage of Jewish resources as they travel<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and keep <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> there, even in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has also synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Music of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg/200px-Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg/300px-Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg/400px-Julio_jaramillo_laurido2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julio_Jaramillo" title="Julio Jaramillo">Julio Jaramillo</a> is an icon of music.</figcaption></figure> <p>The music of Ecuador has a long history. <a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">Pasillo</a> is a genre of Indigenous Latin music. In Ecuador it is the "national genre of music." Through the years, many cultures have influenced to establish new types of music. There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">Bomba</a> highly established in afro-Ecuadorian society like <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas</a>, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a> and Rockola are clear examples of foreign cultures' influence. One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito. It is originally from the north of Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Otavalo_people" title="Otavalo people">Otavalo</a>-Imbabura). Sanjuanito is a danceable music used in the festivities of the Mestizo and Indigenous culture. According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by Indigenous people during San Juan Bautista's birthday. This important date was established by the Spaniards on 24 June, coincidentally the same date when Indigenous people celebrated their rituals of <a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_(gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/220px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/330px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/440px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Ecuadorian <i><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a></i>, made of shrimp and lemon, onions and some herbs. Tomato sauce and orange are used at some places, but does not form a part of the basic recipe.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian cuisine</a> is diverse, varying with the altitude and associated agricultural conditions. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three course meal of soup, a second course which includes rice and a protein such as meat or fish, and then dessert and coffee to finish. Supper is usually lighter, and sometimes consists only of coffee or herbal tea with bread. </p><p>In the highland region, pork, chicken, beef, and <i>cuy</i> (guinea pig) are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and corn) or potatoes. </p><p>In the coastal region, seafood is very popular, with fish, shrimp and <i><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a></i> being key parts of the diet. Generally, ceviches are served with fried plantain (<a href="/wiki/Chifle" title="Chifle">chifles</a> y patacones), popcorn or <a href="/wiki/Corn_nut" title="Corn nut">tostado</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">Plantain</a>- and peanut-based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals. Encocados (dishes that contain a coconut sauce) are also very popular. <i><a href="/wiki/Churrasco" title="Churrasco">Churrasco</a></i> is a staple food of the coastal region, especially <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. <i>Arroz con menestra y carne asada</i> (rice with beans and grilled beef) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil, as is <a href="/wiki/Tostones" title="Tostones">fried plantain</a> which is often served with it. This region is a leading producer of bananas, cacao beans (to make chocolate), shrimp, tilapia, mangos and passion fruit, among other products. </p><p>In the Amazon region, a dietary staple is the <i>yuca</i>, elsewhere called <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>. Many fruits are available in this region, including bananas, tree grapes, and peach palms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jmontalvo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg/220px-Jmontalvo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg/330px-Jmontalvo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Montalvo" title="Juan Montalvo">Juan Montalvo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>. One of the earliest examples is <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Collahuazo" title="Jacinto Collahuazo">Jacinto Collahuazo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Boceto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boceto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an indigenous chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra, born in the late 1600s. Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>, but his work was written in <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>. The use of the <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a> was banned by the Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in order to preserve their work, many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language. The history behind the Inca drama "Ollantay", the oldest literary piece in existence for any indigenous language in America,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo. Collahuazo was imprisoned, and all of his work burned. The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later, when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito, and found a hidden manuscript. The salvaged fragment is a Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa",<sup id="cite_ref-Boceto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boceto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a poem written by Collahuazo, which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa. </p><p>Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aguirre" title="Juan Bautista Aguirre">Juan Bautista Aguirre</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Daule_Canton" title="Daule Canton">Daule</a> in 1725, and Father <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Velasco" title="Juan de Velasco">Juan de Velasco</a>, born in Riobamba in 1727. De Velasco wrote about the nations and chiefdoms that had existed in the <i>Kingdom of Quito</i> (today Ecuador) before the arrival of the Spanish. His historical accounts are nationalistic, featuring a romantic perspective of precolonial history. </p><p>Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Espejo" title="Eugenio Espejo">Eugenio Espejo</a> a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; <a href="/wiki/Jose_Joaquin_de_Olmedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Joaquin de Olmedo">Jose Joaquin de Olmedo</a> (born in Guayaquil), famous for his ode to <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> titled <a href="/wiki/La_victoria_de_Junin" title="La victoria de Junin"><i>La Victoria de Junin</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Montalvo" title="Juan Montalvo">Juan Montalvo</a>, a prominent essayist and novelist; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Leon_Mera" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Leon Mera">Juan Leon Mera</a>, famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; <a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Luis A. Martínez">Luis A. Martínez</a> with <i>A la Costa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Veintimilla" title="Dolores Veintimilla">Dolores Veintimilla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. </p><p>Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Adoum" title="Jorge Enrique Adoum">Jorge Enrique Adoum</a>; the poet <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carrera_Andrade" title="Jorge Carrera Andrade">Jorge Carrera Andrade</a>; the essayist <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Benjamín Carrión">Benjamín Carrión</a>; the poets <a href="/wiki/Medardo_Angel_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Medardo Angel Silva">Medardo Angel Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carrera_Andrade" title="Jorge Carrera Andrade">Jorge Carrera Andrade</a>; the novelist <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Gilbert" title="Enrique Gil Gilbert">Enrique Gil Gilbert</a>; the novelist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Icaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Icaza">Jorge Icaza</a> (author of the novel <i>Huasipungo</i>, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; the novelist <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Yanez_Cossio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicia Yanez Cossio">Alicia Yanez Cossio</a>; U.S. based Ecuadorian poet <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Xavier" title="Emanuel Xavier">Emanuel Xavier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best known art styles from Ecuador belonged to the <i><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Quite%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Quiteña">Escuela Quiteña</a></i>, which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito. <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian painters">Ecuadorian painters</a> include: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Kingman" title="Eduardo Kingman">Eduardo Kingman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Oswaldo Guayasamín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Egas" title="Camilo Egas">Camilo Egas</a> from the Indiginist Movement; <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rend%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Rendón">Manuel Rendón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Zapata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_T%C3%A1bara" title="Enrique Tábara">Enrique Tábara</a>, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Villac%C3%ADs" title="Aníbal Villacís">Aníbal Villacís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Constante" class="mw-redirect" title="Theo Constante">Theo Constante</a>, León Ricaurte and <a href="/wiki/Estuardo_Maldonado" title="Estuardo Maldonado">Estuardo Maldonado</a> from the Informalist Movement; and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, Futuristic style. The indigenous people of Tigua, Ecuador are also world-renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador#Indigenous_art_of_Tigua" title="Culture of Ecuador">traditional paintings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Sport in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perez-flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perez-flag.jpg/242px-Perez-flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perez-flag.jpg/363px-Perez-flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perez-flag.jpg/484px-Perez-flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jefferson Pérez">Jefferson Pérez</a>, Olympian gold medalist</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/242px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="242" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/363px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/484px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Estadio Monumental of Guayaquil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_Lapentti_2009_Davis_Cup_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/N_Lapentti_2009_Davis_Cup_1.jpg/242px-N_Lapentti_2009_Davis_Cup_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/N_Lapentti_2009_Davis_Cup_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Nicolás Lapentti</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">sport in Ecuador</a>, as in most South American countries, is football (soccer). Its best known professional teams include <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Sporting_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Sporting Club">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Club_Sport_Emelec" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Sport Emelec">Emelec</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito">LDU Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Deportivo_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociedad Deportivo Quito">Deportivo Quito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Club_Deportivo_El_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Deportivo El Nacional">El Nacional</a> from Quito; <a href="/wiki/Centro_Deportivo_Olmedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Deportivo Olmedo">Olmedo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Riobamba" title="Riobamba">Riobamba</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Cuenca" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Deportivo Cuenca">Deportivo Cuenca</a> from Cuenca. Currently the most successful football club in Ecuador is <a href="/wiki/LDU_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="LDU Quito">LDU Quito</a>, and it is the only Ecuadorian club that have won the <i><a href="/wiki/Copa_Libertadores" title="Copa Libertadores">Copa Libertadores</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana" title="Copa Sudamericana">Copa Sudamericana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana" title="Recopa Sudamericana">Recopa Sudamericana</a></i>; they were also runners-up in the <a href="/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup" title="2008 FIFA Club World Cup">2008 FIFA Club World Cup</a>. The matches of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuador_national_football_team" title="Ecuador national football team">Ecuador national team</a> are the most-watched sporting events in the country. Ecuador qualified for the final rounds of the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>. The 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign was considered a huge success for the country and its inhabitants. Ecuador finished in 2nd place on the qualifiers behind <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team" title="Argentina national football team">Argentina</a> and above the team that would become World Champion, <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazil</a>. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ecuador finished ahead of <a href="/wiki/Poland_national_football_team" title="Poland national football team">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team" title="Costa Rica national football team">Costa Rica</a> to come in second to <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a> in Group A in the 2006 World Cup. <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a>, often referred to as <i>índor</i>, is particularly popular for mass participation. </p><p>There is considerable interest in tennis in the middle and upper classes of Ecuadorian society, and several Ecuadorian professional players have attained international fame. Basketball has a high profile, while Ecuador's specialties include <a href="/wiki/Ecuavolley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuavolley">Ecuavolley</a>, a three-person variation of volleyball. Bullfighting is practiced at a professional level in Quito, during the annual festivities that commemorate the Spanish founding of the city, and it also features in festivals in many smaller towns. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is found to some extent in Ecuador, with teams in Guayaquil, Quito and Cuenca. </p><p>Ecuador has won three medals in the Olympic Games. 20 km racewalker <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jefferson Pérez">Jefferson Pérez</a> took gold in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a> games, and silver <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">12 years later</a>. Pérez also set a world best in the 2003 World Championships of 1:17:21 for the 20 km distance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclist">Cyclist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carapaz" title="Richard Carapaz">Richard Carapaz</a>, the winner of <a href="/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia" title="2019 Giro d'Italia">2019 Giro d'Italia</a>, won a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/Road_cycling_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Road cycling race">road cycling race</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_trends">Migration trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Migration trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Demographics_of_Ecuador" title="Special:EditPage/Demographics of Ecuador">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22">"Demographics of Ecuador"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Demographics+of+Ecuador%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In recent decades, there has been a high rate of emigration due to the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Ecuador_banking_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1998–99 Ecuador banking crisis">economic crisis</a> that seriously affected the economy of the country in the 1990s, over 400,000 Ecuadorians left for <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_Spain" title="Ecuadorians in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and around 100,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> while several hundred thousand Ecuadorians live in the US, (500,000 by some estimates) mostly in the cities of the Northeastern corridor. Many other Ecuadorians have emigrated across Latin America, thousands have gone to Japan and Australia. One famous American of <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian American">Ecuadorian</a> descent is pop music vocalist <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>. </p><p>In Ecuador there are about 100,000 Americans and over 30,000 <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> expatriates. They move to Ecuador for business opportunities and as cheaper place for retirement. </p><p>As a result of the political conflict in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and of the criminal gangs that had appeared in the areas of power vacuum a constant flow of refugees and asylum seekers as well as economic migrants of <a href="/wiki/Colombian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian people">Colombian origin</a> had moved into Ecuadorian territory. Over the last decade at least 45,000 displaced people are now residents in Ecuador, the Ecuadorian government and international organizations are assisting them. According to the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> 2009 report as many as 167,189 <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> are temporary residents in Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the migratory trend to Europe many of the jobs that those that left held in the country had been taken over by Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migrants">economic migrants</a>. Those jobs are mostly in agriculture and unskilled labor. There are no official statistics but some press reports estimate their number into the tens of thousands. </p><p>There is a diverse community of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern peoples">Middle Eastern</a> Ecuadorians, numbering in the tens of thousands, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> descent; prominent in commerce and industry, and concentrated in the coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quevedo,_Ecuador" title="Quevedo, Ecuador">Quevedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machala" title="Machala">Machala</a>. They are well assimilated into the local culture and are referred commonly as "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">turcos</a>" since the early migrants of these communities arrived with passports issued by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the beginning of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecuador is also home to communities of <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, Italians, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, French, <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>-Ecuadorians. Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who number around 450 are mostly of German or Italian descent. There are 225,000 English speakers and 112,000 German speakers in Ecuador of which the great majority reside in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, mainly all descendants of immigrants who arrived in the late 19th century and of retired emigrees that returned to their terroir. Most of the descendants of European immigrants strive for the preservation of their heritage. Therefore, some groups even have their own schools (e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_School_Guayaquil" class="mw-redirect" title="German School Guayaquil">German School Guayaquil</a> and German School Quito), Liceé La Condamine (French Heritage), Alberto Einstein (Jewish Heritage) and <a href="/wiki/The_British_School_of_Quito" title="The British School of Quito">The British School of Quito</a> (Anglo-British), cultural and social organizations, churches and country clubs. Their contribution for the social, political and economical development of the country is immense, specially in relation to their percentage in the total population. Most of the families of European heritage belong to the Ecuadorian upper class and had married into the wealthiest families of the country. </p><p>There is also a small Asian-Ecuadorian (see <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Latino">Asian Latino</a>) community estimated in a range from 2,500 to 25,000, mainly consists of those having any amount of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> descent, and possibly 10,000 being <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese</a> whose ancestors arrived as miners, farm hands and fishermen in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> has an <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> community, mostly Chinese including Taiwanese, and Japanese, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> community, mostly Filipinos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_census" title="Ecuadorian census">Ecuadorian census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Ecuadorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Ecuadorian">Afro Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese people in Ecuador">Lebanese people in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Ecuador">Social class in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421203948/http://ecuador.ukrnetia.com/">Family in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/estadisticas/">"Contador Poblacional"</a>. <i>ecuadorencifras.gob.ec</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+-+Demographic+and+Social+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics">"UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics"</a>. <i>unstats.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=UNSD+%E2%80%94+Demographic+and+Social+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic-social%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2F%23statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/category/poblacion-y-demografia/">"Población y Demografía"</a>. <i>INEC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INEC&rft.atitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Demograf%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec%2Fcategory%2Fpoblacion-y-demografia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Ecuador" title="Emigration from Ecuador">Emigration from Ecuador</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontinaroBusbyPascaliMyers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Montinaro, F.; Busby, G. B.; Pascali, V. L.; Myers, S.; Hellenthal, G.; Capelli, C. (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169/bin/ncomms7596-s2.xlsx">Supplementary Data</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.6596M">2015NatCo...6.6596M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms7596">10.1038/ncomms7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">4374169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25803618">25803618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Unravelling+the+hidden+ancestry+of+American+admixed+populations&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=See+Supplementary+Data&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25803618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms7596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.6596M&rft.aulast=Montinaro&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Busby%2C+G.+B.&rft.au=Pascali%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Myers%2C+S.&rft.au=Hellenthal%2C+G.&rft.au=Capelli%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodinho2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112044147/https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542"><i>O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas</i></a> (Thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542">the original</a> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=O+impacto+das+migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+na+constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+gen%C3%A9tica+de+popula%C3%A7%C3%B5es+latino-americanas&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Godinho&rft.aufirst=Neide+Maria+de+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.unb.br%2Fhandle%2F10482%2F5542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Kluck1989" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Kluck (1989). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecuanex.net.ec/constitucion/titulo01.html">the original</a> on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+del+Ecuador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecuanex.net.ec%2Fconstitucion%2Ftitulo01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811033609/http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101377532/-1/El_80%25_De_ecuatorianos_es_cat%C3%B3lico.html#.UGyc6k3LQ5w">"El 80% de ecuatorianos es católico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101377532/-1/El_80%25_de_ecuatorianos_es_cat%C3%B3lico.html#.UGyc6k3LQ5w">the original</a> on 11 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+80%25+de+ecuatorianos+es+cat%C3%B3lico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahora.com.ec%2Findex.php%2Fnoticias%2Fshow%2F1101377532%2F-1%2FEl_80%2525_de_ecuatorianos_es_cat%25C3%25B3lico.html%23.UGyc6k3LQ5w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniverso.com/2012/08/15/1/1382/80-ecuatorianos-afirma-ser-catolico-segun-inec.html">"El 80% de los ecuatorianos afirma ser católico, según el INEC"</a>. <i>El Universo</i>. 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universo&rft.atitle=El+80%25+de+los+ecuatorianos+afirma+ser+cat%C3%B3lico%2C+seg%C3%BAn+el+INEC&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniverso.com%2F2012%2F08%2F15%2F1%2F1382%2F80-ecuatorianos-afirma-ser-catolico-segun-inec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneRizowy2010" class="citation book cs1">Crane, R.; Rizowy, C. 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Travelingrabbi.com (16 August 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travelingrabbi.com/jewish-travel/keeping-kosher-in-the-amazon-rainforest/index.html">Keeping Kosher in the Amazon Rainforest</a>. Travelingrabbi.com (4 May 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214195547/http://www.mishkanyeshua.com/">"Kehilá Mishkán Yeshúa"</a> (in Spanish). mishkanyeshua.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mishkanyeshua.com/">the original</a> on 14 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kehil%C3%A1+Mishk%C3%A1n+Yesh%C3%BAa&rft.pub=mishkanyeshua.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmishkanyeshua.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/artist/3RkNjm33d6IZZ6gAjb6hXy">"Da Pawn"</a>. <i>Spotify</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spotify&rft.atitle=Da+Pawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Fartist%2F3RkNjm33d6IZZ6gAjb6hXy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/artist/6NIyDDyPBRTyPZ6ggjE8Rj">"La Máquina Camaleón"</a>. <i>Spotify</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spotify&rft.atitle=La+M%C3%A1quina+Camale%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Fartist%2F6NIyDDyPBRTyPZ6ggjE8Rj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boceto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boceto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boceto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Borja, Piedad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ALHI/article/viewFile/ALHI7272110053A/25162">Boceto de Poesía Ecuatoriana,'Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana', 1972</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, W.S., <i>History of the Latin-American Nations</i>, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnis, <i>Surviving Pre-Columbian Drama</i>, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeintimilla" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veintimilla, Dolores. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092612/http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc">"Dolores Veintimilla de Galindo"</a>. <i>cmsfq.edu.ec</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cmsfq.edu.ec&rft.atitle=Dolores+Veintimilla+de+Galindo&rft.aulast=Veintimilla&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachers.cmsfq.edu.ec%2Fhigh%2FAssignments%2FD%25C3%25A9cimo%2520Primer%2520Grado%2FAP%2520Spanish%2520Language%2520-%2520D%2520-%2520Diego%2520Chauvin%2FDolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%255B1%255D.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people2people.org/voices/s_e/perez.html">"The pride of Ecuador"</a>. Synergos.org. 14 August 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pride+of+Ecuador&rft.pub=Synergos.org&rft.date=1996-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people2people.org%2Fvoices%2Fs_e%2Fperez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/24/richard-carapaz-conquers-mens-road-race-after-geraint-thomas-crashes-out-tokyo-olympics-cycling">"Richard Carapaz conquers men's road race after Geraint Thomas crashes out"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Carapaz+conquers+men%27s+road+race+after+Geraint+Thomas+crashes+out&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2021%2Fjul%2F24%2Frichard-carapaz-conquers-mens-road-race-after-geraint-thomas-crashes-out-tokyo-olympics-cycling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends/2009-Global-Tends-annex.zip">"Table 1. Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs), stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by country/territory of asylum, end-2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(ZIP)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=Table+1.+Refugees%2C+asylum-seekers%2C+internally+displaced+persons+%28IDPs%29%2C+returnees+%28refugees+and+IDPs%29%2C+stateless+persons%2C+and+others+of+concern+to+UNHCR+by+country%2Fterritory+of+asylum%2C+end-2009&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fglobaltrends%2F2009-Global-Tends-annex.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Ecuador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Ecuadorians" title="Lebanese Ecuadorians">Lebanese Ecuadorians</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Ecuador&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends/2009-Global-Tends-annex.zip">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/FORUM/GALLERY/10259_29_08_13_10_18_53.png">Leading ethnicity map in Ecuador by 2010 census</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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Ecuador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Ecuador" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Ecuador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Ecuador" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians#Nationality,_ethnicity,_and_race" title="Ecuadorians">Ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awa-Kwaiker_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa-Kwaiker people">Awa-Kwaiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canelos-Quichua" title="Canelos-Quichua">Canelos-Quichua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachi_people" title="Chachi people">Chachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholos_pescadores" title="Cholos pescadores">Cholo pescador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_people" title="Cofán people">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaorani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani people">Huaorani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagaeri" title="Tagaeri">Tagaeri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Achuar people">Achuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_people" title="Aguaruna people">Aguaruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huambisa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huambisa people">Huambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuar people">Shuar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maina_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maina Indians">Maina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quichua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panzaleo_people" title="Panzaleo people">Panzaleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quijos-Quichua" title="Quijos-Quichua">Quijos-Quichua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otavalo_people" title="Otavalo people">Otavalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puruh%C3%A1" title="Puruhá">Puruhá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1para_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápara people">Sápara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secoya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Secoya people">Secoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siona_people" title="Siona people">Siona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taromenane" title="Taromenane">Taromenane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetet%C3%A9_people" title="Teteté people">Teteté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%C3%A1chila_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsáchila people">Tsáchila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Ecuadorian">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ecuador" title="Americans in Ecuador">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_diaspora_in_Ecuador" title="Category:European diaspora in Ecuador">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ecuadorians" title="Italian Ecuadorians">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Ecuador">Mestizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Ecuador" title="Uruguayans in Ecuador">Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ecuadorians" title="Croatian Ecuadorians">Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Ecuadorians" title="Lebanese Ecuadorians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Ecuador portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guyana" title="Demographics of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Paraguay" title="Demographics of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Suriname" title="Demographics of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uruguay" title="Demographics of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_French_Guiana" title="Demographics of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecuador_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecuador_topics" title="Template talk:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecuador_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_territorial_dispute" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute">Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1830%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Ecuador (1830–1860)">1830–1860</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_Revolution_(Ecuador)" title="March Revolution (Ecuador)">March Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War_(1857%E2%80%931860)" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1860%E2%80%931895)" title="History of Ecuador (1860–1895)">1860–1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1895%E2%80%931925)" title="History of Ecuador (1895–1925)">1895–1925</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concha_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Concha Revolution">Concha Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Guayaquil_general_strike" title="1922 Guayaquil general strike">1922 general strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1925%E2%80%931944)" title="History of Ecuador (1925–1944)">1925–1944</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1944%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Ecuador (1944–1960)">1944–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1960%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ecuador (1960–1990)">1960–1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Military_Junta_of_1963" title="Ecuadorian Military Junta of 1963">Military Junta of 1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carnavalazo" title="El Carnavalazo">El Carnavalazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Government" title="Supreme Council of Government">Supreme Council of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paquisha_War" title="Paquisha War">Paquisha War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Ecuador (1990–present)">1990–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs_in_Ecuador" title="War on drugs in Ecuador">War on drugs in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">2000 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Ecuador_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Ecuador crisis">2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ecuadorian_conflict" title="2024 Ecuadorian conflict">2024 Ecuadorian conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador" title="Coat of arms of Ecuador"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Ecuador" title="List of birds of Ecuador">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ecuador" title="Climate of Ecuador">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ecuador" title="List of earthquakes in Ecuador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ecuador" title="Environment of Ecuador">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Ecuador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Ecuador" title="List of mammals of Ecuador">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ecuador" title="List of mountains in Ecuador">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Ecuador" title="List of national parks in Ecuador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ecuador" title="List of rivers of Ecuador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ecuador" title="List of volcanoes in Ecuador">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ecuador" title="Foreign relations of Ecuador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ecuador" title="Armed Forces of Ecuador">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Ecuador)" title="National Congress (Ecuador)">National Congress <span style="font-size:85%;">(former)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ecuador" title="List of political parties in Ecuador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ecuador" title="List of presidents of Ecuador">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ecuador" title="Vice President of Ecuador">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ecuador" title="Banking in Ecuador">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ecuador" title="Central Bank of Ecuador">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ecuador" title="Coffee production in Ecuador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Ecuador" title="Currency of Ecuador">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ecuador" title="Mining in Ecuador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ecuador" title="Tourism in Ecuador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ecuador" title="Trade unions in Ecuador">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ecuador" title="Transport in Ecuador">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ecuador" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ecuador" title="Category:Society of Ecuador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ecuador" title="Crime in Ecuador">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ecuador" title="Health in Ecuador">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Ecuador">Social class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ecuador" title="Flag of Ecuador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ecuador" title="List of newspapers in Ecuador">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorians" title="List of Ecuadorians">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ecuador" title="Public holidays in Ecuador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ecuador" title="Television in Ecuador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ecuador" title="Outline of Ecuador">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecuador" title="Category:Ecuador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer 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