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<span>Signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ligands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ligands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prolactin_receptor_dysfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prolactin_receptor_dysfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prolactin receptor dysfunction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prolactin_receptor_dysfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktinski_receptor" title="Prolaktinski receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prolaktinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktinreceptorer" title="Prolaktinreceptorer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prolaktinreceptorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пролактиновий рецептор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Prolactin Receptor</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">PRLR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=5618&rn=1">5618</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:9446">9446</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/176761">176761</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1RW5">1RW5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_000949">NM_000949</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16471">P16471</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 5 (human)">Chr. 5</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=5p13">p13-p12</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P16471">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P16471">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>prolactin receptor</b> (<b>PRLR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">type I cytokine receptor</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22577091_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22577091-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encoded in humans by the <i>PRLR</i> gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> (GH) and <a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">human placental lactogen</a> (hPL). The PRLR is expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. It plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Lobuloalveolar_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobuloalveolar development">lobuloalveolar development</a> of the mammary glands during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a <a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">membrane-bound protein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> receptor superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by a single gene which contains 11 <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exons</a> and is located on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">chromosome 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PRLR expression can be found in several tissues such as the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tissue">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune cells">immune cells</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal</a> and pituitary glands. </p><p>Several PRLR <a href="/wiki/Isoforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoforms">isoforms</a> have been described in different tissues. These have varying lengths and cytoplasmic domain composition, but share identical <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular domain">extracellular domains</a>, which are the regions binding to PRLR. </p><p>Diversity of PRLR is a result of transcription initiation in different sites of the PRLR <a href="/wiki/Promoter_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter region">promoter region</a>. Additionally, post-translational modifications, like alternative <a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">splicing</a> are the events that result in the different isoforms that allow for all the different actions of prolactin in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaling">Signaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PRLR is a class 1 cytokine receptor that uses messenger pathways to control <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">cell proliferation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">migration</a>, intracellular ion concentration and inhibit programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PRLRs also have functions in the <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger cascade">second messenger cascades</a>, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT pathway</a> – the <a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT protein</a> family has been shown to have a key transduction role in cytokine receptor signalling; this pathway is initiated following the activation of PRLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there have been 4 STAT proteins identified as transducer molecules of PRLR, <a href="/wiki/STAT5" title="STAT5">STAT5</a> is recognised as the most important transducer of PRLR isoforms, with a role in inhibiting regulation of <a href="/wiki/Gene_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene transcription">gene transcription</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras/Raf/MAP_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras/Raf/MAP kinase">Ras-Raf-MAPK</a> – initiated by PRLR activation. <a href="/wiki/Phosphotyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphotyrosine">Phosphotyrosine</a> residues on PRLR act as binding sites for adapter proteins – these connect PRLR to the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade</li> <li>JAK-RUSH pathway <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expression of the PRLR protein is found within cells of the mammary glands<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11906943_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11906943-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance with its role in lactation, but also is the subject of attention for its diverse and emerging roles by its expression in adipose tissue,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18253483_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18253483-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pancreatic islet cell proliferation,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24114406_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24114406-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immune responses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11022129_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11022129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PRLR has been found to be essential for <a href="/wiki/Lobuloalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobuloalveolar">lobuloalveolar</a> maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as evidenced by the fact that PRLR <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout mice">knockout mice</a> show severely impaired development of lobuloalveolar structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Horseman2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horseman2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlandIII2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlandIII2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disruption of PRLR signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16452244_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16452244-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prolactin</li> <li>Growth hormone</li> <li>Human placental lactogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S179D-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S179D-hPRL (page does not exist)">S179D-hPRL</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11517174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11517174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonists">Antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolactin receptor antagonists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Del1-9-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Del1-9-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Del1-9-G129R-hPRL</a> have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17024156_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17024156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17785459_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17785459-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20846877_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20846877-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20842635_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20842635-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23969780_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23969780-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine agonists</a> are currently the most common methods used for treating <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinemia</a>. However, since dopamine agonists only negatively regulate prolactin production from the pituitary gland, a few studies have tried to develop prolactin receptor antagonists for potentially treating the dopamine-resistant local hyperprolactinemia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17024156_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17024156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%941%E2%80%939-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL</a> is one of the prolactin receptor antagonists been studied. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL as a mutant (inactivated) form of prolactin which exerts its antagonist effect by competing with prolactin to bind with prolactin receptors; thereby, inhibiting the agonist effects of prolactin on prolactin receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17024156_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17024156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides molecular antagonists, <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> can also potentially be used to inhibit prolactin receptor signaling. LFA102 is a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> that has been studied and tested for disrupting prolactin receptor's signaling in <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although LFA102 has been proved sufficient to reduce prolactin receptor signaling based on <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (mouse) studies, LFA102 likely has low effects on limiting tumor growth (breast and prostate cancer) as shown in phase I clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prolactin_receptor_dysfunction">Prolactin receptor dysfunction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prolactin receptor dysfunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PRLR dysfunction has been seen to positively regulate the proliferation of malignant cells in breast cancer. Defects on prolactin receptor signalling can trigger tumour activity, rather than suppress. Signal control is monitored by a variety of genes, and the <a href="/wiki/PRL_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRL (gene)">PRLR gene</a> has been identified in the tissue of <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer" title="Metastatic breast cancer">metastatic</a> primary breast cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defect in the gene is thought to have built a resistance to <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, and has lost the ability to regulate the apoptosis of cells with mutated DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This signalling defect then fails to promote the cellular differentiation, and promotes the upstream survival of the cancerous cells. In breast cancer, the survival of the breast epithelial cells resemble the malignant cells, characteristically known to have an increased proliferative rate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Prolactin modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid22577091-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22577091_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks CL (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410225">"Molecular mechanisms of prolactin and its receptor"</a>. review. <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 504–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2011-1040">10.1210/er.2011-1040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410225">3410225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22577091">22577091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanisms+of+prolactin+and+its+receptor&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=504-25&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3410225%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22577091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2011-1040&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=CL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3410225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks CL (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">LHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">LHCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">TSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide_receptor" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor">Atrial natriuretic factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPR3" title="NPR3">NPR3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other neuropeptide receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">TACR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">GPCR neuropeptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I cytokine receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">GH</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prolactin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide_receptor" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor">Atrial natriuretic factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPR1" title="NPR1">NPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR2" title="NPR2">NPR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytokine_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptors" title="Template:Cytokine receptors"><abbr title="View this 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/CC_chemokine_receptors" title="CC chemokine receptors">CC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCR1" title="CCR1">CCR1</a> / <a href="/wiki/CCRL1" title="CCRL1">CCRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR2" title="CCR2">CCR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCRL2" title="CCRL2">CCRL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR3_(gene)" title="CCR3 (gene)">CCR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR4" title="CCR4">CCR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_6" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 6">CCR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_7" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 7">CCR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR8_(gene)" title="CCR8 (gene)">CCR8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR9" title="CCR9">CCR9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR10" title="CCR10">CCR10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/CXC_chemokine_receptors" title="CXC chemokine receptors">CXC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-8_receptor" title="Interleukin-8 receptor">IL-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_alpha" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha">CXCR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_beta" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, beta">CXCR2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR3" title="CXCR3">CXCR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR4" title="CXCR4">CXCR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR5" title="CXCR5">CXCR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR6" title="CXCR6">CXCR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACKR3" title="ACKR3">CXCR7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CX3C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX3C_motif_chemokine_receptor_1" title="CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1">CX3CR1</a></li></ul></li> <li>XC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XCR1" title="XCR1">XCR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCBP2" title="CCBP2">CCBP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMKLR1" title="CMKLR1">CMKLR1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">TNF receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">1-10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor_1" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1">TNFR1</a> <i>(TNFRSF1A)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor_2" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2">TNFR2</a> <i>(TNFRSF1B)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_beta_receptor" title="Lymphotoxin beta receptor">LTBR</a> <i>(TNFRSF3)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD134" title="CD134">CD134</a> <i>(TNFRSF4)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a> <i>(TNFRSF5)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_receptor" title="Fas receptor">Fas receptor</a> <i>(TNFRSF6)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DcR3" class="mw-redirect" title="DcR3">DcR3</a> <i>(TNFRSF6B)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a> <i>(TNFRSF7)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a> <i>(TNFRSF8)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD137" title="CD137">CD137</a> <i>(TNFRSF9)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">11-20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_receptor_4" title="Death receptor 4">DR4</a> <i>(TNFRSF10A)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_receptor_5" title="Death receptor 5">DR5</a> <i>(TNFRSF10B)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_receptor_1" title="Decoy receptor 1">DcR1</a> <i>(TNFRSF10C)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_receptor_2" title="Decoy receptor 2">DcR2</a> <i>(TNFRSF10D)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">RANK</a> <i>(TNFRSF11A)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoprotegerin" title="Osteoprotegerin">Osteoprotegerin</a> <i>(TNFRSF11B)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF12A" title="TNFRSF12A">TweakR</a> <i>(TNFRSF12A)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13B">TACI</a> <i>(TNFRSF13B)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13C" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13C">BAFFR</a> <i>(TNFRSF13C)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF14" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF14">HVEM</a> <i>(TNFRSF14)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor" title="Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor">NGFR</a> <i>(TNFRSF16)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF17" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF17">BCMA</a> <i>(TNFRSF17)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF18" title="TNFRSF18">GITR</a> <i>(TNFRSF18)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF19" title="TNFRSF19">TAJ/TROY</a> <i>(TNFRSF19)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">21-27</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_receptor_6" title="Death receptor 6">DR6</a> <i>(TNFRSF21)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_receptor_3" title="Death receptor 3">DR3</a> <i>(TNFRSF25)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectodysplasin_A2_receptor" title="Ectodysplasin A2 receptor">EDA2R</a> <i>(TNFRSF27)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">γ-chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IL-2_receptor" title="IL-2 receptor">IL2R</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL2RA" title="IL2RA">IL2RA</a>/<a href="/wiki/IL2RB" title="IL2RB">IL2RB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-15_receptor" title="Interleukin-15 receptor">IL15R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">IL4R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-13_receptor" title="Interleukin-13 receptor">IL13R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13_receptor,_alpha_1" title="Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1">IL13RA1</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL13RA2" title="IL13RA2">IL13RA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-7_receptor" title="Interleukin-7 receptor">IL7R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-7_receptor-%CE%B1" title="Interleukin-7 receptor-α">IL7RA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-9_receptor" title="Interleukin-9 receptor">IL9R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-21_receptor" title="Interleukin-21 receptor">IL21R</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">β-chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-3_receptor" title="Interleukin-3 receptor">IL3R</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL3RA" title="IL3RA">IL3RA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-5_receptor" title="Interleukin-5 receptor">IL5R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5_receptor_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit">IL5RA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">GM-CSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">gp130</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">IL6RA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-11_receptor" title="Interleukin-11 receptor">11</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_11_receptor_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 11 receptor alpha subunit">IL11RA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-27_receptor" title="Interleukin-27 receptor">27</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27_receptor,_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit">IL27RA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M_receptor" title="Oncostatin M receptor">OSMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor_receptor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor">LIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor_receptor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor">CNTFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-12_receptor" title="Interleukin-12 receptor">IL12R</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-23_receptor" title="Interleukin-23 receptor">IL23R</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>other <a href="/wiki/CSF_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="CSF receptors">CSF receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin_receptor" title="Erythropoietin receptor">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">G-CSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin_receptor" title="Thrombopoietin receptor">Thrombopoietin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_receptor" title="Hormone receptor">hormone receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">GH</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">prolactin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_cytokine_receptor" title="Type II cytokine receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-10_receptor" title="Interleukin-10 receptor">IL10R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit">IL10RA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_beta_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit">IL10RB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-22_receptor" title="Interleukin-22 receptor">IL22R</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL22RA1" title="IL22RA1">IL22RA1</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL22RA2" title="IL22RA2">IL22RA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-20_receptor" title="Interleukin-20 receptor">IL20R</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20_receptor,_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit">IL20RA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20_receptor,_beta_subunit" title="Interleukin 20 receptor, beta subunit">IL20RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-28_receptor" title="Interleukin-28 receptor">IL28R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">Interferon receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">-α/β</a> / <a href="/wiki/IFNAR1" title="IFNAR1">IFNAR1</a>/<a href="/wiki/IFNAR2" title="IFNAR2">IFNAR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">-γ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">IFNGR1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2" title="Interferon gamma receptor 2">IFNGR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">Ig superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1_receptor" title="Interleukin-1 receptor">IL1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_I" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type I">IL1R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_II" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type II">IL1R2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-18_receptor" title="Interleukin-18 receptor">IL18R</a> / <a href="/wiki/IL18R1" title="IL18R1">IL18R1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/IL_17_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL 17 family">IL 17 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-17_receptor" title="Interleukin-17 receptor">IL17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IL17RA" title="IL17RA">IL17RA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL17RB" title="IL17RB">IL17RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL17RC" title="IL17RC">IL17RC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL17RD" title="IL17RD">IL17RD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IL17RE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IL17RE (page does not exist)">IL17RE</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Tyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor" title="Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor">CSF1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">KIT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_protein_serine/threonine_kinase" title="Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase">Ser/Thr</a>: <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta receptors">TGF-beta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor_1" title="TGF beta receptor 1">TGFBR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor_2" title="TGF beta receptor 2">TGFBR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF-beta_receptor_family" title="TGF-beta receptor family">family</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prolactin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prolactin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prolactin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S179D-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S179D-hPRL (page does not exist)">S179D-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">Somatotropin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%941%E2%80%939-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%941%E2%80%9314-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G120K-hGH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G120K-hGH (page does not exist)">G120K-hGH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">G129R-hPRL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Indirect<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">lergotrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">quinagolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopaminergic agent">dopaminergic agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">Releasers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Antidopaminergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidopaminergic agent">antidopaminergic agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue">analogues</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Protirelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protirelin">protirelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taltirelin" title="Taltirelin">taltirelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&oldid=1191043965">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prolactin_receptor&oldid=1191043965</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_5" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 5">Genes on human chromosome 5</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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