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id="toc-Mosaddegh_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plotting_The_Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plotting_The_Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plotting The Coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plotting_The_Coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_of_Premier_Mosaddegh_of_Iran_(Memo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_of_Premier_Mosaddegh_of_Iran_(Memo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran (Memo)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_of_Premier_Mosaddegh_of_Iran_(Memo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SAVAK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SAVAK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>SAVAK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SAVAK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconnaissance_of_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconnaissance_of_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reconnaissance of USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconnaissance_of_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iran hostage crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_leftists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_leftists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Identification of leftists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_leftists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran-Contra_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran-Contra_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Iran-Contra affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-Contra_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Intelligence Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_support_for_terrorist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_support_for_terrorist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alleged support for terrorist groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_support_for_terrorist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Merlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Merlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Operation Merlin</span> </div> 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<span>Operation Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuxnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuxnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Stuxnet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuxnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duqu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duqu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Duqu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duqu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Flam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandoned_spies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoned_spies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Abandoned spies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoned_spies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">CIA activities</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) has repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Mosaddegh coup</a> of 1953 to the present day. The CIA is said to have collaborated with the last <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. Its personnel may have been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra affair">Iran-Contra affair</a> of the 1980s. More recently in 2007-8 CIA operatives were claimed to be supporting the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a> against Iran, but these claims were refuted by a later investigation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaddegh_coup">Mosaddegh coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mosaddegh coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1900s, Iran's Imperial Leader awarded British businesses exclusive property rights to what would eventually become one of the world's greatest oil reserves. British investment established the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, known today as British Petroleum (BP), and in 1913, the British government purchased a majority of the stake in the partnership. By 1920, approximately 1.5 million tons of oil extracted by the Anglo-Persian oil firm yielded tremendous profits for the British, but Iran earned only 16% in royalty fees.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Mohammed Mosaddegh and many Iranian likes, the control of Iran’s oil wealth was becoming intolerable. This was grounded in the sentiment of foreign exploitation of her domestic resources and wealth. In the 1940s, Mossadegh had won the support to champion the course of Iranian “Self Determination.”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon he was elected to parliament to drive the interest of the Iranian course in 1943. By 1950, 40% of U.S. and 75% of European oil was produced in Iran. In 1951, the drive for control of Iranian Oil wealth intensified with the election of Mosaddegh as the Prime Minister. As a leader of the House, he supervised and participated in the Parliamentary vote that nationalize the Oil industry of Iran to have a reasonable stake in its affairs. This move was inspired by similar oil-producing countries like Venezuela and Saudi Arabia who earned 50% from their relatively Oil profit.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the West and the CIA in particular, such development seemed driven mainly by Mosaddegh’s quest for personal power, governed with irresponsible emotional policies: in a manner that had weakened the Shah and the Iranian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year 1952, it had become clear that the Mosaddegh government threatened the interest of the Western Countries while gradually leaning towards the Soviets. Britain protested Mosaddegh's actions in the UN court but lost their case. To make matters worse for the Mosaddegh regime, the British government imposed heavy economic sanctions and embargoes on Iranian oil while also succeeded in halting trading of Iran with neighboring countries like Saudi Arabia. Despite these hardships, Mosaddegh refused to abandon his stance. So the British turned to the US for help. In 1952, Britain constructed a plan for a Coup and pressed the U.S. to mount a joint operation to remove the democratically elected government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mossadegh">Mohammed Mosaddegh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mossadeq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and install the Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Mohammed Reza Pahlavi</a> to rule Iran autocratically. Representatives of British Intelligence met with CIA representatives in Washington in November and December 1952 to discuss a joint war and stay-behind plans in Iran. Although it was not on the previously agreed upon agenda of the meeting, British Intelligence representatives brought up the proposition of a joint political action to remove Prime Minister Mosaddegh. However, with Truman as the United States president, it was clear his administration was neither ready to start a conflict nor join the British Intelligence Secrete Services (ISS) to facilitate the removal of Mosaddeqh from office, believing at the time that the democratic Mosaddegh was the best deterrent to communist influence in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Eisenhower becoming president in January 1953, fearing a possible alliance between Iran and the Soviet Union, such a joint operation between the CIA and ISS seemed possible.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plan Y was an operation that would have consisted of a three-part attack. These three parts would involve an assault on land, air, and sea. Britain attempted to seek aid from the United States under the Truman administration, but the U.S. declined since any armed military aggression could lead to an open conflict with the Soviet Union. In March 1953, the CIA began to draft a plan to overthrow Mosaddegh, called Operation AJAX which later became the TRAJAX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plotting_The_Coup">Plotting The Coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plotting The Coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 4, 1953, the CIA had an approved budget of $1,000,000 to use on the operation. The CIA was instructed to use that money in any way to bring down Mosaddegh.<sup id="cite_ref-NSAEBB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSAEBB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 16, 1953, a comprehensive study entitled: "Factors Involved in the Overthrow of Mosaddegh" was completed. </p><p>The study indicated that an alliance between the Shah and General Zahedi, supported by local CIA assets and financial backing, would have a good chance of overthrowing Mosaddegh because of the possible large mobs and possible garrison refusal to carry out orders from Mosaddegh.<sup id="cite_ref-NSAEBB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSAEBB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also partially due to this report, and partially due to the fear of Communist overthrow and <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">spreading in the region</a> due to the increasing influence of the Communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh">Tudeh</a> party and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US also decided to become involved to gain control of a larger share of Iranian oil supplies. The US agreed to the operation dreamed up by U.S. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.">Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.</a>, and CIA guru <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.</a> were ordered to begin a <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a> to overthrow Mosaddegh. The resulting operation was inspired by Plan Y and was renamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a>. On June 22, CIA Officials George Carroll and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wilber" title="Donald Wilber">Donald Wilber</a> were tasked with leading the two groups that contributed to the operational preparations. Caroll was to organize a study for the military aspect, while Wilber focused on the psychological warfare tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operation Ajax was granted authorization by the Department of State and the British Foreign Office in mid-July 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operation Ajax was conceived and executed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Embassy_in_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="US Embassy in Tehran">US Embassy in Tehran</a>. The same location where the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hostage crisis">1979 Hostage Crisis</a> would take place years later. Operation Ajax, also known as TPAJAX was aimed to cause the fall of the Mosaddegh government. It also aimed to reestablish the power of the Shah, and replace the Mosaddegh government with one that could govern Iran according to "constructive policies."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operation Ajax had four main parts: First, a massive propaganda campaign to ruin Mosaddegh's name and accuse him of communist affiliations (though he was famously democratic). Second, encourage disturbances within Iran. Third, pressure the Shah into selecting a new prime minister to replace Mosaddegh. Fourth, support Zahedi as a replacement for Mosaddegh.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operation Ajax or the Tudeh party as the front of the CIA operation continued its propaganda so well that the acting director of the CIA Frank G Wisner pushed for accommodations for the radio operators.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To gain cooperation with the Shah, CIA and British operatives coordinated with his twin sister <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Pahlavi" title="Ashraf Pahlavi">Princess Ashraf</a> to "induce the Shah to play his role."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was broken up into three stages: First, a British representative would visit the Shah and assure him that he receives both U.S. and U.K.'s support in opposing Mossadeq. Second, General Schwarzkopf would also make a visit and be introduced as a U.S.special representative. In the visit, Schwarzkopf was to communicate how both governments are "determined to help the Iranians to help themselves to keep their country from falling into the Soviet hands."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He needed to stress the financial issues Iran might face without his cooperation and threaten Iran would no longer receive financial aid from the U.S. as long as Mossadeq was in power, as well as how the Shah would be "solely responsible for the collapse of the country and its loss of independence."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also needed to be a mutual agreement that Zahedi is an effective candidate to succeed Mossadeq. Soon after this visit, a British representative was to make an identical trip to reinforce these statements. Lastly, Princess Ashraf needed to visit her brother to acquire his signature on documents that named Zahedi as Chief of Staff and ensured all ranks of officers and military were to "carry out faithfully the orders of the Chief of Staff whom the Shah has named."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf/page1-220px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf/page1-330px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf/page1-440px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Mossadeq%27s_Spy_Service%22.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>CIA propaganda in Iran - "Mosaddegh's Spy Service"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf/page1-220px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf/page1-330px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf/page1-440px-CIA_propaganda_in_Iran_-_%22Our_National_Character%22.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>CIA propaganda in Iran: "Our National Character"</figcaption></figure> <p>The CIA prepared and released propaganda to undermine Mosaddegh's political position. One of these, called "Mosaddeq’s Spy Service", claimed that Mosaddegh had built up an extensive spy service of his own to bolster himself as dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another piece, titled "Our National Character," claimed that Mosaddegh's alliance with the Tudeh Party was "corrupting the character of the Iranian people."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, an internal CIA memo entitled "Campaign to Install Pro-Western Government In Iran" specifies that one of the CIA's main goals in Iran was to "disenchant the Iranian population with the myth of Mossadeq's patriotism, by exposing his collaboration with the Communists and his manipulation of constitutional authority to serve his own personal ambitions for power."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operation Ajax was put into motion the following year in June, starting with the arrival of key figures, such as Norman Schwarzkopf and Kermit Roosevelt, into Iran. This was a covert operation with the goal of removing Mosaddegh, and then reinstating Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the leadup to the operation's execution, officials such as Kermit Roosevelt met with the Shah to discuss the plan and prepare propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the operation was initially unsuccessful after the soldiers sent to dismiss Mosaddegh on August 15, 1953, were stopped before the operation could move forward. According to Donald Wilber, one of the CIA operatives who planned the coup and wrote the CIA history on the operation, there were conflicting reports on what occurred that day and how the operation was unable to be completed. The statement released by Mosaddegh's group claimed that the soldiers had been arrested by his personal guards.<sup id="cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mossadeq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of former President Theodore Roosevelt, and head of CIA operations in the Middle East;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the cooperation of the Department of State, had articles planted in the United States but when reproduced in Iran, it had psychological effects in Iran and contributed to the coup. With Mosaddegh resisting British pressure, the United States entered the conflict, lured by the prospect of controlling a greater portion of Iran's oil supplies. Mosaddegh's reputation was damaged by propaganda campaigns that incorrectly associated him with communism and denigrated the Iranian people. An attempt to overthrow the democratically elected leader was set in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable, effective cause for public unease with Mosaddegh's leadership was the letter that President Eisenhower sent him in response to his call to the U.S. for economic aid, due to not agreeing to the British oil deal. Eisenhower writes "The failure of Iran and of the United Kingdom to reach an agreement with regard to compensation has handicapped the Government of the United States in its efforts to help Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CIA reports, this succeeded in weakening Mosaddegh's position and turned the media, the Parliament, and the populace against him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA also increased their propaganda campaign to link Mosaddegh to communists, with Kermit Roosevelt paying a group of people to act as a mob supporting the Tudeh party and Mosaddegh, rioting in Tehran. This was done after the first failed coup attempt and used the rising tensions following the aftermath to create unrest to support the second attempt. In an attempt at a second coup, the CIA began to bribe the army and police officials.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Zahedi to receive the financial assistance he badly needed, the CIA made 5 million dollars available within two days of Zahedi's assumption of power. After several attempts and over 7 million dollars were spent, operations to overthrow Mosaddegh were completed Zahedi immediately implemented martial law and began executing nationalist leaders. Zahedi had accomplished this by coming out of hiding from the U.S. Embassy<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immediately drove to the nearest radio station to publicly announce his takeover. This ensued with the Imperial Guards launching the assault on Mosaddegh's house with tanks, artillery, and bazookas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh again had fled over the back wall of his house, escaping death again.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh was spared from execution by serving 3 years in solitary confinement and after he remained on house arrest until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Coup in Iran was the CIA's first successful coup operation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaddegh was removed from power and Iran's oil shares were split amongst the British, French, and United States for a 25-year agreement in which Iran would earn 50% of the oil profits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain earned 40% of the oil shares, the Dutch Oil Company, Shell received 14%, French CFP received 6%, and the United States received the remaining 40%. Quickly following the removal of Mosaddegh in 1953, the U.S. installed a pro-U.S. dictator, Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. Over the next decades, the Shah increased the economic strength of Iran but he also <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Pahlavi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Pahlavi Dynasty">repressed political dissent</a>. He accomplished this through the use of a secret police force known as the <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, which was created with the support of the CIA and Mossad. The Shah was accused by many of trying to get rid of Islam, even though the country's population was over 90% Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to the rise of political Islam in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech on March 17, 2000, before the <a href="/wiki/American_Iranian_Council" title="American Iranian Council">American Iranian Council</a> on the relaxation of U.S. sanctions against Iran, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> said: "In 1953, the United States played a significant role in orchestrating the overthrow of Iran's popular prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mossadegh">Mohammed Mosaddegh</a>. As the CIA's first successful coup, Operation Ajax left Iran with a resentment for the U.S. that would lead directly to conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. The aftershocks of these events continue to influence Iran's political and cultural landscape today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow_of_Premier_Mosaddegh_of_Iran_(Memo)"><span id="Overthrow_of_Premier_Mosaddegh_of_Iran_.28Memo.29"></span>Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran (Memo)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran (Memo)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further proof of the United States' involvement was announced on March 19, 2013, the 60th anniversary of the overthrow, when the National Security Service posted recently declassified documents that the CIA had on the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-nsarchive.gwu.edu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsarchive.gwu.edu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although previous to this the CIA claimed that all the documents about 1953 were destroyed or lost in the 1960s because of lack of storage space.<sup id="cite_ref-nsarchive.gwu.edu_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsarchive.gwu.edu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 200-page report written by Donald Wilbur for the CIA goes into detail regarding the planning, execution, and result of the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mossadeq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsarchive.gwu.edu_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsarchive.gwu.edu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilbur's report <i>Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran: November 1952 - August 1953</i> attempts to outline the need for proper representation of the coup and the necessity to expose the CIA operations in Iran. Released by the New York Times on April 16, 2000, the newspaper utilized Wilbur's writing and reported the facts behind the reason for a coup.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/53-Cover%20&%20Historian%20note-New.pdf">[1]</a> He argues that due to the emotional instability of Mosaddegh the Iranian government, military, and Shah were at risk of Soviet takeover and the possibility of communist influence.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">[2]</a> Thus beginning the aim to crush the communist parties and prevent the 'Reds' from infiltrating the British and American stronghold in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SAVAK">SAVAK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SAVAK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973 the CIA moved its Headquarters overseeing the Middle East from Cyprus to Tehran, with the appointment of Richard Helms as U.S. Ambassador to Iran. They also trained over 400 <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> officers a year near Mclean, Virginia. They were taught surveillance and intel collection techniques according to <a href="/wiki/John_Ghazvinian" title="John Ghazvinian">John Ghazvinian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconnaissance_of_USSR">Reconnaissance of USSR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reconnaissance of USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the 1960s and 1970s, the CIA used its alliance with the government of Iran to acquire an advantage over their Soviet counterparts with the Iranian airfields, airspace, and Air Force assets for aggressive, airborne reconnaissance missions along the edge of the Soviet territories and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries in <a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Ibex_and_Project_Dark_Gene_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Ibex_and_Project_Dark_Gene-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage gained over their Soviet counterparts was crucial to the almost daily sorties that were flown near the borders of the USSR and Warsaw Pact countries. Below there is a map of the USSR highlighted in green. You can see the Middle Eastern States that border the far southern Soviet States, which helps us to identify the motives for the U.S. and the American intelligence community's obsession over states such as Iran. By allowing American military and spy forces to stage in northern Iran, it would ensure less likely suicide missions and more friendly airspace. This helped to keep the number of pilots and personnel killed in action to a minimum. During the 1970s, Iran maintained a good relationship with the United States, which allowed the U.S. to install long-range radar technology and establish listening posts enabling the U.S. to monitor activities in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Ibex_and_Project_Dark_Gene_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Ibex_and_Project_Dark_Gene-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information of the KGB USSR to the International Department of the CC CPSU, October 10, 1979. "The Leadership of Iran About the External Security of the Country" "According to KGB information, in August in Teheran a secret meeting was held with the participation of representatives of the Prime Minister, the Ministries of Foreign and Internal Affairs, the Intelligence and Operational Administrations of the General Staff, Gendarme and Police Administrations of the General Staff and the Staff of the "Corps of Defenders of the Revolution," with the goal of studying issues which touch on the security of Iran. It was noted that the USSR and the US, which have their own interests in this region, are worried about the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran.~ presumed that the USA might resort to a direct military threat and realization of a blockade. But if Iran will not take sharp steps which hurt the US, and will obstruct the penetration of the Soviets, this will ease the position of the USA. Evaluating the policy of the USSR in relation to the Iranian regime, the participants in the meeting concluded that insofar as strengthening the Islamic republic will lead to a weakening of the position of the regime in Afghanistan, exert a certain influence on the Muslim republics in the USSR and will be "a brake in the path of penetration of Communism in the region," the Soviet Union "will not turn away from the ideological struggle and efforts to put into power in Iran a leftist government." It was stressed that with the aim of weakening the Islamic regime the USSR might organize "provocative" activity among <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Kurds">Iranian Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchis">Baluchis</a>, support leftist forces, create economic difficulties, resort to a military threat based on the agreement of 1921. It was noted that Afghanistan is not in any condition to undertake military actions against Iran. However, border conflicts are not excluded. In addition, Afghanistan needs economic assistance from Iran, which might soften its position. The positions of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia were also analyzed."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on research notes taken at the Center for the Preservation of Contemporary Documentation (Moscow), Fond 5, Opis 76, File 1355, Pages 17-20. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran_hostage_crisis">Iran hostage crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iran hostage crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1979, a group of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> students and militants took over the American embassy in support of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> was the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">United States military</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">operation</a> that attempted to rescue the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">52 hostages</a> from the U.S. Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran on April 24, 1980. Several SAC/SOG teams infiltrated into Tehran to support this operation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_of_leftists">Identification of leftists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identification of leftists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and installed the theocratic regime of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, the CIA maintained its interest in the remnants of the Tudeh Party. A 1981 CIA report warned that "since the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy, the pro-Soviet, Communist Tudeh Party has emerged from years of repression and exile to become a small but influential political force in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to that same report, the CIA was aware that the hardline Islamist policies of the new Iranian government were likely to alienate the population, thus broadening the appeal of the Tudeh Party, while also noting that the party "also benefits from the continuing decay of the Iranian economy, which alienates more and more Iranians from the <i>mullahs'</i> mismanagement."<sup id="cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anticipating that the Tudeh would "bide its time and prepare for the day—perhaps Khomeini's death—when a challenge to the regime could have some chance of success," the CIA opted to aid the Khomeini government in its suppression of leftists.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, the CIA passed an extensive list of Iranian communists and other leftists secretly working in the Iranian government to <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>'s administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tower_Commission" title="Tower Commission">Tower Commission</a> report later observed that the list was utilized to take "measures, including mass executions, that virtually eliminated the pro-Soviet infrastructure in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran-Contra_affair">Iran-Contra affair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran-Contra affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in August 1984, senior <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> officials, in the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra affair">Iran-Contra affair</a>, arranged for the indirect transfer of arms to Iran, to circumvent the <a href="/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendments</a>. These amendments were intended to prevent the expenditure of US funds to support the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>. Since the arms-for-hostages deal struck by the Reagan Administration channeled money to the Contras, the legal interpretation of the time was that the CIA, as an organization, could not participate in Iran-Contra. </p><p>The relationships, first to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendment</a> restriction, but also for operational security, did not directly give or sell U.S. weapons to Iran. Instead, the Reagan Administration authorized <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to sell munitions to Iran, using contracted Iranian arms broker <a href="/wiki/Manucher_Ghorbanifar" title="Manucher Ghorbanifar">Manucher Ghorbanifar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reagan administration circumvented the law by using Israel and South Africa to send weapons to Iran. To finance the Contras, the United States used the money from the weaponry sales and sent it to the Contras.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceeds from the sales, less the 41% markup charged by Ghorbanifar and originally at a price not acceptable to Iran, went directly to the Contras. Those proceeds were not interpreted as U.S. funds. The Administration resupplied Israel, which was not illegal, with munitions that replaced those transferred to Iran. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (DCI) <a href="/wiki/William_Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Casey">William Casey</a> was deeply involved in Iran-Contra, Casey, a World War II <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) clandestine operations officer, ran the Iran operation with people outside the CIA, such as White House/National Security Council employees such as <a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">John Poindexter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a>, as well as retired special operations personnel such as <a href="/wiki/John_K._Singlaub" title="John K. Singlaub">John K. Singlaub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Secord" title="Richard Secord">Richard Secord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scandal was ultimately compounded by a failure of the US to hide its delivery of weapons to the Iranians.The principal objective of North's clandestine mission was to deliver eight hundred antiquated missiles on an EL Al 747 to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, where they would then be transferred to a Nicaraguan plane secured by General Richard Secord. Secord's role in the mission was to then take the missiles to Tehran. CIA officials, most notably <a href="/wiki/Duane_Clarridge" title="Duane Clarridge">Duane Clarridge</a>, worked around the clock to secure a better way of delivery. In late November 1985, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">CIA 707</a> was secured from Frankfurt to deliver eighteen <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">HAWK missiles</a> to the Iranians on Monday, November 25. The plan required proof of presidential backing, which, due to the timing of the events, required a retroactive signature authorizing, "the provision of assistance by the Central Intelligence Agency to private parties in their attempt to obtain the release of Americans held hostage in the Middle East."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was signed by Reagan on December 5, 1985. </p><p>The United States was convicted of violating international law by the International Court of Justice in the 1986 case of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a>. The US had been caught illegal funding the Contras, contributing to Nicaraguan Contras, supporting a campaign of international force, or "state-sponsored international terrorism."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US ignored the ruling and refused to participate or pay the reparations that had been ordered by the court.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligence_Analysis">Intelligence Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intelligence Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic Republic of Iran, or more commonly known by its shorthand name Iran, was described as a problem area in the February 2005 report by <a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a>, then CIA Director, to the Senate Intelligence Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Goss2005-02-16_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss2005-02-16-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In early February, the spokesman of Iran's Supreme Council for National Security publicly announced that Iran would never scrap its nuclear program. This came amid negotiations with EU-3 members (Britain, Germany, and France) seeking objective guarantees from Tehran that it will not use nuclear technology for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. This is unsurprising given the political instability that has gripped the nation since the US and British intervention in 1953, and the shaky economic conditions that have gripped the nation for decades. Iran's economy is almost completely dependent on foreign oil exports, and its government is racked with blatant and open corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Previous comments by Iranian officials, including Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> and its Foreign Minister, indicated that Iran would not give up its ability <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">to enrich uranium</a>. Certainly, they can use it to produce fuel for power reactors. We are more concerned about the <a href="/wiki/Dual-use" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-use">dual-use</a> nature of the technology that could also be used to achieve a nuclear weapon. </p><p>"In parallel, Iran continues its pursuit of long-range ballistic missiles, such as an improved version of its 1,300 km range Shahab-3 medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM), to add to the hundreds of short-range <a href="/wiki/SCUD" class="mw-redirect" title="SCUD">SCUD</a> missiles it already has. </p><p>"Even since <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, Tehran continues to support terrorist groups in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Hizballah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizballah">Hizballah</a>, and could encourage increased attacks in Israel and the Palestinian Territories to derail progress toward peace. Iran reportedly is supporting some anti-Coalition activities in Iraq and seeking to influence the future character of the Iraqi state. Iran continues to retain in secret important members of Al-Qai'ida-the Management Council—causing further uncertainty about Iran's commitment to bring them to justice. </p><p>"Conservatives are likely to consolidate their power in Iran's June 2005 presidential elections, further marginalizing the reform movement last year." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_support_for_terrorist_groups">Alleged support for terrorist groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alleged support for terrorist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2007–2008, there were allegations that the CIA was supporting the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a>, but these claims were debunked by a subsequent investigation showing that the CIA "had barred even the most incidental contact with Jundallah." The rumors originated in an <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> "<a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a>" operation; Mossad agents posing as CIA officers met with and recruited members of Jundullah in cities such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to carry out attacks against Iran. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> "went absolutely ballistic" when he learned of Israel's actions, but the situation was not resolved until President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s administration "drastically scaled back joint U.S.-Israel intelligence programs targeting Iran" and ultimately designated Jundallah a terrorist organization in November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-False_flag_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-False_flag-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the CIA cut all ties with Jundallah after the <a href="/wiki/2007_Zahedan_bombings" title="2007 Zahedan bombings">2007 Zahedan bombings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> continued to gather intelligence on Jundallah through assets cultivated by "FBI counterterrorism task force officer" Thomas McHale; the CIA co-authorized a 2008 trip McHale made to meet his informants in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: "Current and former officials say the American government never directed or approved any Jundallah operations. And they say there was never a case when the United States was told the timing and target of a terrorist attack yet took no action to prevent it."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Merlin">Operation Merlin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operation Merlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a> was a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton Administration</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with a flawed design for a component of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> ostensibly in order to delay the alleged Iranian nuclear weapons program or to frame Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-NO.1:10CR485(LMB)Doc402_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NO.1:10CR485(LMB)Doc402-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_War:_The_Secret_History_of_the_CIA_and_the_Bush_Administration" title="State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration">State of War</a></i>, author and intelligence correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">James Risen</a> relates that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> chose a defected <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> nuclear scientist to provide deliberately flawed nuclear warhead blueprints to Iranian officials in February 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Risen2006a_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risen2006a-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risen wrote in his book that President Clinton had approved the operation and that the Bush administration later endorsed the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Risen2006a_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risen2006a-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borger2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borger2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier publication of details on Operation Merlin by the New York Times in 2003 was prevented by the intervention of <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> with the NYT's Executive Editor <a href="/wiki/Howell_Raines" title="Howell Raines">Howell Raines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NO.1:10CR485(LMB)Doc406-2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NO.1:10CR485(LMB)Doc406-2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operation Merlin backfired when the CIA's Russian contact/messenger noticed flaws in the schematics and told the Iranian nuclear scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-Risen2006b_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risen2006b-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of crippling <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's nuclear program">Iran's nuclear program</a>, the book alleges, Operation Merlin may have accelerated it by providing useful information: once the flaws were identified, the plans could be compared with other sources, such as those presumed to have been provided to the Iranians by <a href="/wiki/A._Q._Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Q. Khan">A. Q. Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Risen2006b_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risen2006b-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sabotage_of_Iran's_nuclear_program"><span id="Sabotage_of_Iran.27s_nuclear_program"></span>Sabotage of Iran's nuclear program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sabotage of Iran's nuclear program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Olympic_Games">Operation Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olympic_Games" title="Operation Olympic Games">Operation Olympic Games</a> was a covert and still <a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">unacknowledged</a> campaign of sabotage by means of cyber disruption, directed at <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear facilities</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and likely <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. As reported, it is one of the first known uses of offensive <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyber weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2006, the Olympic Games were accelerated under <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a>, who heeded Bush's advice to continue cyber attacks on the Iranian nuclear facility at <a href="/wiki/Natanz" title="Natanz">Natanz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush believed that the strategy was the only way to prevent an Israeli conventional <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations#Israel_threatening_Iran" title="Iran–Israel relations">strike on Iranian nuclear facilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Bush's second term, General <a href="/wiki/James_Cartwright" title="James Cartwright">James Cartwright</a> along with other intelligence officials presented Bush with a sophisticated code that would act as an offensive cyber weapon. "The goal was to gain access to the Natanz plant's industrial computer controls ... the computer code would invade the specialized computers that command the <a href="/wiki/Gas_centrifuge" title="Gas centrifuge">centrifuges</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration happened with Israel's <a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> intelligence service, <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">Unit 8200</a>. Israel's involvement was important to the Americans because the former had "deep intelligence about operations at <a href="/wiki/Natanz" title="Natanz">Natanz</a> that would be vital to making the cyber attack a success."<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, American officials wanted to "<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">dissuade</a> the Israelis from carrying out their own preemptive strike against Iranian nuclear facilities."<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent a conventional strike, Israel had to be deeply involved in Operation Olympic Games. The computer virus created by the two countries became known as "the bug," and <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a> by the IT community once it became public. The malicious software temporarily halted approximately 1,000 of the 5,000 centrifuges from spinning at Natanz. </p><p>A programming error in "the bug" caused it to spread to computers outside of <a href="/wiki/Natanz" title="Natanz">Natanz</a>. When an engineer "left Natanz and connected [his] computer to the Internet, the American- and Israeli-made bug failed to recognize that its environment had changed."<sup id="cite_ref-sanger_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code replicated on the Internet and was subsequently exposed for public dissemination. IT security firms <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a> have since examined <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a>. It is unclear whether the Americans or Israelis introduced the programming error. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, Operation Olympic Games is "probably the most significant covert manipulation of the electromagnetic spectrum since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> claims Operation Olympic Games is "the first formal offensive act of pure cyber sabotage by the United States against another country if you do not count electronic penetrations that have preceded conventional military attacks, such as that of Iraq's military computers before the invasion of 2003."<sup id="cite_ref-nyorker_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyorker-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that <a href="/wiki/Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame</a> malware was also part of the Olympic Games.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leak investigation In June 2013, it was reported that Cartwright was the target of a year-long investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> into the leak of classified information about the operation to the US media.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, it was reported that the investigation had stalled amid concerns that necessary evidence for prosecution was too sensitive to reveal in court.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stuxnet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malicious</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worm</a> believed to be a jointly built American-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Cyber_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber weapon">cyber weapon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although neither state has confirmed this openly,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anonymous US officials speaking to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> claimed the worm was developed during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> to sabotage <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%99s_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran’s nuclear program">Iran’s nuclear program</a> with what would seem like a long series of unfortunate accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuxnet is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a>. The worm then propagates across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. In the absence of either criterion, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer. If both conditions are fulfilled, Stuxnet introduces the infected rootkit onto the PLC and Step7 software, modifying the codes and giving unexpected commands to the PLC while returning a loop of normal operations system values feedback to the users.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worm initially spreads indiscriminately but includes a highly specialized malware payload that is designed to target only Siemens <a href="/wiki/SCADA" title="SCADA">supervisory control and data acquisition</a> (SCADA) systems that are configured to control and monitor specific industrial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APtehran_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APtehran-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuxnet infects PLCs by subverting the <a href="/wiki/WinCC" title="WinCC">Step-7</a> software application that is used to reprogram these devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Keizer1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keizer1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RewritingPlaybook_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RewritingPlaybook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different variants of Stuxnet targeted five Iranian organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the probable target widely suspected to be <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-RewritingPlaybook_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RewritingPlaybook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symantec noted in August 2010 that 60% of the infected computers worldwide were in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siemens stated that the worm has not caused any damage to its customers,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> nuclear program, which uses <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1737" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737">embargoed</a> Siemens equipment procured secretly, has been damaged by Stuxnet.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes20100929_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20100929-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a> concluded that the sophisticated attack could only have been conducted "with nation-state support".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further supported by the <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a>'s chief researcher <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Hypp%C3%B6nen" title="Mikko Hyppönen">Mikko Hyppönen</a> who commented in a Stuxnet FAQ, "That's what it would look like, yes".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 2012, an article in <i>The New York Times</i> said that Stuxnet is part of a US and Israeli intelligence operation called "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Olympic_Games" title="Operation Olympic Games">Operation Olympic Games</a>", started under President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and expanded under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanger2012June_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanger2012June-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 July 2012, an article by Chris Matyszczyk from <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported how the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization of Iran</a> e-mailed <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a>'s chief research officer <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Hypp%C3%B6nen" title="Mikko Hyppönen">Mikko Hyppönen</a> to report a new instance of malware. </p><p>On 25 December 2012, an Iranian semi-official news agency announced there was a cyberattack by Stuxnet, this time on the industries in the southern area of the country. The virus targeted a power plant and some other industries in <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_province" title="Hormozgan province">Hormozgan province</a> in recent months.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the spread of Stuxnet by <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> showed that the main affected countries in the early days of the infection were Iran, Indonesia and India:<sup id="cite_ref-W32.Stuxnet_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W32.Stuxnet-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Share of infected computers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Iran </td> <td>58.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>18.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>India </td> <td>8.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azerbaijan </td> <td>2.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>1.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan </td> <td>1.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries </td> <td>9.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Iran was reported to have "beefed up" its cyber-war capabilities following the Stuxnet attack and has been suspected of retaliatory attacks against US banks.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a March 2012 interview with CBS News' "60 Minutes", retired USAF General <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a> – who served as director of both the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> – while denying knowledge of who created Stuxnet said that he believed it had been "a good idea" but that it carried a downside in that it had legitimized the use of sophisticated cyberweapons designed to cause physical damage. Hayden said, "There are those out there who can take a look at this... and maybe even attempt to turn it to their own purposes". In the same report, Sean McGurk, a former cybersecurity official at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> noted that the Stuxnet source code could now be downloaded online and modified to be directed at new target systems. Speaking of the Stuxnet creators, he said, "They opened the box. They demonstrated the capability... It's not something that can be put back."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Wired magazine article about US General <a href="/wiki/Keith_B._Alexander" title="Keith B. Alexander">Keith B. Alexander</a> stated: "And he and his cyberwarriors have already launched their first attack. The cyberweapon that came to be known as Stuxnet was created and built by the NSA in partnership with the CIA and Israeli intelligence in the mid-2000s."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duqu">Duqu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Duqu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duqu" title="Duqu">Duqu</a></div> <p>On 1 September 2011, a new worm was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS) of the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a> analyzed the malware, naming the threat "Duqu".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symantec, based on this report, continued the analysis of the threat, calling it "nearly identical to Stuxnet, but with a completely different purpose", and published a detailed technical paper.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main component used in Duqu is designed to capture information<sup id="cite_ref-SonsOfStuxnet_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonsOfStuxnet-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as keystrokes and system information. The exfiltrated data may be used to enable a future Stuxnet-like attack. On 28 December 2011, Kaspersky Lab's director of global research and analysis spoke to <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> about recent research results showing that the platforms Stuxnet and Duqu both originated in 2007, and are being referred to as Tilded due to the ~d at the beginning of the file names. Also uncovered in this research was the possibility of three more variants based on the Tilded platform.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flam">Flam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame (malware)</a></div> <p>In May 2012, the new malware "Flame" was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet.<sup id="cite_ref-Zetter_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zetter-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers named the program "Flame" after the name of one of its modules.<sup id="cite_ref-Zetter_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zetter-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After analyzing the code of Flame, Kaspersky Lab said that there is a strong relationship between Flame and Stuxnet. An early version of Stuxnet contained code to propagate infections via USB drives that are nearly identical to a Flame module that exploits the same vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stars">Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stars_virus" title="Stars virus">Stars virus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stars_virus" title="Stars virus">Stars virus</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a> that infects computers running Microsoft Windows. It was named and discovered by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> authorities in April 2011. Iran claimed it was used as a tool to commit <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Military.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehrnews.com_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrnews.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western researchers came to believe it is probably the same thing as the <a href="/wiki/Duqu" title="Duqu">Duqu</a> virus, part of the <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a> attack on Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandoned_spies">Abandoned spies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abandoned spies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the United States had employed websites disguised as fan pages focused on subjects such as Iranian soccer (Iraniangoals.com) or Johnny Carson to communicate with spies.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sites used fake search bars, which upon the entry of a password, would convert to a page upon which the spy could communicate with the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sites were poorly built, and their secretive functions were not well-disguised.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reuters reported that this led to the imprisonment of spies such as Gholamreza Hosseini, an engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hosseini was jailed for almost a decade, and did not hear from the CIA after release.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Manufactured_Crisis:_The_Untold_Story_of_the_Iran_Nuclear_Scare" title="Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare">Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_CIA_Insider%27s_Guide_to_the_Iran_Crisis" title="The CIA Insider's Guide to the Iran Crisis">The CIA Insider's Guide to the Iran Crisis</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_activities_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xceDBZeolIM"><i>Operation Ajax | TAKEN HOSTAGE | AMERICAN EXPERIENCE | PBS</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Ajax+%7C+TAKEN+HOSTAGE+%7C+AMERICAN+EXPERIENCE+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxceDBZeolIM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xceDBZeolIM">"Operation Ajax | TAKEN HOSTAGE | AMERICAN EXPERIENCE | PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Operation+Ajax+%7C+TAKEN+HOSTAGE+%7C+AMERICAN+EXPERIENCE+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxceDBZeolIM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/">"CIA Confirms Role in 1953 Iran Coup"</a>. <i>nsarchive2.gwu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320144143/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive2.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=CIA+Confirms+Role+in+1953+Iran+Coup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mossadeq-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mossadeq_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilberEmmanuel_Andrew_Maldonado2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilber, Donald N.; Emmanuel Andrew Maldonado (April 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/iran-cia-intro.pdf"><i>Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213081338/http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overthrow+of+Premier+Mossadeq+of+Iran&rft.date=2000-04-16&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=Donald+N.&rft.au=Emmanuel+Andrew+Maldonado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fworld%2Fmideast%2Firan-cia-intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzS5Y1f8zVM">"Operation Ajax: Iran and the CIA Coup in 1953 Pt. 1/2"</a>. <i>Youtube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzS5Y1f8zVM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Operation+Ajax%3A+Iran+and+the+CIA+Coup+in+1953+Pt.+1%2F2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpzS5Y1f8zVM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSAEBB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSAEBB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSAEBB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/1-Orig.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2014%20-%201953-09-10%20Anti-Tudeh%20activities.pdf">"Anti-Tudeh Activities of Zahedi Government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719143653/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2014%20-%201953-09-10%20Anti-Tudeh%20activities.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Tudeh+Activities+of+Zahedi+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2Fdocs%2FDoc%252014%2520-%25201953-09-10%2520Anti-Tudeh%2520activities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA" class="citation web cs1">CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%202%20-%201954-00-00%20Summary%20of%20Wilber%20history.pdf">"CAMPAIGN TO INSTALL PRO-WESTERN GOVERNMENT IN IRAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140036/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%202%20-%201954-00-00%20Summary%20of%20Wilber%20history.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAMPAIGN+TO+INSTALL+PRO-WESTERN+GOVERNMENT+IN+IRAN&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2Fdocs%2FDoc%25202%2520-%25201954-00-00%2520Summary%2520of%2520Wilber%2520history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilber1954" class="citation journal cs1">Wilber, Dr. Donald (March 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/appendix%20B.pdf">"CIA, Clandestine Services History, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran: November 1952-August 1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CIA Records</i> – via The National Security Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIA+Records&rft.atitle=CIA%2C+Clandestine+Services+History%2C+Overthrow+of+Premier+Mossadeq+of+Iran%3A+November+1952-August+1953&rft.date=1954-03&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB28%2Fappendix%2520B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">"Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nsarchive.gwu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807223904/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB28%2Fsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">"Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140035/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB28%2Fsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzS5Y1f8zVM">"Operation Ajax: Iran and the CIA Coup in 1953"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzS5Y1f8zVM">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Operation+Ajax%3A+Iran+and+the+CIA+Coup+in+1953&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpzS5Y1f8zVM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2011%20-%201953-08-20%20Commendation%20for%20communicators.pdf">20communicators</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/">"CIA Propaganda in Iran - Mossadeq's Spy Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320144143/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Propaganda+in+Iran+-+Mossadeq%27s+Spy+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Abrahamian, Ervand</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ctEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Oil Crisis in Iran: From Nationalism to Coup d'Etat</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108837491" title="Special:BookSources/9781108837491"><bdi>9781108837491</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118051218/https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ctEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+Crisis+in+Iran%3A+From+Nationalism+to+Coup+d%27Etat&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108837491&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1ctEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504152927/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%202%20-%201954-00-00%20Summary%20of%20Wilber%20history.pdf">"Campaign to Install Pro-Western Government In Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Security Archive</i>. 1954. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%202%20-%201954-00-00%20Summary%20of%20Wilber%20history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Campaign+to+Install+Pro-Western+Government+In+Iran&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2Fdocs%2FDoc%25202%2520-%25201954-00-00%2520Summary%2520of%2520Wilber%2520history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WVtpao0KSM"><i>History of U.S. Intervention in Iran - 1953 Until Present</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115012922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_WVtpao0KSM">archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Intervention+in+Iran+-+1953+Until+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_WVtpao0KSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Kermit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2019%20-%201953-10-20%20Zahedi-Kashani%20meeting.pdf">"Memo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140141/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsaebb/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2019%20-%201953-10-20%20Zahedi-Kashani%20meeting.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memo&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Kermit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2Fdocs%2FDoc%252019%2520-%25201953-10-20%2520Zahedi-Kashani%2520meeting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WVtpao0KSM"><i>History of U.S. Intervention in Iran - 1953 Until Present</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115012922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_WVtpao0KSM">archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Intervention+in+Iran+-+1953+Until+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_WVtpao0KSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140103/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws?pid=9633">"Exchange of Messages Between the President and Prime Minister Mossadegh on the Oil Situation and the Problem of Aid to Iran July 9, 1953"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9633">the original</a> on November 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Messages+Between+the+President+and+Prime+Minister+Mossadegh+on+the+Oil+Situation+and+the+Problem+of+Aid+to+Iran+July+9%2C+1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D9633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%205%20-%201953-07-14%20Re%20impact%20Eisenhower%20letter.pdf">http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%205%20-%201953-07-14%20Re%20impact%20Eisenhower%20letter.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719143644/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%205%20-%201953-07-14%20Re%20impact%20Eisenhower%20letter.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapuchin2008" class="citation web cs1">Capuchin (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko">"U.S. and Them: Operation Ajax - Iran and the CIA coup (2/2)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120045702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Them%3A+Operation+Ajax+-+Iran+and+the+CIA+coup+%282%2F2%29&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.au=Capuchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMdeoktnv8ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">"Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807223904/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB28%2Fsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko"><i>U.S. and Them: Operation Ajax - Iran and the CIA coup (2/2)</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120045702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko">archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Them%3A+Operation+Ajax+-+Iran+and+the+CIA+coup+%282%2F2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMdeoktnv8ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2010%20-%201953-08-05%20Prepared%20statement%20for%20after%20coup.pdf">"Prepared statement for after coup"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140112/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsaebb/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%2010%20-%201953-08-05%20Prepared%20statement%20for%20after%20coup.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prepared+statement+for+after+coup&rft.pub=US+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB435%2Fdocs%2FDoc%252010%2520-%25201953-08-05%2520Prepared%2520statement%2520for%2520after%2520coup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WVtpao0KSM">"History of U.S. Intervention in Iran - 1953 Until Present"</a>. <i>Youtube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115012922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_WVtpao0KSM">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=History+of+U.S.+Intervention+in+Iran+-+1953+Until+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_WVtpao0KSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko">"U.S. and Them: Operation Ajax - Iran and the CIA coup"</a>. <i>Youtube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120045702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Them%3A+Operation+Ajax+-+Iran+and+the+CIA+coup&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMdeoktnv8ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crisis of Secular Politics and the Rise of Political Islam in Iran by Ali Mirsepassi-Ashtiani Social Text No. 38 (Spring, 1994), pp. 51-84 Published by: Duke University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140041/https://www.cfr.org/iran/religion-politics-iran/p16599#p1">"Religion and Politics in Iran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/iran/religion-politics-iran/p16599#p1">the original</a> on 2021-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive&rft.atitle=The+Leadership+of+Iran+About+the+External+Security+of+the+Country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fcarterbrezhnev%2Fdocs_intervention_in_afghanistan_and_the_fall_of_detente%2Fdoc30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html">"Iran-U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)"</a>. Historyguy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162638/https://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran-U.S.+Hostage+Crisis+%281979%E2%80%931981%29&rft.pub=Historyguy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguy.com%2Firan-us_hostage_crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2006" class="citation news cs1">Bowden, Mark (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/the-desert-one-debacle/304803/">"The Desert One Debacle"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301011314/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/the-desert-one-debacle/304803/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Desert+One+Debacle&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2006%2F05%2Fthe-desert-one-debacle%2F304803%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran:_The_Tudeh_Party_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP81B00401R000500110001-7.pdf">"Iran: The Tudeh Party Since the Revolution--An Intelligence Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. January 9, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120142316/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP81B00401R000500110001-7.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+The+Tudeh+Party+Since+the+Revolution--An+Intelligence+Assessment&rft.date=1981-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP81B00401R000500110001-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beinin_&_Stork_1997,_11-12_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beinin, Joel & Joe Stork (1997). "On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam". In Joel Beinin & Joe Stork (Eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6H7tYLVwVFkC">Political Islam: Essays from the Middle East Report</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-20448-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowerMuskieScowcroft1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">Tower, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie, Edmund</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft, Brent</a> (1987). <i><a href="/wiki/Tower_Commission" title="Tower Commission">Report of the President's Special Review Board</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553269680" title="Special:BookSources/9780553269680"><bdi>9780553269680</bdi></a>. <q>In 1983, the U.S. helped bring to the attention of Tehran the threat inherent in the extensive infiltration of the government by the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> and Soviet or pro-Soviet cadres in the country. Using this information, the Khomeini government took measures, including mass executions, that virtually eliminated the pro-Soviet infrastructure in Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+President%27s+Special+Review+Board&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780553269680&rft.aulast=Tower&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muskie%2C+Edmund&rft.au=Scowcroft%2C+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> Available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TowerCommission/President%27s%20Special%20Review%20Board%20%28%22Tower%20Commission%22%29#page/n67/mode/2up">here.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Walsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence E. Walsh">Walsh, Lawrence</a> (1993-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_16.htm">"Vol. I: Investigations and prosecutions"</a>. <i>Final report of the independent counsel for Iran/Contra matters</i>. Independent Counsel appointed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528221308/https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Anchor Books. pages 466-467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WVtpao0KSM"><i>History of U.S. Intervention in Iran - 1953 Until Present</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115012922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_WVtpao0KSM">archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Intervention+in+Iran+-+1953+Until+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_WVtpao0KSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150301210929/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=367&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&p3=5">"International Court of Justice"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2F%3Fsum%3D367%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26case%3D70%26p3%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goss2005-02-16-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goss2005-02-16_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss, Porter</a> (16 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202144806/http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/0503/doc09.htm">"Global Intelligence Challenges 2005"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=False+Flag&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F01%2F13%2Ffalse_flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisenApuzzo2014" class="citation news cs1">Risen, James; Apuzzo, Matt (2014-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/despite-cia-fears-thomas-mchale-port-authority-officer-kept-sources-with-ties-to-iran-attacks.html">"Getting Close to Terror, but Not to Stop It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sterling 10 CIA Exhibits on Merlin Ruse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015-01-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106042431/https://www.emptywheel.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DX-1-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+v.+Sterling+10+CIA+Exhibits+on+Merlin+Ruse&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emptywheel.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FDX-1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risen2006a-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risen2006a_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risen2006a_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">Risen, James</a> (2006-01-03). <i>State of War : The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7066-3"><bdi>978-0-7432-7066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+War+%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA+and+the+Bush+Administration&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006-01-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7066-3&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borger2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borger2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2006" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (2006-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/05/usa.books">"US blunder aided Iran's atomic aims, book claims"</a>. London: Guardian Unlimited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083222/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jan/05/usa.books">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+v.+Sterling+Exhibits+105-108+Risen-CIA+Logs&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.org%2F2015%2F01%2Fsterling-exhibits-105-108-nyt-15-0117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risen2006b-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risen2006b_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risen2006b_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2006" class="citation news cs1">Risen, James (2006-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/jan/05/energy.g2">"George Bush insists that Iran must not be allowed to develop nuclear weapons. So why, six years ago, did the CIA give the Iranians blueprints to build a bomb?"</a>. London: Guardian Unlimited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401093746/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/jan/05/energy.g2">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Bush+insists+that+Iran+must+not+be+allowed+to+develop+nuclear+weapons.+So+why%2C+six+years+ago%2C+did+the+CIA+give+the+Iranians+blueprints+to+build+a+bomb%3F&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2006%2Fjan%2F05%2Fenergy.g2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanger-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanger_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2012" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026023719/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Order+Sped+Up+Wave+of+Cyberattacks+Against+Iran&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fobama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> President Barack Obama “secretly ordered increasingly sophisticated attacks on the computer systems that run Iran's main nuclear enrichment facilities, significantly expanding America's first sustained use of cyber weapons”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbinder2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ambinder" title="Marc Ambinder">Ambinder, Marc</a> (5 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/did-americas-cyber-attack-on-iran-make-us-more-vulnerable/258120/">"Did America's Cyber Attack on Iran Make Us More Vulnerable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027090204/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/did-americas-cyber-attack-on-iran-make-us-more-vulnerable/258120/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Did+America%27s+Cyber+Attack+on+Iran+Make+Us+More+Vulnerable&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.aulast=Ambinder&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F06%2Fdid-americas-cyber-attack-on-iran-make-us-more-vulnerable%2F258120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyorker-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyorker_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2012/06/the-rewards-and-risks-of-cyberwar.html">"The Rewards (and Risks) of Cyber War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313202118/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2012/06/the-rewards-and-risks-of-cyberwar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Rewards+%28and+Risks%29+of+Cyber+War&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fcomment%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-rewards-and-risks-of-cyberwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakashima,_Ellen2012" class="citation news cs1">Nakashima, Ellen (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-israel-developed-computer-virus-to-slow-iranian-nuclear-efforts-officials-say/2012/06/19/gJQA6xBPoV_story.html">"U.S., Israel developed Flame computer virus to slow Iranian nuclear efforts, officials say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415152554/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-israel-developed-computer-virus-to-slow-iranian-nuclear-efforts-officials-say/2012/06/19/gJQA6xBPoV_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Israel+developed+Flame+computer+virus+to+slow+Iranian+nuclear+efforts%2C+officials+say&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fus-israel-developed-computer-virus-to-slow-iranian-nuclear-efforts-officials-say%2F2012%2F06%2F19%2FgJQA6xBPoV_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPete_Yost2013" class="citation news cs1">Pete Yost (June 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216062926/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/reports-retired-general-target-leaks-probe">"Reports: Retired general target of leaks probe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Reports%3A+Retired+general+target+of+leaks+probe&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.au=Pete+Yost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Freports-retired-general-target-leaks-probe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Nakashima_and_Adam_Goldman2015" class="citation news cs1">Ellen Nakashima and Adam Goldman (March 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leak-investigation-stalls-amid-fears-of-confirming-joint-us-israel-operation/2015/03/10/2a348b1e-c36c-11e4-9ec2-b418f57a4a99_story.html">"Leak investigation stalls amid fears of confirming U.S.-Israel operation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032447/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leak-investigation-stalls-amid-fears-of-confirming-joint-us-israel-operation/2015/03/10/2a348b1e-c36c-11e4-9ec2-b418f57a4a99_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Leak+investigation+stalls+amid+fears+of+confirming+U.S.-Israel+operation&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.au=Ellen+Nakashima+and+Adam+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fleak-investigation-stalls-amid-fears-of-confirming-joint-us-israel-operation%2F2015%2F03%2F10%2F2a348b1e-c36c-11e4-9ec2-b418f57a4a99_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACIA+activities+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/06/confirmed-us-israel-created-stuxnet-lost-control-of-it/">"Confirmed: US and Israel created Stuxnet, lost control of it"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. 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April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831181802/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a> (CIA Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Analysis" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Division" title="National Resources Division">National Resources Division</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Support_Branch" title="Operations Support Branch">Operations Support Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_the_Americas" title="Template:CIA activities in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Russia_and_Europe" title="Template:CIA activities in Russia and Europe">Russia and Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Africa" title="Template:CIA activities in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Asia" title="Template:CIA activities in Asia">Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Alleged drug trafficking</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_involvement_in_Contra_cocaine_trafficking" title="CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking">Involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_activities_in_counterproliferation" title="CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation">Arms control, WMD, and proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">Black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIA_controversies" title="List of CIA controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_counter-terrorism_activities_of_the_CIA" title="International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities" title="CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities">Crime and illicit drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_health_and_economic_activities" title="CIA transnational health and economic activities">Health and economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">Influence on public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Directors of Central Intelligence</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Souers" title="Sidney Souers">Sidney Souers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">William Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">R. James Woolsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(CIA_officer)" title="John Brennan (CIA officer)">John Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major international operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Operation Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Operation PBSuccess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Secret War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rubicon" title="Operation Rubicon">Operation Rubicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">United States intervention in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Operation Neptune Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Government" title="The Invisible Government">The Invisible Government</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men" title="All the Shah's Men">All the Shah's Men</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Ashes_(book)" title="Legacy of Ashes (book)">Legacy of Ashes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unexpected_Spy" title="The Unexpected Spy">The Unexpected Spy</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CIA activities by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Angola" title="CIA activities in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_espionage_in_Australia" title="United States espionage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Cambodia" title="CIA activities in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Canada" title="CIA activities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Chad" title="CIA activities in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Colombia" title="CIA activities in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_France" title="CIA activities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_Germany" title="American espionage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Guatemala" title="CIA activities in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Honduras" title="CIA activities in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Hungary" title="CIA activities in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Italy" title="CIA activities in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Libya" title="CIA activities in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Myanmar" title="CIA activities in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_North_Korea" title="CIA activities in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan" title="CIA activities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Peru" title="CIA activities in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Somalia" title="CIA activities in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Sudan" title="CIA activities in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Turkey" title="CIA activities in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="CIA activities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_States" title="CIA activities in the United States">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Yemen" title="Drone strikes in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_reports_by_the_U.S._Government_on_the_CIA" title="Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA">Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV <i>Maersk Tigris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of <i>Suez Rajan</i> and <i>St Nikolas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_L._Afrasiabi" title="Kaveh L. Afrasiabi">Kaveh L. Afrasiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual 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