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<li id="toc-Lullabies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lullabies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lullabies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lullabies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_nursery_rhymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_nursery_rhymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early nursery rhymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_nursery_rhymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meanings_of_nursery_rhymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meanings_of_nursery_rhymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Meanings of nursery rhymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meanings_of_nursery_rhymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nursery_rhyme_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursery_rhyme_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nursery rhyme revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursery_rhyme_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nursery_rhymes_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursery_rhymes_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nursery rhymes and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursery_rhymes_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ওমলা পদ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওমলা পদ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="শিশুতোষ ছড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিশুতোষ ছড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimadell" title="Rimadell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rimadell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_infantil" title="Cançó infantil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cançó infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADkadlo" title="Říkadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říkadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwiangerdd" title="Hwiangerdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hwiangerdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderreim" title="Kinderreim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinderreim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima_infantil" title="Rima infantil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rima infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infana_rimaro" title="Infana rimaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infana rimaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_enfantine" title="Chanson enfantine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chanson enfantine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%88%EC%84%9C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9E%84" title="너서리 라임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="너서리 라임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnag%C3%A6la" title="Barnagæla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barnagæla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filastrocca" title="Filastrocca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filastrocca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajak_kanak-kanak" title="Sajak kanak-kanak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sajak kanak-kanak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerrijm" title="Bakerrijm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bakerrijm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E8%AC%A1" title="童謡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="童謡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AEnm%C3%A9e" title="Arînmée – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arînmée" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinner-Riemels" title="Kinner-Riemels – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kinner-Riemels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymowanka" title="Rymowanka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rymowanka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_roda" title="Cantiga de roda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cantiga de roda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Детский стишок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детский стишок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nursery rhyme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ٻاراڻا گيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاراڻا گيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Дечје песме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дечје песме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loru" title="Loru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Loru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsa" title="Ramsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramsa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional song or poem for children</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the traditional poems or songs for children. For a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Galgame" class="mw-redirect" title="Galgame">galgame</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Nursery_Rhyme_(visual_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery Rhyme (visual novel)">Nursery Rhyme (visual novel)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg/290px-Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg/435px-Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg/580px-Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of "<a href="/wiki/Hey_Diddle_Diddle" title="Hey Diddle Diddle">Hey Diddle Diddle</a>", a well-known nursery rhyme</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>nursery rhyme</b> is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and other European countries, but usage of the term dates only from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term <b><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a> rhymes</b> is interchangeable with nursery rhymes.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-16th century nursery rhymes began to be recorded in English plays, and most popular rhymes date from the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English collections, <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thumb%27s_Song_Book" title="Tommy Thumb's Song Book">Tommy Thumb's Song Book</a></i> and a sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thumb%27s_Pretty_Song_Book" title="Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book">Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book</a></i>, were published by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cooper_(publisher)" title="Mary Cooper (publisher)">Mary Cooper</a> in 1744. Publisher <a href="/wiki/John_Newbery" title="John Newbery">John Newbery</a>'s stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, <i>Mother Goose's Melody, or Sonnets for the Cradle</i> (London, 1780).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lullabies">Lullabies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lullabies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a></div> <p>The oldest children's songs for which records exist are <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullabies</a>, intended to help a child fall asleep. Lullabies can be found in every human culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English term lullaby is thought to come from "lu, lu" or "la la" sounds made by mothers or nurses to calm children, and "by by" or "bye bye", either another lulling sound or a term for a good night.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the modern era, lullabies were usually recorded only incidentally in written sources. The Roman nurses' lullaby, "Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacta", is recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Scholium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholium">scholium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a> and may be the oldest to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> take the form of a lullaby, including "Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting" and may be versions of contemporary lullabies.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of those used today date from the 17th century. For example, a well-known lullaby such as "<a href="/wiki/Rock-a-bye_Baby" title="Rock-a-bye Baby">Rock-a-bye Baby</a>", could not be found in records until the late-18th century when it was printed by <a href="/wiki/John_Newbery" title="John Newbery">John Newbery</a> (c. 1765).<sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_nursery_rhymes">Early nursery rhymes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early nursery rhymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_(1609).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png/290px-Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png/435px-Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png/580px-Three_Blinde_Mice_three_voice_round_Deuteromelia_13_%281609%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Blinde_Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Blinde Mice">Three Blinde Mice</a>" (1609), published by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ravenscroft" title="Thomas Ravenscroft">Thomas Ravenscroft</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A French poem, similar to "Thirty days hath September", numbering the days of the month, was recorded in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the later Middle Ages, there are records of short children's rhyming songs, often as <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-16th century, they began to be recorded in English plays.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Pat-a-cake,_pat-a-cake,_baker%27s_man" title="Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man">Pat-a-cake</a>" is one of the oldest surviving English nursery rhymes. The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_d%27Urfey" title="Thomas d'Urfey">Thomas d'Urfey</a>'s play <i>The Campaigners</i> from 1698. Most nursery rhymes were not written down until the 18th century when the publishing of children's books began to move from polemic and education towards entertainment, but there is evidence for many rhymes existing before this, including "<a href="/wiki/To_market,_to_market" title="To market, to market">To market, to market</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cock_a_doodle_doo" title="Cock a doodle doo">Cock a doodle doo</a>", which date from at least the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie199730–31,_47–48,_128–129,_299_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie199730–31,_47–48,_128–129,_299-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nursery rhymes with 17th-century origins include, "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Sprat" title="Jack Sprat">Jack Sprat</a>" (1639), "<a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Old_Duke_of_York" title="The Grand Old Duke of York">The Grand Old Duke of York</a>" (1642), "<a href="/wiki/Lavender%27s_Blue" title="Lavender's Blue">Lavender's Blue</a>" (1672) and "<a href="/wiki/Rain_Rain_Go_Away" title="Rain Rain Go Away">Rain Rain Go Away</a>" (1687).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997360_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997360-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="StClementsDanes.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:StClementsDanes.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/StClementsDanes.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/StClementsDanes.ogg/StClementsDanes.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Oranges_and_Lemons" title="Oranges and Lemons">Oranges and Lemons</a>" (1744) is set to the tune of the bells of <a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a>, an Anglican church in the City of <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first English collection, <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thumb%27s_Song_Book" title="Tommy Thumb's Song Book">Tommy Thumb's Song Book</a></i> and a sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thumb%27s_Pretty_Song_Book" title="Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book">Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book</a></i>, were published by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cooper_(publisher)" title="Mary Cooper (publisher)">Mary Cooper</a> in London in 1744, with such songs becoming known as "Tommy Thumb's songs".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984382–83_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984382–83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy of the latter is held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Newbery" title="John Newbery">John Newbery</a>'s stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a>'s Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle</i> (London, 1780).<sup id="cite_ref-Bullen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984363–64_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984363–64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rhymes seem to have come from a variety of sources, including traditional <a href="/wiki/Riddles" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles">riddles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads">ballads</a>, lines of <a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers</a>' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of a nursery rhyme in the form of a riddle is "<a href="/wiki/As_I_was_going_to_St_Ives" title="As I was going to St Ives">As I was going to St Ives</a>", which dates to 1730.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of the currently recognised "traditional" English rhymes were known by the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More English rhymes were collected by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ritson" title="Joseph Ritson">Joseph Ritson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gammer_Gurton%27s_Garland" title="Gammer Gurton's Garland">Gammer Gurton's Garland</a> or The Nursery Parnassus</i> (1784), published in London by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa.vv.,_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes,_warner_%26_routledge,_londra_1859_ca._(gabinetto_vieusseux).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG/220px-Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG/330px-Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG/440px-Aa.vv.%2C_popular_nursery_tales_and_rhymes%2C_warner_%26_routledge%2C_londra_1859_ca._%28gabinetto_vieusseux%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption><i>Popular Nursery Tales and Rhymes</i>, Warner & Routledge, London, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, printed collections of rhymes began to spread to other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher,_born_1802)" title="Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)">Robert Chambers</a>' <i>Popular Rhymes of Scotland</i> (1826) and in the United States, <i>Mother Goose's Melodies</i> (1833).<sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this period, the origins and authors of rhymes are sometimes known—for instance, in "<a href="/wiki/Twinkle,_Twinkle,_Little_Star" title="Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star">Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star</a>" which combines the melody of an 18th-century French tune "<a href="/wiki/Twinkle,_Twinkle,_Little_Star#French_"nursery_rhyme"_version" title="Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star">Ah vous dirai-je, Maman</a>" with a 19th-century English poem by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Taylor_(poet)" title="Jane Taylor (poet)">Jane Taylor</a> entitled "The Star" used as lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early folk song collectors also often collected (what is now known as) nursery rhymes, including in Scotland <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> and in Germany <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a></i> (1806–1808).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984384_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984384-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, and possibly the most important academic collection to focus in this area was <a href="/wiki/James_Halliwell-Phillipps" title="James Halliwell-Phillipps">James Halliwell-Phillipps</a>' <i>The Nursery Rhymes of England</i> (1842) and <i>Popular Rhymes and Tales</i> in 1849, in which he divided rhymes into antiquities (historical), fireside stories, game-rhymes, alphabet-rhymes, riddles, nature-rhymes, places and families, proverbs, superstitions, customs, and nursery songs (lullabies).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould" title="Sabine Baring-Gould">Sabine Baring-Gould</a>'s <i>A Book of Nursery Songs</i> (1895), folklore was an academic study full of comments and footnotes. A professional anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> (1844–1912) produced <i>The Nursery Rhyme Book</i> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early years of the 20th century are notable for the illustrations of children's books, including <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a>'s <i>Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book</i> (1909) and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>'s <i>Mother Goose</i> (1913). The definitive study of English rhymes remains the work of <a href="/wiki/Iona_and_Peter_Opie" title="Iona and Peter Opie">Iona and Peter Opie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meanings_of_nursery_rhymes">Meanings of nursery rhymes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meanings of nursery rhymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many nursery rhymes have been argued to have hidden meanings and origins. <a href="/wiki/John_Bellenden_Ker_Gawler" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bellenden Ker Gawler">John Bellenden Ker Gawler</a> (1764–1842), for example, wrote four volumes arguing that English nursery rhymes were written in "Low Saxon", a hypothetical early form of Dutch. He then "translated" them back into English, revealing in particular a strong tendency to <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilton2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984290_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984290-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the ideas about the links between rhymes and historical persons, or events, can be traced back to Katherine Elwes' book <i>The Real Personages of Mother Goose</i> (1930), in which she linked famous nursery rhyme characters with real people, on little or no evidence. She posited that children's songs were a peculiar form of coded historical narrative, propaganda or covert protest, and did not believe that they were written simply for entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilton2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpie2004179_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpie2004179-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Supposed origin </th> <th>Earliest date known </th> <th>Meaning supported by evidence </th></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Arthur_o%27_Bower" title="Arthur o' Bower">Arthur o' Bower</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a> </td> <td>Late 18th century (Britain) </td> <td>Conjectural<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Baa,_Baa,_Black_Sheep" title="Baa, Baa, Black Sheep">Baa, Baa, Black Sheep</a>" </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>; medieval wool tax </td> <td>c. 1744 (Britain) </td> <td>Medieval taxes were much lower than two-thirds. There is no evidence of a connection with slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Doctor_Foster_(nursery_rhyme)" title="Doctor Foster (nursery rhyme)">Doctor Foster</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> </td> <td>1844 (Britain) </td> <td>Given the recent recording, the medieval meaning is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Goosey_Goosey_Gander" title="Goosey Goosey Gander">Goosey Goosey Gander</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII of England</a> </td> <td>1784 (Britain) </td> <td>No evidence that it is linked to the propaganda campaign against the Catholic Church during the reign of King Henry VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Old_Duke_of_York" title="The Grand Old Duke of York">The Grand Old Duke of York</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a>; Flanders campaign of 1794–95. </td> <td>1913 (Britain) </td> <td>The more recent campaign is more likely, but the first record is very late. The song may be based on a song about the king of France.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Hickory_Dickory_Dock" title="Hickory Dickory Dock">Hickory Dickory Dock</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock" title="Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock">Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock</a> </td> <td>1744 (Britain) </td> <td>In the 17th century, the clock had a small hole in the door below the face for the resident cat to hunt mice.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Thomas Wolsey</a> and a cannon from the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> </td> <td>1797 (Britain) </td> <td>No evidence that it refers to any historical character and is originally a riddle found in many European cultures. The story about the cannon is based on a spoof verse written in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpie2004176_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpie2004176-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(nursery_rhyme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)">Jack and Jill</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> </td> <td>1765 (Britain) </td> <td>No evidence that it stretches back to the early medieval era and the poem predates the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_Blue" title="Little Boy Blue">Little Boy Blue</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> </td> <td>c. 1760 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; the identification is speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Jack_Horner" title="Little Jack Horner">Little Jack Horner</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> </td> <td>1725 (Britain), but the story known from c. 1520 </td> <td>The rhyme may have been adapted to satirise Thomas Horner who benefited from the Dissolution, but the connection is speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down" title="London Bridge Is Falling Down">London Bridge Is Falling Down</a>" </td> <td>Burial of children in foundations (<a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">immurement</a>; burning of a wooden bridge by <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>) </td> <td>1659 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown, but verse exists in many cultures and may have been adapted to London when it reached England.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb" title="Mary Had a Little Lamb">Mary Had a Little Lamb</a>" </td> <td>An original poem by Sarah Josepha Hale inspired by an actual incident. </td> <td>1830 (US) </td> <td>As a girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mrs. Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb, which she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mary,_Quite_Contrary" title="Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary">Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> </td> <td>c. 1744 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; all identifications are speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Muffin_Man" title="The Muffin Man">The Muffin Man</a>" </td> <td>Street sellers of <a href="/wiki/English_muffin" title="English muffin">muffins</a> in Britain. </td> <td>c. 1820 (Britain) </td> <td>The location of <a href="/wiki/Drury_Lane" title="Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> is a thoroughfare bordering <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Old_King_Cole" title="Old King Cole">Old King Cole</a>" </td> <td>Various early medieval kings and Richard Cole-brook, a <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> clothier </td> <td>1708–09 (Britain) </td> <td>Richard Cole-brook was widely known as King Cole in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/One_for_Sorrow_(nursery_rhyme)" title="One for Sorrow (nursery rhyme)">One for Sorrow</a>" </td> <td>Records the superstition (it is not clear whether it has been seriously believed) that seeing <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_magpie" title="Eurasian magpie">magpies</a> predicts the future, depending on how many are seen </td> <td>1780 (Britain) </td> <td>The magpie was considered a bird of ill omen in Britain at least as far back as the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses" title="Ring a Ring o' Roses">Ring a Ring o' Roses</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1348) or <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">The Great Plague of London</a> (1665) </td> <td>1880 (Britain) </td> <td>No evidence that the poem has any relation to the plague. The "plague" references are not present in the earliest versions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilton2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Rock-a-bye_Baby" title="Rock-a-bye Baby">Rock-a-bye Baby</a>" </td> <td>The Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>; Son of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> preceding the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>; Native American childcare; anti-<a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> satire </td> <td>c. 1765 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; all identifications are speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Sing_a_Song_of_Sixpence" title="Sing a Song of Sixpence">Sing a Song of Sixpence</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> representing the queen, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> the maid. </td> <td>c. 1744 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; all identifications are speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/There_was_an_Old_Woman_Who_Lived_in_a_Shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe">There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe</a>" </td> <td>Queen <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Ansbach</a>, wife of King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>; Elizabeth Vergoose of Boston. </td> <td>1784 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; all identifications are speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Blind_Mice" title="Three Blind Mice">Three Blind Mice</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> </td> <td>c. 1609 (Britain) </td> <td>Unknown; the identification is speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Cock_Robin" title="Cock Robin">Who Killed Cock Robin?</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>; Ritual bird <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrifice</a> </td> <td>c. 1744 (Britain) </td> <td>The story, and perhaps rhyme, dates from at least the later medieval era, but all identifications are speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1951_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nursery_rhyme_revisionism">Nursery rhyme revisionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nursery rhyme revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg/220px-The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg/330px-The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg/440px-The_Black_sheep_illustrated_by_William_Wallace_Denslow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2383" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Baa,_Baa,_Black_Sheep" title="Baa, Baa, Black Sheep">Baa, Baa, Black Sheep</a>", from a 1901 illustration by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Denslow" title="W. W. Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There have been several attempts across the world to revise nursery rhymes (along with fairy tales and popular songs). As recently as the late 18th century, rhymes like "<a href="/wiki/Little_Robin_Redbreast" title="Little Robin Redbreast">Little Robin Redbreast</a>" were occasionally cleaned up for a young audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997371–372_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997371–372-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, the major concern seems to have been violence and crime, which led some children's publishers in the United States like Jacob Abbot and Samuel Goodrich to change Mother Goose rhymes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early and mid-20th centuries, this was a form of <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">bowdlerisation</a>, concerned with some of the more violent elements of nursery rhymes and led to the formation of organisations like the British "Society for Nursery Rhyme Reform".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim">Bruno Bettelheim</a> strongly criticised this revisionism, because it weakened their usefulness to both children and adults as ways of symbolically resolving issues and it has been argued that revised versions may not perform the functions of <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> for children, or allow them to imaginatively deal with violence and danger.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, revisionism of nursery rhymes became associated with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>. Most attempts to reform nursery rhymes on this basis appear to be either very small scale, light-hearted updating, like Felix Dennis's <i>When Jack Sued Jill – Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times</i> (2006), or satires written as if from the point of view of political correctness to condemn reform.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy in Britain in 1986 over changing the language of "<a href="/wiki/Baa,_Baa,_Black_Sheep" title="Baa, Baa, Black Sheep">Baa, Baa, Black Sheep</a>" because it was alleged in the popular press, that it was seen as racially dubious, was based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one private nursery, as an exercise for the children.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nursery_rhymes_and_education">Nursery rhymes and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nursery rhymes and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that nursery rhymes set to music aid in a child's development.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German <i><a href="/wiki/Kniereitvers" title="Kniereitvers">Kniereitvers</a></i>, the child is put in mock peril, but the experience is a pleasurable one of care and support, which over time the child comes to command for itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler2017_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler2017-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also supports the assertion that music and rhyme increase a child's ability in <a href="/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability" title="Spatial visualization ability">spatial reasoning</a>, which aids mathematics skills.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">Children's music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting-out_game" title="Counting-out game">Counting-out game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerplay" title="Fingerplay">Fingerplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursery_rhymes" title="List of nursery rhymes">List of nursery rhymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously Mother Goose meant fairy tales, with Perrault’s collection of fairy tales translated from French, "Contes de ma mere l'Oye" into English in 1729 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samber" title="Robert Samber">Robert Samber</a> as "Tales of Mother Goose."<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791231/obo-9780199791231-0124.xml">"Nursery Rhymes"</a>. Oxford University Press. 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nursery+Rhymes&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199791231%2Fobo-9780199791231-0124.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Fox, <i>Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._383_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opie6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opie6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Prichard,_1984_p._326_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Ravenscroft., <i>Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie, or melodius Musicke. Of Pleasant Roundalaies;</i> Printed for Thomas Adams (1609). "Rounds or Catches of 3 Voices, #13" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pammeliadeutrome12rave#page/n95/mode/2up">Online version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422709/nursery-rhyme">"Nursery Rhyme"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, retrieved 20 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Lerer, <i>Children's Literature: a Reader's History, from Aesop to Harry Potter</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2008), pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie199730–31,_47–48,_128–129,_299-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie199730–31,_47–48,_128–129,_299_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, pp. 30–31, 47–48, 128–129, 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997360-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997360_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenby2014" class="citation news cs1">Grenby, M O (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-childrens-literature">"The origins of children's literature"</a>. British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+children%27s+literature&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Grenby&rft.aufirst=M+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fthe-origins-of-childrens-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984382–83-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984382–83_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, pp. 382–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1365141/News-in-brief.html">"Rhyme book fetches £45,500"</a>. 13 December 2001, <i>The Telegraph</i>, Retrieved 24 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullen-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bullen_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Bullen's 1904 facsimile of Newbery's 1791 edition of <i>Mother Goose's Melody</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mothergoosesmelo00pridiala">on-line</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984363–64-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984363–64_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, pp. 363–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Opie and P. Opie, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes</i> (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 376–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opie1951-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opie1951_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/gammer-gs-garland">"Gammer G's Garland"</a>. British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gammer+G%27s+Garland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fgammer-gs-garland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula R. Feldman, ed: <i>British women poets of the Romantic era: an anthology</i> (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 712. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080185430X" title="Special:BookSources/080185430X">080185430X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984384-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984384_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Dorson, <i>The British Folklorists: a History</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1999), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1897" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Andrew (1897). <i>The Nursery Rhyme Book: Volume 1</i> (2020 reprint ed.). hansebooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nursery+Rhyme+Book%3A+Volume+1&rft.edition=2020+reprint&rft.pub=hansebooks&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilton2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton2004_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Wilton, I. Brunetti, <i>Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 2004), pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984290-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterPrichard1984290_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984">Carpenter & Prichard 1984</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpie2004179-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpie2004179_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpie2004">Opie 2004</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Roberts, <i>Heavy words lightly thrown: the reason behind the rhyme</i> (Granta, 2004), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Knowles, <i>Oxford Dictionary of Quotations</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941, 6th edn., 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blythe, Ronald. <i>Circling Year: Perspectives from a Country Parish</i>. p. 87. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpie2004176-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpie2004176_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpie2004">Opie 2004</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulstoneMary_(Sawyer)_and_her_friends1928" class="citation book cs1">Roulstone, John; Mary (Sawyer) and her friends (1928). <i>The Story of Mary's Little Lamb</i>. Dearborn: Mr. & Mrs. Henry Ford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Mary%27s+Little+Lamb&rft.place=Dearborn&rft.pub=Mr.+%26+Mrs.+Henry+Ford&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Roulstone&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mary+%28Sawyer%29+and+her+friends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/I._Opie_and_P._Opie" class="mw-redirect" title="I. Opie and P. Opie">I. Opie and P. Opie</a>, <i>The Singing Game</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 379–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Opie and M. Tatem, eds, <i>A Dictionary of Superstitions</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 235-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opie7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opie7_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, pp. 394–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997371–372-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997371–372_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, pp. 371–372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Wadsworth, <i>In the Company of Books: Literature and Its "classes" in Nineteenth-century America</i> (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. E. Dowd, D. G. Singer, R. F. Wilson. <i>Handbook of children, culture, and violence</i> (Sage, 2005), p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Zipes, <i>The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World</i>, p. 48, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29380-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29380-1">0-312-29380-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Dennis, <i>When Jack Sued Jill–Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times</i> (Ebury, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Curran, J. Petley, I. Gaber, <i>Culture wars: the media and the British left</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 85–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Bayley, <i>Foundations of Literacy: A Balanced Approach to Language, Listening and Literacy Skills in the Early Years</i>, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler2017-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler2017_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Ziegler2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christian Ziegler (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR54DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT269"><i>Aus deinem emotionalen Gefängnis aussteigen: Der hypnotische Weg aus Anorexie, Bulimie und anderen psychosomatischen Erkrankungen</i></a> (in German). novum premium Verlag. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-903155-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-903155-45-9"><bdi>978-3-903155-45-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aus+deinem+emotionalen+Gef%C3%A4ngnis+aussteigen%3A+Der+hypnotische+Weg+aus+Anorexie%2C+Bulimie+und+anderen+psychosomatischen+Erkrankungen&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=novum+premium+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-903155-45-9&rft.au=Christian+Ziegler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR54DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press, "Study says preschool music lessons may aid math skills", <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, August 14, 1994.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterPrichard1984" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, H.; Prichard, M. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00carp"><i>The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211582-9"><bdi>978-0-19-211582-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211582-9&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Prichard%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpieOpie1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iona_and_Peter_Opie" title="Iona and Peter Opie">Opie, Ilona</a>; Opie, Peter (1997) [1951]. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Nursery+Rhymes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rft.au=Opie%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpie2004" class="citation book cs1">Opie, Ilona (2004). "Playground rhymes and the oral tradition". In P. Hunt; S. G. Bannister Ray (eds.). <i>International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Playground+rhymes+and+the+oral+tradition&rft.btitle=International+Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANursery+rhyme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nursery_rhyme&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Nursery_rhymes" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Nursery rhymes">Nursery rhymes</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nursery_rhymes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nursery rhymes">Nursery rhymes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Children&#039;s_music_and_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">Children's music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting-out_game" title="Counting-out game">Counting-out game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_tale" title="Cumulative tale">Cumulative tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">Cumulative song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">Nonsense verse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nursery rhyme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursery_rhymes" title="List of nursery rhymes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Playground song">Playground song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_playground_songs" title="List of playground songs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_song" title="Repetitive song">Repetitive song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_game" title="Singing game">Singing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipping-rope_rhyme" title="Skipping-rope rhyme">Skipping-rope rhyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_tripping" title="Legend tripping">Legend tripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">Old wives' tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">Silver bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Folk epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)">Morphology (folkloristics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infants_and_their_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBA4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template talk:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infants_and_their_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infants</a> and their care</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health (<a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">Baby food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">Birth weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">Breast pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle feeding">Bottle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_and_toddler_safety" title="Infant and toddler safety">Infant and toddler safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant bathing">Infant bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_feeding" title="Infant feeding">Infant feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_food_safety" title="Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">Infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_massage" title="Infant massage">Infant massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_sleep_training" title="Infant sleep training">Infant sleep training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">Neonatal intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" title="Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedialyte" title="Pedialyte">Pedialyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome" title="Shaken baby syndrome">Shaken baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_formula" title="Soy formula">Soy formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIDS" title="SIDS">SIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" title="Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Birth defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_visual_development" title="Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis" title="Irritant diaper dermatitis">Irritant diaper dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" title="Infant cognitive development">Infant cognitive development</a></li> <li><a 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